Duke of Northumberland

Not to be confused with Earl of Northumberland.

Duke of Northumberland is a noble title that has been created three times in English and British history, twice in the Peerage of England and once in the Peerage of Great Britain. The current holder of this title is Ralph Percy, 12th Duke of Northumberland.

Dukedom of Northumberland
Arms of Percy, Dukes of Northumberland: Quarterly: 1st and 4th grandquarters: 1st and 4th counterquartered: 1st and 4th, Or a Lion rampant Azure (Brabant and Lovaine, Percy modern); 2nd and 3rd, Gules three Lucies hauriant Argent (Lucy); 2nd and 3rd, Azure five Fusils conjoined in fess Or (Percy ancient); 2nd and 3rd grandquarters: quarterly: 1st and 4th, Or three Bars wavy Gules (Drummond); 2nd and 3rd, Or a Lion's Head erased within a Double Tressure flory counterflory Gules (Drummond, coat of augmentation).
Creation date	1766
Creation	Third
Created by	King George III
Peerage	Peerage of Great Britain
First holder	Hugh Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland
Present holder	Ralph Percy, 12th Duke of Northumberland
Heir apparent	George Percy, Earl Percy
Remainder to	the 1st Duke's heirs male of the body lawfully begotten
Subsidiary titles	Earl of Northumberland Earl Percy Earl of Beverley Baron Warkworth Baron Lovaine Baronet, of Stanwick
Extinction date	1553 (first creation) 1683 (second creation)
Seat(s)	Alnwick Castle Syon House
Former seat(s)	Warkworth Castle Prudhoe Castle Kielder Castle Northumberland House Stanwick Park Albury Park

1551 creation

The title was first created in the Peerage of England in 1551 for John Dudley, 1st Earl of Warwick. He had already been created Viscount Lisle in 1543 and Earl of Warwick in 1547, also in the Peerage of England. In 1553, Dudley advanced the claim of his daughter-in-law, Lady Jane Grey, to the English throne, but when she was deposed by Queen Mary I, Dudley was convicted of high treason and executed. An illegitimate son of one of his younger sons, Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester, Sir Robert Dudley, claimed the dukedom when in exile in Italy. On 9 March 1620 the Emperor Ferdinand II officially recognised the title, an act which infuriated James I of England.

1683 creation

George FitzRoy, 1st Earl of Northumberland, an illegitimate son of king Charles II, was created Duke of Northumberland in the Peerage of England in 1683. He had already been created Baron of Pontefract, Viscount Falmouth and Earl of Northumberland in 1674, also in the Peerage of England. However, all the titles became extinct on his death in 1716 as he left no heirs.

Jacobite creation

In 1716 Philip Wharton, 1st Duke of Wharton, was created Duke of Northumberland, Marquess of Woburn, Earl of Malmesbury and Viscount Winchendon in the Jacobite Peerage, by the Old Pretender. The title had no legal validity in the Kingdom of Great Britain.

1766 creation

 

A portrait of Hugh Percy, 1st Duke of Northumberland

The title was created for the third time in 1766 for Hugh Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland (formerly Sir Hugh Smithson, 4th Baronet), who had assumed by Act of Parliament in 1750 for himself and his descendants the surname Percy, due to his having married in 1740 the daughter of Algernon Seymour, 7th Duke of Somerset (1684–1750), whose mother Lady Elizabeth Percy (1667–1722) was the last of the senior blood line of the ancient House of Percy, being the only surviving child of Josceline Percy, 11th Earl of Northumberland (1644–1670). In 1749 King George II created Algernon (who had inherited the Dukedom of Somerset in 1748) Earl of Northumberland and Baron Warkworth, of Warkworth Castle in the County of Northumberland, with special remainder to his son-in-law Sir Hugh Smithson, 4th Baronet.^[1][2]

The above steps formed a deliberate move to allow ancient names and titles of the Percys to be revived in the male-heir exhausted senior branch of the Dukedom of Somerset, which at that time was about to see its largest removal – to another noble but very cadet branch (a fourth cousin) on Algernon's death. Algernon was also created Earl of Egremont at the same time, with a different remainder.^[3]

In 1784 the 1st Duke was also granted the substantive title Lord Lovaine, Baron of Alnwick in the County of Northumberland, in the Peerage of Great Britain, with remainder to his second son Lord Algernon Percy,^[4] who succeeded and who was created Earl of Beverley in 1790, and thus it too became a courtesy title.^[5]

The 1st Duke was succeeded in the dukedom and associated titles by his eldest son, Hugh, the 2nd Duke, a lieutenant-general in the British Army. The 2nd Duke was in his turn succeeded by his eldest son, Hugh, the 3rd Duke, who in 1812, five years before he succeeded in the dukedom, had been summoned to the House of Lords through a writ of acceleration in his father's junior title of Baron Percy.^[6] The 3rd Duke later held office as Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland from 1829 to 1830. He was childless and was succeeded by his younger brother, Algernon, 1st Baron Prudhoe, the 4th Duke, who in 1814 had been created Baron Prudhoe, of Prudhoe Castle in the County of Northumberland, in the Peerage of the United Kingdom.^[7] The 4th Duke was an admiral in the Royal Navy and notably served as First Lord of the Admiralty in 1852. He was also childless and on his death in 1865 the barony of Prudhoe became extinct while the barony of Percy (which could be passed on through the female line) was inherited by his great-nephew, John Stewart-Murray, 7th Duke of Atholl. The Admiral was succeeded in the dukedom and remaining titles by his first cousin, George, the 2nd Earl of Beverley, eldest son of the second son of the 1st Duke. The barony of Lovaine and earldom of Beverley have since been merged in the dukedom as courtesy titles.

The 5th Duke was succeeded by his eldest son, Algernon, the 6th Duke, who notably served as Lord Privy Seal between 1879 and 1880 under Lord Beaconsfield. The 6th Duke's eldest son, Henry, the 7th Duke, was summoned to the House of lords through a writ of acceleration in his father's junior title of Lord Lovaine in 1887.^[8] The 7th Duke's eldest son, Henry Percy, Earl Percy, predeceased him. He was succeeded by his fourth but eldest surviving son, Alan, the 8th Duke, whose eldest son, Henry, the 9th Duke, was killed during the retreat to Dunkirk during the Second World War. Henry was succeeded by his younger brother, Hugh, the 10th Duke. In 1957, on the death of his fourth cousin once removed, James Stewart-Murray, 9th Duke of Atholl, Hugh succeeded as 9th Baron Percy, the title thus re-merging with the Dukedom. As of 2012 the titles are held by his second son, Ralph, the 12th Duke, who succeeded on the death of his elder brother in 1995.

Northumberland Estates manages 100,000 acres (400 km²): directly managing 4,000 acres (16 km²) of forestry and 20,000 acres (81 km²) of farmland, with approximately 100 tenant farmers managing the remaining bulk of the land.^[9][10][11]

Other members of the Percy family

Further information: Percy family

Several other members of the Percy family have also gained distinction. Charlotte Percy, Duchess of Northumberland, wife of the third Duke, was governess of the future Queen Victoria. Lord Josceline Percy, second son of the fifth Duke, was a politician. Lord Henry Percy, third son of the fifth Duke, was a soldier. Lord Algernon Percy, second son of the sixth Duke, was a politician. Lord Eustace Percy, seventh son of the seventh Duke, was a politician who was raised to the peerage as Baron Percy of Newcastle in 1953. Jane Percy, Duchess of Northumberland, wife of the twelfth Duke, is Lord-Lieutenant of Northumberland since 2009. See also Earl of Beverley for younger sons of the first Earl of Beverley.

Family residences

The seat of the Dukes of Northumberland is Alnwick Castle, which is located in Alnwick, Northumberland.^[12] The family's London residence is Syon House in Brentford, which replaced, as their London residence, the demolished Northumberland House in the Strand.^[13] Warkworth and Prudhoe castles were the residences of the Earls of Northumberland in the Middle Ages, and ownership was retained by the later Dukes. Both are now in the custody of English Heritage. Albury Park is a former residence which has been converted into apartments, while the surrounding estate is still directly owned by the Duke.^[14] The traditional burial place of the Dukes is the Northumberland Vault in Westminster Abbey in London, the Percys thus being the last family to maintain such a privilege. Their family vault is however nearly full, and a new private graveyard has been created in Hulne Park near Alnwick.

List of titleholders

Dukes of Northumberland; First creation (1551)

Created by Edward VI of England
Image	Name	Period	Duchess	Notes	Other titles
	John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland (1504–1553)	1551–1553	Jane Guildford	Tudor courtier and general, regent for Edward VI, executed for high treason against Mary I	Earl of Warwick Viscount Lisle Baron Lisle

Dukes of Northumberland; Second creation (1683)

Created by Charles II of England
Image	Name	Period	Duchess	Notes	Other titles
	George FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Northumberland (1665–1716)	1683–1716	Catherine Wheatley Mary Dutton	Illegitimate son of Charles II, died without heirs male	Earl of Northumberland Viscount Falmouth Baron of Pontefract

Earls of Northumberland; Third creation (1749)

Created by George II of Great Britain
Image	Name	Period	Countess	Notes	Other titles
	Algernon Seymour, 7th Duke of Somerset, 1st Earl of Northumberland (1684–1750)	1749–1750	Frances Thynne	Grandson of Josceline Percy, 11th Earl of Northumberland	Duke of Somerset etc. Baron Warkworth
	Hugh Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland (1714–1786)	1750–1786	Elizabeth Percy, 2nd Baroness Percy	Son-in-law of Algernon Seymour, 1st Earl of Northumberland; created Duke of Northumberland in 1766	Baron Warkworth Baronet of Stanwick

Dukes of Northumberland; Third creation (1766)

Created by George III of Great Britain
Image	Name	Period	Duchess	Notes	Other titles
	Hugh Percy, 1st Duke of Northumberland (1714–1786)	1766–1786	Elizabeth Percy, 2nd Baroness Percy	Created Lord Lovaine in 1784, with remainder to his second son Lord Algernon Percy, later 2nd Lord Lovaine and 1st Earl of Beverley.	Earl of Northumberland Earl Percy Baron Warkworth Baron Lovaine Baronet of Stanwick
	Hugh Percy, 2nd Duke of Northumberland (1742–1817)	1786–1817	Frances Burrell	Son of the preceding	Earl of Northumberland Earl Percy Baron Percy Baron Warkworth Baronet of Stanwick
	Hugh Percy, 3rd Duke of Northumberland (1785–1847)	1817–1847	Lady Charlotte Clive	Son of the preceding; had been summoned to the House of Lords as Baron Percy in 1812
	Algernon Percy, 4th Duke of Northumberland (1792–1865)	1847–1865	Lady Eleanor Grosvenor	Brother of the preceding; had been created Baron Prudhoe in his own right in 1814	Earl of Northumberland Earl Percy Baron Percy Baron Warkworth Baron Prudhoe Baronet of Stanwick
	George Percy, 5th Duke of Northumberland (1778–1867)	1865–1867	widowed	Cousin of the preceding; eldest son of Algernon Percy, 1st Earl of Beverley, second son of the 1st Duke of Northumberland – had succeeded in earldom in 1830	Earl of Northumberland Earl Percy Earl of Beverley Baron Warkworth Lord Lovaine Baronet of Stanwick
	Algernon George Percy, 6th Duke of Northumberland (1810–1899)	1867–1899	Louisa Drummond	Son of the preceding
	Henry George Percy, 7th Duke of Northumberland (1846–1918)	1899–1918	Lady Edith Campbell	Son of the preceding; had been summoned to the House of Lords as Lord Lovaine in 1887
	Alan Ian Percy, 8th Duke of Northumberland (1880–1930)	1918–1930	Lady Helen Gordon-Lennox	Son of the preceding
	Henry George Alan Percy, 9th Duke of Northumberland (1912–1940)	1930–1940	none	Son of the preceding
	Hugh Algernon Percy, 10th Duke of Northumberland (1914–1988)	1940–1988	Lady Elizabeth Montagu Douglas Scott	Brother of the preceding	Earl of Northumberland Earl Percy Earl of Beverley Baron Percy (from 1957) Baron Warkworth Lord Lovaine Baronet of Stanwick
	Henry Alan Walter Richard Percy, 11th Duke of Northumberland (1953–1995)	1988–1995	none	Son of the preceding
	Ralph George Algernon Percy, 12th Duke of Northumberland (b. 1956)	since 1995	Jane Richard	Brother of the preceding

The heir apparent is the present holder's elder son George Percy, Earl Percy (b. 1984)

Family tree

v t e Family tree of the Earls and Dukes of Northumberland and Earls of Beverley

King Henry III 1207–1272 Baron Percy of Alnwick (2nd creation), 1299 Henry de Percy 1273–1314 8th Baron Percy of Topcliffe, 1st Baron Percy Edmund Crouchback 1245–1296 Earl of Leicester, Earl of Lancaster, Earl of Derby Henry de Percy 1300–1351 9th Baron Percy of Topcliffe, 2nd Baron Percy Henry c. 1281–1345 Earl of Leicester, Earl of Lancaster, Earl of Derby Henry de Percy 1320–1368 3rd Baron Percy Mary of Lancaster c. 1320–1321–1362 Earl of Northumberland (1st creation), 1377 Earl of Worcester Henry Percy 1341–1408 1st Earl of Northumberland, 4th Baron Percy Thomas Percy 1343–1403 Earl of Worcester John of Gaunt 1340–1399 Duke of Lancaster, Earl of Leicester, Earl of Lancaster, Earl of Derby, Earl of Richmond (attainted 1405) Henry Percy "Hotspur" c. 1365–1403 Joan Beaufort c. 1379–1440 John Beaufort c. 1370–1410 Earl of Somerset Earl of Northumberland (2nd creation), 1416 Henry Percy 1394–1455 2nd Earl of Northumberland Eleanor Neville c. 1398–1472 Richard Neville 1400–1460 Earl of Salisbury John Beaufort 1404–1444 1st Duke of Somerset Edmund Beaufort 1406–1455 2nd Duke of Somerset Earl of Northumberland (3rd creation), 1464 Henry Percy 1421–1461 3rd Earl of Northumberland John Neville c. 1431–1471 Earl of Northumberland Eleanor Beaufort 1431–1501 Margaret Beaufort 1443–1509 (forfeit 1461) (released 1470) (restored 1470) Henry Percy 1449–1489 4th Earl of Northumberland King Henry VII 1457–1509 Henry Algernon Percy 1478–1527 5th Earl of Northumberland Katherine Spencer 1477–1542 Mary Tudor (Queen of France) 1496–1533 m.(2) Charles Brandon Duke of Suffolk Margaret Tudor 1489–1541 Duke of Northumberland (1st creation), 1551 Henry Percy 1502–1537 6th Earl of Northumberland Thomas Percy c. 1504–1537 John Dudley 1504–1553 1st Duke of Northumberland Frances Brandon 1517–1559 m. Henry Grey Duke of Suffolk James V of Scotland 1512–1542 (attainted 1537) (extinct 1553) Earl of Northumberland (2nd creation) restored and Baron Percy of Alnwick (3rd creation), 1557 Thomas Percy 1528–1572 7th Earl of Northumberland, 1st Baron Percy Henry Percy 1532–1585 8th Earl of Northumberland, 2nd Baron Percy Guildford Dudley c. 1535–1554 Jane Grey c. 1537–1554 Lady Katherine Grey 1540–1568 m. Edward Seymour Earl of Hertford Mary, Queen of Scots 1542–1587 Henry Percy 1564–1632 9th Earl of Northumberland, 3rd Baron Percy Edward Seymour 1561–1612 Viscount Beauchamp King James VI and I 1566–1625 Algernon Percy 1602–1668 10th Earl of Northumberland, 4th Baron Percy Francis Seymour c. 1590–1664 Baron Seymour of Trowbridge King Charles I 1600–1649 Josceline Percy 1644–1670 11th Earl of Northumberland, 5th Baron Percy Charles Seymour c. 1621–1665 Baron Seymour of Trowbridge King Charles II 1630–1685 Earldom of Northumberland and Barony Percy extinct, 1670 Earl of Northumberland (4th creation), Viscount Falmouth (1st creation), and Baron of Pontefract, 1674 Duke of Northumberland (2nd creation), 1683 Elizabeth Seymour 1667–1722 Charles Seymour 1662–1748 Duke of Somerset George FitzRoy 1665–1716 Duke of Northumberland, Earl of Northumberland, Viscount Falmouth, Baron of Pontefract Earldom of Northumberland and Dukedom of Northumberland extinct, 1716 Baron Percy (4th creation) created erroneously, 1722 Earl of Northumberland (5th creation) and Baron Warkworth, 1749 Algernon Seymour 1684–1750 Duke of Somerset, 1st Earl of Northumberland and Baron Warkworth, 1st Baron Percy Duke of Northumberland (3rd creation), 1766 Lord Lovaine, Baron of Alnwick in the County of Northumberland Hugh Percy formerly Hugh Smithson 1714–1786 1st Duke of Northumberland, 2nd Earl of Northumberland and Baron Warkworth, 1st Baron Lovaine, 4th Baronet Smithson Elizabeth Seymour 1716–1776 2nd Baroness Percy suo jure Earl of Beverley, 1790 Hugh Percy 1742–1817 2nd Duke of Northumberland, 3rd Earl of Northumberland and Baron Warkworth, 3rd Baron Percy Algernon Percy 1750–1830 1st Earl of Beverley, 2nd Baron Lovaine Baron Prudhoe, of Prudhoe Castle in the County of Northumberland, 1814 Hugh Percy 1785–1847 3rd Duke of Northumberland, 4th Earl of Northumberland and Baron Warkworth, 4th Baron Percy Emily Frances Percy 1789–1844 Algernon Percy 1792–1865 4th Duke of Northumberland, 5th Earl of Northumberland and Baron Warkworth, 1st Baron Prudhoe, 5th Baron Percy George Percy 1778–1867 5th Duke of Northumberland, 6th Earl of Northumberland and Baron Warkworth, 2nd Earl of Beverley, 3rd Baron Lovaine Barony Prudhoe extinct, 1865 George Augustus Frederick John Murray 1814–1864 6th Duke of Atholl, 11th Baron Strange Algernon George Percy 1810–1899 6th Duke of Northumberland, 7th Earl of Northumberland and Baron Warkworth, 3rd Earl of Beverley, 4th Baron Lovaine John James Hugh Henry Stewart-Murray 1840–1917 7th Duke of Atholl, 12th Baron Strange, 6th Baron Percy Henry George Percy 1846–1918 7th Duke of Northumberland, 8th Earl of Northumberland and Baron Warkworth, 4th Earl of Beverley, 5th Baron Lovaine John George Stewart-Murray 1871–1942 8th Duke of Atholl, 13th Baron Strange, 7th Baron Percy James Thomas Stewart-Murray 1879–1957 9th Duke of Atholl, 14th Baron Strange, 8th Baron Percy Alan Ian Percy 1880–1930 8th Duke of Northumberland, 9th Earl of Northumberland and Baron Warkworth, 5th Earl of Beverley, 6th Baron Lovaine Henry George Alan Percy 1912–1940 9th Duke of Northumberland, 10th Earl of Northumberland and Baron Warkworth, 6th Earl of Beverley, 7th Baron Lovaine Hugh Algernon Percy 1914–1988 10th Duke of Northumberland, 11th Earl of Northumberland and Baron Warkworth, 7th Earl of Beverley, 8th Baron Lovaine, 9th Baron Percy Henry Alan Walter Richard Percy 1953–1995 11th Duke of Northumberland, 12th Earl of Northumberland and Baron Warkworth, 8th Earl of Beverley, 9th Baron Lovaine, 10th Baron Percy Ralph George Algernon Percy b. 1956 12th Duke of Northumberland, 13th Earl of Northumberland and Baron Warkworth, 9th Earl of Beverley, 10th Baron Lovaine, 11th Baron Percy George Dominic Percy b. 1984 styled Earl Percy Heir apparent to the Dukedom of Northumberland

Coat of arms

Coat of arms of Duke of Northumberland

Coronet A Coronet of a Duke Crest On a Chapeau Gules turned up Ermine a Lion statant with tail extended Azure Escutcheon Quarterly: 1st and 4th grandquarters: 1st and 4th counterquartered: 1st and 4th, Or a Lion rampant Azure (Brabant and Lovaine); 2nd and 3rd, Gules three Lucies hauriant Argent (Lucy); 2nd and 3rd, Azure five Fusils conjoined in fess Or (Percy); 2nd and 3rd grandquarters: quarterly: 1st and 4th, Or three Bars wavy Gules (Drummond); 2nd and 3rd, Or a Lion's Head erased within a Double Tressure flory counterflory Gules (Drummond, coat of augmentation) Supporters Dexter: a Lion rampant Azure; Sinister: a Lion rampant guardant Or ducally crowned of the last gorged with a Collar company Argent and Azure Motto Esperance En Dieu (Hope in God)

Ducal pipers

Since at least the mid 18th century, the family has maintained a Northumbrian piper; the earliest known of these was Joseph Turnbull, who was painted in 1756 playing his pipes; the portrait, entitled Joseph Turnbull, Piper to the Duchess of Northumberland is at Alnwick Castle. At this time, before the Third Creation of the Dukedom, he would actually have been piper to the Countess. A later piper, William Green stated that "Joe Turnbull was the first Piper at Alnwick Castle – that was ever!" A list of the Ducal Pipers is at.^[15] The present Ducal Piper is Richard Butler. The piper's main duty is to play at the Shrove Tuesday football match in Alnwick.

Other pipers have been associated less formally with the family – the notorious piper James Allan (1729–1810) was a favourite of the Countess; in the last century Tom Clough and Richard Mowat are known to have played together with the Duke's then piper, James Hall, for the Duke and his guests at Alnwick; one such guest was Edward VII, in 1905.^[16]

Named in their honour

• Northumberland Islands, off Queensland, Australia^[17]
  • Northumberland Islands National Park, a protected area in Queensland
• Percy Isles, off Queensland, Australia^[18]
  • Percy Isles National Park, a protected area in Queensland

In popular culture

• Sir Henry Percy, popularly known as "Harry Hotspur", is portrayed as a dashing hero by William Shakespeare in his historical play Henry IV, Part One. Sir Henry was the eldest son and heir apparent of the 1st Earl of Northumberland and would have succeeded his father if not for his untimely death at the Battle of Shrewsbury.
• Lord Percy Percy, played by Tim McInnerny, is a major character in the first two series of the British sitcom Blackadder. In the first series, he is the Duke of Northumberland, while the Lord Percy in the second series is presumably his descendant and is heir to the dukedom. The first series was partly filmed at Alnwick Castle, the residence and seat of the real Dukes of Northumberland.

See also

• Alnwick Castle – the family's main residence
• Alnwick Garden – adjacent to Alnwick Castle
• Northumberland House – the family's former residence in central London (demolished in 1874)
• Northumbrian tartan
• Royal National Lifeboat Institution, in which several dukes played a role in the 19th to 20th centuries
• Syon House – the family's Thames-side residence in west London

References

1. "No. 8887". The London Gazette. 23 September 1749. p. 2.
2. Debrett's Peerage, 1968, p.1037
3. Debrett's Peerage, 1968, p.851
4. "No. 12514". The London Gazette. 27 January 1784. p. 2.
5. "No. 13249". The London Gazette. 26 October 1790. p. 646.
6. "No. 16583". The London Gazette. 14 March 1812. p. 497.
7. "No. 17164". The London Gazette. 17 August 1816. p. 1596.
8. "No. 25723". The London Gazette. 22 July 1887. p. 4001.
9. "Farming". The Northumberland Estates. The Northumberland Estates. Archived from the original on 21 April 2013. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
10. "Sawmill and Forestry". The Northumberland Estates. The Northumberland Estates. Archived from the original on 21 April 2013. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
11. . Northumberland Gazette. 7 February 2001. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
12. "Alnwick Castle". Alnwickcastle.com.
13. syonpark.co.uk, Syon Park – w. "Welcome". Syonpark.co.uk.
14. . Albury Park. Archived from the original on 6 August 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2017.
15. http://www.northumbrianpipes.com/DucalPipers.htm 13 December 2004 at the Wayback Machine Ducal Pipers
16. The Clough Family of Newsham, edited by Chris Ormston and Julia Say, Northumbrian Pipers' Society, ISBN 0-902510-20-7
17. "Northumberland Islands – island group in Isaac Region (entry 24762)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
18. "Percy Isles (entry 26441)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 13 September 2015.

• Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Northumberland, Earls and Dukes of" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 787–788.

External links

 

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dukes of Northumberland.

• Alnwick Castle website
• Alnwick Garden website
• European Heraldry page
• Northumberland Estates website
• Syon House website