Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant
The Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant (Finnish: Olkiluodon ydinvoimalaitos, Swedish: Olkiluoto kärnkraftverk) is one of Finland's two nuclear power plants, the other being the two-unit VVER Loviisa Nuclear Power Plant. The plant is owned and operated by Teollisuuden Voima (TVO), a subsidiary of Pohjolan Voima, and is located on Olkiluoto Island, on the shore of the Gulf of Bothnia, in the municipality of Eurajoki in western Finland, about 20 kilometres (12 mi) from the town of Rauma and about 50 kilometres (31 mi) from the city of Pori.
| Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant | |
|---|---|
Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant in 2015 | |
| Official name | Olkiluodon ydinvoimalaitos |
| Country | Finland |
| Location | Eurajoki, Region of Satakunta |
| Coordinates | 61°14′13″N 21°26′27″E / 61.23694°N 21.44083°ECoordinates: 61°14′13″N 21°26′27″E / 61.23694°N 21.44083°E |
| Status | Operational |
| Construction began | OL1: 1 February 1974 OL2: 1 November 1975 |
| Commission date | OL1: 10 October 1979 OL2: 10 July 1982 |
| Owner(s) | Teollisuuden Voima Oyj (TVO) |
| Operator(s) | TVO |
| Employees | 1000 (2021) |
| Nuclear power station | |
| Reactors | 3 |
| Reactor type | Units 1–2: BWR Unit 3: PWR (EPR) |
| Reactor supplier | Units 1–2: AB ASEA-ATOM Unit 3: Areva S.A. |
| Cooling source | Gulf of Bothnia |
| Thermal capacity | 2 × 2,500 MWth (OL1–2) 1 × 4,300 MWth (OL3) |
| Power generation | |
| Units operational | 2 × 890 MWe (net) (OL1–2) 1 × 1,600 MWe (net) (OL3) |
| Make and model | OL1–2: ASEA-III, BWR-2500 OL3: Framatome EPR |
| Nameplate capacity | 3,380 MW |
| Capacity factor | 92.8% (2021) |
| Annual net output | 14,400 GW·h (2021) |
| External links | |
| Website | Olkiluoto nuclear power plant |
| Commons | Related media on Commons |
The Olkiluoto plant consists of two boiling water reactors (BWRs), each with a capacity of 890 MW, and one EPR type reactor (unit 3) with a capacity of 1,600 MW.[1] This makes unit 3 currently the most powerful nuclear power plant unit in Europe and the third most powerful globally.[2][3] Construction of unit 3 began in 2005. Commercial operation began on 16 April 2023[4] after being originally scheduled for May 2009.[5][6]
Units 1 and 2
Units 1 and 2 consists of two BWRs, each producing 890 MW of electricity.[7] The main contractor was ASEA-Atom, now a part of Westinghouse Electric Sweden AB. Turbine generators were supplied by Stal-Laval. The units' architecture was designed by ASEA-Atom. The reactor pressure vessels were constructed by Uddcomb Sweden AB, and reactor internal parts, mechanical components by Finnatom. The electrical equipment was supplied by Strömberg.[8] Unit 1 was constructed by Atomirakennus and unit 2 by Jukola and Työyhtymä.[9][10] Unit 1 achieved its initial criticality in July 1978 and it started commercial operations in October 1979.[9] Unit 2 achieved its initial criticality in October 1979 and it started commercial operations in July 1982.[11]
The original power of the reactors was 660 MW. They were uprated to 710 MW in 1983–1984, to 840 MW in 1995–1998, and further to 860 MW in 2005–2006.[8] Major upgrades were carried out to the units in 2010 and 2011, including replacement of turbines and generators, isolation valves, electrical switchgear and seawater pumps. The upgrades increased the net electrical output by 20 MW to 880 MW each.[12]
In 2017, unit 2 was upgraded and modernized, increasing the output further to 890 MW from the beginning of 2018.[13] A similar upgrade to unit 1 was performed in 2018.[14] The extended maintenance was also made to prepare for a license renewal application. The license extension was granted in September 2018 and allows the reactors to operate until 2038.[15]
A decision-in-principle for a fourth reactor to be built at the site was granted by the Finnish parliament in July 2010,[16][17][18] but, in June 2015, TVO decided that it would not apply for a construction license for Olkiluoto 4.[19]
Unit 3
In February 2005, the Finnish government gave its permission to TVO to construct a new nuclear reactor, making Finland the first Western European country in 15 years to order one.[20] The construction of the unit began in 2005. The start of commercial operation was planned for 2010,[21] but has been pushed back several times[22][23] only starting regular production in 2023, 18 years after the start of construction.[24]
Olkiluoto 3 is the first EPR, which is a type of third generation PWR, to have gone into construction. It will have a nameplate capacity of 1600 MW. Japan Steel Works and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries manufactured the unit's 526-ton reactor pressure vessel.[25]
At the start of construction, the main contractor was Areva NP (now Framatome, after the sell-off mentioned below), a joint venture of Areva and Siemens. However, in 2009, Siemens sold its one-third share of Areva NP to Areva, which is now the main contractor.[26][27] Siemens remained on the project as the subcontractor with the main responsibility for constructing the turbine hall. Areva sold its majority stake in Framatome (previously Areva NP), its nuclear reactor and fuel business, to Électricité de France.
According to TVO, the construction phase of the project would create a total of about 30,000 person-years of employment directly and indirectly; that the highest number of on-site employees has been almost 4,400; and that the operation phase would create 150 to 200 permanent jobs.[28] A 90 MW battery storage is scheduled for 2022.[1]
On 8 December 2021, the company submitted its application to Finland's Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority asking permission to start up Unit 3 and to move forward with initial testing of the unit.[29] This was granted on 16 December 2021.[30] First criticality of the OL3 EPR plant unit was reached on 21 December 2021. An unplanned automatic trip occurred on 14 January 2022, delaying connection to the national grid to February 2022.[31] The electricity production of Olkiluoto’s third nuclear power plant unit started on Saturday, 12 March 2022, at 12.01 p.m.[32] In May 2022, foreign material detached from the steam guide plates was found in the turbine steam reheater, and the plant was shut down for about three months of repair work.[23]
In September 2022, the Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (STUK) granted a licence for the Olkiluoto 3 reactor to increase its power output to more than 60 percent to a full 4,300 MW of thermal capacity.[33] On 30 September 2022, the reactor achieved its design output power.[2][3] In October 2022, damage was discovered in the feedwater pumps and unit 3 was shut down for an investigation, delaying the end of commissioning testing.[34] On 28 October, it was announced cracks a few centimetres long had been found in all four of the feedwater pump impellers.[35][36][37] The feedwater pumps are larger than in other nuclear reactors.[38] In January 2023, it was announced that new more robust impellers will be installed in all four feedwater pumps, and test operation at full power should restart in February.[39] In April 2023 the plant started regular electricity production after test production.[4][40]
Construction delays
The first licence application for the third unit was made in December 2000[41] and the date of the unit's entry into service was estimated to be 2010.[21] However, since the start of construction, several delays to the schedule have been announced. In July 2012, TVO announced that the unit would not go into service before 2015,[17][42] five years after the original estimate. In a statement, the operator said it was "not pleased with the situation" although solutions to various problems were being found and work was "progressing", and that it was waiting for a new launch date from Areva and Siemens.[18] At the end of 2013, TVO said that the Areva-Siemens consortium plans to reduce workers and subcontractors on the construction site and says that it expects the contractor to provide details about the expected impact on the project's schedule.[43] In February 2014, TVO said that it could not give an estimate of the plant's startup date because it was still waiting for the Areva-Siemens consortium to provide it with an updated overall schedule for the project."[44] Later the same month it was reported that Areva was shutting down construction due to the dispute over compensations and unfinished automation planning. According to Kauppalehti, the estimated opening was delayed until 2018–2020.[45] In July 2019, TVO announced that regular electricity generation is expected to start in July 2020. The delay was caused by slower than expected modification works.[46] In August 2020, TVO announced that regular electricity generation was delayed to February 2022 due to slow progress in system testing, technical problems found in the testing, and delivery time of spare parts to replace faulty components.[47]
The delays have been due to various problems with planning, supervision, and workmanship,[17] and have been the subject of an inquiry by STUK, the Finnish nuclear safety regulator.[48] The first problems that surfaced were irregularities in the foundation concrete, and caused a delay of months. Later, it was found that subcontractors had provided heavy forgings that were not up to project standards and which had to be re-cast. An apparent problem constructing the reactor's unique double-containment structure also caused delays, as the welders had not been given proper instructions.[48]
In 2009, Petteri Tiippana, the director of STUK's nuclear power plant division, told the BBC that it was difficult to deliver nuclear power plant projects on schedule because builders were not used to working to the exacting standards required on nuclear construction sites, since so few new reactors had been built in recent years.[49]
In 2010, Jukka Laaksonen, Director General of STUK at that time, analyzed reasons for the delay:[50]
- Many nuclear power plants were constructed in Europe in the 1970s and 1980s. After that there was a long break in the construction, and experienced experts retired.
- Areva did not have experience in construction of nuclear power plants. In all the earlier projects in which Areva supplied the reactor, Électricité de France was responsible for the construction management. Many experienced subcontractors had left the business, and Areva had to find new subcontractors and to coach them in nuclear manufacturing.
- The original schedule, four years from construction start to grid connection, was too ambitious for a first-of-a-kind plant that is larger than any earlier reactor.
- The project started very slowly because Areva was not adequately prepared. When the construction permit was given in 2005, parts of the detailed design were not yet available. Areva did not recognize how much additional work was needed to complete it. The construction started to proceed in a controlled manner two years later.
- Areva was not used to STUK’s regulatory approach with an early focus on the quality of structures and components. Manufacturing information and a quality control plan must be approved by both the licensee and STUK before manufacturing of the most important components is allowed to start. Inspections with hold points are made during the manufacturing.
- The large size of the reactor and the application of new technologies brought major challenges. Some manufacturing technologies had not been used before. For instance, new welding techniques were used in the reactor pressure vessel. Many large components, such as pressurizer forgings and some reactor internal parts, had to be re-manufactured once or twice to achieve the specified quality.
- TVO’s key persons did not have experience from management of a large construction project.
Construction of the turbine succeeded better under the responsibility of Siemens. Installations of the main turbine equipment were completed about one year behind the original schedule.[50]
After the construction of the unit started in 2005, Areva began constructing EPRs in Flamanville, France, and in Taishan, China. However, as of 2019, the construction of the EPR in France is ten years behind schedule.[51] Taishan 1 in China became the first EPR to start power generation on 29 June 2018,[52] and the second one (Taishan 2) came online in 2019.[53]
Cost
The main contractor, Areva, is building the unit for a fixed price of €3 billion, so in principle, any construction costs above that price fall on Areva. In July 2012, those overruns were estimated at more than €2 billion,[42] and in December 2012, Areva estimated that the full cost of building the reactor would be about €8.5 billion, well over the previous estimate of €6.4 billion.[54][55] Because of the delays, TVO and Areva both sought compensation from each other through the International Court of Arbitration.
In October 2013, TVO's demand for compensation from Areva had risen to €1.8 billion, and Areva's from TVO to €2.6 billion.[56] In December 2013, Areva increased its demand to €2.7 billion.[57] On 10 March 2018 French newspaper Le Monde announced that Areva and TVO had reached an agreement.[58] A day later, TVO confirmed that Areva would pay it €450 million in compensation over the delays and lost income.[59] The agreement would settle all legal actions between the two companies. With the settlement, TVO disclosed its total investment to be around €5.5 billion. Areva had accumulated losses of €5.5 billion. The total cost of the project, therefore, is estimated to be €11 billion.[60]
Between 2013 and 2017 OL1 and OL2 produced between 13,385 GWh and 14,740 GWh per year at capacity factors between 87.2% and 96%. OL3 is expected to produce an additional 12,000-13,000 GWh annually. Even taking into account all OL3 construction delays the long term LCOE target for all three plants is 30 EUR/MWh.[61] LCOE for the OL3 reactor alone is estimated at 42 EUR/MWh.[62]
Criticism
In 2009, Stephen Thomas wrote, "Olkiluoto has become an example of all that can go wrong in economic terms with new reactors," and that Areva and the TVO "are in bitter dispute over who will bear the cost overruns and there is a real risk now that the utility will default."[63] The project has also been criticized by STUK because "instructions have not been observed in the welding of pipes and the supervision of welding."[48] STUK has also noted that there have been delays in submitting proper paperwork.[64][65]
Olkiluoto 3 was supposed to be the first reactor of 3+ generation which would pave the way for a new wave of identical reactors across Europe, safe, affordable, and delivered on time. The delays and cost overruns have had knock-on effects in other countries.[49]
The construction workforce includes about 3,800 employees from 500 companies. 80% of the workers are foreigners, mostly from eastern European countries. In 2012 it was reported that one Bulgarian contracting firm is owned by the mafia, and that Bulgarian workers have been required to pay weekly protection fees to the mafia, wages have been unpaid, employees have been told not to join a union and that employers also reneged on social security payments.[66][67]
Project timeline
| Date | Event |
|---|---|
| December 2000 | TVO applies to the Finnish cabinet for a decision-in-principle on the new unit[70] |
| 17 January 2002 | decision-in-principle by the Finnish cabinet |
| 24 May 2002 | the Finnish parliament approves the decision-in-principle |
| 8 January 2004 | TVO submits construction application to the Finnish cabinet |
| 17 February 2005 | the Finnish cabinet approves the construction application |
| July 2005 | start of construction |
| May 2006 | lifting and installation of the bottom part of containment liner |
| June 2007 | reactor building containment liner rises to level +12.5 m |
| May 2008 | fuel building APC shell completed |
| January 2009 | Siemens withdraws from the joint venture with Areva, leaving the latter as the main contractor[71] |
| January 2009 | reactor pressure vessel and vessel head arrive on site |
| May 2009 | main control room lifting in Safeguard Building 2 |
| Summer 2009 | polar crane installation, dome installation |
| Autumn 2009 | steam generators arrive on site |
| September 2009 | EPR dome installed |
| June 2010 | installation of the reactor pressure vessel in the reactor building |
| June 2011 | Anne Lauvergeon leaves her position as CEO of Areva[72] |
| November 2011 | installation of heavy components of the primary cooling system complete |
| July 2012 | delay in start of production to no earlier than 2015 announced[17] |
| December 2012 | Areva estimates that the full cost of building the reactor will be about €8.5 billion, or almost three times the delivery price of €3 billion[54][55] |
| February 2013 | TVO said that it is "preparing for the possibility" that the third unit at Olkiluoto may not start operating until 2016[73] |
| February 2014 | Areva shutting down construction due to dispute over compensations and unfinished automation planning. Operation estimated to be delayed until 2018–2020.[45] |
| September 2014 | Areva announced it expected construction completion and commissioning to start in mid-2016, with operation expected to start in 2018. TVO stated they were surprised that commissioning was expected to take so long.[74] |
| December 2015 | The operational automation systems began to be delivered and installed.[75] Commercial operation is estimated for December 2018.[76] |
| January 2016 | Testing of the operational automation systems begins.[77] |
| April 2016 | TVO submits operating license application to the Finnish government [78] |
| October 2016 | TVO calls on Siemens to take financial responsibility for the completion of the project because its project partner, the French Areva Group, is being broken up by the French government.[79][80] |
| October 2017 | The completion is delayed to May 2019 as announced by TVO.[81] |
| December 2017 | Hot functional testing begins.[82] |
| February 2018 | Fuel for the reactor is on site.[83] |
| March 2018 | TVO and Areva come to agreement on delays. Areva will pay €450 million in compensation.[59] |
| 30 May 2018 | Hot functional tests completed.[84] |
| June 2018 | The completion is delayed to September 2019 due to delays in the hot functional testing.[85] |
| November 2018 | The completion is delayed to January 2020 due to commissioning tests taking longer than expected.[52] |
| February 2019 | STUK issued a statement stating that the power plant is safe and can be granted an operating license.[86] |
| March 2019 | The Finnish Government granted an operating license to the reactor.[87] |
| April 2019 | TVO indicated that the January 2020 deadline for production is expected to be pushed back by two months due to delays.[88] |
| July 2019 | Areva delays another 4 months to startup in July 2020.[46] |
| November 2019 | Further delays: updated schedule expected in December.[89] |
| December 2019 | Areva announces new schedule: connection to power grid in November 2020, commercial production in March 2021.[90] |
| August 2020 | Areva announces new schedule: fuel loading in March 2021, connection to power grid in October 2021, commercial production in February 2022.[91][47] |
| March 2021 | STUK grants fuel loading permit for the reactor.[92] |
| April 2021 | Finished loading of all 241 fuel assemblies to the reactor.[93] |
| August 2021 | Turbine refurbishment takes longer than expected, causing another delay of at least three months. Reactor start expected in January 2022, production of electricity in February 2022 and commercial production in June 2022.[94] |
| December 2021 | TVO applied for and was granted permission for startup, with production of electricity revised to start late January 2022.[30] |
| December 2021 | The reactor achieved criticality on 21 December 2021.[95] |
| March 2022 | Electricity production started on 12 March 2022.[95] |
| May 2022 | Foreign material found in the turbine steam reheater, and the plant was shut down for about three months of repair work.[23] |
| 30 September 2022 | The reactor achieved its design output power.[2] |
| 16 April 2023 | The plant began regular commercial operation at 02:00 AM. [96] |
Unit 4
On 14 February 2008, TVO submitted an environmental impact assessment of unit four to the Ministry of Employment and Economy.[97] On 21 April 2010, the government of Finland decided to grant a decision-in-principle to Teollisuuden Voima for the fourth reactor in Olkiluoto. The decision was approved by the parliament on 1 July 2010.[16] If constructed, the fourth unit would be a PWR or a BWR with a power output of 1,000 to 1,800 MW.[97]
In September 2014, with unit 3 still unfinished, the Finnish government rejected TVO's request for time extension of the unit 4 decision-in-principle. Economic Affairs Minister Jan Vapaavuori referred to the long delay of the 3rd reactor and to unsatisfactory assurances by TVO that the 4th unit would ever be built. Nevertheless PM Stubb stated that the rejection didn't spell the end for the OL4 project, and that TVO would have the opportunity to apply for a construction license before the decision-in-principle expires in June 2015.[98]
In June 2015, TVO decided not to apply for a construction permit for the Olkiluoto 4 unit because of delays with the unit 3, however saying they are prepared to file for a new decision-in-principle later.[99][19]
Onkalo spent nuclear fuel repository
The Onkalo spent nuclear fuel repository is a deep geological repository for the final disposal of spent nuclear fuel, the first such repository in the world. It is currently under construction at the Olkiluoto plant by the company Posiva, owned by the nuclear power plant operators Fortum and TVO.
Agriculture
The waste heat, an output common to all thermal power plants, which heats the cooling water (at 13 °C) is utilized for small-scale agriculture before being pumped back to the sea. The power plant hosts the northernmost vineyard in the world, a 0.1 ha experimental plot that yields 850 kg Zilga grapes annually.[100] Another use is a pond for growing crabs, whitefish and sturgeon for caviar.[101]
Incidents
An incident occurred at unit 2 on 10 December 2020 at 12:22. Because of a valve repair work, excessively hot water flowed to the reactor water clean-up system filters. The hot water dissolved materials from the filters. When the clean-up system was restarted, the dissolved materials flowed to the reactor core, where they became radioactive. This caused the radiation levels in the steam line to momentarily rise to 3–4 times higher than normal. The increase of the radiation level activated safety systems, which operated as planned and triggered reactor scram, closed containment isolation valves, and started the containment spray system. The operators followed procedures and declared a site area emergency at 12:32.[102] The event caused a full-scale emergency response at the power plant and at the Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority. There was no radioactive release to the environment, and the workers were not exposed to radiation.[103] The event was categorized as 0 on the INES scale, which means that it was an exceptional event with no safety significance.[102] The reactor was restarted on 19 December, nine days after the incident.[104]
In April 2014, a turbine steam condenser of unit 1 had a small seawater leak, at a rate of two litres per hour. According to the operator, the leak forced to limit the plant output down to 300 MW, but was not serious and was to be repaired in a day.[105]
See also
- List of nuclear reactors#Finland
- Nuclear engineering
- Nuclear power in Finland
- Onkalo spent nuclear fuel repository
- Into Eternity, a 2010 documentary about the construction of a Finnish waste depository
- Journey to the Safest Place on Earth, a 2013 documentary about the urgent need for safe depositories
Notes and references
- ^ a b Colthorpe, Andy (16 June 2021). "Hitachi ABB Power Grids to deploy 90MW battery storage system at Finnish nuclear plant". Energy Storage News. from the original on 16 June 2021.
Finnish power company Teollisuuden Voima (TVO) operates and owns two nuclear power stations on the island of Olkiluoto which supply about one-sixth of Finland's energy consumption and represent about 22% of all power generated in the country. This year, TVO is about to open its third plant on the island, Olkiluoto 3 (OL3), which will have a nameplate capacity of 1,600MWe and will be capable of meeting about 14% of the country's electricity demand.
- ^ a b c "Olkiluoto 3 at full power for the first time". TVO. 30 September 2022. Retrieved 30 September 2022.
- ^ a b Europe’s biggest nuclear reactor reaches full power - Arab News
- ^ a b "Regular electricity production has started at Olkiluoto 3". TVO. 16 April 2023. Retrieved 16 April 2023.
- ^ http://www2.ans.org/pubs/magazines/nn/docs/2004-4-3.pdf[bare URL PDF]
- ^ Olkiluoto 3 starts full electricity production a day early – but 14 years late
- ^ "OL1 and OL2". TVO. Retrieved 16 April 2023.
- ^ a b "Nuclear power plant units Olkiluoto 1 and Olkiluoto 2" (PDF). Teollisuuden Voima. January 2008. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
- ^ a b "TVO 1". International Nuclear Safety Center. Archived from the original on 3 December 2017. Retrieved 13 March 2011.
- ^ "TVO 2". International Nuclear Safety Center. Archived from the original on 3 December 2017. Retrieved 13 March 2011.
- ^ "Olkiluoto-2". Power Reactor Information System. IAEA. Retrieved 16 April 2023.
- ^ "2011 sees record outage at Olkiluoto 2". Nuclear Engineering International. 9 January 2012. Archived from the original on 4 September 2012. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
- ^ "Olkiluodon ydinvoimalaitoksella modernisointeja, tehonkorotuksia ja tasaista sähköntuotantoa". TVO. 3 January 2018. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
- ^ "The third best production year ever for Olkiluoto 2 plant unit". TVO. 2 January 2019. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- ^ "Finnish Government approves extension of operating licences for OL1 and OL2 plant units". TVO. 20 September 2018. Retrieved 20 September 2018.
- ^ a b Kinnunen, Terhi (1 July 2010). "Finnish parliament agrees plans for two reactors". Reuters. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
- ^ a b c d "Olkiluoto 3 delayed beyond 2014". World Nuclear News. 17 July 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
- ^ a b "Finland's Olkiluoto 3 nuclear plant delayed again". BBC. 16 July 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
- ^ a b "TVO will not now apply for construction license for OL4" (Press release). 24 June 2015. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
- ^ Schneider, Mycle; Froggatt, Antony; Thomas, Steve (2011). "The World Nuclear Industry Status Report 2010–2011: Nuclear Power in a Post-Fukushima World" (PDF). Worldwatch Institute. p. 60. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
- ^ a b . Areva. 27 September 2007. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007.
- ^ "Olkiluoto 3 begins instrumentation and control tests". World Nuclear News. 14 January 2016. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
- ^ a b c "Olkiluoto 3 test production to continue until December". World Nuclear News. 16 June 2022. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
- ^ "14 years late, Finland's new reactor, Olkiluoto 3, starts generating power". 18 April 2023. Retrieved 18 April 2023.
- ^ "OL3 Reactor Pressure Vessel Arrived in Olkiluoto". TVO. 4 January 2009.
The OL3 reactor pressure vessel was manufactured at Japan Steel Works and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
- ^ . Helsingin Sanomat. 27 January 2009. Archived from the original on 20 October 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
- ^ a b "Siemens quits the nuclear game". World Nuclear News. 19 September 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
- ^ . Power Reactor Information System. TVO. Archived from the original on 19 September 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
- ^ "TVO Requests Permission To Fire Up Olkiluoto 3". Nuclear Street. 8 December 2021. Retrieved 9 December 2021.
- ^ a b "STUK has granted permission to start the OL3 reactor - stuk-en". Tiedote-en. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
- ^ "Grid connection of Finnish EPR postponed". World Nuclear News. 27 January 2022. Retrieved 29 January 2022.
- ^ "The start of OL3 EPR's regular electricity production postponed to September". TVO. 29 April 2022.
- ^ "Long-delayed nuclear reactor approved to exceed 60% energy production". Yle News. 6 September 2022. Retrieved 6 September 2022.
- ^ "Feedwater pump damage delays Finnish EPR commissioning". World Nuclear News. 19 October 2022. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
- ^ "Olkiluoto 3:n syöttövesipumppujen sisäosien vaurioiden selvitystyöt jatkuvat" (in Finnish). TVO. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
- ^ "Cracks found in all four OL3 feedwater pumps". World Nuclear News. 28 October 2022. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
- ^ "TVO - The investigation is still ongoing regarding the damages in the internals of Olkiluoto 3's feedwater pumps". www.tvo.fi. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
- ^ "Investigation of damage continues at OL3". Nuclear Engineering International. 1 November 2022. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
- ^ "New impellers for OL3's feedwater pumps". Nuclear Engineering International. 25 January 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
- ^ "Olkiluoto's third unit started regular production on Sunday". Helsinki Times. 17 April 2023. Retrieved 17 April 2023.
- ^ . STUK. 27 April 2009. Archived from the original on 26 February 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
- ^ a b Boxell, James (16 July 2012). "Areva's atomic reactor faces further delays". Financial Times. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
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- ^ "Finnish EPR passes integrity tests". World Nuclear News. 17 February 2014. Retrieved 27 February 2014.
- ^ a b Paula Nikula (28 February 2014). (in Finnish). Kauppalehti. Archived from the original on 4 March 2014. Retrieved 28 February 2014.
- ^ a b "OL3 EPR's regular electricity generation starts in July 2020". TVO. 17 July 2019. Retrieved 17 July 2019.
- ^ a b "Olkiluoto kolmoselle viimein aikataulu: säännöllinen sähköntuotanto alkaa helmikuussa vuonna 2022" (in Finnish). Yle. 28 August 2020. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
- ^ a b c "Olkiluoto pipe welding 'deficient', says regulator". World Nuclear News. 16 October 2009. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
- ^ a b Jones, Meirion (25 November 2009). "New UK nuclear stations unlikely to be ready on time". BBC. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
- ^ a b Laaksonen, Jukka (1 September 2010). "Lessons Learned from Olkiluoto 3 Plant". Power Engineering. Retrieved 23 November 2019.
- ^ "EDF warns of added costs of Flamanville EPR weld repairs". World Nuclear News. 9 October 2019. Retrieved 23 November 2019.
- ^ a b "New delay in start-up of Finnish EPR". World Nuclear News. 29 November 2018. Retrieved 29 November 2018.
- ^ "PRIS - Reactor Details".
- ^ a b "Suomenkin uusi ydinvoimala maksaa 8,5 miljardia euroa". Helsingin Sanomat. 13 December 2012. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
- ^ a b "Areva Again Raises Estimate of Cost of Olkiluoto Reactor". The Wall Street Journal. 13 December 2012. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
- ^ "Olkiluoto-kiista kovenee: Areva nosti korvausvaatimuksensa 2,6 miljardiin". YLE. 29 October 2013. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
- ^ "Claim for Olkiluoto 3 delays explodes to 2.7 billion". YLE. 4 December 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
- ^ "Le Monde: Areva to pay hundreds of millions in compensation for delayed OL3 Nuclear Power Plant in Finland". Metropolitan.fi. 10 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
- ^ a b "TVO confirms a settlement agreement signed on OL3 EPR project completion and related disputes". TVO. 11 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
- ^ Schneider, Mycle; Froggatt, Antony (1 September 2019). "The World Nuclear Industry Status Report 2019" (PDF). Paris, Budapest: A Mycle Schneider Consulting Project. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
TVO's current capital expenditure assumptions and the effect of the settlement agreement estimates its total investment to be around € 5.5 billion (US$ 6.42 billion); on top of this AREVA had losses of € 5.5 billion, for a total of € 11 billion (US$ 12.4 billion) compared with the initial estimate cost in 2003 of "around € 3 billion". (p. 66)
- ^ "TEOLLISUUDEN VOIMA OYJ Prospectus Supplement Document". sec.report. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
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- ^ . Physicians for Social Responsibility. 20 May 2009. Archived from the original on 28 July 2013.
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External links
- Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority in Finland
- Status of Nuclear Power in Finland.