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Doris (Greece)

Doris (Greek: ἡ Δωρίς: Eth. Δωριεύς, pl. Δωριῆς, Δωριεῖς; Latin: Dores, Dorienses) is a small mountainous district in ancient Greece, bounded by Aetolia, southern Thessaly, the Ozolian Locris, and Phocis. It is the original homeland of the Dorian Greeks. It lies between Mounts Oeta and Parnassus, and consists of the valley of the river Pindus (Πίνδος), a tributary of the Cephissus, into which it flows not far from the sources of the latter. The Pindus is now called the Apostoliá.[1] This valley is open towards Phocis; but it lies higher than the valley of the Cephissus, rising above the towns of Drymaea, Tithronium, and Amphicaea, which are the last towns in Phocis.

Doris
Δωρίς
Region of Ancient Greece
Hypothetical map of the "Dorian invasion" of the Peloponnese
Map showing Doris in relation to other regions
LocationCentral Greece
Major citiesThe Doric Tetrapolis
DialectsDoric

Geography edit

Doris is described by Herodotus (viii. 31) as lying between Malis and Phocis, and being only 30 stadia in breadth, which agrees nearly with the extent of the valley of the Apostoliá in its widest part. In this valley there were four towns forming the Doric tetrapolis: Erineus, Boium, Cytinium, and Pindus, also called Akyphas.[2] Erineus, as the most important, appears to have been also called Dorium.[3] The Dorians, however, did not confine themselves within these narrow limits, but occupied other places along Mount Oeta. Thus Strabo describes the Dorians of the tetrapolis as the larger part of the nation (ix. p. 417); and the Scholiast on Pindar[4] speaks of six Doric towns: Erineus, Cytinium, Boium, Lilaeum, Carphaea, and Dryope. Some have thought Lilaeum (Lilaea) to have been a Doric town in the time of the Persian invasion, since it is not mentioned among the Phocian towns destroyed by Xerxes; however, modern scholarship based on numismatic and epigraphic evidence contradicts that view.[5] Carphaea is probably Scarphea near Thermopylae, and Dryope is probably the country once inhabited by the Dryopes. The Dorians would appear at one time to have extended across Mount Oeta to the sea coast, both from the preceding account and from the statement of Scylax, who speaks (p. 24) of Λιμοδωριεῖς. Among the Doric towns Hecataeus mentioned Amphanae, called Amphanaea by Theopompus.[6] Livy (xxvii. 7) places in Doris Tritonon and Drymiae, which are evidently the Phocian towns elsewhere called Tithronium and Drymaea. There was an important mountain pass leading across Parnassus from Doris to Amphissa in the country of the Ozolian Locrians; at the head of this pass stood the Dorian town of Cytinium.[7]

Doris is said to have been originally called Dryopis from its earlier inhabitants the Dryopes, who were expelled from the country by Heracles and the Malians.[8] It derived its name from the Dorians, who migrated from this district to the conquest of Peloponnesus. Hence the country is called the Metropolis of the Peloponnesian Dorians;[9] and the Lacedaemonians, as the chief state of Doric origin, on more than one occasion sent assistance to the metropolis when attacked by the Phocians and their other neighbours.[10]

Origin of the name edit

The name "Dorians" is supposed to have derived from Dorus, the son of Hellen. According to one tradition, Dorus settled once in the country subsequently known as Doris;[11] but other traditions represent them as more widely spread in earlier times. Herodotus relates (i. 56) that in the time of king Deucalion they inhabited the district of Phthiotis; that in the time of Dorus, the son of Hellen, they inhabited the country called Histiaeotis at the foot of Ossa and Olympus; that, expelled from Histiaeotis by the Cadmeians, they dwelt on Mount Pindus, and were called the Macedonian nation; and that from thence they migrated to Dryopis; and having passed from Dryopis into the Peloponnesus, they were called the Doric race. For this statement Herodotus could have had no other authority than tradition, and there is therefore no reason for accepting it as an historical relation of facts, as many modern scholars have done. In the Bibliotheca[12] Dorus is represented as occupying the country across the Peloponnese, on the opposite side of the Corinthian gulf, and calling the inhabitants after himself Dorians. By this description is evidently meant the whole country along the northern shore of the Corinthian gulf, comprising Aetolia, Phocis, and the land of the Ozolian Locrians. This statement, according to Smith, is at least more suitable to the facts attested by historical evidence than the legends given in Herodotus. It is impossible to believe that the inhabitants of such an insignificant district as Doris Proper conquered the greater part of Peloponnesus; and the common tale that the Dorians crossed over from Naupactus to the conquest is in accordance with the legend of their being the inhabitants of the northern shore of the gulf.

History edit

In the historical period the whole of the eastern and southern parts of the Peloponnese were in the possession of the Dorians. Starting at the isthmus of Corinth, there were first Megara, the territory of which extended north of the isthmus from the Saronic to the Corinthian gulf; next came Corinth, and to its west Sicyon; south of these two cities were Phlius and Cleonae: the Argolic peninsula was divided between Argos, Epidaurus, Troezen, and Hermione, the last of which, however, was inhabited by Dryopes, and not by Dorians. In the Saronic gulf, Aegina was peopled by Dorians. South of the Argive territory was Laconia, and to its west Messenia, both ruled by Dorians: the river Neda, which separated Messenia from Triphylia, included under Elis in its widest sense, was the boundary of the Dorian states on the western side of the peninsula. The districts just mentioned are represented in the Homeric poems as the seats of the great Achaean monarchies, and there is no allusion in these poems to any Doric population in Peloponnesus. In fact the name of the Dorians occurs only once in Homer, and then as one of the many tribes of Crete.[13] The silence of Homer indicates that the Dorian conquest of Peloponnesus must have taken place subsequent to the time of the poet, and consequently must be assigned to a much later date than the one usually attributed to it.

From the Peloponnesus the Dorians spread over various parts of the Aegean and its connected seas. Doric colonies were founded in mythical times in the islands of Crete, Melos, Thera, Rhodes, Cos, and ancient Doris (located on the southwest coast of modern Turkey). About the same time they founded upon the coast of Caria the towns of Cnidus and Halicarnassus: these two towns, together with Cos and the three Rhodian towns of Lindus, Ialysus, and Camirus, formed a confederation usually called the Doric Hexapolis. The members of this hexapolis were accustomed to celebrate a festival, with games, on the Triopian promontory near Cnidus, in honour of the Triopian Apollo; the prizes in those games were brazen tripods, which the victors had to dedicate in the temple of Apollo; and Halicarnassus was struck out of the league, because one of her citizens carried the tripod to his own house instead of leaving it in the temple. The hexapolis thus became a pentapolis.[14]

The Doric colonies founded numerous further colonies in historic times. Corinth, the chief commercial city of the Dorians, colonised Corcyra, and planted several colonies on the western coast of Greece, of which Ambracia, Anactorium, Leucas, and Apollonia were the most important. Epidamnus, further north, was also a Doric colony, being founded by the Corcyraeans. In Sicily we find several powerful Doric cities: Syracuse, founded by Corinth; the Hyblaean Megara, by Megara; Gela, by Rhodians and Cretans; Zancle, subsequently peopled by Messenians, and hence called Messene; Agrigentum, founded by Gela; and Selinus, by the Hyblaean Megara. In southern Italy there was the great Doric city of Tarentum, founded by the Lacedaemonians. In the eastern seas there were also several Doric cities: Potidaea, in the peninsula of Chalcidice, founded by Corinth; and Selymbria, Chalcedon, and Byzantium, all three founded by Megara.

During the invasion of Xerxes, Doris submitted to the Persians, and consequently its towns were spared.[15] Doris was one of the oldest members of the Delphic Amphictyony and, according to Thucydides, it was an important and strategic region already 25 years before the Peloponnesian War, the first time when the Phoceaens and the Lacaedemonians first clashed against each other, the former as invaders and the latter as protectors of the Doric capital Kytinion. In the 3rd century BC the Doric Tetrapolis joined the Aetolian League.[16] Subsequently, as we have already seen, they were assisted by the Lacedaemonians, when attacked by the more powerful Phocians and neighbouring tribes.[17] Their towns suffered much in the Phocian, Aetolian, and Macedonian wars, so that it was a wonder to Strabo that any trace of them was left in the Roman times. (Strab. ix. p. 427.) The towns continued to be mentioned by Pliny[18]

In the 6th century AD the ancient Voion is probably the only one of the cities of the Doric Tetrapolis still mentioned in the Synecdemus of Hierocles.

References edit

  1. ^ Strabo ix. p. 427; William Martin Leake, Northern Greece, vol. ii. pp. 72, 92.
  2. ^ Strabo x. p. 427.
  3. ^ Aesch. de Fals. Leg. p. 286.
  4. ^ Pyth. i. 121.
  5. ^ Mogens Herman Hansen & Thomas Heine Nielsen (2004). "Phokis". An inventory of archaic and classical poleis. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 421–422. ISBN 0-19-814099-1.
  6. ^ Stephanus of Byzantium s. v. Ἀμφαναί.
  7. ^ Hall, Jonathan M. (2006). "Dorians: Ancient Ethnic Group". In Wilson, Nigel. Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece. New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 240–242.
  8. ^ Herodotus i. 56, viii. 31, 43.
  9. ^ Herodotus viii. 31.
  10. ^ Thucydides i. 107, iii. 92.
  11. ^ Strabo viii. p. 383; Conon, c. 27.
  12. ^ i. 7. § 3.
  13. ^ Odyssey xix. 177.
  14. ^ Herodotus i. 144.
  15. ^ Herodotus viii. 31.
  16. ^ Grainger, John D. (1999) The League of the Aitolians (Google Books).
  17. ^ Thuc. i. 107, iii. 92.
  18. ^ Pliny iv. 7. s. 13; comp. Müller Dorians, book i. c. 2; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. ii. p. 90, seq.

External links edit

  •   Media related to Doris (Greece) at Wikimedia Commons

38°41′N 22°26′E / 38.683°N 22.433°E / 38.683; 22.433

doris, greece, doris, greek, Δωρίς, Δωριεύς, Δωριῆς, Δωριεῖς, latin, dores, dorienses, small, mountainous, district, ancient, greece, bounded, aetolia, southern, thessaly, ozolian, locris, phocis, original, homeland, dorian, greeks, lies, between, mounts, oeta. Doris Greek ἡ Dwris Eth Dwrieys pl Dwriῆs Dwrieῖs Latin Dores Dorienses is a small mountainous district in ancient Greece bounded by Aetolia southern Thessaly the Ozolian Locris and Phocis It is the original homeland of the Dorian Greeks It lies between Mounts Oeta and Parnassus and consists of the valley of the river Pindus Pindos a tributary of the Cephissus into which it flows not far from the sources of the latter The Pindus is now called the Apostolia 1 This valley is open towards Phocis but it lies higher than the valley of the Cephissus rising above the towns of Drymaea Tithronium and Amphicaea which are the last towns in Phocis Doris DwrisRegion of Ancient GreeceHypothetical map of the Dorian invasion of the PeloponneseMap showing Doris in relation to other regionsLocationCentral GreeceMajor citiesThe Doric TetrapolisDialectsDoric Contents 1 Geography 2 Origin of the name 3 History 4 References 5 External linksGeography editDoris is described by Herodotus viii 31 as lying between Malis and Phocis and being only 30 stadia in breadth which agrees nearly with the extent of the valley of the Apostolia in its widest part In this valley there were four towns forming the Doric tetrapolis Erineus Boium Cytinium and Pindus also called Akyphas 2 Erineus as the most important appears to have been also called Dorium 3 The Dorians however did not confine themselves within these narrow limits but occupied other places along Mount Oeta Thus Strabo describes the Dorians of the tetrapolis as the larger part of the nation ix p 417 and the Scholiast on Pindar 4 speaks of six Doric towns Erineus Cytinium Boium Lilaeum Carphaea and Dryope Some have thought Lilaeum Lilaea to have been a Doric town in the time of the Persian invasion since it is not mentioned among the Phocian towns destroyed by Xerxes however modern scholarship based on numismatic and epigraphic evidence contradicts that view 5 Carphaea is probably Scarphea near Thermopylae and Dryope is probably the country once inhabited by the Dryopes The Dorians would appear at one time to have extended across Mount Oeta to the sea coast both from the preceding account and from the statement of Scylax who speaks p 24 of Limodwrieῖs Among the Doric towns Hecataeus mentioned Amphanae called Amphanaea by Theopompus 6 Livy xxvii 7 places in Doris Tritonon and Drymiae which are evidently the Phocian towns elsewhere called Tithronium and Drymaea There was an important mountain pass leading across Parnassus from Doris to Amphissa in the country of the Ozolian Locrians at the head of this pass stood the Dorian town of Cytinium 7 Doris is said to have been originally called Dryopis from its earlier inhabitants the Dryopes who were expelled from the country by Heracles and the Malians 8 It derived its name from the Dorians who migrated from this district to the conquest of Peloponnesus Hence the country is called the Metropolis of the Peloponnesian Dorians 9 and the Lacedaemonians as the chief state of Doric origin on more than one occasion sent assistance to the metropolis when attacked by the Phocians and their other neighbours 10 Origin of the name editThe name Dorians is supposed to have derived from Dorus the son of Hellen According to one tradition Dorus settled once in the country subsequently known as Doris 11 but other traditions represent them as more widely spread in earlier times Herodotus relates i 56 that in the time of king Deucalion they inhabited the district of Phthiotis that in the time of Dorus the son of Hellen they inhabited the country called Histiaeotis at the foot of Ossa and Olympus that expelled from Histiaeotis by the Cadmeians they dwelt on Mount Pindus and were called the Macedonian nation and that from thence they migrated to Dryopis and having passed from Dryopis into the Peloponnesus they were called the Doric race For this statement Herodotus could have had no other authority than tradition and there is therefore no reason for accepting it as an historical relation of facts as many modern scholars have done In the Bibliotheca 12 Dorus is represented as occupying the country across the Peloponnese on the opposite side of the Corinthian gulf and calling the inhabitants after himself Dorians By this description is evidently meant the whole country along the northern shore of the Corinthian gulf comprising Aetolia Phocis and the land of the Ozolian Locrians This statement according to Smith is at least more suitable to the facts attested by historical evidence than the legends given in Herodotus It is impossible to believe that the inhabitants of such an insignificant district as Doris Proper conquered the greater part of Peloponnesus and the common tale that the Dorians crossed over from Naupactus to the conquest is in accordance with the legend of their being the inhabitants of the northern shore of the gulf History editIn the historical period the whole of the eastern and southern parts of the Peloponnese were in the possession of the Dorians Starting at the isthmus of Corinth there were first Megara the territory of which extended north of the isthmus from the Saronic to the Corinthian gulf next came Corinth and to its west Sicyon south of these two cities were Phlius and Cleonae the Argolic peninsula was divided between Argos Epidaurus Troezen and Hermione the last of which however was inhabited by Dryopes and not by Dorians In the Saronic gulf Aegina was peopled by Dorians South of the Argive territory was Laconia and to its west Messenia both ruled by Dorians the river Neda which separated Messenia from Triphylia included under Elis in its widest sense was the boundary of the Dorian states on the western side of the peninsula The districts just mentioned are represented in the Homeric poems as the seats of the great Achaean monarchies and there is no allusion in these poems to any Doric population in Peloponnesus In fact the name of the Dorians occurs only once in Homer and then as one of the many tribes of Crete 13 The silence of Homer indicates that the Dorian conquest of Peloponnesus must have taken place subsequent to the time of the poet and consequently must be assigned to a much later date than the one usually attributed to it From the Peloponnesus the Dorians spread over various parts of the Aegean and its connected seas Doric colonies were founded in mythical times in the islands of Crete Melos Thera Rhodes Cos and ancient Doris located on the southwest coast of modern Turkey About the same time they founded upon the coast of Caria the towns of Cnidus and Halicarnassus these two towns together with Cos and the three Rhodian towns of Lindus Ialysus and Camirus formed a confederation usually called the Doric Hexapolis The members of this hexapolis were accustomed to celebrate a festival with games on the Triopian promontory near Cnidus in honour of the Triopian Apollo the prizes in those games were brazen tripods which the victors had to dedicate in the temple of Apollo and Halicarnassus was struck out of the league because one of her citizens carried the tripod to his own house instead of leaving it in the temple The hexapolis thus became a pentapolis 14 The Doric colonies founded numerous further colonies in historic times Corinth the chief commercial city of the Dorians colonised Corcyra and planted several colonies on the western coast of Greece of which Ambracia Anactorium Leucas and Apollonia were the most important Epidamnus further north was also a Doric colony being founded by the Corcyraeans In Sicily we find several powerful Doric cities Syracuse founded by Corinth the Hyblaean Megara by Megara Gela by Rhodians and Cretans Zancle subsequently peopled by Messenians and hence called Messene Agrigentum founded by Gela and Selinus by the Hyblaean Megara In southern Italy there was the great Doric city of Tarentum founded by the Lacedaemonians In the eastern seas there were also several Doric cities Potidaea in the peninsula of Chalcidice founded by Corinth and Selymbria Chalcedon and Byzantium all three founded by Megara During the invasion of Xerxes Doris submitted to the Persians and consequently its towns were spared 15 Doris was one of the oldest members of the Delphic Amphictyony and according to Thucydides it was an important and strategic region already 25 years before the Peloponnesian War the first time when the Phoceaens and the Lacaedemonians first clashed against each other the former as invaders and the latter as protectors of the Doric capital Kytinion In the 3rd century BC the Doric Tetrapolis joined the Aetolian League 16 Subsequently as we have already seen they were assisted by the Lacedaemonians when attacked by the more powerful Phocians and neighbouring tribes 17 Their towns suffered much in the Phocian Aetolian and Macedonian wars so that it was a wonder to Strabo that any trace of them was left in the Roman times Strab ix p 427 The towns continued to be mentioned by Pliny 18 In the 6th century AD the ancient Voion is probably the only one of the cities of the Doric Tetrapolis still mentioned in the Synecdemus of Hierocles References edit Strabo ix p 427 William Martin Leake Northern Greece vol ii pp 72 92 Strabo x p 427 Aesch de Fals Leg p 286 Pyth i 121 Mogens Herman Hansen amp Thomas Heine Nielsen 2004 Phokis An inventory of archaic and classical poleis New York Oxford University Press pp 421 422 ISBN 0 19 814099 1 Stephanus of Byzantium s v Ἀmfanai Hall Jonathan M 2006 Dorians Ancient Ethnic Group In Wilson Nigel Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece New York Routledge Taylor amp Francis Group pp 240 242 Herodotus i 56 viii 31 43 Herodotus viii 31 Thucydides i 107 iii 92 Strabo viii p 383 Conon c 27 i 7 3 Odyssey xix 177 Herodotus i 144 Herodotus viii 31 Grainger John D 1999 The League of the Aitolians Google Books Thuc i 107 iii 92 Pliny iv 7 s 13 comp Muller Dorians book i c 2 Leake Northern Greece vol ii p 90 seq nbsp This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain Smith William ed 1854 1857 Doris Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography London John Murray External links edit nbsp Media related to Doris Greece at Wikimedia Commons38 41 N 22 26 E 38 683 N 22 433 E 38 683 22 433 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Doris Greece amp oldid 1161774951, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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