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Egyptian Revival architecture

January 20, 2023

Egyptian Revival is an architectural style that uses the motifs and imagery of ancient Egypt. It is attributed generally to the public awareness of ancient Egyptian monuments generated by Napoleon's conquest of Egypt and Admiral Nelson's defeat of the French Navy at the Battle of the Nile in 1798. Napoleon took a scientific expedition with him to Egypt. Publication of the expedition's work, the Description de l'Égypte, began in 1809 and was published as a series through 1826. The size and monumentality of the façades discovered during his adventure cemented the hold of Egyptian aesthetics on the Parisian elite. However, works of art and architecture (such as funerary monuments) in the Egyptian style had been made or built occasionally on the European continent and the British Isles since the time of the Renaissance.

Egyptian Revival architecture
Top: The Egyptian Hall in London (1812-destroyed in 1905); Centre: 1862 lithograph of the Aegyptischer Hof (English: Egyptian court), from the Neues Museum, Berlin (early of mid-19th century); Bottom: Interior of the Temple maçonnique des Amis philanthropes in Brussels, Belgium (1877-1879)
Years activeLate 18th-present

History

Egyptian influence before Napoleon

Much of the early knowledge about ancient Egyptian arts and architecture was filtered through the lens of the Classical world, including ancient Rome. Prior to Napoleon's influence an early example is the Obelisk of Domitian, erected in 1651 by Bernini on top of the Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi in Piazza Navona, Rome, which went on to inspire several Egyptian obelisks constructed in Ireland during the early 18th century. It influenced the obelisk constructed as a family funeral memorial by Sir Edward Lovatt Pierce for the Allen family at Stillorgan in Ireland in 1717, one of several Egyptian obelisks erected in Ireland during the early 18th century. Others may be found at Belan, County Kildare; and Dangan, County Meath. The Casteltown Folly in County Kildare is probably the best known, albeit the least Egyptian-styled.

Egyptian buildings had also been built as garden follies. The most elaborate was probably the one built by Frederick I, Duke of Württemberg in the gardens of the Château de Montbéliard. It included an Egyptian bridge across which guests walked to reach an island with an elaborate Egyptian-influenced bath house. Designed by the duke's court architect, Jean Baptiste Kleber, the building had a billiards room and a bagnio.

During the 2nd half of the 18th century, with the rise of Neoclassicism, sometimes architects mixed the Ancient Greek, Roman and Egyptian styles. They wanted to discover new shape and ornament ideas, rather than to be just faithful copyists of the past.[1]

Napoleonic and Post-Napoleonic eras

New after the Napoleonic invasion was a sudden increase of the number of works of art and the fact that, for the first time, entire buildings began to be built to resemble those of ancient Egypt. In France and Britain this was at least partially inspired by successful war campaigns undertaken by each country while in Egypt.

For Napoleon's intention of cataloguing the sights and findings from the campaign, hundreds of artists and scientists were enlisted to document “antiquities, ethnography, architecture, and natural history of Egypt”; and later these notes and sketches were taken back to Europe. In 1803, the compilation of “Description de l’Egypte” was started based on these documents and lasted over twenty years. The content in this archaeological text, includes translation of the Rosetta Stone, pyramids and other scenes, arouse interests in Egyptian arts and culture in Europe and America.

According to Curl, people started to present their imaginations about Egypt in various ways. First, combinations of crocodiles, pyramids, mummies, sphinxes, and other motifs were widely circulated. In 1800, an Egyptian opera festival was staged in Drury Lane, London, with Egyptian-themed sets and costumes. On the other hand, William Capon (1757–1827) suggested a massive pyramid for Shooter's Hill as a National Monument, while George Smith (1783–1869) designed an Egyptian-style tomb for Ralph Abercromby in Alexandria.

According to David Brownlee, the 1798 Karlsruhe Synagogue, an early building by the influential Friedrich Weinbrenner was "the first large Egyptian building to be erected since antiquity."[5] According to Diana Muir Appelbaum, it was "the first public building (that is, not a folly, stage set, or funeral monument) in the Egyptian revival style."[6] The ancient Egyptian influence was mainly shown in the two large engaged pylons flanking the entrance; otherwise the windows and entrance of the central section were pointed arches, and the overall plan conventional, with Neo-Gothic details.

Among the earliest monuments of the Egyptian Revival in Paris is the Fontaine du Fellah, built in 1806. It was designed by François-Jean Bralle. A well-documented example, destroyed after Napoleon was deposed, was the monument to General Louis Desaix in the Place des Victoires was built in 1810. It featured a nude statue of the general and an obelisk, both set upon an Egyptian Revival base.[7] Another example of a still standing site of Egyptian Revival is the Egyptian Gate of Tsarskoe Selo, built in 1829.

A street or passage named the Place du Caire or Foire du Caire (Fair of Cairo) was built in Paris in 1798 on the former site of the convent of the "Filles de la Charité". No. 2 Place du Caire, from 1828, is essentially in overall form a conventional Parisian structure with shops on the ground floor and apartments above, but with considerable Egyptianizing decoration including a row of massive Hathor heads and a frieze by sculptor J. G. Garraud.[8]

One of the first British buildings to show an Egyptian Revival interior was the newspaper office of the Courier on the Strand in London. It was built in 1804 and featured a cavetto (coved) cornice and Egyptian-influenced columns with palmiform capitals.[9] Other early British examples include the Egyptian Hall in London, completed in 1812, and the Egyptian Gallery, a private room in the home of connoisseur Thomas Hope to display his Egyptian antiquities, and illustrated in engravings from his meticulous line drawings in his book Household Furniture (1807), were a prime source for the Regency style of British furnishings.

Rise of Egyptian Revival in America

 
Travels in Egypt and Nubia, Fredrick Norden, 1757

Around the 1870s, Americans started to become interested in other cultures, including those of Japan, the Middle East and North Africa. These were reflected in various decorative arts, especially architecture and furniture. Egyptian motifs and symbols were commonly used in the design including elements of "gilt bronze fittings shaped like sphinxes, Egyptian scenes woven into textiles, and geometric renderings of plants such as palm fronds".[11]

The reason behind the rise of Egyptian Revival architecture in the United States is the long and great history of the ancient Egyptian civilization. Architectures with an Egyptian character have a powerfully compelling feel. They gain stability and power in their primitive and massive forms, expressing emotions and embodying a strong sense of monumentality. This style of architectural revival signifies that the United States has drawn on the inner spirit of the ancient Egyptian civilization and has inherited all the great qualities of that civilization. A young nation such as the United States needed to actively seek the support of the ancient Egyptian civilization to refute the accusations of European critics that the United States was a nation without a history. It was for this reason that the American rural cemetery movement, the construction of monumental obelisks, flourished.

The influence of Egyptian Revival on the cemetery design and culture in United States has been well represented by the Green-wood cemetery park in New York. Because of the mixing of various cultures in Brooklyn by immigration, the Green-wood cemetery park has provided a high tolerance environment for the Egyptian Revival. Besides a certain amount of the typical Egyptian element obelisks, the variety of the monumental constructions in Egyptian Revival style have reflected the thoughts of people and the local culture as well as the acceptance of imported style. Under the background of the population of Christian Victorian funerary art, the design and implementation of Egyptian Revival monuments have shown the eternity and uniqueness in a certain degree.[12]

Some Americans in the 1880s believed that the United States was a nation without art and therefore wanted to innovate in the field of aesthetic design to distinguish it from Egyptian pyramids and obelisks, Greek temples, and Gothic spires. But implementing such innovations was difficult, and as Clarence King said, “Till there is an American race there cannot be an American style”. The creation of the American style was also hindered by the fact that the ethnic mix of the American people did not constitute a race.[13] In the time that followed, however, America's own culture was assimilating Egyptian revivalist architecture, and their tectonic significance became unstable. This may be because the United States of the early 20th century was a confident nation, and the approach of defining one's own spiritual world by establishing a connection to a great civilization like ancient Egypt faded in such a cultural context.[14]

Later revivals

 
The Death of the Pharaoh's Firstborn Son, by Lawrence Alma-Tadema, 1872, oil on canvas, 77 × 124.5 cm, in the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Revivals of the arts of ancient Egypt were not limited only to architecture. There were also Egyptian Revival designs of furniture, ceramics, candelabra, jewelry etc. Also, some 19th and very early 20th century Academic paintings shows scenes from Ancient Egypt

Egyptian Revival architecture enjoyed considerable popularity in other countries as well. The first Egyptian Revival building in the United States was the 1824 synagogue building of Congregation Mikveh Israel Synagogue in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania[15] It was followed by a series of major public buildings in the first half of the 19th century including the 1835 Philadelphia County Prison, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, the 1836 Fourth District Police Station in New Orleans and the 1838 New York City jail known as the Tombs. Other public buildings in Egyptian style included the 1844 Old Whaler's Church in Sag Harbor, New York, the 1846 First Baptist Church in Essex, Connecticut, the 1845 Egyptian Building of the Medical College of Virginia in Richmond and the 1848 United States Custom House in New Orleans. The most notable Egyptian structure in the United States was the Washington Monument, begun in 1848, this obelisk originally featured doors with cavetto cornices and winged sun disks, later removed. The National World War I Museum and Memorial in Kansas City, Missouri is another example of Egyptian revival architecture and art.[16]

The South African College in the then-British Cape Colony features an "Egyptian building" constructed in 1841; the Egyptian Revival building of the Cape Town Hebrew Congregation is also still standing.

The York Street Synagogue was Australia's first Egyptian revival building, followed by the Hobart Synagogue, the Launceston Synagogue and the Adelaide Hebrew Congregation, all by 1850. The earliest obelisk in Australia was erected at Macquarie Place, Sydney in 1818.[17]

The expeditions that eventually led to the discovery in 1922 of the treasure of Tutankhamun's's tomb by archaeologist Howard Carter resulted in a 20th-century revival. The revival during the 1920s is sometimes considered to be part of the Art Deco style. This phase gave birth to the Egyptian theatre movement, largely confined to the United States. The Egyptian Revival decorative arts style was present in furniture and other household objects, as well as in architecture.

Hieroglyphics

Many notable works in Britain featured attempts by architects to translate and depict messages in Egyptian hieroglyphics.[26] Although sincere attempts at compositions, understanding of hieroglyphic syntax and semantics has advanced since they were built and errors have been discovered in many of these works. Although both public and private buildings were built in Britain in the Egyptian Revival style, the vast majority of those with attempts at accurate inscriptions were public works or on entrances to public buildings.[26]

In 1824, French classical scholar and egyptologist J.F. Champollion published Precis du systeme hieroglyphique des anciens Egyptiens in 1824, which spurred the first notable attempts to decipher the hieroglyphic language in Britain.[26] Joseph Bonomi's inscriptions in the entrance lodges to Abney Park cemetery in 1840 was the first real recorded attempt to compose a legible text. An Egyptologist himself, Bonomi and other scholars such as Samuel Birch, Samuel Sharpe, William Osburne, and others[26] would compose texts for a variety of other British projects throughout the nineteenth century - including Marshall's Mill in Leeds, an aedicula in the grounds of the Hartwell House, and as part of an Egyptian exhibition in the Crystal Palace after it was re-erected in southeast London.[26]

The content of the inscriptions varied depending on the nature of their specific projects. The Crystal Palace exhibition features several different inscriptions, with the main inscription detailing the construction and content of the hall and proclaiming it as an educational asset to the community. It ends with a message to invoke good fortune, translated as 'let it be prosperous.[26]' Other smaller inscriptions on the cornice of the exhibit entrance feature the names of the builders and a message in Greek wishing for the health and well-being of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert,[26] members of the royal family. The main inscription is accompanied by an English translation, with the characters spaced to match the position of the English words. However, Chris Elliot notes that the translation overly relies on phonetic transliteration and features some unusual characters for words that were difficult to translate into hieroglyphs.[26]

List of buildings

North America

Europe, Russia, Africa and Australia

Post-Modern variants

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Bergdoll 2000, pp. 23.
  2. ^ Sund 2019, p. 221.
  3. ^ a b Sund 2019, p. 210.
  4. ^ Bergdoll 2000, pp. 113.
  5. ^ David Brownlee, Frederich Weinbrenner: Architect of Karlsruhe, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1986. p. 92.
  6. ^ Diana Muir Appelbaum, "Jewish Identity and Egyptian Revival Architecture", Journal of Jewish Identities, 2012, 5(2) p. 7.
  7. ^ Curl, James Stevens (2005). The Egyptian Revival. Psychology Press. p. 276. ISBN 9780415361194.
  8. ^ James Stevens Curl, The Egyptian Revival, Routledge/* Post-Napoleonic era */ , London, 2005. p. 267.
  9. ^ Egyptomania: Egypt in Western Art, 1730–1930, Jean-Marcel Humbert, Michael Pantazzi and Christiane Ziegler, 1994, pp. 172–3
  10. ^ Sund 2019, p. 216.
  11. ^ Ickow, Sara (July 2012). "Egyptian Revival". www.metmuseum.org. from the original on 2012-11-05. Retrieved 2021-09-30.
  12. ^ Wilton-Ely, John (2003), "Egyptian Revival", Oxford Art Online, Oxford University Press, retrieved 2021-10-09
  13. ^ Giguere, Joy M. (2014). Characteristically American : memorial architecture, national identity, and the Egyptian revival (1st ed.). Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press. ISBN 978-1-62190-077-1. OCLC 893336717.
  14. ^ Grubiak, Margaret M. (2016). "Characteristically American: Memorial Architecture, National Identity, and the Egyptian Revival by Joy M. Giguere". Technology and Culture. 57 (1): 256–257. doi:10.1353/tech.2016.0009. ISSN 1097-3729.
  15. ^ Diana Muir Appelbaum, "Jewish Identity and Egyptian Revival Architecture", Journal of Jewish Identities, 2012 5(2)
  16. ^ "Elements of the Museum and Memorial | National WWI Museum and Memorial". National WWI Museum and Memorial. 2013-03-01. Retrieved 2018-11-02.
  17. ^ Humbert, Jean-Marcel and Price, Clifford, eds., Imhotep Today: Egyptianizing Architecture, UCL Prewss, 2003, pp. 167 ff.
  18. ^ Sund 2019, p. 222.
  19. ^ Sund 2019, p. 223.
  20. ^ Hopkins 2014, p. 130.
  21. ^ Constantin, Paul (1972). Arta 1900 în România (in Romanian). Editura Meridiane. p. 93.
  22. ^ Texier, Simon (2022). Architectures Art Déco - Paris et Environs - 100 Bâtiments Remarquable. Parigramme. p. 37. ISBN 978-2-37395-136-3.
  23. ^ Sund 2019, p. 224.
  24. ^ van Lemmen, Hans (2013). 5000 Years of Tiles. The British Museum Press. p. 246. ISBN 978-0-7141-5099-4.
  25. ^ Sund 2019, p. 212.
  26. ^ a b c d e f g h Elliot, Chris (2013). "Compositions in Egyptian Hierogylphs in Nineteenth Century England". The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. 99: 171–189 – via JSTOR.

References

External links

  •   Media related to Egyptian Revival architecture at Wikimedia Commons

January 20, 2023
egyptian, revival, architecture, egyptian, revival, architectural, style, that, uses, motifs, imagery, ancient, egypt, attributed, generally, public, awareness, ancient, egyptian, monuments, generated, napoleon, conquest, egypt, admiral, nelson, defeat, french. Egyptian Revival is an architectural style that uses the motifs and imagery of ancient Egypt It is attributed generally to the public awareness of ancient Egyptian monuments generated by Napoleon s conquest of Egypt and Admiral Nelson s defeat of the French Navy at the Battle of the Nile in 1798 Napoleon took a scientific expedition with him to Egypt Publication of the expedition s work the Description de l Egypte began in 1809 and was published as a series through 1826 The size and monumentality of the facades discovered during his adventure cemented the hold of Egyptian aesthetics on the Parisian elite However works of art and architecture such as funerary monuments in the Egyptian style had been made or built occasionally on the European continent and the British Isles since the time of the Renaissance Egyptian Revival architectureTop The Egyptian Hall in London 1812 destroyed in 1905 Centre 1862 lithograph of the Aegyptischer Hof English Egyptian court from the Neues Museum Berlin early of mid 19th century Bottom Interior of the Temple maconnique des Amis philanthropes in Brussels Belgium 1877 1879 Years activeLate 18th present Contents 1 History 1 1 Egyptian influence before Napoleon 1 2 Napoleonic and Post Napoleonic eras 1 3 Rise of Egyptian Revival in America 1 4 Later revivals 1 4 1 Hieroglyphics 2 List of buildings 2 1 North America 2 2 Europe Russia Africa and Australia 2 3 Post Modern variants 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External linksHistory EditEgyptian influence before Napoleon Edit Much of the early knowledge about ancient Egyptian arts and architecture was filtered through the lens of the Classical world including ancient Rome Prior to Napoleon s influence an early example is the Obelisk of Domitian erected in 1651 by Bernini on top of the Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi in Piazza Navona Rome which went on to inspire several Egyptian obelisks constructed in Ireland during the early 18th century It influenced the obelisk constructed as a family funeral memorial by Sir Edward Lovatt Pierce for the Allen family at Stillorgan in Ireland in 1717 one of several Egyptian obelisks erected in Ireland during the early 18th century Others may be found at Belan County Kildare and Dangan County Meath The Casteltown Folly in County Kildare is probably the best known albeit the least Egyptian styled Egyptian buildings had also been built as garden follies The most elaborate was probably the one built by Frederick I Duke of Wurttemberg in the gardens of the Chateau de Montbeliard It included an Egyptian bridge across which guests walked to reach an island with an elaborate Egyptian influenced bath house Designed by the duke s court architect Jean Baptiste Kleber the building had a billiards room and a bagnio During the 2nd half of the 18th century with the rise of Neoclassicism sometimes architects mixed the Ancient Greek Roman and Egyptian styles They wanted to discover new shape and ornament ideas rather than to be just faithful copyists of the past 1 Pyramid of Cestius Rome by Gaius Cestius c 12 BC Pyramid grave churchyard in Jarfalla Sweden unknown architect 18th century 2 Mural decoration for the Caffe degli Inglesi Piazza di Spagna Rome Metropolitan Museum of Art New York City by Giovanni Battista Piranesi 1769 3 Pyramid in the gardens of Parc Monceau Paris unknown architect 1778 Cenotaph in Egyptian Style Bibliotheque Nationale de France Paris by Etienne Louis Boullee c 1786 Project to transform the Pantheon by Charles de Wailly 1797 4 Napoleonic and Post Napoleonic eras Edit New after the Napoleonic invasion was a sudden increase of the number of works of art and the fact that for the first time entire buildings began to be built to resemble those of ancient Egypt In France and Britain this was at least partially inspired by successful war campaigns undertaken by each country while in Egypt For Napoleon s intention of cataloguing the sights and findings from the campaign hundreds of artists and scientists were enlisted to document antiquities ethnography architecture and natural history of Egypt and later these notes and sketches were taken back to Europe In 1803 the compilation of Description de l Egypte was started based on these documents and lasted over twenty years The content in this archaeological text includes translation of the Rosetta Stone pyramids and other scenes arouse interests in Egyptian arts and culture in Europe and America According to Curl people started to present their imaginations about Egypt in various ways First combinations of crocodiles pyramids mummies sphinxes and other motifs were widely circulated In 1800 an Egyptian opera festival was staged in Drury Lane London with Egyptian themed sets and costumes On the other hand William Capon 1757 1827 suggested a massive pyramid for Shooter s Hill as a National Monument while George Smith 1783 1869 designed an Egyptian style tomb for Ralph Abercromby in Alexandria According to David Brownlee the 1798 Karlsruhe Synagogue an early building by the influential Friedrich Weinbrenner was the first large Egyptian building to be erected since antiquity 5 According to Diana Muir Appelbaum it was the first public building that is not a folly stage set or funeral monument in the Egyptian revival style 6 The ancient Egyptian influence was mainly shown in the two large engaged pylons flanking the entrance otherwise the windows and entrance of the central section were pointed arches and the overall plan conventional with Neo Gothic details Among the earliest monuments of the Egyptian Revival in Paris is the Fontaine du Fellah built in 1806 It was designed by Francois Jean Bralle A well documented example destroyed after Napoleon was deposed was the monument to General Louis Desaix in the Place des Victoires was built in 1810 It featured a nude statue of the general and an obelisk both set upon an Egyptian Revival base 7 Another example of a still standing site of Egyptian Revival is the Egyptian Gate of Tsarskoe Selo built in 1829 A street or passage named the Place du Caire or Foire du Caire Fair of Cairo was built in Paris in 1798 on the former site of the convent of the Filles de la Charite No 2 Place du Caire from 1828 is essentially in overall form a conventional Parisian structure with shops on the ground floor and apartments above but with considerable Egyptianizing decoration including a row of massive Hathor heads and a frieze by sculptor J G Garraud 8 One of the first British buildings to show an Egyptian Revival interior was the newspaper office of the Courier on the Strand in London It was built in 1804 and featured a cavetto coved cornice and Egyptian influenced columns with palmiform capitals 9 Other early British examples include the Egyptian Hall in London completed in 1812 and the Egyptian Gallery a private room in the home of connoisseur Thomas Hope to display his Egyptian antiquities and illustrated in engravings from his meticulous line drawings in his book Household Furniture 1807 were a prime source for the Regency style of British furnishings Portico of the Hotel Beauharnais Paris by L E N Bataille c 1804 10 Fontaine du Fellah Paris by Francois Jean Bralle 1806 Egyptian room design unknown location by Thomas Hope 1807 Sphinx of the Fontaine du Palmier Paris unknown sculptor 1808 and 1858 Morocco Temple in Jacksonville Florida by Henry John Klutho Foire du Caire building Paris unknown architect 1828 Peter Frederick Robinson s Egyptian Hall England s Home of Mystery Wellcome Collection London by A McClatchy after T H Shepherd 1828 3 Egyptian Gate Tsarskoe Selo Saint Petersburg Russia unknown architect 1829Rise of Egyptian Revival in America Edit Travels in Egypt and Nubia Fredrick Norden 1757 Around the 1870s Americans started to become interested in other cultures including those of Japan the Middle East and North Africa These were reflected in various decorative arts especially architecture and furniture Egyptian motifs and symbols were commonly used in the design including elements of gilt bronze fittings shaped like sphinxes Egyptian scenes woven into textiles and geometric renderings of plants such as palm fronds 11 The reason behind the rise of Egyptian Revival architecture in the United States is the long and great history of the ancient Egyptian civilization Architectures with an Egyptian character have a powerfully compelling feel They gain stability and power in their primitive and massive forms expressing emotions and embodying a strong sense of monumentality This style of architectural revival signifies that the United States has drawn on the inner spirit of the ancient Egyptian civilization and has inherited all the great qualities of that civilization A young nation such as the United States needed to actively seek the support of the ancient Egyptian civilization to refute the accusations of European critics that the United States was a nation without a history It was for this reason that the American rural cemetery movement the construction of monumental obelisks flourished The influence of Egyptian Revival on the cemetery design and culture in United States has been well represented by the Green wood cemetery park in New York Because of the mixing of various cultures in Brooklyn by immigration the Green wood cemetery park has provided a high tolerance environment for the Egyptian Revival Besides a certain amount of the typical Egyptian element obelisks the variety of the monumental constructions in Egyptian Revival style have reflected the thoughts of people and the local culture as well as the acceptance of imported style Under the background of the population of Christian Victorian funerary art the design and implementation of Egyptian Revival monuments have shown the eternity and uniqueness in a certain degree 12 Some Americans in the 1880s believed that the United States was a nation without art and therefore wanted to innovate in the field of aesthetic design to distinguish it from Egyptian pyramids and obelisks Greek temples and Gothic spires But implementing such innovations was difficult and as Clarence King said Till there is an American race there cannot be an American style The creation of the American style was also hindered by the fact that the ethnic mix of the American people did not constitute a race 13 In the time that followed however America s own culture was assimilating Egyptian revivalist architecture and their tectonic significance became unstable This may be because the United States of the early 20th century was a confident nation and the approach of defining one s own spiritual world by establishing a connection to a great civilization like ancient Egypt faded in such a cultural context 14 Later revivals Edit The Death of the Pharaoh s Firstborn Son by Lawrence Alma Tadema 1872 oil on canvas 77 124 5 cm in the Rijksmuseum Amsterdam the Netherlands Revivals of the arts of ancient Egypt were not limited only to architecture There were also Egyptian Revival designs of furniture ceramics candelabra jewelry etc Also some 19th and very early 20th century Academic paintings shows scenes from Ancient Egypt Egyptian Revival architecture enjoyed considerable popularity in other countries as well The first Egyptian Revival building in the United States was the 1824 synagogue building of Congregation Mikveh Israel Synagogue in Philadelphia Pennsylvania 15 It was followed by a series of major public buildings in the first half of the 19th century including the 1835 Philadelphia County Prison Philadelphia Pennsylvania United States the 1836 Fourth District Police Station in New Orleans and the 1838 New York City jail known as the Tombs Other public buildings in Egyptian style included the 1844 Old Whaler s Church in Sag Harbor New York the 1846 First Baptist Church in Essex Connecticut the 1845 Egyptian Building of the Medical College of Virginia in Richmond and the 1848 United States Custom House in New Orleans The most notable Egyptian structure in the United States was the Washington Monument begun in 1848 this obelisk originally featured doors with cavetto cornices and winged sun disks later removed The National World War I Museum and Memorial in Kansas City Missouri is another example of Egyptian revival architecture and art 16 The South African College in the then British Cape Colony features an Egyptian building constructed in 1841 the Egyptian Revival building of the Cape Town Hebrew Congregation is also still standing The York Street Synagogue was Australia s first Egyptian revival building followed by the Hobart Synagogue the Launceston Synagogue and the Adelaide Hebrew Congregation all by 1850 The earliest obelisk in Australia was erected at Macquarie Place Sydney in 1818 17 The expeditions that eventually led to the discovery in 1922 of the treasure of Tutankhamun s s tomb by archaeologist Howard Carter resulted in a 20th century revival The revival during the 1920s is sometimes considered to be part of the Art Deco style This phase gave birth to the Egyptian theatre movement largely confined to the United States The Egyptian Revival decorative arts style was present in furniture and other household objects as well as in architecture Entrance to Egyptian Avenue of the Highgate Cemetery London unknown architect 19th century 18 Grave of Louis Poinsot Pere Lachaise Cemetery Paris by David d Angers mid 19th century Entry gate of the Mount Auburn Cemetery located on the line between Cambridge and Watertown Massachusetts USA by Jacob Bigelow 19 Egyptian Building part of the Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond Virginia USA by Thomas Stewart 1845 20 Stained glass window of the Romulus Porescu House decorated with lotus flowers Bucharest Romania 1905 by Dimitrie Maimarolu 21 Le Louxor Cinema Paris by Henri Zipcy 1919 1921 22 Cenușa Crematory mixing Egyptian Revival volumes and shapes with other styles Bucharest by Duiliu Marcu 1925 1934 Grave of Lang Verte Pere Lachaise Cemetery unknown architect c 1920s Egyptian Theatre DeKalb Illinois USA by Elmer F Behrns 1929 1930 23 Elevator door in the Chrysler Building New York City by William van Alen 1929 1930 Carlton Cinema Essex Road Islington London by George Coles 1930 24 Luxor Hotel and Casino Las Vegas USA 1992 1993 25 by Veldon Simpson and Perini Building CompanyHieroglyphics Edit Many notable works in Britain featured attempts by architects to translate and depict messages in Egyptian hieroglyphics 26 Although sincere attempts at compositions understanding of hieroglyphic syntax and semantics has advanced since they were built and errors have been discovered in many of these works Although both public and private buildings were built in Britain in the Egyptian Revival style the vast majority of those with attempts at accurate inscriptions were public works or on entrances to public buildings 26 In 1824 French classical scholar and egyptologist J F Champollion published Precis du systeme hieroglyphique des anciens Egyptiens in 1824 which spurred the first notable attempts to decipher the hieroglyphic language in Britain 26 Joseph Bonomi s inscriptions in the entrance lodges to Abney Park cemetery in 1840 was the first real recorded attempt to compose a legible text An Egyptologist himself Bonomi and other scholars such as Samuel Birch Samuel Sharpe William Osburne and others 26 would compose texts for a variety of other British projects throughout the nineteenth century including Marshall s Mill in Leeds an aedicula in the grounds of the Hartwell House and as part of an Egyptian exhibition in the Crystal Palace after it was re erected in southeast London 26 The content of the inscriptions varied depending on the nature of their specific projects The Crystal Palace exhibition features several different inscriptions with the main inscription detailing the construction and content of the hall and proclaiming it as an educational asset to the community It ends with a message to invoke good fortune translated as let it be prosperous 26 Other smaller inscriptions on the cornice of the exhibit entrance feature the names of the builders and a message in Greek wishing for the health and well being of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert 26 members of the royal family The main inscription is accompanied by an English translation with the characters spaced to match the position of the English words However Chris Elliot notes that the translation overly relies on phonetic transliteration and features some unusual characters for words that were difficult to translate into hieroglyphs 26 List of buildings EditNorth America Edit The First Presbyterian Church in Nashville Tennessee designed by William Strickland from 1849 to 1851 The Washington Monument in Washington D C The Battle Monument in Baltimore Maryland The New Jersey State Penitentiary in Trenton New Jersey designed by John Haviland from 1833 to 1836 The Medical College at Richmond in Richmond Virginia designed by Thomas S Stewart in 1845 1826 1830 Groton Monument in Groton Connecticut United States 1834 1835 American Institute New York City Front Elevation 1835 Philadelphia County Prison Philadelphia Pennsylvania United States Designed by Thomas Ustick Walter it was demolished in 1968 1836 4th Precinct Police Station on Rousseau Street in New Orleans Designed by Benjamin Buisson it originally served as a jail and police station Later altered significantly now used by the Knights of Babylon krewe for Mardi Gras float storage 1838 Green Wood Cemetery in New York City 1838 The Tombs a court and jail complex in New York City by John Haviland Demolished and replaced by a new building in 1902 1838 Pennsylvania Fire Insurance building Philadelphia 1 by John Haviland Extant 1840 Gates of the Granary Burying Ground by Isaiah Rogers in Boston Massachusetts United States 1842 Croton Distributing Reservoir in New York City 1827 1843 Bunker Hill Monument in Charlestown Boston Massachusetts United States 1843 Gates and gatehouses of Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge Massachusetts United States Designed by Jacob Bigelow 1844 Old Whaler s Church Sag Harbor New York United States Designed by Minard Lafever 1845 The brownstone entry gates of the Grove Street Cemetery by Henry Austin New Haven Connecticut United States 1846 First Baptist Church in Essex Connecticut 1856 Skull and Bones undergraduate secret society at Yale University New Haven Connecticut in the United States Architect s attribution in dispute but may also be Henry Austin of the Grove Street Cemetery gates 1914 Masonic Temple in Charlotte North Carolina United States 1914 87 1914 1916 Winona Savings Bank Building Winona Minnesota 1920 Marmon Hupmobile Showroom Chicago Illinois United States Designed by Paul Gerhardt 1922 Grauman s Egyptian Theatre Los Angeles California United States 1927 Pythian Temple New York City 1928 Lincoln Theatre Columbus Ohio United States Has an Egyptian revival interior 1939 Social Security Administration Building Washington D C United States 1966 Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum San Jose California United States Europe Russia Africa and Australia Edit 18 12 BC Pyramid of Cestius Rome 1798 Karlsruhe Synagogue circa 1820 Memorial to Elizabeth Donkin Port Elizabeth South Africa 1822 Egyptian temple in Lazienki Park Warsaw Poland 1824 42 Fore Street in Hertford known locally as the Egyptian House is an English Heritage Grade II listed building built on the site of a former inn A grocery store from the Victorian era until the 1960s now a restaurant 1825 1826 Egyptian Bridge in St Petersburg Collapsed on 20 January 1905 although the new bridge 1955 incorporated sphinxes and several portions of it remains 1827 1830 Egyptian Gates in Tsarskoe Selo St Petersburg 1835 1837 The Egyptian House in Penzance Cornwall Built by local bookseller John Lavin as a museum it is still standing 1836 1840 Temple Works a former flax mill in the industrial district of Holbeck in Leeds UK Built for textile industrialist John Marshall and held the distinction of being the largest single room in the world when it was built 1838 1839 The Egyptian Avenue and inner circle of the Lebanon Circle in Highgate Cemetery London 1838 1840 Abney Park Temple Lodges Hackney London 1844 Launceston Synagogue Launceston Tasmania Australia 1845 Hobart Synagogue Hobart Tasmania Australia 1846 1848 Old Synagogue at Canterbury England United Kingdom 1849 Lighthouse of l Agulhas the second oldest lighthouse in South Africa also called the Pharos of the South 1856 Egyptian Temple housing elephants at the Antwerp Zoo Designed by Charles Servais 1862 1864 Egyptian temple in the park of Stibbert Museum Florence Italy 1867 Queen s Park Church in Queen s Park Glasgow 1870 The Egyptian Halls in Glasgow Designed by Alexander Thomson 1881 1889 Mausoleo Schilizzi in Naples Italy 1891 The Typhonium built in 1891 near Wissant by the Belgian architect Edmond De Vigne 1899 Sha ar Hashamayim Synagogue Cairo Cairo Egypt 1914 Regional Studies Museum in Krasnoyarsk Russia 1919 Mukhtar Museum Cairo Egypt 1921 Louxor theater Paris France 1922 College des Freres d Heliopolis Cairo Egypt 1925 AbdulHamid al Shawarby Pasha building Cairo Egypt 1927 Emulation Hall Melbourne Australia 1927 Mausoleum of Saad Zaghloul Cairo Egypt 1927 1928 Collins amp Parri s Arcadia Works for Carreras London 1924 1929 Lenin s Mausoleum Moscow Russia Designed by Aleksey Shchusev it utilizes elements borrowed from the Pyramid of Djoser 1926 1928 Carreras Cigarette Factory Camden London 1930 The foyer of Oliver P Bernard s Strand Palace Hotel London destr 1967 8 parts now London V amp A 1932 Ismailia Monuments Museum Ismailia Egypt 1933 Moussa Dar I Synagogue Cairo Egypt 1934 Pyramid Theatre Sale Greater Manchester UK formerly a cinema both independent and Odeon now a Sports Direct 1930 1937 National Museum of Beirut Beirut 1934 Former Perth Girls School Perth Western Australia Australia 1937 Manly Town Hall Manly New South Wales Australia 1942 Faculty of Engineering Alexandria University campus Alexandria Egypt 1961 Cairo Tower Cairo Egypt 1974 Unknown Soldier Memorial Egypt Cairo Egypt Unknown Lamati Court Minya EgyptPost Modern variants Edit 1989 Louvre Pyramid Paris 1991 Pyramid Arena Memphis Tennessee United States 1992 Cheesecake Factory United States 1993 Tama Re Eatonton Georgia United States Demolished 2005 1993 Luxor Hotel and Casino Las Vegas Nevada United States 1995 City Stars Heliopolis Cairo Egypt 1996 The Lost World of Reptiles an exhibit at the Australian Reptile Park Somersby New South Wales Australia 1997 Wafi City Wafi Dubai City Dubai UAE 1997 Sunway Pyramid Bandar Sunway Malaysia 2001 Supreme Constitutional Court of Egypt building Cairo 2001 Scotiabank Theatre Chinook Centre Calgary Alberta 2010 Sohag International Airport terminal building Sohag Egypt 2010 Fairmont Nile City Cairo Egypt 2019 present New Administrative Capital Egypt including Iconic Tower Egypt Oblisco Capitale The Octagon Egypt Egyptian New Parliament Presidential Palace and more 2020 4J97 72G El Shorouk Egypt 2022 Cairo Security Directorate New Cairo EgyptSee also Edit Architecture portalEgyptian Revival decorative arts Ancient Egyptian architecture Egyptian Revival architecture in the British Isles List of pyramid mausoleums in North AmericaNotes Edit Bergdoll 2000 pp 23 Sund 2019 p 221 a b Sund 2019 p 210 Bergdoll 2000 pp 113 David Brownlee Frederich Weinbrenner Architect of Karlsruhe University of Pennsylvania Press 1986 p 92 Diana Muir Appelbaum Jewish Identity and Egyptian Revival Architecture Journal of Jewish Identities 2012 5 2 p 7 Curl James Stevens 2005 The Egyptian Revival Psychology Press p 276 ISBN 9780415361194 James Stevens Curl The Egyptian Revival Routledge Post Napoleonic era London 2005 p 267 Egyptomania Egypt in Western Art 1730 1930 Jean Marcel Humbert Michael Pantazzi and Christiane Ziegler 1994 pp 172 3 Sund 2019 p 216 Ickow Sara July 2012 Egyptian Revival www metmuseum org Archived from the original on 2012 11 05 Retrieved 2021 09 30 Wilton Ely John 2003 Egyptian Revival Oxford Art Online Oxford University Press retrieved 2021 10 09 Giguere Joy M 2014 Characteristically American memorial architecture national identity and the Egyptian revival 1st ed Knoxville The University of Tennessee Press ISBN 978 1 62190 077 1 OCLC 893336717 Grubiak Margaret M 2016 Characteristically American Memorial Architecture National Identity and the Egyptian Revival by Joy M Giguere Technology and Culture 57 1 256 257 doi 10 1353 tech 2016 0009 ISSN 1097 3729 Diana Muir Appelbaum Jewish Identity and Egyptian Revival Architecture Journal of Jewish Identities 2012 5 2 Elements of the Museum and Memorial National WWI Museum and Memorial National WWI Museum and Memorial 2013 03 01 Retrieved 2018 11 02 Humbert Jean Marcel and Price Clifford eds Imhotep Today Egyptianizing Architecture UCL Prewss 2003 pp 167 ff Sund 2019 p 222 Sund 2019 p 223 Hopkins 2014 p 130 Constantin Paul 1972 Arta 1900 in Romania in Romanian Editura Meridiane p 93 Texier Simon 2022 Architectures Art Deco Paris et Environs 100 Batiments Remarquable Parigramme p 37 ISBN 978 2 37395 136 3 Sund 2019 p 224 van Lemmen Hans 2013 5000 Years of Tiles The British Museum Press p 246 ISBN 978 0 7141 5099 4 Sund 2019 p 212 a b c d e f g h Elliot Chris 2013 Compositions in Egyptian Hierogylphs in Nineteenth Century England The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 99 171 189 via JSTOR References EditBergdoll Barry 2000 European Architecture 1750 1890 Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 284222 0 Hopkins Owen 2014 Architectural Styles A Visual Guide Laurence King ISBN 978 178067 163 5 Sund July 2019 Exotic A Fetish for the Foreign Phaidon ISBN 978 0 7148 7637 5 External links Edit Media related to Egyptian Revival architecture at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Egyptian Revival architecture amp oldid 1129701940, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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