Direction – Slovak Social Democracy
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Direction – Slovak Social Democracy (Slovak: Smer – slovenská sociálna demokracia, SMER–SSD), formerly and legally called Direction – Social Democracy (Slovak: Smer – sociálna demokracia, SMER–SD), is a left-wing populist[16][17][18] political party in Slovakia led by the former prime minister Robert Fico. The party claims to represent social democracy with Slovak national specifics.[19]
Direction – Slovak Social Democracy Smer – slovenská sociálna demokracia | |
|---|---|
| Abbreviation | SMER–SD |
| Leader | Robert Fico |
| Presidium |
|
| Founder | Robert Fico |
| Founded | 8 November 1999 |
| Split from | Party of the Democratic Left |
| Headquarters | Bratislava |
| Newspaper | SMER Newspapers |
| Youth wing | Young Social Democrats |
| Women's wing | Slovak Union of Women |
| Membership (2021) | 13,084 |
| Ideology | |
| Political position | Centre-left[10][11] |
| European affiliation | Party of European Socialists |
| International affiliation | |
| European Parliament group | Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats |
| Colours | Red |
| National Council | 27 / 150 |
| European Parliament | 3 / 14 |
| Regional governors[12] | 1 / 8 |
| Regional deputies[a][13] | 50 / 419 |
| Mayors[a][14] | 516 / 2,904 |
| Local councillors[a][15] | 2,364 / 20,462 |
| Website | |
| strana-smer | |
It was founded in 1999 as a splinter from the post-communist Party of the Democratic Left, a successor to the Communist Party of Slovakia, which was a branch of the then-ruling Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSČ) in the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic.[20] Initially a big tent populist party, started to build its national brand as a Third Way alternative in 2003. It switched its name to Direction – Social Democracy and adopted social democratic positions after merging with several minor centre-left parties in 2005.[21][22]
SMER–SD won the 2006 parliamentary election and formed a coalition government with two minor nationalist parties.[23] Fico's First Cabinet continued the European integration of Slovakia while abandoning the economic-liberal reforms of the two previous Dzurinda's Cabinets. Despite the landslide victory in the following parliamentary election, it served in the opposition to the centre-right Radičová's Cabinet. The party won a majority of seats in the 2012 snap parliamentary election and Robert Fico formed his second cabinet. In the following parliamentary election, its popularity declined sharply, but nevertheless Fico formed an unexpected coalition with 3 minor parties. In 2018, the Murder of investigative journalist Ján Kuciak triggered mass protests and a political crisis resulting in the prime minister's resignation. SMER–SD led the reshuffled Pellegrini's Cabinet until the following parliamentary election. The party returned to the opposition in 2020.
SMER–SD is associated with dozens of corruption scandals, being described as the Party of European Socialists' "enfant terrible", alongside the Romanian Social Democratic Party. At the end of the 2010s, the party began to radicalize. Its rhetoric currently includes Russophilic, anti-American, anti-LGBT, Romaphobic, and anti-vaccination views.
History
Foundation and early years (1999–2006)
Originally named Direction (Slovak: Smer), the party was founded on 8 November 1999, emerging as a breakaway from the post-Communist Party of the Democratic Left (SDĽ), the successor of the original Communist Party of Slovakia and the governing party from 1998 to 2002. Under Robert Fico, at the time one of the most popular politicians in the country, it quickly became one of the most popular parties in Slovakia, while the SDĽ experienced a constant decrease within popularity. In the 2002 Slovak parliamentary election, its first formal election period, it became the third-largest party in the National Council of the Slovak Republic, with 25 of 150 seats. In 2003, it changed its formal name to Direction (Third Way), or Smer (tretia cesta) in Slovak[24] and Party of Civic Understanding merged into the party.
In 2005, the party absorbed the SDĽ and the Social Democratic Alternative, a small social democratic party that split from the original SDĽ somewhat later than Direction did, in addition to the Social Democratic Party of Slovakia. Founded in 1990, the party became known for the leadership of Alexander Dubček, and Direction adopted the Smer–SD name. Following the party's victory in 2006, Smer–SD entered into a coalition with the nationalist Slovak National Party (SNS) and was readmitted into the Party of European Socialists (PES) in 2008. It later formed another coalition with the SNS in 2016.[citation needed]
Government (2006–2010)
In the 2006 Slovak parliamentary election, the party won 29.1% of the popular vote and 50 of 150 seats. Following that election, Smer-SD formed a coalition government with the People's Party – Movement for a Democratic Slovakia (HZDS) and the SNS,[25] an extremist nationalist party.[26][27][28]
On 12 October 2006, the party was temporarily suspended from membership in the PES.[29] The resolution to suspend the party referred specifically to the PES Declaration "For a modern, pluralist and tolerant Europe", adopted in Berlin by the PES congress in 2001, which states that "all PES parties adhere to the following principles ... [and] to refrain from any form of political alliance or co-operation at all levels with any political party which incites or attempts to stir up racial or ethnic prejudices and racial hatred." In The Slovak Spectator, the PES chairman Poul Nyrup Rasmussen commented: "Most of our members stood solidly behind our values, according to which forming a coalition with the extreme right is unacceptable."[30] The party was readmitted on 14 February 2008 after its chairman Fico and SNS leader Jan Slota pledged in a letter to respect European values, human rights, and all ethnic minorities.[31]
Opposition (2010–2012)
Although the party won the most votes in the 2010 Slovak parliamentary election, with a lead of 20% over the second-place Slovak Democratic and Christian Union – Democratic Party (SDKÚ),[32] they had not been able to form a government because of losses sustained by their coalition partners. Their result, 34.8%, gave them 62 of 150 seats in the National Council, but the HZDS failed to cross the 5% threshold, losing all their seats, and the SNS was reduced to nine seats. The four opposition centre-right parties (the Christian Democratic Movement, Freedom and Solidarity, Most–Híd, and SDKÚ) were able to form a new government.[33]
Government (2012–2020)
In the 2012 Slovak parliamentary election, Smer–SD won 44.4% of the votes and became the largest party in the National Council, with an absolute majority of 83 seats (out of 150).[34] Fico's Second Cabinet was the first single-party government in Slovakia since 1993. In the 2014 European Parliament election in Slovakia, Smer–SD came in first place nationally, receiving 24.09% of the vote and electing four Members of the European Parliament.[35]
Despite suffering a significant loss in support as a result of strikes by teachers and nurses earlier in the year,[36] Smer–SD won the 5 March 2016 parliamentary election with 28.3% of the vote and 49 of 150 seats, and subsequently formed Fico's Third Cabinet in a coalition government with Most–Híd, Network, and the Slovak National Party. Prime Minister Fico resigned in the wake of the political crisis following the murder of Ján Kuciak and was replaced by Peter Pellegrini, with the same majority. However, Fico remained leader of Smer-SD.[citation needed]
Back into opposition and departure of the Pellegrini group (2020–present)
The party managed to score 18.29% in the 2020 Slovak parliamentary election, which was 2 to 3 percent more than the latest polls showed, but it was still a decrease of 10% compared to previous elections. The party occupied 38 seats in parliament. Pellegrini, the chairman of the Fico parliamentary group, became the vice-chairman of the National Council for the Opposition on the basis of post-election negotiations.[citation needed] In May 2020, two deputies for SMER–SD (Ján Podmanický and Marián Kéry) founded a value policy platform with deputies from KDŽP, elected as a candidate of the Kotlebists – People's Party Our Slovakia. Because of this, Pellegrini sharply criticized them, while Fico defended Podmanický. In May 2020, Podmanický also left the Smer–SD parliamentary group after criticism from his own ranks.[citation needed]
As early as April 2020, party vice-chairman Pellegrini announced his ambition to run for party chairman as Smer-SD's most popular politician, winning 170,000 more votes than the chairman. Fico reacted strongly, saying that he did not intend to resign and wanted to remain at the head of the party, while Pellegrini gradually began to tighten his criticism of Fico and the party's situation. Pellegrini criticized the fact that the party's presidency had not met since the election and the date of the parliament was unknown. Pellegrini demanded that the assembly be held as soon as possible, while Fico insisted that the nomination assembly take place only at a ceremonial assembly in December 2020.[citation needed]
At a June 2020 press conference in Banská Bystrica, Pellegrini announced that he would resign as Vice-Chairman of Smer–SD and leave the party in the near future. He also outlined the establishment of a new party, Voice – Social Democracy (HLAS-SD), which he said should be social democratic, but refuse to be liberal. Around that time, Fico had already offered Pellegrini the position of party chairman, provided that he maintained his influence in the party, an offer which was rejected by Pellegrini. In the first FOCUS survey, 21.4% of respondents said they would vote for the new Pellegrini party, while those saying they would vote for the original Smer-SD remained at 9.6%. At a press conference one week following the announcement of Pellegrini's departure, another 10 deputies announced they would leave the party, including Vice-Presidents Peter Žiga and Richard Raši, Bureau member Denisa Saková and long-standing deputies and party members. At the same time, together with Pellegrini, they announced the creation of a new social-democratic party at the press conference, which they would join. Political scientist Grigory Mesezhnikov postulated that after the departure of the Pellegrini group, the SMER-SD could move further to the left into the spectrum of the radical to communist left.[citation needed]
Ideology
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At the end of the 2010s, and especially after the departure of the faction around Peter Pellegrini (HLAS) in 2020, the party turned from pro-European left to nationalist or patriotic left.
Since the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, anti-lockdown and anti-vaccination rhetoric was observed in the party's ideology. The top officials, including Robert Fico, began to actively appear in alternative and conspiracy media, as well as to spread or create multiple hoaxes and conspiracies.[citation needed]
Alongside the Romanian Social Democratic Party, it has been described as the PES' "enfant terrible".[37]
Controversy
Corruption
The party is associated with many corruption cases in Slovakia. During the 12 years during which it ruled, the media revealed more than 30 alleged corruption cases in which Slovakia was to lose a total of 20 billion euros.[38][39]
As no corruption case has yet been proven in court, and no conviction resulting from a party member's complicity in corruption cases been attained, the party strongly rejects the fact that it has a number of corruption scandals. Its chairman Fico usually points to the cases of his opponents when asked about specific corruption cases. More than once, Fico verbally attacked the media or the journalist himself who asked these questions.[40][41] Some prominent members of Smer-SD, in response to the corruption cases, especially in the 2010s, have admitted that it is a thing of the past and that they made mistakes, while denying that corruption in the state was high.[42]
Election results
National Council
| Election | Leader | Votes | % | Rank | Seats | +/– | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2002 | Robert Fico | 387,100 | 13.46% | 3rd | 25 / 150 | Opposition | |
| 2006 | 671,185 | 29.14% | 1st | 50 / 150 | 25 | Smer–SNS–HZDS | |
| 2010 | 880,111 | 34.80% | 1st | 62 / 150 | 12 | Opposition | |
| 2012 | 1,134,280 | 44.42% | 1st | 83 / 150 | 21 | Smer | |
| 2016 | 737,481 | 28.28% | 1st | 49 / 150 | 34 | Smer–SNS–MH–#SIEŤ (2016) | |
| Smer–SNS–MH (2016–2020) | |||||||
| 2020 | Peter Pellegrini[b] | 527,172 | 18.29% | 2nd | 38 / 150 | 11 | Opposition |
European Parliament
| Election | Leader | Votes | % | Rank | Seats | +/– | Group |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2004 | Monika Beňová | 118,535 | 16.90% | 3rd | 3 / 14 | S&D | |
| 2009 | Boris Zala | 264,722 | 32.02% | 1st | 5 / 13 | 2 | |
| 2014 | Maroš Šefčovič | 135,089 | 24.10% | 1st | 4 / 13 | 1 | |
| 2019 | Monika Beňová | 154,996 | 15.72% | 2nd | 3 / 14 | 1 |
President
| Election | Candidate | 1st round | 2nd round | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Rank | Votes | % | Rank | ||
| 2004 | Endorsed Ivan Gašparovič | 442,564 | 22.28% | 2nd | 1,079,592 | 59.91% | 1st |
| 2009 | Endorsed Ivan Gašparovič | 876,061 | 46.71% | 1st | 1,234,787 | 55.53% | 1st |
| 2014 | Robert Fico | 531,919 | 28.01% | 1st | 893,841 | 40.61% | 2nd |
| 2019 | Endorsed Maroš Šefčovič[c] | 400,379 | 18.66% | 2nd | 752,403 | 41.59% | 2nd |
See also
Notes
- ^ a b c Also with coalitions.
- ^ Peter Pellegrini served as electoral leader at the top of the party list and Robert Fico served as party chairman.
- ^ Although Šefčovič was officially an independent, his campaign was endorsed and funded by Direction – Social Democracy.
Footnotes
- ^ "Report on Panel #1 / Mapping European Populism: Populist Authoritarian Tendencies in Central and Eastern Europe, and Challenges to the EU - ECPS". 26 April 2022. Retrieved 25 December 2022.
- ^ "The Case of Smer Party in Slovakia". ECPR General Conference. August 2015.
- ^ "Direction – Slovak Social Democracy party (Smer-SD)". Clean Energy Wire. 30 June 2021. Retrieved 25 December 2022.
- ^ Želinský, Dominik. "Great Expectations: Slovak Nationalist initiatives in the light of Communal Elections 2014" (PDF). ceeidentity.eu. CEE Idenitity - National Identities.
- ^ Sekerák, Marián (October 2019). "Towards conservatism? Party politics in Slovakia at the end of the 2010s". European View. 18 (2): 233–241. doi:10.1177/1781685819883965.
- ^ https://euagenda.eu/upload/publications/untitled-145675-ea.pdf[bare URL PDF]
- ^ "Fico je za proruskú propagandu na ukrajinskom čiernom zozname". 26 July 2022.
- ^ "Ficova ukrajinská karta se líbí ruské propagandě. Expremiér přiostřuje - Seznam Zprávy".
- ^ "Fico oslávil SNP s veľvyslancami Ruska a Bieloruska, Korčok posiela protest za ruské zasahovanie do slovenskej politiky". 29 August 2022.
- ^ "Smer sa zlúči so socialistami". 11 December 2004.
- ^ "Smer: Strana predstieranej identity". 19 February 2016.
- ^ https://www.volbysr.sk/oso/sk/suhrnne_vysledky.html
- ^ https://www.volbysr.sk/oso/sk/suhrnne_vysledky.html
- ^ https://www.volbysr.sk/oso/sk/suhrnne_vysledky.html
- ^ https://www.volbysr.sk/oso/sk/suhrnne_vysledky.html
- ^ "Report on Panel #1 / Mapping European Populism: Populist Authoritarian Tendencies in Central and Eastern Europe, and Challenges to the EU - ECPS". 26 April 2022. Retrieved 25 December 2022.
- ^ "The Case of Smer Party in Slovakia". ECPR General Conference. August 2015.
- ^ "Direction – Slovak Social Democracy party (Smer-SD)". Clean Energy Wire. 30 June 2021. Retrieved 25 December 2022.
- ^ "V Smere vymysleli nový názov strany a nakreslili iné logo. Odlíšia sa od Pellegriniho". Aktuality.sk. 2021.
- ^ "Ako prišiel mladý Fico o ilúzie. Vybabrali s ním starí komunisti". Aktuality.sk.
- ^ "Fenomén strany Smer: medzi "pragmatizmom" a sociálnou demokraciou". Mezinárodní politologický ústav Masarykovy univerzity v Brně. 8 (1): 19–55. April 2006.
- ^ "Smer sa spojí s SDSS a premenuje". SME.
- ^ "Lídri Smeru, SNS a HZDS podpísali koaličnú zmluvu". Pravda. 2 July 2006.
- ^ "Register of Political Parties and Political Movements". Archived from the original on 15 July 2012. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
- ^ "The Study of Contemporary Racism and Antisemitism", The Steven Roth Institute, Tel Aviv University. Tau.ac.il. 31 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 15 October 2011.
- ^ Zoltan D. Barany (2002). The East European gypsies: regime change, marginality, and ethnopolitics. Cambridge University Press. pp. 313, 408. ISBN 0-521-00910-3. Retrieved 22 May 2009.
- ^ Cas Mudde (2005). Racist Extremism in Central & Eastern Europe. Routledge. pp. xvi, 314. ISBN 0-415-35593-1. Retrieved 22 May 2009.
- ^ Juliana Sokolova (2 April 2009). . openDemocracy.net. Archived from the original on 30 August 2009. Retrieved 22 May 2009.
- ^ SMER suspended from PES political family 6 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Party of European Socialists, 12 October 2006
- ^ Petit Press a.s. (16 October 2006). "Euro-socialists suspend Fico's Smer party". spectator.sme.sk. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
- ^ . Archived from the original on 13 December 2009. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
- ^ Voľby do Národnej rady Slovenskej republiky 16 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Volbysr.sk. Retrieved on 15 October 2011.
- ^ Fico vyhral a predsa končí | Voľby 2010. volby.sme.sk. Retrieved on 15 October 2011.
- ^ a.s, Petit Press (11 March 2012). "ELECTION 2012: UVK officially confirms Smer's landslide victory in general election". spectator.sme.sk.
- ^ . Archived from the original on 28 May 2014. Retrieved 18 May 2017.
- ^ Cunningham, Benjamin (6 March 2016). "5 takeaways from Slovakia's election". Politico.eu. Politico. Retrieved 14 November 2017.
- ^ Hegedüs, Daniel (2 December 2019). "Loss for Romania's Social Democrats Is a Win for Europe's Left". Balkan Insight. Retrieved 17 October 2021.
- ^ Aktuality.sk (7 March 2017). "Najväčšie korupčné kauzy od roku 2006". Aktuality.sk (in Slovak). Retrieved 12 August 2020.
- ^ Čikovský, Konštantín (24 November 2015). "Päť miliardových káuz Smeru". Denník E (in Slovak). Retrieved 12 August 2020.
- ^ Števkov, Peter. "Ficova vojna s novinármi. Slizkí hadi, hyeny, prostitútky a idioti | Parlamentné Listy". parlamentnelisty.sk/ (in Slovak). Retrieved 12 August 2020.
- ^ a.s, Petit Press. "Vláda nechce odpovedať novinám, naposledy to urobil Mečiar". ekonomika.sme.sk (in Slovak). Retrieved 12 August 2020.
- ^ "Pellegrini volá po zmene, pripúšťa svoj odchod". trend.sk (in Slovak). 29 May 2019. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
External links
- (in Slovak)
- Entry in Slovak Interior Ministry's Register of Parties (in Slovak)