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EPR (nuclear reactor)

January 01, 1970

The EPR is a Generation III+ pressurised water reactor design. It has been designed and developed mainly by Framatome (part of Areva between 2001 and 2017) and Électricité de France (EDF) in France, and by Siemens in Germany. In Europe this reactor design was called European Pressurised Reactor, and the internationalised name was Evolutionary Power Reactor, but is now simply named EPR.

Computer generated view of an EPR power station
Reactor pressure vessel of the EPR

The first operational EPR unit was China's Taishan 1, which started commercial operation in December 2018.[1] Taishan 2 started commercial operation in September 2019.[2] European units have been so far plagued with prolonged construction delays and substantial cost overruns. The first EPR unit to start construction, at Olkiluoto in Finland, originally intended to be commissioned in 2009, started commercial operation in 2023, a delay of fourteen years.[3] The second EPR unit to start construction, at Flamanville in France, is also facing a decade-long delay in its commissioning (from 2013 to 2024).[4] Two units at Hinkley Point in the United Kingdom received final approval in September 2016; the first unit was expected to begin operating in 2027,[5][6] but was subsequently delayed to around 2030.[7]

EDF has acknowledged severe difficulties in building the EPR design. In September 2015, EDF stated that the design of a "New Model" EPR (later named EPR2) was being worked on and that it would be easier and cheaper to build.[8]

Design edit

First EPR design edit

The main objectives of the third generation EPR design are increased safety while providing enhanced economic competitiveness through improvements to previous pressurised water reactor designs scaled up to an electrical power output of around 1650 MWe (net)[9] with thermal power of 4500 MW. The reactor can use 5% enriched uranium oxide fuel, reprocessed uranium fuel or 100% mixed uranium plutonium oxide fuel, clad in Areva's M5 variant of zirconium alloy.[10][11] The EPR is the evolutionary descendant of the Framatome N4 and Siemens Power Generation Division "Konvoi [de]" reactors.[12][13] Siemens ceased its nuclear activities in 2011.[14] The EPR was designed to use uranium more efficiently than older Generation II reactors, using approximately 17% less uranium per kilowatt-hour of electricity generated than these older reactor technologies.[15]

The design has gone through a number of iterations. The 1994 conceptual design had a power output of 1450 MWe, the same as the Framatome N4, but using Siemens Konvoi derived instrumentation and also including a new core catcher safety system. By 1995, there was concern over excessive cost per MW, and output was raised to 1800 MWe in the 1997 design, though this was subsequently reduced to 1650 MWe (net) in the final certified design,[16] for a mains frequency of 50 Hz. It has 4 coolant loops with 1 steam generator per loop. There are concrete walls between loops and the hot and cold parts of each loop to protect against failures. Besides the double layer containment there is a concrete wall surrounding the primary system components inside the containment.[17]

The EPR design has several active and passive protection measures against accidents:

  • Four independent emergency cooling systems, each providing the required cooling of the decay heat that continues for 1 to 3 years after the reactor's initial shutdown (i.e., 300% redundancy)[18]
  • Leak-tight containment around the reactor
  • An extra container and cooling area if a molten core manages to escape the reactor (see containment building and core catcher)
  • Two-layer concrete wall with a total thickness of 2.6 m, designed to withstand impact by aeroplanes and internal overpressure, and a low vacuum in the annulus space between the two layers[19]

The EPR has a design maximum core damage frequency of 6.1 × 10−7 per station per year[20] and a gross power output of 1770 MWe for a mains frequency of 50 Hz.[17] The version submitted to the U.S. NRC has a power output of 1600 MWe (net).[21]

EPR2 design edit

 
A floor plan of the EPR2 reactor building (right). It has a single-wall prestressed concrete containment structure with a metal liner and fewer angled walls[22]

In 2013, EDF acknowledged the difficulties it was having building the EPR design, with its head of production and engineering, Hervé Machenaud, saying EDF had lost its dominant international position in design and construction of nuclear power stations. Machenaud indicated EDF was considering designing two new lower powered reactors, one with output of 1500 MWe and the other 1000 MWe. Machenaud stated there would be a period of reflection on the best way to improve the EPR design to lower its price and incorporate post-Fukushima safety improvements.[23]

In September 2015, EDF's chief executive Jean-Bernard Lévy stated that the design of a "New Model" EPR, or "EPR2",[24] was being worked on, which would be easier to build, and be ready for orders from about 2020,[8] describing it in 2016 as "a reactor offering the same characteristics as today’s EPR but it will be cheaper to build with optimised construction times and costs".[25]

In 2016, EDF planned to build two new model EPR reactors in France by 2030 to prepare for renewing its fleet of older reactors.[26] However, following financial difficulties at Areva and its merger with EDF, French Ecology Minister Nicolas Hulot said in January 2018, "for now [building a new model EPR] is neither a priority or a plan. Right now the priority is to develop renewable energy and to reduce the share of nuclear."[27] The industry-government plan for 2019–2022 included work on "a new version of the EPR".[28]

In July 2019, the French nuclear safety authority ASN issued an opinion on the safety of an outlined new EPR model (EPR2) design. It found that general safety was on the whole satisfactory, though identifying areas for further examination. The most notable simplification is a single layer containment building with a liner as opposed to the EPR's double layer with a liner. ASN highlighted that the EPR design basis assumption that primary and secondary cooling circuit piping would not fail may no longer be appropriate for the simplified EPR2, and requires additional safety demonstrations.[29][30] Another simplification is that, unlike the first EPR design, the EPR2 design does not allow access to the reactor building for maintenance during reactor operation, which simplifies the design of the reactor building.[31]

In 2020, French Energy Minister Élisabeth Borne announced the French government would not decide on the construction of any new reactors until the much delayed Flamanville 3 started operation after 2022. EDF had estimated that building six EPR2 nuclear reactors would cost at least €46 billion.[32] A Court of Audit report concluded that EDF is no longer able to finance EPR2 construction on its own, so financing and profitability issues need to be resolved.[33] The audit office requires that EDF ensure the financing and profitability of EPR2 before constructing any in France.[34]

In January 2022, junior environment minister Bérangère Abba said that plans for new EPR2 reactors, to be operational between 2035 and 2037, should be submitted around 2023.[35] The decision was accelerated by the impact of the 2021 global energy crisis.[36] In June 2023, EDF announced it was starting the authorisation process to build two EPR2 reactors at Penly Nuclear Power Plant.[37]

The EPR2 requires 250 types of pipes instead of 400 for the EPR, 571 valves instead of 13,300 valves for the EPR, and 100 types of doors instead of 1700 in the EPR. The EPR2 also uses more prefabricated components, and the electrical buildings can be completely prefabricated. The fourth emergency/safety cooling system/train of the reactor is removed which means maintenance can only be performed when the plant is shut down. This train was added at the request of German electricians in the original EPR design to allow for on-power maintenance. The core catcher has been modified.[22][38][39][40] It has a net power output of 1670 MWe.[41]

EPR1200 design edit

A smaller variant of the EPR2 is being developed using three instead of four coolant loops generating 1200 MWe net, the EPR1200, intended for export. In February 2023, regulator ASN issued a positive opinion on the safety features of the EPR1200.[42]

Operational plants edit

Olkiluoto 3 (Finland) edit

See also: Nuclear power in Finland and Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant
 
Olkiluoto 3 under construction in 2009. It achieved first criticality in December 2021[43] and started regular electricity production in April 2023.[3]

Construction of the Olkiluoto 3[44] power station in Finland began in August 2005.[3] The station has an electrical power output of 1600 MWe (net).[9] The construction was a joint effort of French Areva and German Siemens AG through their common subsidiary Areva NP, for Finnish operator TVO. Siemens ceased nuclear activities in 2011. Initial cost estimates were about €3.7 billion,[45] but the project has since seen several severe cost increases and delays, with latest published cost estimates (from 2012) of more than €8 billion.[46] The station was initially scheduled to go online in 2009.[47]

In May 2006, construction delays of about one year were announced, following quality control problems across the construction. In part, the delays were due to the lack of oversight of subcontractors inexperienced in nuclear construction.[48][49] The delays led to disappointing financial results for Areva. It blamed delays on the Finnish approach to approving technical documentation and designs.[50][51]

In December 2006, TVO announced construction was about 18 months behind schedule so completion was now expected 2010–11, and there were reports that Areva was preparing to take a €500 million charge on its accounts for the delay.[52][53]

At the end of June 2007, it was reported that Säteilyturvakeskus (STUK), the Finnish Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, had found a number of safety-related design and manufacturing 'deficiencies'.[54] In August 2007, a further construction delay of up to a year was reported associated with construction problems in reinforcing the reactor building to withstand an aeroplane crash, and the timely supply of adequate documentation to the Finnish authorities.[55][56][57]

In September 2007, TVO reported the construction delay as "at least two years" and costs more than 25% over budget.[58] Cost estimates by analysts for the overrun range up to €1.5 billion.[59]

A further delay was announced in October 2008, making the total delay three years, giving an expected online date of 2012.[60] The parties entered into arbitration to resolve a dispute over responsibility for the delays and final cost overruns.[61][62] Areva settled the long-running dispute in 2018 by agreeing to pay €450 million for cost overruns and delays.[63]

As of May 2009, the station was at least three and a half years behind schedule and more than 50 percent over-budget. Areva and the utility involved "are in bitter dispute over who will bear the cost overruns and there is a real risk now that the utility will default".[64] In August 2009, Areva announced €550 million additional provisions for the build, taking station costs to €5.3 billion, and wiped out interim operating profits for the first half-year of 2009.[65]

The dome of the containment structure was topped out in September 2009.[66] 90% of procurement, 80% of engineering works and 73% of civil works were completed.[67]

In June 2010, Areva announced €400 million of further provisions, taking the cost overrun to €2.7 billion. The timescale slipped from June 2012 to the end of 2012.[68][69][70] In December 2011, TVO announced a further delay to August 2014.[71] As of July 2012, the station was scheduled to start electricity production no earlier than 2015, a schedule slippage of at least six years.[72] In December 2012 Areva's Chief Executive estimated costs to €8 billion.[73]

In September 2014, Areva announced that operations would start in 2018.[74] In October 2017, the date was pushed back to the spring of 2019.[75] During testing between 2018 and 2021, multiple further delays were announced, of around three years in total.[76][77][78][79][80][81]

Olkiluoto 3 achieved first criticality in December 2021.[43] Grid connection took place in March 2022.[82] In May 2022, foreign material was found in the turbine steam reheater, and the plant was shut down for about three months of repair work. Regular production had been expected to begin in December 2022, after a test production phase.[83] On 28 October 2022, it was announced cracks of a few centimetres had been found in all four of the feedwater pump impellers. The cause of the cracks was yet to be determined, and it was unclear how the commissioning schedule would be affected.[84] The feedwater pumps are larger than in other nuclear reactors.[85]

Olkiluoto 3 started regular electricity production in April 2023.[3]

Taishan 1 and 2 (China) edit

See also: Nuclear power in China and Taishan Nuclear Power Plant
 
Taishan Nuclear Power Plant - Units 1 & 2

In 2006, Areva took part in the first bidding process for the construction of four new nuclear reactors in China, together with Toshiba-owned Westinghouse and Russian Atomstroyexport.[86] However Areva lost this bid in favour of Westinghouse's AP1000 reactors, in part because of Areva's refusal to transfer the expertise and knowledge to China.[citation needed]

Subsequently, Areva managed to win a deal in February 2007, worth about €8 billion ($10.5 billion) for two EPRs located in Taishan, Guangdong Province in southern China, in spite of sticking to its previous conditions.[87][88] The General Contractor and Operator is the China General Nuclear Power Group (CGN).

The construction of the first reactor at Taishan started officially on 18 November 2009, and the second on 15 April 2010.[89] Construction of each unit was then planned to take 46 months, significantly faster and cheaper than the first two EPRs in Finland and France.[90]

The reactor pressure vessel of the first reactor was installed in June 2012,[91] and the second in November 2014. The first pressure vessel had been imported from Mitsubishi Heavy Industries in Japan, and steam generators from Areva in France. The second pressure vessel and associated steam generators had been made in China, by Dongfang Electric and Shanghai Electric.[92]

In 2014, construction was reported to be running over two years late, mainly due to key component delays and project management issues.[93]

Cold function tests were performed on Taishan 1 in February 2016, with start up expected in the first half of 2017. Taishan 2 was scheduled to start up later that year.[94] However, commissioning dates were put back six months in February 2017, with commercial operation expected in the second half of 2017 and the first half of 2018.[95]

In December 2017, Hong Kong media reported that a component had cracked during testing, needing to be replaced.[96] In January 2018, commissioning was rescheduled again, with commercial operation expected in 2018 and 2019.[97]

In June 2018, Taishan 1 achieved criticality for the first time.[98] On June 29, 2018, Taishan 1 was connected to the grid.[99][100] It entered commercial operation in December 2018.[1][101] Taishan 2 reached these milestones in May 2019[102] June 2019[103] and September 2019,[2] respectively.

The Taishan project is led by Taishan Nuclear Power Joint Venture Co. (TNPJVC), a joint venture founded by CGN (51% ownership stake), EDF (30%), and Chinese utility Guangdong Energy Group (19%), also known as Yuedian.[104]

Companies involved in supplying equipment to Taishan Unit 1 include Framatome, which manufactured the steam generators and pressurizer in France, and China’s Dongfang Electric Corp. (DEC), which manufactured the Arabelle turbine in the engine room.[105] That turbine was designed and licensed by General Electric. Other equipment suppliers for Unit 1 include Mitsubishi (reactor vessel); Škoda, a Czech company (core internals); and France’s Jeumont Electric, which along with DEC provided primary pumps.

In April 2020, Framatome signed a long-term service contract with TNPJVC to support operations of the two EPRs. This contract covers nuclear plant outage and maintenance work, including spare parts supply and engineering services for eight years.[106]

In June 2021, higher than expected concentrations of radioactive gases were detected in the primary circuit of unit 1. This was later attributed to faulty fuel cladding.[107][108] The reactor was taken offline in July 2021 and restarted in August 2022.[109]

Plants under construction edit

Flamanville 3 (France) edit

See also: Nuclear power in France and Flamanville Nuclear Power Plant
 
EDF has said its Flamanville 3 project (seen here in 2010) will be delayed until 2024.[4]

First concrete was poured for the demonstration EPR reactor at the Flamanville Nuclear Power Plant on 6 December 2007.[110] As the name implies, this will be the third nuclear reactor on the Flamanville site, and the second instance of an EPR being built. Electrical output will be 1630 MWe (net).[9] The project was planned to involve around €3.3 billion of capital expenditure from EDF.[111]

From 19 October 2005 to 18 February 2006, the project was submitted to a national public debate. On 4 May 2006, the decision was made by EDF's Board of Directors to continue with the construction. Between 15 June and 31 July 2006, the unit underwent a public enquiry, which rendered a "favourable opinion" on the project.[112] That summer, site preparation works began.

In December 2007, construction of the unit itself began. This was expected to last 54 months, with commissioning planned for 2012.[111]

In April 2008, the French nuclear safety authority (Autorité de sûreté nucléaire, ASN) reported that a quarter of the welds inspected in the secondary containment steel liner are not in accordance with norms, and that cracks have been found in the concrete base. EDF stated that progress was being made on these issues, which were raised very early in construction;[113] however, on 21 May, ASN ordered a suspension of concrete pouring on the site.[114] A month later, concreting work resumed after ASN accepted EDF's corrective action plan, which included external oversight checks.[115]

In May 2009, Stephen Thomas reported that after 18 months of construction, and after a series of quality control problems, the project is "more than 20 percent over budget and EDF is struggling to keep it on schedule".[64]

In August 2010, the regulator, ASN, reported further welding problems on the secondary containment steel liner.[116] The same month, EDF announced that costs had increased 50% to €5 billion, and commissioning was delayed by about two years to 2014.[116]

In July 2011, EDF announced that the estimated costs had escalated to €6 billion, and that completion of construction was delayed to 2016.[117]

In December 2012, EDF announced that the estimated costs had escalated to €8.5 billion.[118] Also in December 2012, the Italian power company Enel announced it was relinquishing its 12.5% stake in the project, and five future EPRs, so would be reimbursed its project stake of €613 million, plus interest.[119][120]

In November 2014, EDF announced that completion of construction was delayed to 2017, due to delays in component delivery by Areva.[121]

In April 2015, Areva informed the French nuclear regulator ASN that anomalies had been detected in the reactor vessel steel, causing "lower than expected mechanical toughness values". Further tests are underway.[122] In July 2015 The Daily Telegraph reported that Areva had been aware of this problem since 2006.[123] In June 2015, multiple faults in cooling system safety valves were discovered by ASN.[124] In September 2015, EDF announced that the estimated costs had escalated to €10.5 billion, and the start-up of the reactor was delayed to the fourth quarter of 2018.[125]

In April 2016, ASN announced that additional weak spots had been found in the reactor steel, and Areva and EDF responded that new tests would be conducted, though construction work would continue.[126]

In February 2017, the Financial Times stated the project was six years late, and €7.2 billion over budget,[127] while renewed delays in the construction of the EPR-reactors at Taishan Nuclear Power Plant prompted EDF to state that Flamanville 3 remains on schedule to start operations by the end of 2018, assuming it receives regulatory approval.[128] In June 2017, the French regulator issued a provisional ruling that Flamanville 3 is safe to start.[129]

The discovery of quality deviations in the welding led to a further revision of the schedule in July 2018. Fuel loading was delayed until the end of 2019, and the cost estimate was increased from €10.5 billion to €10.9 billion.[130]

In June 2019, nuclear regulator ASN determined that eight welds in steam transfer pipes passing through the two wall containment, that EDF had hoped to repair after startup, must be repaired before the reactor is commissioned.[131][132] By then, estimated costs were €11 billion.[133]

In October 2019, EDF announced that because of this issue costs would increase to €12.4 billion and that fuel loading would be delayed until the end of 2022.[133][134] Pierre Moscovici, president of the Court of Audit, gave a statement on 9 July 2020 concerning the release of the report on the delay costs of the Flamanville 3. The report of the Court of Audit revealed that the costs could reach €19.1 billion instead of €12.4 billion when taking into account the additional charges due to the delay in construction.[135]

In January 2022, it was announced that more time was needed for the repair of faulty welds and the solving of other issues.[136][137][133] In December 2022, EDF announced a further delay of at least six months with an estimated cost increase of €500 million due to more work to establish a new process for the stress relieving heat treatment of some welds close to sensitive equipment. Fuel loading started on May 8, 2024.[138] Estimated total costs increased to €13.2 billion.[4]

Hinkley Point C (United Kingdom) edit

See also: Nuclear power in the United Kingdom and Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

Hinkley Point C is a nuclear power station under construction with two EPR reactors and an electrical output of 3,200 MWe in Somerset, England.

The EPR underwent Generic Design Assessment by the Office for Nuclear Regulation, along with the Westinghouse AP1000.[139] Interim Design Acceptance Confirmations were postponed until lessons from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster had been taken into account.[140] EDF bought British Energy in 2009. EDF planned to build 4 new EPRs,[141] subject to electricity pricing agreement with the government.[142][143] Areva has signed a strategic partnership with Rolls-Royce to support the build of EPRs.[144] On 19 March 2013, the Development Consent Order granting planning permission for Hinkley Point C was given,[145] but negotiations with the UK government about electricity pricing, and project financing with private investors, still needed to be concluded.[146]

On 21 October 2013, EDF Energy announced that an agreement had been reached regarding the nuclear stations to be built on the site of Hinkley Point C. EDF Group and the UK Government agreed on the key commercial terms of the investment contract. The final investment decision was conditional on completion of the remaining key steps, including the agreement of the European Commission.

On 8 October 2014, the European Commission announced their agreement, with 16 out of 28 commissioners agreeing with the go ahead of the construction. On 21 September 2015, the British government announced it would provide a £2 billion support package for Hinkley Point C as Britain's first nuclear power station in 20 years.[147]

On 21 October 2015, during Chinese president Xi Jinping's state visit to the United Kingdom, EDF and CGN signed an investment agreement for the £18 billion (€21.1 billion) project to build two reactors at Hinkley Point.[148][149]

In June 2016, EDF managers told Members of Parliament that the Hinkley Point C proposal should be postponed, until it has "solved a litany of problems", including EDF's "soaring debts".[150] On 28 July 2016, after the resignation of a board member, the EDF board approved the final investment decision for the project.[151] However Greg Clark, the new Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy in the new government of Theresa May, then announced that the government would not sign the contract over the next few days as expected, but delay the contract to autumn to "consider carefully all the component parts of this project".[152] Final government approval was given in September 2016.[5]

In July 2017, following an internal review, EDF announced revised estimates for the scheme, which included at least £1.5 billion of additional costs and up to 15 months of additional programme, leading to updated total cost estimates of £19.6–20.3 billion.[153][154][155] After a number of subsequent cost increases and delays,[156][157][6] costs are now estimated to be between £31 and £35 billion (€36.3–41 billion), with the first unit estimated to start generating electricity around 2030.[7]

Possible future power stations edit

France edit

See also: Nuclear power in France, Penly Nuclear Power Plant, and Gravelines Nuclear Power Plant

In July 2008, the French President announced a second EPR would be built in France due to high oil and gas prices.[158] Penly was chosen as the site in 2009, with construction planned to start in 2012.[159] However, in 2011, following the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, EDF postponed public consultations.[160] In February 2013, the Minister of Industrial Renewal Arnaud Montebourg stated that the plans for a new EPR reactor at Penly had been cancelled, citing the capacity for electricity production and massive investments in renewable energy along with his confidence in the EPR as a competitive project in foreign countries.[161][162]

Plans to build new reactors in France were later revived. Penly and Gravelines are among the candidates for the installation of a pair of EPR reactors.[163]

In October 2019, newspaper Le Monde reported that the French government had sent EDF a "mission letter" in which it asked the company to prepare to build a total of six EPR reactors across three sites in the next 15 years.[164] A government decision on the construction of new reactors was not expected until after 2022.[32] EDF has submitted a proposal to build six EPR2s for around €50 billion.[165] In February 2022, French president Emmanuel Macron announced that France would in fact build six new EPR2 reactors, the first to be commissioned by 2035, and with an option for eight more.[166][167]

In June 2023, EDF announced it was starting the authorisation process to build two EPR2 reactors at Penly Nuclear Power Plant, anticipating that site preparatory work would begin in summer 2024 and construction would start about 2027.[37]

India edit

See also: Nuclear power in India and Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project

In February 2009, the Nuclear Power Corporation of India (NPCIL) signed a memorandum of understanding with Areva to set up two EPR reactors at Jaitapur in Maharashtra. This was followed by a framework agreement in December 2010.[168]

In January 2016, during French president François Hollande's state visit to India a joint statement with Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi was issued. According to the statement the two leaders "have agreed on a roadmap of cooperation to speed up discussions on the Jaitapur project".[169]

In March 2018, an Industrial Way Forward Agreement between EDF and NPCIL was signed, with an objective of producing a tender for six reactors.[170][171]

In April 2021, EDF submitted to NPCIL an offer to develop six EPR reactors at the Jaitapur site, with a combined installed capacity of 9.6 GWe.[172]

United Kingdom edit

See also: Nuclear power in the United Kingdom, Sizewell C nuclear power station, and Moorside clean energy hub

Two EPR units at Sizewell, Suffolk are in the planning phase.[173] In May 2020, EDF Energy applied for a development consent order.[174] If the project goes ahead electricity production is expected to start in 2031 at the earliest.[175]

Two further EPR units have been proposed for construction at the Moorside site near Sellafield, Cumbria, as part of a future clean energy hub that would also incorporate modular reactors, renewable energy generation, hydrogen production and battery storage technologies.[176]

Czech Republic edit

See also: Nuclear power in the Czech Republic and Dukovany Nuclear Power Station

In October 2012, Czech utility company ČEZ announced that Areva was eliminated from a tender for the construction of two reactors for Temelín nuclear plant. Areva failed to comply with legal requirements of the tender.[177] In April 2014, ČEZ cancelled the tender, because of low power prices and the government's refusal to support a minimum guaranteed energy price.[178]

In June 2021, the Czech Ministry of Industry and Trade invited EDF, along with Westinghouse and Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power to participate in a pre-qualification round for a new unit at the Dukovany Nuclear Power Station.[179] EDF is proposing a 1200 MWe version of the EPR for the project, named the EPR-1200.[180]

Kazakhstan edit

See also: Nuclear power in Kazakhstan

The EPR-1200 is one of four potential nuclear reactors Kazakhstan is considering for its second nuclear power plant.[181]

Unsuccessful proposals edit

Canada edit

See also: Nuclear power in Canada

EPR was considered for the two (possible expansion to four) reactor addition to the Darlington Nuclear Generating Station in Ontario, Canada. However, the official bids had to include all contingencies, and Areva failed to enter a final bid meeting these requirements. The project was ultimately abandoned when the only bid, made by Canada's AECL, came in at well over $10/Wp.[182]

EPR was briefly considered for an installation in New Brunswick, replacing or supplanting that province's single CANDU 6. These plans lasted only from June 2010 until an election two months later, when the plan immediately disappeared from further study.[183]

Finland edit

See also: Nuclear power in Finland

In 2010, the Finnish parliament decided to allow two new reactors. Both TVO and Fennovoima were considering the EPR.[184][185] In December 2013, Fennovoima confirmed it had selected a Russian AES-2006 VVER pressurised water reactor in preference to the EPR.[186] In May 2022, after significant delays in the design and licensing phase of the project and in light of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Fennovoima cancelled the contract with Rosatom to build the power plant.[187]

Italy edit

See also: Nuclear power in Italy

On 24 February 2009, Italy and France agreed to study the feasibility of building 4 new nuclear power stations in Italy.[188] Following this, on 3 August 2009, EDF and Enel established a joint venture, Sviluppo Nucleare Italia, to study the feasibility of building at least four EPRs.[189]

However, in the 2011 referendum, soon after the Fukushima nuclear disaster, Italians voted to repeal the new regulations permitting nuclear power in Italy. Abrogation of laws is put in effect when at least 50%+1 electors make a valid vote and a majority of these voters are in favour of abrogation. In this referendum, there was a 55% valid voter turnout and 94% voted to abrogate the new regulations.

United Arab Emirates edit

See also: Nuclear power in the United Arab Emirates

In March 2008, French president Nicolas Sarkozy reached an agreement with the UAE cabinet that "outlines a cooperation framework for the assessment and possible use of nuclear energy for peaceful ends". This agreement was not a contract for EPR construction by any of the French nuclear companies, Total S.A., Suez or Areva.[190]

In May 2009, US President Barack Obama signed a similar agreement with the UAE. Contracts for reactors were not given, nor was there any guarantee made that US companies would receive them.[191]

In December 2009, the United Arab Emirates declined both the American and French bids and awarded a contract for construction of four non-EPR stations (APR-1400) to a South Korean group including Korea Electric Power Corporation, Hyundai Engineering and Construction, Samsung and Doosan Heavy Industries.[192]

After losing this order, Areva considered whether it should reintroduce the marketing of a smaller and simpler second-generation reactor design alongside the EPR, for countries that are new to nuclear power.[193] As of 2011 Areva and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries offer a smaller 1100 MWe ATMEA1 Generation III PWR.[194]

United States edit

See also: Nuclear power in the United States

The US-EPR, the version of the EPR submitted to the U.S. regulator,[195] is one of the competitors for the next generation of nuclear stations in the United States, along with the AP1000 and the ESBWR. In February 2015, Areva asked to suspend the Design Certification Application Review process at the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC).[195] It had been under review there with expectation to submit an application for final design approval and standard design certification since 14 December 2007.[196] UniStar, Amarillo Power, PPL Corp and AmerenUE announced plans to file a Combined Construction and Operating License application in 2008 for the US-EPR at its Callaway station. UniStar filed a partial application in July 2007 for a proposed third unit at the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant in Maryland. However, both proposals were subsequently cancelled.

In April 2009, Missouri legislators balked at preconstruction rate increases, prompting AmerenUE to suspend plans for its reactor.[197] In July 2010, Constellation Energy Group cut spending on UniStar for the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Station because of uncertainties for a loan guarantee from the U.S. Department of Energy,[198][199] and subsequently pulled out of the project.[200] In October 2008, Areva announced that it would partner with US defense firm Northrop Grumman to establish a $380 million facility to construct modules and assemblies for the EPR and US-EPR reactors at Northrop Grumman's Newport News Shipyard in Virginia.[201][202] The project was suspended indefinitely in May 2011.[203]

Poland edit

See also: Nuclear power in Poland

In October 2021, EDF made an offer to Poland to build four or six EPR reactors across two to three sites. The combined installed capacity of the reactors would be either 6.6 or 9.9 GWe.[204]

In October 2022, Poland selected Westinghouse's AP1000 design, with construction of the first three-unit plant expected to start in 2026.[205]

See also edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to EPR (nuclear reactor).

Other Generation III+ designs:

References edit

  1. ^ a b "First EPR enters commercial operation". World Nuclear News. 14 December 2018. Retrieved 16 December 2018.
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January 01, 1970
nuclear, reactor, generation, pressurised, water, reactor, design, been, designed, developed, mainly, framatome, part, areva, between, 2001, 2017, Électricité, france, france, siemens, germany, europe, this, reactor, design, called, european, pressurised, reac. The EPR is a Generation III pressurised water reactor design It has been designed and developed mainly by Framatome part of Areva between 2001 and 2017 and Electricite de France EDF in France and by Siemens in Germany In Europe this reactor design was called European Pressurised Reactor and the internationalised name was Evolutionary Power Reactor but is now simply named EPR Computer generated view of an EPR power station Reactor pressure vessel of the EPR The first operational EPR unit was China s Taishan 1 which started commercial operation in December 2018 1 Taishan 2 started commercial operation in September 2019 2 European units have been so far plagued with prolonged construction delays and substantial cost overruns The first EPR unit to start construction at Olkiluoto in Finland originally intended to be commissioned in 2009 started commercial operation in 2023 a delay of fourteen years 3 The second EPR unit to start construction at Flamanville in France is also facing a decade long delay in its commissioning from 2013 to 2024 4 Two units at Hinkley Point in the United Kingdom received final approval in September 2016 the first unit was expected to begin operating in 2027 5 6 but was subsequently delayed to around 2030 7 EDF has acknowledged severe difficulties in building the EPR design In September 2015 EDF stated that the design of a New Model EPR later named EPR2 was being worked on and that it would be easier and cheaper to build 8 Contents 1 Design 1 1 First EPR design 1 2 EPR2 design 1 3 EPR1200 design 2 Operational plants 2 1 Olkiluoto 3 Finland 2 2 Taishan 1 and 2 China 3 Plants under construction 3 1 Flamanville 3 France 3 2 Hinkley Point C United Kingdom 4 Possible future power stations 4 1 France 4 2 India 4 3 United Kingdom 4 4 Czech Republic 4 5 Kazakhstan 5 Unsuccessful proposals 5 1 Canada 5 2 Finland 5 3 Italy 5 4 United Arab Emirates 5 5 United States 5 6 Poland 6 See also 7 ReferencesDesign editFirst EPR design edit The main objectives of the third generation EPR design are increased safety while providing enhanced economic competitiveness through improvements to previous pressurised water reactor designs scaled up to an electrical power output of around 1650 MWe net 9 with thermal power of 4500 MW The reactor can use 5 enriched uranium oxide fuel reprocessed uranium fuel or 100 mixed uranium plutonium oxide fuel clad in Areva s M5 variant of zirconium alloy 10 11 The EPR is the evolutionary descendant of the Framatome N4 and Siemens Power Generation Division Konvoi de reactors 12 13 Siemens ceased its nuclear activities in 2011 14 The EPR was designed to use uranium more efficiently than older Generation II reactors using approximately 17 less uranium per kilowatt hour of electricity generated than these older reactor technologies 15 The design has gone through a number of iterations The 1994 conceptual design had a power output of 1450 MWe the same as the Framatome N4 but using Siemens Konvoi derived instrumentation and also including a new core catcher safety system By 1995 there was concern over excessive cost per MW and output was raised to 1800 MWe in the 1997 design though this was subsequently reduced to 1650 MWe net in the final certified design 16 for a mains frequency of 50 Hz It has 4 coolant loops with 1 steam generator per loop There are concrete walls between loops and the hot and cold parts of each loop to protect against failures Besides the double layer containment there is a concrete wall surrounding the primary system components inside the containment 17 The EPR design has several active and passive protection measures against accidents Four independent emergency cooling systems each providing the required cooling of the decay heat that continues for 1 to 3 years after the reactor s initial shutdown i e 300 redundancy 18 Leak tight containment around the reactor An extra container and cooling area if a molten core manages to escape the reactor see containment building and core catcher Two layer concrete wall with a total thickness of 2 6 m designed to withstand impact by aeroplanes and internal overpressure and a low vacuum in the annulus space between the two layers 19 The EPR has a design maximum core damage frequency of 6 1 10 7 per station per year 20 and a gross power output of 1770 MWe for a mains frequency of 50 Hz 17 The version submitted to the U S NRC has a power output of 1600 MWe net 21 EPR2 design edit nbsp A floor plan of the EPR2 reactor building right It has a single wall prestressed concrete containment structure with a metal liner and fewer angled walls 22 In 2013 update EDF acknowledged the difficulties it was having building the EPR design with its head of production and engineering Herve Machenaud saying EDF had lost its dominant international position in design and construction of nuclear power stations Machenaud indicated EDF was considering designing two new lower powered reactors one with output of 1500 MWe and the other 1000 MWe Machenaud stated there would be a period of reflection on the best way to improve the EPR design to lower its price and incorporate post Fukushima safety improvements 23 In September 2015 EDF s chief executive Jean Bernard Levy stated that the design of a New Model EPR or EPR2 24 was being worked on which would be easier to build and be ready for orders from about 2020 8 describing it in 2016 as a reactor offering the same characteristics as today s EPR but it will be cheaper to build with optimised construction times and costs 25 In 2016 EDF planned to build two new model EPR reactors in France by 2030 to prepare for renewing its fleet of older reactors 26 However following financial difficulties at Areva and its merger with EDF French Ecology Minister Nicolas Hulot said in January 2018 for now building a new model EPR is neither a priority or a plan Right now the priority is to develop renewable energy and to reduce the share of nuclear 27 The industry government plan for 2019 2022 included work on a new version of the EPR 28 In July 2019 the French nuclear safety authority ASN issued an opinion on the safety of an outlined new EPR model EPR2 design It found that general safety was on the whole satisfactory though identifying areas for further examination The most notable simplification is a single layer containment building with a liner as opposed to the EPR s double layer with a liner ASN highlighted that the EPR design basis assumption that primary and secondary cooling circuit piping would not fail may no longer be appropriate for the simplified EPR2 and requires additional safety demonstrations 29 30 Another simplification is that unlike the first EPR design the EPR2 design does not allow access to the reactor building for maintenance during reactor operation which simplifies the design of the reactor building 31 In 2020 French Energy Minister Elisabeth Borne announced the French government would not decide on the construction of any new reactors until the much delayed Flamanville 3 started operation after 2022 EDF had estimated that building six EPR2 nuclear reactors would cost at least 46 billion 32 A Court of Audit report concluded that EDF is no longer able to finance EPR2 construction on its own so financing and profitability issues need to be resolved 33 The audit office requires that EDF ensure the financing and profitability of EPR2 before constructing any in France 34 In January 2022 junior environment minister Berangere Abba said that plans for new EPR2 reactors to be operational between 2035 and 2037 should be submitted around 2023 35 The decision was accelerated by the impact of the 2021 global energy crisis 36 In June 2023 EDF announced it was starting the authorisation process to build two EPR2 reactors at Penly Nuclear Power Plant 37 The EPR2 requires 250 types of pipes instead of 400 for the EPR 571 valves instead of 13 300 valves for the EPR and 100 types of doors instead of 1700 in the EPR The EPR2 also uses more prefabricated components and the electrical buildings can be completely prefabricated The fourth emergency safety cooling system train of the reactor is removed which means maintenance can only be performed when the plant is shut down This train was added at the request of German electricians in the original EPR design to allow for on power maintenance The core catcher has been modified 22 38 39 40 It has a net power output of 1670 MWe 41 EPR1200 design edit A smaller variant of the EPR2 is being developed using three instead of four coolant loops generating 1200 MWe net the EPR1200 intended for export In February 2023 regulator ASN issued a positive opinion on the safety features of the EPR1200 42 Operational plants editOlkiluoto 3 Finland edit See also Nuclear power in Finland and Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant nbsp Olkiluoto 3 under construction in 2009 It achieved first criticality in December 2021 43 and started regular electricity production in April 2023 3 Construction of the Olkiluoto 3 44 power station in Finland began in August 2005 3 The station has an electrical power output of 1600 MWe net 9 The construction was a joint effort of French Areva and German Siemens AG through their common subsidiary Areva NP for Finnish operator TVO Siemens ceased nuclear activities in 2011 Initial cost estimates were about 3 7 billion 45 but the project has since seen several severe cost increases and delays with latest published cost estimates from 2012 of more than 8 billion 46 The station was initially scheduled to go online in 2009 47 In May 2006 construction delays of about one year were announced following quality control problems across the construction In part the delays were due to the lack of oversight of subcontractors inexperienced in nuclear construction 48 49 The delays led to disappointing financial results for Areva It blamed delays on the Finnish approach to approving technical documentation and designs 50 51 In December 2006 TVO announced construction was about 18 months behind schedule so completion was now expected 2010 11 and there were reports that Areva was preparing to take a 500 million charge on its accounts for the delay 52 53 At the end of June 2007 it was reported that Sateilyturvakeskus STUK the Finnish Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority had found a number of safety related design and manufacturing deficiencies 54 In August 2007 a further construction delay of up to a year was reported associated with construction problems in reinforcing the reactor building to withstand an aeroplane crash and the timely supply of adequate documentation to the Finnish authorities 55 56 57 In September 2007 TVO reported the construction delay as at least two years and costs more than 25 over budget 58 Cost estimates by analysts for the overrun range up to 1 5 billion 59 A further delay was announced in October 2008 making the total delay three years giving an expected online date of 2012 60 The parties entered into arbitration to resolve a dispute over responsibility for the delays and final cost overruns 61 62 Areva settled the long running dispute in 2018 by agreeing to pay 450 million for cost overruns and delays 63 As of May 2009 the station was at least three and a half years behind schedule and more than 50 percent over budget Areva and the utility involved are in bitter dispute over who will bear the cost overruns and there is a real risk now that the utility will default 64 In August 2009 Areva announced 550 million additional provisions for the build taking station costs to 5 3 billion and wiped out interim operating profits for the first half year of 2009 65 The dome of the containment structure was topped out in September 2009 66 90 of procurement 80 of engineering works and 73 of civil works were completed 67 In June 2010 Areva announced 400 million of further provisions taking the cost overrun to 2 7 billion The timescale slipped from June 2012 to the end of 2012 68 69 70 In December 2011 TVO announced a further delay to August 2014 71 As of July 2012 the station was scheduled to start electricity production no earlier than 2015 a schedule slippage of at least six years 72 In December 2012 Areva s Chief Executive estimated costs to 8 billion 73 In September 2014 Areva announced that operations would start in 2018 74 In October 2017 the date was pushed back to the spring of 2019 75 During testing between 2018 and 2021 multiple further delays were announced of around three years in total 76 77 78 79 80 81 Olkiluoto 3 achieved first criticality in December 2021 43 Grid connection took place in March 2022 82 In May 2022 foreign material was found in the turbine steam reheater and the plant was shut down for about three months of repair work Regular production had been expected to begin in December 2022 after a test production phase 83 On 28 October 2022 it was announced cracks of a few centimetres had been found in all four of the feedwater pump impellers The cause of the cracks was yet to be determined and it was unclear how the commissioning schedule would be affected 84 The feedwater pumps are larger than in other nuclear reactors 85 Olkiluoto 3 started regular electricity production in April 2023 3 Taishan 1 and 2 China edit See also Nuclear power in China and Taishan Nuclear Power Plant nbsp Taishan Nuclear Power Plant Units 1 amp 2 In 2006 Areva took part in the first bidding process for the construction of four new nuclear reactors in China together with Toshiba owned Westinghouse and Russian Atomstroyexport 86 However Areva lost this bid in favour of Westinghouse s AP1000 reactors in part because of Areva s refusal to transfer the expertise and knowledge to China citation needed Subsequently Areva managed to win a deal in February 2007 worth about 8 billion 10 5 billion for two EPRs located in Taishan Guangdong Province in southern China in spite of sticking to its previous conditions 87 88 The General Contractor and Operator is the China General Nuclear Power Group CGN The construction of the first reactor at Taishan started officially on 18 November 2009 and the second on 15 April 2010 89 Construction of each unit was then planned to take 46 months significantly faster and cheaper than the first two EPRs in Finland and France 90 The reactor pressure vessel of the first reactor was installed in June 2012 91 and the second in November 2014 The first pressure vessel had been imported from Mitsubishi Heavy Industries in Japan and steam generators from Areva in France The second pressure vessel and associated steam generators had been made in China by Dongfang Electric and Shanghai Electric 92 In 2014 construction was reported to be running over two years late mainly due to key component delays and project management issues 93 Cold function tests were performed on Taishan 1 in February 2016 with start up expected in the first half of 2017 Taishan 2 was scheduled to start up later that year 94 However commissioning dates were put back six months in February 2017 with commercial operation expected in the second half of 2017 and the first half of 2018 95 In December 2017 Hong Kong media reported that a component had cracked during testing needing to be replaced 96 In January 2018 commissioning was rescheduled again with commercial operation expected in 2018 and 2019 97 In June 2018 Taishan 1 achieved criticality for the first time 98 On June 29 2018 Taishan 1 was connected to the grid 99 100 It entered commercial operation in December 2018 1 101 Taishan 2 reached these milestones in May 2019 102 June 2019 103 and September 2019 2 respectively The Taishan project is led by Taishan Nuclear Power Joint Venture Co TNPJVC a joint venture founded by CGN 51 ownership stake EDF 30 and Chinese utility Guangdong Energy Group 19 also known as Yuedian 104 Companies involved in supplying equipment to Taishan Unit 1 include Framatome which manufactured the steam generators and pressurizer in France and China s Dongfang Electric Corp DEC which manufactured the Arabelle turbine in the engine room 105 That turbine was designed and licensed by General Electric Other equipment suppliers for Unit 1 include Mitsubishi reactor vessel Skoda a Czech company core internals and France s Jeumont Electric which along with DEC provided primary pumps In April 2020 Framatome signed a long term service contract with TNPJVC to support operations of the two EPRs This contract covers nuclear plant outage and maintenance work including spare parts supply and engineering services for eight years 106 In June 2021 higher than expected concentrations of radioactive gases were detected in the primary circuit of unit 1 This was later attributed to faulty fuel cladding 107 108 The reactor was taken offline in July 2021 and restarted in August 2022 109 Plants under construction editFlamanville 3 France edit See also Nuclear power in France and Flamanville Nuclear Power Plant nbsp EDF has said its Flamanville 3 project seen here in 2010 will be delayed until 2024 4 First concrete was poured for the demonstration EPR reactor at the Flamanville Nuclear Power Plant on 6 December 2007 110 As the name implies this will be the third nuclear reactor on the Flamanville site and the second instance of an EPR being built Electrical output will be 1630 MWe net 9 The project was planned to involve around 3 3 billion of capital expenditure from EDF 111 From 19 October 2005 to 18 February 2006 the project was submitted to a national public debate On 4 May 2006 the decision was made by EDF s Board of Directors to continue with the construction Between 15 June and 31 July 2006 the unit underwent a public enquiry which rendered a favourable opinion on the project 112 That summer site preparation works began In December 2007 construction of the unit itself began This was expected to last 54 months with commissioning planned for 2012 111 In April 2008 the French nuclear safety authority Autorite de surete nucleaire ASN reported that a quarter of the welds inspected in the secondary containment steel liner are not in accordance with norms and that cracks have been found in the concrete base EDF stated that progress was being made on these issues which were raised very early in construction 113 however on 21 May ASN ordered a suspension of concrete pouring on the site 114 A month later concreting work resumed after ASN accepted EDF s corrective action plan which included external oversight checks 115 In May 2009 Stephen Thomas reported that after 18 months of construction and after a series of quality control problems the project is more than 20 percent over budget and EDF is struggling to keep it on schedule 64 In August 2010 the regulator ASN reported further welding problems on the secondary containment steel liner 116 The same month EDF announced that costs had increased 50 to 5 billion and commissioning was delayed by about two years to 2014 116 In July 2011 EDF announced that the estimated costs had escalated to 6 billion and that completion of construction was delayed to 2016 117 In December 2012 EDF announced that the estimated costs had escalated to 8 5 billion 118 Also in December 2012 the Italian power company Enel announced it was relinquishing its 12 5 stake in the project and five future EPRs so would be reimbursed its project stake of 613 million plus interest 119 120 In November 2014 EDF announced that completion of construction was delayed to 2017 due to delays in component delivery by Areva 121 In April 2015 Areva informed the French nuclear regulator ASN that anomalies had been detected in the reactor vessel steel causing lower than expected mechanical toughness values Further tests are underway 122 In July 2015 The Daily Telegraph reported that Areva had been aware of this problem since 2006 123 In June 2015 multiple faults in cooling system safety valves were discovered by ASN 124 In September 2015 EDF announced that the estimated costs had escalated to 10 5 billion and the start up of the reactor was delayed to the fourth quarter of 2018 125 In April 2016 ASN announced that additional weak spots had been found in the reactor steel and Areva and EDF responded that new tests would be conducted though construction work would continue 126 In February 2017 the Financial Times stated the project was six years late and 7 2 billion over budget 127 while renewed delays in the construction of the EPR reactors at Taishan Nuclear Power Plant prompted EDF to state that Flamanville 3 remains on schedule to start operations by the end of 2018 assuming it receives regulatory approval 128 In June 2017 the French regulator issued a provisional ruling that Flamanville 3 is safe to start 129 The discovery of quality deviations in the welding led to a further revision of the schedule in July 2018 Fuel loading was delayed until the end of 2019 and the cost estimate was increased from 10 5 billion to 10 9 billion 130 In June 2019 nuclear regulator ASN determined that eight welds in steam transfer pipes passing through the two wall containment that EDF had hoped to repair after startup must be repaired before the reactor is commissioned 131 132 By then estimated costs were 11 billion 133 In October 2019 EDF announced that because of this issue costs would increase to 12 4 billion and that fuel loading would be delayed until the end of 2022 133 134 Pierre Moscovici president of the Court of Audit gave a statement on 9 July 2020 concerning the release of the report on the delay costs of the Flamanville 3 The report of the Court of Audit revealed that the costs could reach 19 1 billion instead of 12 4 billion when taking into account the additional charges due to the delay in construction 135 In January 2022 it was announced that more time was needed for the repair of faulty welds and the solving of other issues 136 137 133 In December 2022 EDF announced a further delay of at least six months with an estimated cost increase of 500 million due to more work to establish a new process for the stress relieving heat treatment of some welds close to sensitive equipment Fuel loading started on May 8 2024 138 Estimated total costs increased to 13 2 billion 4 Hinkley Point C United Kingdom edit See also Nuclear power in the United Kingdom and Hinkley Point C nuclear power station Hinkley Point C is a nuclear power station under construction with two EPR reactors and an electrical output of 3 200 MWe in Somerset England The EPR underwent Generic Design Assessment by the Office for Nuclear Regulation along with the Westinghouse AP1000 139 Interim Design Acceptance Confirmations were postponed until lessons from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster had been taken into account 140 EDF bought British Energy in 2009 EDF planned to build 4 new EPRs 141 subject to electricity pricing agreement with the government 142 143 Areva has signed a strategic partnership with Rolls Royce to support the build of EPRs 144 On 19 March 2013 the Development Consent Order granting planning permission for Hinkley Point C was given 145 but negotiations with the UK government about electricity pricing and project financing with private investors still needed to be concluded 146 On 21 October 2013 EDF Energy announced that an agreement had been reached regarding the nuclear stations to be built on the site of Hinkley Point C EDF Group and the UK Government agreed on the key commercial terms of the investment contract The final investment decision was conditional on completion of the remaining key steps including the agreement of the European Commission On 8 October 2014 the European Commission announced their agreement with 16 out of 28 commissioners agreeing with the go ahead of the construction On 21 September 2015 the British government announced it would provide a 2 billion support package for Hinkley Point C as Britain s first nuclear power station in 20 years 147 On 21 October 2015 during Chinese president Xi Jinping s state visit to the United Kingdom EDF and CGN signed an investment agreement for the 18 billion 21 1 billion project to build two reactors at Hinkley Point 148 149 In June 2016 EDF managers told Members of Parliament that the Hinkley Point C proposal should be postponed until it has solved a litany of problems including EDF s soaring debts 150 On 28 July 2016 after the resignation of a board member the EDF board approved the final investment decision for the project 151 However Greg Clark the new Secretary of State for Business Energy and Industrial Strategy in the new government of Theresa May then announced that the government would not sign the contract over the next few days as expected but delay the contract to autumn to consider carefully all the component parts of this project 152 Final government approval was given in September 2016 5 In July 2017 following an internal review EDF announced revised estimates for the scheme which included at least 1 5 billion of additional costs and up to 15 months of additional programme leading to updated total cost estimates of 19 6 20 3 billion 153 154 155 After a number of subsequent cost increases and delays 156 157 6 costs are now estimated to be between 31 and 35 billion 36 3 41 billion with the first unit estimated to start generating electricity around 2030 7 Possible future power stations editFrance edit See also Nuclear power in France Penly Nuclear Power Plant and Gravelines Nuclear Power Plant In July 2008 the French President announced a second EPR would be built in France due to high oil and gas prices 158 Penly was chosen as the site in 2009 with construction planned to start in 2012 159 However in 2011 following the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster EDF postponed public consultations 160 In February 2013 the Minister of Industrial Renewal Arnaud Montebourg stated that the plans for a new EPR reactor at Penly had been cancelled citing the capacity for electricity production and massive investments in renewable energy along with his confidence in the EPR as a competitive project in foreign countries 161 162 Plans to build new reactors in France were later revived Penly and Gravelines are among the candidates for the installation of a pair of EPR reactors 163 In October 2019 newspaper Le Monde reported that the French government had sent EDF a mission letter in which it asked the company to prepare to build a total of six EPR reactors across three sites in the next 15 years 164 A government decision on the construction of new reactors was not expected until after 2022 32 EDF has submitted a proposal to build six EPR2s for around 50 billion 165 In February 2022 French president Emmanuel Macron announced that France would in fact build six new EPR2 reactors the first to be commissioned by 2035 and with an option for eight more 166 167 In June 2023 EDF announced it was starting the authorisation process to build two EPR2 reactors at Penly Nuclear Power Plant anticipating that site preparatory work would begin in summer 2024 and construction would start about 2027 37 India edit See also Nuclear power in India and Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project In February 2009 the Nuclear Power Corporation of India NPCIL signed a memorandum of understanding with Areva to set up two EPR reactors at Jaitapur in Maharashtra This was followed by a framework agreement in December 2010 168 In January 2016 during French president Francois Hollande s state visit to India a joint statement with Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi was issued According to the statement the two leaders have agreed on a roadmap of cooperation to speed up discussions on the Jaitapur project 169 In March 2018 an Industrial Way Forward Agreement between EDF and NPCIL was signed with an objective of producing a tender for six reactors 170 171 In April 2021 EDF submitted to NPCIL an offer to develop six EPR reactors at the Jaitapur site with a combined installed capacity of 9 6 GWe 172 United Kingdom edit See also Nuclear power in the United Kingdom Sizewell C nuclear power station and Moorside clean energy hub Two EPR units at Sizewell Suffolk are in the planning phase 173 In May 2020 EDF Energy applied for a development consent order 174 If the project goes ahead electricity production is expected to start in 2031 at the earliest 175 Two further EPR units have been proposed for construction at the Moorside site near Sellafield Cumbria as part of a future clean energy hub that would also incorporate modular reactors renewable energy generation hydrogen production and battery storage technologies 176 Czech Republic edit See also Nuclear power in the Czech Republic and Dukovany Nuclear Power Station In October 2012 Czech utility company CEZ announced that Areva was eliminated from a tender for the construction of two reactors for Temelin nuclear plant Areva failed to comply with legal requirements of the tender 177 In April 2014 CEZ cancelled the tender because of low power prices and the government s refusal to support a minimum guaranteed energy price 178 In June 2021 the Czech Ministry of Industry and Trade invited EDF along with Westinghouse and Korea Hydro amp Nuclear Power to participate in a pre qualification round for a new unit at the Dukovany Nuclear Power Station 179 EDF is proposing a 1200 MWe version of the EPR for the project named the EPR 1200 180 Kazakhstan edit See also Nuclear power in Kazakhstan The EPR 1200 is one of four potential nuclear reactors Kazakhstan is considering for its second nuclear power plant 181 Unsuccessful proposals editCanada edit See also Nuclear power in Canada EPR was considered for the two possible expansion to four reactor addition to the Darlington Nuclear Generating Station in Ontario Canada However the official bids had to include all contingencies and Areva failed to enter a final bid meeting these requirements The project was ultimately abandoned when the only bid made by Canada s AECL came in at well over 10 Wp 182 EPR was briefly considered for an installation in New Brunswick replacing or supplanting that province s single CANDU 6 These plans lasted only from June 2010 until an election two months later when the plan immediately disappeared from further study 183 Finland edit See also Nuclear power in Finland In 2010 the Finnish parliament decided to allow two new reactors Both TVO and Fennovoima were considering the EPR 184 185 In December 2013 Fennovoima confirmed it had selected a Russian AES 2006 VVER pressurised water reactor in preference to the EPR 186 In May 2022 after significant delays in the design and licensing phase of the project and in light of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Fennovoima cancelled the contract with Rosatom to build the power plant 187 Italy edit See also Nuclear power in Italy On 24 February 2009 Italy and France agreed to study the feasibility of building 4 new nuclear power stations in Italy 188 Following this on 3 August 2009 EDF and Enel established a joint venture Sviluppo Nucleare Italia to study the feasibility of building at least four EPRs 189 However in the 2011 referendum soon after the Fukushima nuclear disaster Italians voted to repeal the new regulations permitting nuclear power in Italy Abrogation of laws is put in effect when at least 50 1 electors make a valid vote and a majority of these voters are in favour of abrogation In this referendum there was a 55 valid voter turnout and 94 voted to abrogate the new regulations United Arab Emirates edit See also Nuclear power in the United Arab Emirates In March 2008 French president Nicolas Sarkozy reached an agreement with the UAE cabinet that outlines a cooperation framework for the assessment and possible use of nuclear energy for peaceful ends This agreement was not a contract for EPR construction by any of the French nuclear companies Total S A Suez or Areva 190 In May 2009 US President Barack Obama signed a similar agreement with the UAE Contracts for reactors were not given nor was there any guarantee made that US companies would receive them 191 In December 2009 the United Arab Emirates declined both the American and French bids and awarded a contract for construction of four non EPR stations APR 1400 to a South Korean group including Korea Electric Power Corporation Hyundai Engineering and Construction Samsung and Doosan Heavy Industries 192 After losing this order Areva considered whether it should reintroduce the marketing of a smaller and simpler second generation reactor design alongside the EPR for countries that are new to nuclear power 193 As of 2011 Areva and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries offer a smaller 1100 MWe ATMEA1 Generation III PWR 194 United States edit See also Nuclear power in the United States The US EPR the version of the EPR submitted to the U S regulator 195 is one of the competitors for the next generation of nuclear stations in the United States along with the AP1000 and the ESBWR In February 2015 Areva asked to suspend the Design Certification Application Review process at the U S Nuclear Regulatory Commission NRC 195 It had been under review there with expectation to submit an application for final design approval and standard design certification since 14 December 2007 196 UniStar Amarillo Power PPL Corp and AmerenUE announced plans to file a Combined Construction and Operating License application in 2008 for the US EPR at its Callaway station UniStar filed a partial application in July 2007 for a proposed third unit at the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant in Maryland However both proposals were subsequently cancelled In April 2009 Missouri legislators balked at preconstruction rate increases prompting AmerenUE to suspend plans for its reactor 197 In July 2010 Constellation Energy Group cut spending on UniStar for the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Station because of uncertainties for a loan guarantee from the U S Department of Energy 198 199 and subsequently pulled out of the project 200 In October 2008 Areva announced that it would partner with US defense firm Northrop Grumman to establish a 380 million facility to construct modules and assemblies for the EPR and US EPR reactors at Northrop Grumman s Newport News Shipyard in Virginia 201 202 The project was suspended indefinitely in May 2011 203 Poland edit See also Nuclear power in Poland In October 2021 EDF made an offer to Poland to build four or six EPR reactors across two to three sites The combined installed capacity of the reactors would be either 6 6 or 9 9 GWe 204 In October 2022 Poland selected Westinghouse s AP1000 design with construction of the first three unit plant expected to start in 2026 205 See also edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to EPR nuclear reactor nbsp Energy portal nbsp Nuclear technology portal Economics of new nuclear power plants Nuclear power by country Other Generation III designs US APWR VVER TOI ACRReferences edit a b First EPR enters commercial operation World Nuclear News 14 December 2018 Retrieved 16 December 2018 a b World s second EPR starts operations World Nuclear News 9 September 2019 Retrieved 10 September 2019 a b c d Regular electricity production has started at Olkiluoto 3 EPR TVO 16 April 2023 Retrieved 16 April 2023 a b c Further delay to Flamanville EPR start up World Nuclear News 19 December 2022 Retrieved 20 December 2022 a b Rowena Mason Simon Goodley 15 September 2016 Hinkley Point C nuclear power station gets government green light The Guardian Retrieved 15 September 2016 a b Hinkley Point C delayed by a year as cost goes up by 3bn BBC News 20 May 2022 Retrieved 22 May 2022 a b Alex Lawson 23 January 2024 Hinkley Point C could be delayed to 2031 and cost up to 35bn says EDF The Guardian Retrieved 10 February 2024 a b Geert De Clercq 23 September 2015 Only China wants to invest in Britain s new 2bn Hinkley Point nuclear station because no one else thinks it will work EDF admits The Independent Retrieved 24 September 2015 a b c New Build Field Report PDF Areva 6 October 2010 p 4 Archived from the original PDF on 21 May 2011 Retrieved 5 March 2011 Step 3 Fuel Design Assessment of the EDF and Areva UK EPR PDF Report HSE Nuclear Directorate 2009 AR 09 041 P Retrieved 16 June 2021 Garner G L Mardon J P 9 May 2011 Alloy M5 cladding performance update Nuclear Engineering International Retrieved 16 June 2021 Andrew Teller 2 February 2010 The EPR Reactor Evolution to Gen III based on proven technology PDF Areva Retrieved 19 July 2010 EPR Areva brochure PDF Areva NP May 2005 Archived from the original PDF on 29 November 2007 Retrieved 2 January 2008 Borrud Gabriel Siemens to quit nuclear industry Deutsche Welle Retrieved 11 October 2016 Forsythe Jan 2009 3 R s of Nuclear Power Reading Recycling and Reprocessing Making a Better Tomorrow for Little Joe AuthorHouse p 126 ISBN 978 1 4389 6731 8 Thomas Steve November 2010 The EPR in Crisis PDF Report University of Greenwich Retrieved 6 December 2019 a b https aris iaea org PDF EPR pdf bare URL PDF A Shirzadi S Jackson 30 July 2014 Structural Alloys for Power Plants Operational Challenges and High Temperature Materials Elsevier Science pp 94 ISBN 978 0 85709 755 2 https www nrc gov docs ML0522 ML052280176 pdf bare URL PDF EPR Level 1 Probabilistic Safety Assessment Archived 21 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine Author UK EPR https www nrc gov docs ML0522 ML052280170 pdf bare URL PDF a b https www debatpublic fr sites default files 2022 10 PenlyEPR DMO EDF RTE pdf bare URL PDF EDF eyes development of new smaller reactors papers Reuters 21 March 2013 Archived from the original on 20 June 2013 Retrieved 18 April 2013 EPR showcasing French nuclear expertise EDF Retrieved 17 July 2019 Interview Jean Bernard Levy CEO EDF Our Future Lies in Combination Nuclear and Renewables the energycollective 18 October 2016 Retrieved 7 November 2016 EDF plans two new nuclear reactors in France by 2030 document Reuters 21 January 2016 Retrieved 7 February 2018 UPDATE 1 Separate unit for EDF nuclear arm has been discussed says minister Hulot Reuters 22 January 2018 Retrieved 7 February 2018 French nuclear industry sets medium term plans World Nuclear News 28 January 2019 Retrieved 30 January 2019 Geert De Clercq 18 July 2019 French regulator to EDF don t assume new reactor model is accident proof Reuters Retrieved 11 September 2019 ASN issues its opinion on the safety options for the EPR New model reactor and its EPR 2 upgrade ASN 29 July 2019 Retrieved 11 September 2019 L EPR 2 la garantie d une electricite bas carbone The EPR 2 for a low carbon electricity Revue Generale Nucleaire in French 2020 ISSN 0335 5004 Retrieved 24 July 2022 a b France to decide on new nuclear build after 2022 Nuclear Engineering International 14 January 2020 Retrieved 19 February 2020 French auditor calls for financing guarantee for future EPR projects World Nuclear News 15 July 2020 Retrieved 16 July 2020 EDF sees progress in plan to reinvigorate French industry World Nuclear News 16 October 2020 Retrieved 16 October 2020 GV De Clercq 6 January 2022 France sees new nuclear reactors going online by 2035 37 minister Reuters Retrieved 10 January 2022 Kar Gupta Sudip 9 November 2021 Macron says France will build new nuclear energy reactors Reuters Retrieved 10 January 2022 a b EDF begins permitting process for two new reactors at Penly World Nuclear News 30 June 2023 Retrieved 1 July 2023 Barbaux Aurelie 12 April 2019 EDF a un plan pour construire au moins six nouveaux EPR en France L Usine Nouvelle in French Excell Le plan d excellence de la filiere porte ses fruits https www asn fr content download 164741 file 1 Saisine 20au 20GPR 20DOS 20EPRNM pdf bare URL PDF The EPR 2 for a low carbon electricity Revue Generale Nucleaire 3 March 2024 French regulator supports safety options for EPR1200 World Nuclear News 2 February 2023 Retrieved 3 February 2023 a b Europe s first EPR reaches criticality World Nuclear News 21 December 2021 Retrieved 21 December 2021 OLKILUOTO 3 PROJECT by AREVA Archived from the original on 10 February 2007 Retrieved 24 July 2006 EPR IN FINLAND FOUNDATION STONE LAYING DAY AT OLKILUOTO 3 de framatome anp com 18 October 2006 Archived from the original on 18 October 2006 Retrieved 11 August 2019 HT 21 November 2013 Daily Olkiluoto 3 may cost over 8bn www helsinkitimes fi Retrieved 4 December 2018 Olkiluoto 3 Chronology of the Project ol3 areva np com 27 September 2007 Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 Retrieved 11 August 2019 Regulator reports as OL3 delays reach one year Nuclear Engineering International 19 July 2006 Retrieved 12 August 2019 Concrete composition delays Finland s Olkiluoto 3 Nuclear Engineering International 9 May 2006 Retrieved 12 August 2019 Areva s first half results hit by Olkiluoto 3 delays Nuclear Engineering International 27 September 2007 Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 Retrieved 11 August 2019 European Pressurised Reactor at Olkiluoto 3 Finland Brief amp Interim Review of the Porosity 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Retrieved 19 October 2021 Poland picks U S offer for its first nuclear power plant prime minister says Reuters 29 October 2022 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title EPR nuclear reactor amp oldid 1223603845 EPR2 design, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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