Lauric acid
Lauric acid, systematically dodecanoic acid, is a saturated fatty acid with a 12-carbon atom chain, thus having many properties of medium-chain fatty acids.[6] It is a bright white, powdery solid with a faint odor of bay oil or soap. The salts and esters of lauric acid are known as laurates.
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| Preferred IUPAC name Dodecanoic acid | |
| Other names n-Dodecanoic acid, Dodecylic acid, Dodecoic acid, Laurostearic acid, Vulvic acid, 1-Undecanecarboxylic acid, Duodecylic acid, C12:0 (Lipid numbers) | |
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| ECHA InfoCard | 100.005.075 |
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CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |
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| Properties | |
| C12H24O2 | |
| Molar mass | 200.322 g·mol−1 |
| Appearance | White powder |
| Odor | Slight odor of bay oil |
| Density | 1.007 g/cm3 (24 °C)[1] 0.8744 g/cm3 (41.5 °C)[2] 0.8679 g/cm3 (50 °C)[3] |
| Melting point | 43.8 °C (110.8 °F; 316.9 K)[3] |
| Boiling point | 297.9 °C (568.2 °F; 571.0 K) 282.5 °C (540.5 °F; 555.6 K) at 512 mmHg[1] 225.1 °C (437.2 °F; 498.2 K) at 100 mmHg[3][4] |
| 37 mg/L (0 °C) 55 mg/L (20 °C) 63 mg/L (30 °C) 72 mg/L (45 °C) 83 mg/L (100 °C)[5] | |
| Solubility | Soluble in alcohols, diethyl ether, phenyls, haloalkanes, acetates[5] |
| Solubility in methanol | 12.7 g/100 g (0 °C) 120 g/100 g (20 °C) 2250 g/100 g (40 °C)[5] |
| Solubility in acetone | 8.95 g/100 g (0 °C) 60.5 g/100 g (20 °C) 1590 g/100 g (40 °C)[5] |
| Solubility in ethyl acetate | 9.4 g/100 g (0 °C) 52 g/100 g (20°C) 1250 g/100 g (40°C)[5] |
| Solubility in toluene | 15.3 g/100 g (0 °C) 97 g/100 g (20°C) 1410 g/100 g (40°C)[5] |
| log P | 4.6[6] |
| Vapor pressure | 2.13·10−6 kPa (25 °C)[6] 0.42 kPa (150 °C)[4] 6.67 kPa (210 °C)[7] |
| Acidity (pKa) | 5.3 (20 °C)[6] |
| Thermal conductivity | 0.442 W/m·K (solid)[2] 0.1921 W/m·K (72.5 °C) 0.1748 W/m·K (106 °C)[1] |
Refractive index (nD) | 1.423 (70 °C)[1] 1.4183 (82 °C)[3] |
| Viscosity | 6.88 cP (50 °C) 5.37 cP (60 °C)[2] |
| Structure | |
| Monoclinic (α-form)[8] Triclinic, aP228 (γ-form)[9] | |
| P21/a, No. 14 (α-form)[8] P1, No. 2 (γ-form)[9] | |
| 2/m (α-form)[8] 1 (γ-form)[9] | |
a = 9.524 Å, b = 4.965 Å, c = 35.39 Å (α-form)[8] α = 90°, β = 129.22°, γ = 90° | |
| Thermochemistry | |
Heat capacity (C) | 404.28 J/mol·K[4] |
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298) | −775.6 kJ/mol[6] |
Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298) | 7377 kJ/mol 7425.8 kJ/mol (292 K)[4] |
| Hazards | |
| GHS labelling: | |
| Danger | |
| H412[7] | |
| P273[7] | |
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | |
| Flash point | > 113 °C (235 °F; 386 K)[7] |
| Related compounds | |
Related compounds | Glyceryl laurate |
| Related compounds | |
Related compounds | Undecanoic acid Tridecanoic acid Dodecanol Dodecanal Sodium lauryl sulfate |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). | |
Occurrence edit
Lauric acid, as a component of triglycerides, comprises about half of the fatty-acid content in coconut milk, coconut oil, laurel oil, and palm kernel oil (not to be confused with palm oil),[10][11] Otherwise, it is relatively uncommon. It is also found in human breast milk (6.2% of total fat), cow's milk (2.9%), and goat's milk (3.1%).[10]
In various plants edit
- The palm tree Attalea speciosa, a species popularly known in Brazil as babassu – 50% in babassu oil
- Attalea cohune, the cohune palm (also rain tree, American oil palm, corozo palm or manaca palm) – 46.5% in cohune oil
- Astrocaryum murumuru (Arecaceae) a palm native to the Amazon – 47.5% in "murumuru butter"
- Coconut oil 49%
- Pycnanthus kombo (African nutmeg)
- Virola surinamensis (wild nutmeg) 7.8–11.5%
- Peach palm seed 10.4%
- Betel nut 9%
- Date palm seed 0.56–5.4%
- Macadamia nut 0.072–1.1%
- Plum 0.35–0.38%
- Watermelon seed 0.33%
- Viburnum opulus 0.24-0.33%[12]
- Citrullus lanatus (egusi melon)
- Pumpkin flower 205 ppm, pumpkin seed 472 ppm
Insect edit
- Black soldier fly Hermetia illucens 30–50 mg/100 mg fat.[13]
Uses edit
Like many other fatty acids, lauric acid is inexpensive, has a long shelf-life, is nontoxic, and is safe to handle. It is used mainly for the production of soaps and cosmetics. For these purposes, lauric acid is reacted with sodium hydroxide to give sodium laurate, which is a soap. Most commonly, sodium laurate is obtained by saponification of various oils, such as coconut oil. These precursors give mixtures of sodium laurate and other soaps.[11]
Lauric acid is a precursor to dilauroyl peroxide, a common initiator of polymerizations.[6]
Nutritional and medical aspects edit
Although 95% of medium-chain triglycerides are absorbed through the portal vein, only 25–30% of lauric acid is absorbed through it.[14] [15] Lauric acid induces apoptosis in cancer and promotes the proliferation of normal cells by maintaining cellular redox homeostasis [16]
Lauric acid increases total serum lipoproteins more than many other fatty acids, but mostly high-density lipoprotein (HDL). As a result, lauric acid has been characterized as having "a more favorable effect on total HDL than any other fatty acid [examined], either saturated or unsaturated".[17] In general, a lower total/HDL serum lipoprotein ratio correlates with a decrease in atherosclerotic incidence.[18] Nonetheless, an extensive meta-analysis on foods affecting the total LDL/serum lipoprotein ratio found in 2003 that the net effects of lauric acid on coronary artery disease outcomes remained uncertain.[19] A 2016 review of coconut oil (which is nearly half lauric acid) was similarly inconclusive about the effects on cardiovascular disease incidence.[15]
References edit
- ^ a b c d G., Chuah T.; D., Rozanna; A., Salmiah; Y., Thomas Choong S.; M., Sa'ari (2006). (PDF). University Putra Malaysia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-11-03. Retrieved 2014-06-22.
- ^ a b c Mezaki, Reiji; Mochizuki, Masafumi; Ogawa, Kohei (2000). Engineering data on mixing (1st ed.). Elsevier Science B.V. p. 278. ISBN 0-444-82802-8.
- ^ a b c d Lide, David R., ed. (2009). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (90th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4200-9084-0.
- ^ a b c d Dodecanoic acid in Linstrom, Peter J.; Mallard, William G. (eds.); NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg (MD) (retrieved 2014-06-14)
- ^ a b c d e f Seidell, Atherton; Linke, William F. (1952). Solubilities of inorganic and organic compounds (3rd ed.). New York: D. Van Nostrand Company. pp. 742–743.
- ^ a b c d e f CID 3893 from PubChem
- ^ a b c d Sigma-Aldrich Co., Lauric acid. Retrieved on 2014-06-14.
- ^ a b c d Vand, V.; Morley, W. M.; Lomer, T. R. (1951). "The crystal structure of lauric acid". Acta Crystallographica. 4 (4): 324–329. doi:10.1107/S0365110X51001069.
- ^ a b c Sydow, Erik von (1956). "On the structure of the crystal form A of lauric acid" (PDF). actachemscand.org. Acta Chemica Scandinavica. Retrieved 2014-06-14.
- ^ a b Beare-Rogers, J.; Dieffenbacher, A.; Holm, J.V. (2001). "Lexicon of lipid nutrition (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 73 (4): 685–744. doi:10.1351/pac200173040685. S2CID 84492006.
- ^ a b David J. Anneken, Sabine Both, Ralf Christoph, Georg Fieg, Udo Steinberner, Alfred Westfechtel "Fatty Acids" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2006, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a10_245.pub2
- ^ Zarifikhosroshahi; Tugba Murathan; Kafkas; Okatan (2019). "Variation in volatile and fatty acid contents among Viburnum opulus L. Fruits growing different locations". Scientia Horticulturae. 264: 109160. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2019.109160. S2CID 213568257.
- ^ Montevecchi, G.; Zanasi, L.; Masino, F.; Maistrello, L.; Antonelli, A. (2019). "Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.): effect on the fat integrity using different approaches to the killing of the prepupae". Journal of Insects as Food and Feed. 6 (2): 121–131. doi:10.3920/JIFF2019.0002. S2CID 208604432.
- ^ Ramya, Venkatesan; Shyam, Karuppiah Prakash; Kowsalya, Eshwaran; Balavigneswaran, Chelladurai Karthikeyan; Kadalmani, Balamuthu (2022). "Dual Roles of Coconut Oil and Its Major Component Lauric Acid on Redox Nexus: Focus on Cytoprotection and Cancer Cell Death". Frontiers in Neuroscience. 16: 833630. doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.833630. PMC 8963114.
- ^ a b Eyres L, Eyres MF, Chisholm A, Brown RC (2016). "Coconut oil consumption and cardiovascular risk factors in humans". Nutrition Reviews. 74 (4): 267–280. doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuw002. PMC 4892314. PMID 26946252.
- ^ Ramya, Venkatesan; Shyam, Karuppiah Prakash; Angelmary, Arulanandu; Kadalmani, Balamuthu (2024). "Lauric acid epigenetically regulates lncRNA HOTAIR by remodeling chromatin H3K4 tri-methylation and modulates glucose transport in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells: Lipid switch in macrophage activation". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids. 1869 (1): 159429. doi:10.1016/j.bbalip.2023.159429.
- ^ Mensink RP, Zock PL, Kester AD, Katan MB (May 2003). "Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 77 (5): 1146–1155. doi:10.1093/ajcn/77.5.1146. ISSN 0002-9165. PMID 12716665.
- ^ Thijssen, M.A. and R.P. Mensink. (2005). Fatty Acids and Atherosclerotic Risk. In Arnold von Eckardstein (Ed.) Atherosclerosis: Diet and Drugs. Springer. pp. 171–172. ISBN 978-3-540-22569-0.
- ^ Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials
Further reading edit
- Berner, Louise A. (1993). Defining the Role of Milkfat in Balanced Diets. In John E. Kinsella (Ed.) Advances in Food and Nutrition Research – Volume 37. Academic Press. pp. 159–166. ISBN 978-0-12-016437-0.
External links edit
- Lauric acid MS Spectrum