Palm kernel oil, palm oil, and coconut oil are three of the few highly saturated vegetable fats; these oils give the name to the 16-carbon saturated fatty acidpalmitic acid that they contain.
Palm kernel oil, which is semi-solid at room temperature, is more saturated than palm oil and comparable to coconut oil.
Oil from the African oil palm Elaeis guineensis has long been recognized in West African and Central African countries. European merchants trading with West Africa occasionally purchased palm oil for use in Europe, but palm kernel oil remained rare outside West Africa.[3]
The USDA has published historical production figures for palm kernel oil for years beginning October 1 and ending September 30:[4]
Year
Production, million tonnes
2008–09
11.75
2009–10
12.22
2010–11
12.55
2011–12
13.28
Research institutionsedit
In the 1960s, research and development (R&D) in oil palm breeding began to expand after Malaysia's Department of Agriculture established an exchange program with West African economies and four private plantations formed the Oil Palm Genetics Laboratory.[5] The Malaysian government also established Kolej Serdang, which became the Universiti Pertanian Malaysia (UPM) in the 1970s to train agricultural and agroindustrial engineers and agribusiness graduates to conduct research in the field.
In 1979 with support from the Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI) and UPM, the government set up the Palm Oil Research Institute of Malaysia (Porim),[6] a public-and-private-coordinated institution.[clarification needed]B. C. Shekhar was appointed founder and chairman. Porim's scientists work in oil palm tree breeding, palm oil nutrition and potential oleochemical use. Porim was renamed Malaysian Palm Oil Board in 2000.
Nutritionedit
Palm kernel oil, similar to coconut oil, is high in saturated fats and is more saturated than palm oil.[7] Palm kernel oil is high in lauric acid, which has been shown to raise blood cholesterol levels, both as LDL-C (cholesterol contained in low-density lipoprotein) and HDL-C (cholesterol contained in high-density lipoprotein).[8] However, the raise in total cholesterol concentration is partly due to more HDL-C than LDL-C.[9] Palm kernel oil does not contain cholesterol or trans fatty acids.[10]
Palm kernel oil is commonly used in commercial cooking because it is lower in cost than other oils and remains stable at high cooking temperatures. The oil can also be stored longer than other vegetable oils.[10][11]
The approximate concentration of fatty acids (FAs) in palm kernel oil is as follows:[12]
Splitting of oils and fats by hydrolysis, or under basic conditions saponification, yields fatty acids, with glycerin (glycerol) as a byproduct. The split-off fatty acids are a mixture ranging from C4 to C18, depending on the type of oil or fat.[13][14]
Derivatives of palmitic acid were used in combination with naphtha during World War II to produce napalm (aluminum naphthenate and aluminum palmitate).[15]
^Reeves, James B.; Weihrauch, John L.; Consumer and Food Economics Institute (1979). Composition of foods: fats and oils. Agriculture handbook 8-4. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Science and Education Administration. p. 4. OCLC 5301713.
^S. O. Aghalino (2000). (PDF). African Study Monographs. 21 (1): 19–33. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-01-16. Retrieved 2012-09-09.
^(PDF). Oilseeds: World Markets and Trade. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-05-27. Retrieved 2010-05-24.
^Hartley, C. W. S. (1988). The Oil Palm, 3rd edn. Longman Scientific and Technical, Harlow, U.K.
^Development of Palm Oil and Related Products in Malaysia and Indonesia. 2011-08-15 at the Wayback Machine. Rajah Rasiah & Azmi Shahrin, Universiti Malaya, 2006.
^Chow, Ching Kuang (2007). Fatty Acids in Foods and their Health Implications, Third Edition. CRC Press. p. 241. ISBN9781420006902. Retrieved 2 October 2012.
^Rakel, David (2012). Integrative Medicine. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 381. ISBN978-1437717938. Retrieved 2 October 2012.
^Temme, E. H.; Mensink, R. P.; Hornstra, G. (1996). "Comparison of the effects of diets enriched in lauric, palmitic, or oleic acids on serum lipids and lipoproteins in healthy women and men". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 63 (6): 897–903. doi:10.1093/ajcn/63.6.897. PMID 8644684.
^ ab. hudsonandknight.co.za. Hudson & Knight. Archived from the original on 17 October 2013. Retrieved 12 September 2012.
^Bjorklund, Chad (22 November 2010). "What are the benefits of palm kernel oil?". livestrong.com. The Lance Armstrong Foundation. Retrieved 12 September 2012.
^Ang, Catharina Y. W., KeShun Liu, and Yao-Wen Huang, eds. (1999). Asian Foods[page needed].
^Faessler, Peter; Kolmetz, Karl; Seang, Kek Wan; Lee, Siang Hua (2007). "Advanced fractionation technology for the oleochemical industry". Asia-Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering. 2 (4): 315–321. doi:10.1002/apj.25. S2CID 97657291.
^"Free Fatty Acids : Butter". WebExhibits. from the original on May 29, 2023.
^Pike, John (July 7, 2011). "Napalm". globalsecurity.org. from the original on Aug 29, 2023.
External linksedit
Palm Oil – Production, Consumption, Exports, and Imports Statistics by Country
Blood on the Palms: Afro-Colombians fight new plantations by David Bacon, July/August 2007 Dollars & Sense
February 15, 2024
palm, kernel, confused, with, palm, coconut, edible, plant, derived, from, kernel, palm, tree, elaeis, guineensis, related, other, edible, oils, palm, extracted, from, fruit, pulp, palm, coconut, extracted, from, kernel, coconut, palm, coconut, three, highly, . Not to be confused with Palm oil or Coconut oil Palm kernel oil is an edible plant oil derived from the kernel of the oil palm tree Elaeis guineensis 1 It is related to other two edible oils palm oil extracted from the fruit pulp of the oil palm and coconut oil extracted from the kernel of the coconut 2 Palm kernel oil palm oil and coconut oil are three of the few highly saturated vegetable fats these oils give the name to the 16 carbon saturated fatty acid palmitic acid that they contain Palm kernel oil which is semi solid at room temperature is more saturated than palm oil and comparable to coconut oil Contents 1 History 2 Research institutions 3 Nutrition 4 Uses 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksHistory edit nbsp Oil palm tree Elaeis guineensis See also Oil palm Oil from the African oil palm Elaeis guineensis has long been recognized in West African and Central African countries European merchants trading with West Africa occasionally purchased palm oil for use in Europe but palm kernel oil remained rare outside West Africa 3 The USDA has published historical production figures for palm kernel oil for years beginning October 1 and ending September 30 4 Year Production million tonnes2008 09 11 752009 10 12 222010 11 12 552011 12 13 28Research institutions editIn the 1960s research and development R amp D in oil palm breeding began to expand after Malaysia s Department of Agriculture established an exchange program with West African economies and four private plantations formed the Oil Palm Genetics Laboratory 5 The Malaysian government also established Kolej Serdang which became the Universiti Pertanian Malaysia UPM in the 1970s to train agricultural and agroindustrial engineers and agribusiness graduates to conduct research in the field In 1979 with support from the Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute MARDI and UPM the government set up the Palm Oil Research Institute of Malaysia Porim 6 a public and private coordinated institution clarification needed B C Shekhar was appointed founder and chairman Porim s scientists work in oil palm tree breeding palm oil nutrition and potential oleochemical use Porim was renamed Malaysian Palm Oil Board in 2000 Nutrition editPalm kernel oil similar to coconut oil is high in saturated fats and is more saturated than palm oil 7 Palm kernel oil is high in lauric acid which has been shown to raise blood cholesterol levels both as LDL C cholesterol contained in low density lipoprotein and HDL C cholesterol contained in high density lipoprotein 8 However the raise in total cholesterol concentration is partly due to more HDL C than LDL C 9 Palm kernel oil does not contain cholesterol or trans fatty acids 10 Palm kernel oil is commonly used in commercial cooking because it is lower in cost than other oils and remains stable at high cooking temperatures The oil can also be stored longer than other vegetable oils 10 11 The approximate concentration of fatty acids FAs in palm kernel oil is as follows 12 Fatty acid content of palm kernel oilType of fatty acid FractionLauric saturated C12 48 2 Myristic saturated C14 16 2 Palmitic saturated C16 8 4 Capric saturated C10 3 4 Caprylic saturated C8 3 3 Stearic saturated C18 2 5 Oleic monounsaturated C18 1 15 3 Linoleic polyunsaturated C18 2 2 3 Other Unknown 0 4 red saturated orange monounsaturated blue polyunsaturatedUses editSplitting of oils and fats by hydrolysis or under basic conditions saponification yields fatty acids with glycerin glycerol as a byproduct The split off fatty acids are a mixture ranging from C4 to C18 depending on the type of oil or fat 13 14 Derivatives of palmitic acid were used in combination with naphtha during World War II to produce napalm aluminum naphthenate and aluminum palmitate 15 See also editPalm kernel Tropical agriculture Food vs fuelReferences edit Poku Kwasi 2002 Origin of oil palm Small Scale Palm Oil Processing in Africa FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin 148 Food and Agriculture Organization p 3 ISBN 92 5 104859 2 Reeves James B Weihrauch John L Consumer and Food Economics Institute 1979 Composition of foods fats and oils Agriculture handbook 8 4 Washington D C U S Dept of Agriculture Science and Education Administration p 4 OCLC 5301713 S O Aghalino 2000 British Colonial Policies And The Oil Palm Industry In The Niger Delta Region Of Bayelsa Nigeria 1900 1960 PDF African Study Monographs 21 1 19 33 Archived from the original PDF on 2013 01 16 Retrieved 2012 09 09 Table 01 Major Vegetable Oils World Supply and Distribution Commodity View PDF Oilseeds World Markets and Trade Archived from the original PDF on 2010 05 27 Retrieved 2010 05 24 Hartley C W S 1988 The Oil Palm 3rd edn Longman Scientific and Technical Harlow U K Development of Palm Oil and Related Products in Malaysia and Indonesia Archived 2011 08 15 at the Wayback Machine Rajah Rasiah amp Azmi Shahrin Universiti Malaya 2006 Chow Ching Kuang 2007 Fatty Acids in Foods and their Health Implications Third Edition CRC Press p 241 ISBN 9781420006902 Retrieved 2 October 2012 Rakel David 2012 Integrative Medicine Elsevier Health Sciences p 381 ISBN 978 1437717938 Retrieved 2 October 2012 Temme E H Mensink R P Hornstra G 1996 Comparison of the effects of diets enriched in lauric palmitic or oleic acids on serum lipids and lipoproteins in healthy women and men The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 63 6 897 903 doi 10 1093 ajcn 63 6 897 PMID 8644684 a b Palm Kernel oil hudsonandknight co za Hudson amp Knight Archived from the original on 17 October 2013 Retrieved 12 September 2012 Bjorklund Chad 22 November 2010 What are the benefits of palm kernel oil livestrong com The Lance Armstrong Foundation Retrieved 12 September 2012 Ang Catharina Y W KeShun Liu and Yao Wen Huang eds 1999 Asian Foods page needed Faessler Peter Kolmetz Karl Seang Kek Wan Lee Siang Hua 2007 Advanced fractionation technology for the oleochemical industry Asia Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering 2 4 315 321 doi 10 1002 apj 25 S2CID 97657291 Free Fatty Acids Butter WebExhibits Archived from the original on May 29 2023 Pike John July 7 2011 Napalm globalsecurity org Archived from the original on Aug 29 2023 External links editPalm Oil Production Consumption Exports and Imports Statistics by Country Blood on the Palms Afro Colombians fight new plantations by David Bacon July August 2007 Dollars amp Sense Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Palm kernel oil amp oldid 1194046956, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
