Dendrodrilus rubidus is a species of earthworm in the family Lumbricidae. It is native to Europe, and it is a widespread introduced species,[1] occurring on every continent except Antarctica, as well as many islands.[2] It is often invasive.[1] It is sometimes used as fishing bait, and is marketed under many nonspecific names, including red wiggler, jumping red wiggler, red trout worm, jumbo red worm, and pink worm.[1][3] Other common names include bank worm, tree worm, and gilt tail.[4]
This earthworm is 2 to 10 centimeters long and dark red in color with a yellowish or orange tail end.[4]
Habitatedit
This is an epigeic species, one which occurs on the soil surface in leaf litter and in the top layers of the soil, up to 10 centimeters deep.[1] It prefers substrates rich in organic material, such as rotting wood and other plant matter, compost, peat, and manure.[5] It occurs in many habitat types. It is common in the coniferous forests of its native range, and in cultivated soils.[1] In North America it is often found in biological surveys of caves.[6] It inhabits the organic soils of the nest mounds of the red wood ant (Formica aquilonia) in the forests of Finland, and it may help to keep the nests free of fungi.[7] This earthworm is tolerant of soils with high levels of heavy metals and toxic semimetals. It has been observed in mine spoils contaminated with arsenic[8] and in nickel- and copper-contaminated soils near smelting operations.[9] It also tolerates acidic conditions,[1][10] allowing it to thrive in the acidic litter of conifers.[10]
Biologyedit
The species has a high rate of reproduction, and can complete its life cycle in 75 days.[5] There are morphs that reproduce sexually and by parthenogenesis, producing young without fertilization.[1]
While the worms themselves are sensitive to cold temperatures, the cocoons are very cold-hardy. They can stay viable over the winter in temperatures below −40 °C. In an experiment, 50% of a sample of cocoons kept at the temperature of liquid nitrogen (−196 °C) for 24 hours still had viable embryos. Their ability to survive such cold comes from their very low water content and the presence of cryoprotectant compounds such as sorbitol.[2] In cold climates the adults die off and the cocoons overwinter, a new generation emerging when temperatures rise.[1]
As an invasive speciesedit
This is one of many European earthworms that are now familiar worldwide as introduced and sometimes invasive species. For example, the Upper Midwest region of the United States has no native earthworms today, the last native taxa having been extirpated during the Ice Age. With European settlers came European earthworm species such as D. rubidus, which now make up the local earthworm fauna.[3] A similar pattern occurred on parts of the Russian Plain, which has a few native earthworms and many introduced species.[10]D. rubidus and other exotic epigeic earthworms are considered invasive because they alter the composition and stratification of the leaf litter on the forest floor as they consume it; this alters the ecosystems involved with the various soil horizons, a change which has a cascading effect through other ecosystems.[1]
One common way this species spreads is through the release of bait worms into the habitat. It is a "nightcrawler", an earthworm used as fishing bait, and one of several species sold in American bait shops as "red wigglers".[3] It can often be found in shipments of worms labelled as another species, such as Lumbricus terrestris or L. rubellus.[10] Bait worms are commonly lost and dumped in the habitat on fishing trips;[3] sites of invasive populations are often near lakes.[1] Exotic earthworms in general are also introduced when the cocoons are transported on vehicles and machinery, in ballast, and on the water itself.[1]
There are no good control methods for exotic earthworms that do not have the potential to affect other organisms, so prevention of introductions is more important.[1]
^ abcdefghijkl Dendrodrilus rubidus. 2013-11-09 at the Wayback Machine Global Invasive Species Database. ISSG.
^ abBerman, D. I., et al. (2010). Egg cocoons of the earthworm Dendrodrilus rubidus tenuis (Lumbricidae, Oligochaeta) withstand the temperature of liquid nitrogen. Doklady Biological Sciences 434(1), 347-50.
^ abcdKeller, R. P., et al. (2007). From bait shops to the forest floor: earthworm use and disposal by anglers. 2013-11-09 at the Wayback MachineThe American Midland Naturalist 158(2), 321-28.
^ abDendrodrilus rubidus. 2013-11-09 at the Wayback Machine A Guide to Common British Earthworms. Earthworm Research Group. University of Central Lancashire.
^ abDominguez, J. and C. A. Edwards. Biology and Ecology of Earthworm Species Used for Vermicomposting. Chapter 3 In: Edwards, C. A., et al. (Eds.) Vermiculture Technology: Earthworms, Organic Wastes, and Environmental Management. CRC Press. 2010.
^Reeves, W. K. (2001). Exotic species in North American caves. 2013-11-09 at the Wayback Machine In: Rea, G. T. (Ed.) Proceedings of the 1999 National Cave and Karst Management Symposium. Chattanooga, Tennessee. Southeastern Cave Conservancy, Inc. October 19–22, 1999. pp. 164-66.
^Laakso, J. and H. Setälä. (1997). Nest mounds of red wood ants (Formica aquilonia): hot spots for litter-dwelling earthworms. Oecologia 111(4), 565-69.
^Langdon, C. J., et al. (2003). Arsenic speciation in the earthworms Lumbricus rubellus and Dendrodrilus rubidus. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 22(6), 1302-08.
^Plytycz, B., et al. (2010). Riboflavin mobilization from eleocyte stores in the earthworm Dendrodrilus rubidus inhabiting aerially-contaminated Ni smelter soil. Chemosphere 81(2), 199-205.
^ abcdTiunov, A. V., et al. (2006). Invasion patterns of Lumbricidae into the previously earthworm-free areas of northeastern Europe and the western Great Lakes region of North America. 2013-11-09 at the Wayback MachineBiological Invasions 8(6), 1223-34.
^Schmidt, O. et al 2015. Multiple records confirm presence of Dendrobaena attemsi (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) in Ireland. Ir Nat J.34: 110 - 112
January 01, 1970
dendrodrilus, rubidus, species, earthworm, family, lumbricidae, native, europe, widespread, introduced, species, occurring, every, continent, except, antarctica, well, many, islands, often, invasive, sometimes, used, fishing, bait, marketed, under, many, nonsp. Dendrodrilus rubidus is a species of earthworm in the family Lumbricidae It is native to Europe and it is a widespread introduced species 1 occurring on every continent except Antarctica as well as many islands 2 It is often invasive 1 It is sometimes used as fishing bait and is marketed under many nonspecific names including red wiggler jumping red wiggler red trout worm jumbo red worm and pink worm 1 3 Other common names include bank worm tree worm and gilt tail 4 Dendrodrilus rubidus Dendrodrilus rubidus and Lumbricus rubellus Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Annelida Clade Pleistoannelida Clade Sedentaria Class Clitellata Order Opisthopora Family Lumbricidae Genus Dendrodrilus Species D rubidus Binomial name Dendrodrilus rubidusSavigny 1826 Synonyms Allolobophora constrictus Allolobophora norvegicus Allolobophora tenuis Dendrobaena rubida Contents 1 Description 2 Habitat 3 Biology 4 As an invasive species 5 See also 6 ReferencesDescription editThis earthworm is 2 to 10 centimeters long and dark red in color with a yellowish or orange tail end 4 Habitat editThis is an epigeic species one which occurs on the soil surface in leaf litter and in the top layers of the soil up to 10 centimeters deep 1 It prefers substrates rich in organic material such as rotting wood and other plant matter compost peat and manure 5 It occurs in many habitat types It is common in the coniferous forests of its native range and in cultivated soils 1 In North America it is often found in biological surveys of caves 6 It inhabits the organic soils of the nest mounds of the red wood ant Formica aquilonia in the forests of Finland and it may help to keep the nests free of fungi 7 This earthworm is tolerant of soils with high levels of heavy metals and toxic semimetals It has been observed in mine spoils contaminated with arsenic 8 and in nickel and copper contaminated soils near smelting operations 9 It also tolerates acidic conditions 1 10 allowing it to thrive in the acidic litter of conifers 10 Biology editThe species has a high rate of reproduction and can complete its life cycle in 75 days 5 There are morphs that reproduce sexually and by parthenogenesis producing young without fertilization 1 While the worms themselves are sensitive to cold temperatures the cocoons are very cold hardy They can stay viable over the winter in temperatures below 40 C In an experiment 50 of a sample of cocoons kept at the temperature of liquid nitrogen 196 C for 24 hours still had viable embryos Their ability to survive such cold comes from their very low water content and the presence of cryoprotectant compounds such as sorbitol 2 In cold climates the adults die off and the cocoons overwinter a new generation emerging when temperatures rise 1 As an invasive species editThis is one of many European earthworms that are now familiar worldwide as introduced and sometimes invasive species For example the Upper Midwest region of the United States has no native earthworms today the last native taxa having been extirpated during the Ice Age With European settlers came European earthworm species such as D rubidus which now make up the local earthworm fauna 3 A similar pattern occurred on parts of the Russian Plain which has a few native earthworms and many introduced species 10 D rubidus and other exotic epigeic earthworms are considered invasive because they alter the composition and stratification of the leaf litter on the forest floor as they consume it this alters the ecosystems involved with the various soil horizons a change which has a cascading effect through other ecosystems 1 One common way this species spreads is through the release of bait worms into the habitat It is a nightcrawler an earthworm used as fishing bait and one of several species sold in American bait shops as red wigglers 3 It can often be found in shipments of worms labelled as another species such as Lumbricus terrestris or L rubellus 10 Bait worms are commonly lost and dumped in the habitat on fishing trips 3 sites of invasive populations are often near lakes 1 Exotic earthworms in general are also introduced when the cocoons are transported on vehicles and machinery in ballast and on the water itself 1 There are no good control methods for exotic earthworms that do not have the potential to affect other organisms so prevention of introductions is more important 1 See also editEarthworms as invasive species Dendrobaena attemsi 11 References edit a b c d e f g h i j k l Dendrodrilus rubidus Archived 2013 11 09 at the Wayback Machine Global Invasive Species Database ISSG a b Berman D I et al 2010 Egg cocoons of the earthworm Dendrodrilus rubidus tenuis Lumbricidae Oligochaeta withstand the temperature of liquid nitrogen Doklady Biological Sciences 434 1 347 50 a b c d Keller R P et al 2007 From bait shops to the forest floor earthworm use and disposal by anglers Archived 2013 11 09 at the Wayback Machine The American Midland Naturalist 158 2 321 28 a b Dendrodrilus rubidus Archived 2013 11 09 at the Wayback Machine A Guide to Common British Earthworms Earthworm Research Group University of Central Lancashire a b Dominguez J and C A Edwards Biology and Ecology of Earthworm Species Used for Vermicomposting Chapter 3 In Edwards C A et al Eds Vermiculture Technology Earthworms Organic Wastes and Environmental Management CRC Press 2010 Reeves W K 2001 Exotic species in North American caves Archived 2013 11 09 at the Wayback Machine In Rea G T Ed Proceedings of the 1999 National Cave and Karst Management Symposium Chattanooga Tennessee Southeastern Cave Conservancy Inc October 19 22 1999 pp 164 66 Laakso J and H Setala 1997 Nest mounds of red wood ants Formica aquilonia hot spots for litter dwelling earthworms Oecologia 111 4 565 69 Langdon C J et al 2003 Arsenic speciation in the earthworms Lumbricus rubellus and Dendrodrilus rubidus Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 22 6 1302 08 Plytycz B et al 2010 Riboflavin mobilization from eleocyte stores in the earthworm Dendrodrilus rubidus inhabiting aerially contaminated Ni smelter soil Chemosphere 81 2 199 205 a b c d Tiunov A V et al 2006 Invasion patterns of Lumbricidae into the previously earthworm free areas of northeastern Europe and the western Great Lakes region of North America Archived 2013 11 09 at the Wayback Machine Biological Invasions 8 6 1223 34 Schmidt O et al 2015 Multiple records confirm presence of Dendrobaena attemsi Oligochaeta Lumbricidae in Ireland Ir Nat J 34 110 112 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Dendrodrilus rubidus amp oldid 1199153038, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
