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Geelong

January 05, 2023

This article is about the city in Victoria, Australia. For the city centre suburb, see Geelong city centre. For the local government area, see City of Greater Geelong. For other uses, see Geelong (disambiguation).
For the city located in Taiwan, see Keelung.

Geelong (/dʒɪˈlɒŋ/ jih-LONG)[4][5] (Wathawurrung: Djilang/Djalang)[6] is a port city in the southeastern Australian state of Victoria, located at the eastern end of Corio Bay (the smaller western portion of Port Phillip Bay) and the left bank of Barwon River, about 65 km (40 mi) southwest of Melbourne, the state capital of Victoria.

Geelong
Djilang/Djalang
Victoria
Aerial perspective of Geelong waterfront
Geelong
Coordinates38°09′0″S 144°21′0″E / 38.15000°S 144.35000°E / -38.15000; 144.35000Coordinates: 38°09′0″S 144°21′0″E / 38.15000°S 144.35000°E / -38.15000; 144.35000
Population264,866 (2020)[1] (12th)
 • Density199.30/km2 (516.18/sq mi)
Established1838
Postcode(s)3220
Elevation21 m (69 ft)
Area1,329 km2 (513.1 sq mi)[2][3]
Time zoneAEST (UTC+10)
 • Summer (DST)AEDT (UTC+11)
Location
LGA(s)City of Greater Geelong
CountyGrant
State electorate(s)
Federal division(s)
Mean max temp Mean min temp Annual rainfall
20.4 °C
69 °F		 9.4 °C
49 °F		 439.2 mm
17.3 in

Geelong is the second largest Victorian city (behind Melbourne) with an estimated urban population of 268,277 as of June 2018,[7] and is also Australia's second fastest-growing city. Geelong is also known as the "Gateway City"[8] due to its critical location to surrounding western Victorian regional centres like Ballarat in the northwest, Torquay, Great Ocean Road and Warrnambool in the southwest, Hamilton, Colac and Winchelsea to the west, providing a transport corridor past the Central Highlands for these regions to the state capital Melbourne in its northeast. The City of Greater Geelong is also a member of the Gateway Cities Alliance in partnership with Councils from Newcastle and Wollongong.

Geelong is the administrative centre for the City of Greater Geelong municipality, which is Port Phillip's only regional metropolitan area, and covers all the urban, rural and coastal reserves around the city including the entire Bellarine Peninsula[note 1] and running from the plains of Lara in the north to the rolling hills of Waurn Ponds to the south, with Corio Bay to the east and the Barrabool Hills to the west.

The traditional owners of the land on which Geelong sits are the Wadawurrung (also known as Wathaurong) Aboriginal people of the Kulin nation. The Wadawurrung Traditional Owners Aboriginal Corporation is the Registered Aboriginal Party for the region.[9] The modern name of Geelong, established in 1827, was derived from the local Wadawurrung name for the region, Djilang, thought to mean "land", "cliffs" or "tongue of land or peninsula".[10][11] The area was first surveyed by the European settlers in 1838, three weeks after Melbourne. A town post office was opened by June 1840, the second to open in the Port Phillip District.[12] The first woolstore was erected in this period and it became the port for the wool industry of the Western District.[13]

During the Victorian gold rush, Geelong experienced a brief boom as the main port to the rich goldfields of the Ballarat district.[14] The town then diversified into manufacturing, and during the 1860s became one of the largest manufacturing centres in Australia with its wool mills, ropeworks, and paper mills.[15] It was proclaimed a city in 1910, with industrial growth from this time until the 1960s establishing the city as a manufacturing centre for the state,[13] and the population grew to over 100,000 by the mid-1960s.[16] During the city's early years, an inhabitant of Geelong was often known as a Geelongite[17] or a "Pivotonian", derived from the city's nickname of "The Pivot", referencing the city's role as a shipping and rail hub for the area.[18] Population increases over the last decade were due to growth in service industries,[19] as the manufacturing sector has declined. Redevelopment of the inner city has occurred since the 1990s, as well as gentrification of inner suburbs, and currently has a population growth rate higher than the national average.[20]

Today, Geelong stands as an emerging healthcare, education and advanced manufacturing center. The city's economy is shifting quickly and despite experiencing the drawbacks of losing much of its heavy manufacturing, it is seeing much growth in other tertiary sectors, positioning itself as one of the leading non-capital Australian cities. It is home to the Geelong Football Club, the second oldest club in the Australian Football League.

History

See also: Timeline of Geelong history

Etymology

The name Geelong comes from Djilang, used by the Wadawurrung Traditional Owners of the area at the time of settlement.

Early history and foundation

 
Aerial panorama of Geelong facing the bay. Taken August 2018.

The area of Geelong and the Bellarine Peninsula are the traditional lands of the Wadawurrung (Wathaurong) Indigenous Australian tribe.[21] The first non-Indigenous person recorded as visiting the region was Lieutenant John Murray, who commanded the brig HMS Lady Nelson.[14] After anchoring outside Port Phillip Heads (the narrow entrance to Port Phillip, onto which both Geelong and Melbourne now front), on 1 February 1802, he sent a small boat with six men to explore.[22] Led by John Bowen, they explored the immediate area, returning to Lady Nelson on 4 February. On reporting favourable findings, Lady Nelson entered Port Phillip on 14 February, and did not leave until 12 March. During this time, Murray explored the Geelong area and, whilst on the far side of the bay, claimed the entire area for Britain. He named the bay Port King, after Philip Gidley King,[22] then Governor of New South Wales. Governor King later renamed the bay Port Phillip after the first governor of New South Wales, Arthur Phillip.[23] Arriving not long after Murray was Matthew Flinders, who entered Port Phillip on 27 April 1802.[14] He charted the entire bay, including the Geelong area, believing he was the first to sight the huge expanse of water, but in a rush to reach Sydney before winter set in, he left Port Phillip on 3 May.

In January 1803, Surveyor-General Charles Grimes arrived at Port Phillip in the sloop Cumberland and mapped the area, including the future site of Geelong,[22] but reported the area was unfavourable for settlement and returned to Sydney on 27 February.[24] In October of the same year, HMS Calcutta led by Lieutenant Colonel David Collins arrived in the bay to establish the Sullivan Bay penal colony.[22] Collins was dissatisfied with the area chosen, and sent a small party led by First Lieutenant J.H. Tuckey to investigate alternative sites.[25] The party spent 22 to 27 October on the north shore of Corio Bay, where the first Aboriginal death at the hands of a European in Victoria occurred.[22]

The next European visit to the area was by the explorers Hamilton Hume and William Hovell. They reached the northern edge of Corio Bay – the area of Port Phillip that Geelong now fronts – on 16 December 1824,[26] and it was at this time they reported that the Aboriginals called the area Corayo, the bay being called Djillong.[14] Hume and Hovell had been contracted to travel overland from Sydney to Port Phillip, and having achieved this, they stayed the night and began their return journey two days later on 18 December.[26]

The convict William Buckley escaped from the Sullivan Bay settlement in 1803, and lived among the Wadawurrung people for 32 years on the Bellarine Peninsula.[27] In 1835, John Batman used Indented Head as his base camp,[28] leaving behind several employees whilst he returned to Tasmania (then known as Van Diemen's Land) for more supplies and his family. In this same year, Buckley surrendered to the party led by John Helder Wedge and was later pardoned by Lieutenant-Governor Sir George Arthur, and subsequently given the position of interpreter to the natives.[29]

 
Depiction of early Geelong as a small collection of houses and paddocks by the bay

In March 1836, three squatters, David Fisher, James Strachan, and George Russell, arrived on Caledonia and settled the area.[22] Geelong was first surveyed by Assistant Surveyor W. H. Smythe three weeks after Melbourne, and was gazetted as a town on 10 October 1838.[14] There was already a church, hotel, store, wool store, and 82 houses, and the town population was 545.[14] By 1841, the first wool had been sent to England and a regular steamer service was running between Geelong and Melbourne.[28] Captain Foster Fyans was commissioned as the local Police Magistrate in 1837 and established himself on the Barwon River at the site of the area of present-day Fyansford.[30] Fyans arranged the first muster of the Indigenous population and 275 Aboriginal people were found to be living in the area. Fyans distributed blankets, sugar and flour to these people but soon ordered his soldiers to "click their triggers" at them when a lack of blankets caused anger.[31] Fyans constructed a breakwater to improve the water supply to the city by preventing the salty lower reaches from mixing with fresh water and pooling water. In 1839, Charles Sievwright, the newly appointed Assistant Protector of Aborigines (for the western district) sets up camp on the Barwon River near Fyans ford.

The Geelong Keys were discovered around 1845 by Governor Charles La Trobe on Corio Bay. They were embedded in the stone in such a way that he believed that they had been there for 100–150 years, possibly dropped by Portuguese explorers.[32] In 1849, Fyans was nominated as the inaugural Mayor of the Geelong Town Council[30] and renowned fly fishing author Alfred Ronalds engraved the town seal.[33] An early settler of Geelong, Alexander Thomson, for which the area of Thomson in Geelong East is named, settled on the Barwon River, and was Mayor of Geelong on five occasions from 1850 to 1858.[34]

1850s: Gold rush

Main article: Victorian gold rush
 
View of Geelong. 1856 oil painting by Eugene von Guérard.

Gold was discovered in nearby Ballarat in 1851, causing the Geelong population to grow to 23,000 people by the mid-1850s.[14] To counter this, a false map was issued by Melbourne interests to new arrivals, showing the quickest road to the goldfields as being via Melbourne.[14] The first issue of the Geelong Advertiser newspaper was published in 1840 by James Harrison, who also built the world's first ether vapour compression cycle ice-making and refrigeration machine in 1844, later being commissioned by a brewery in 1856 to build a machine that cooled beer.[35]

 
A paddlesteamer approaches busy Geelong Harbour in 1857.

The Geelong Hospital was opened in 1852, and construction on the Geelong Town Hall commenced in 1855.[16] Development of the Port of Geelong began with the creation of the first shipping channel in Corio Bay in 1853.[16] The Geelong-to-Melbourne railway was built by the Geelong and Melbourne Railway Company in 1857.[36] Rabbits were introduced to Australia in 1859 by Thomas Austin, who imported them from England for hunting purposes at his Barwon Park property near Winchelsea.[37] One of Geelong's best-known department stores, Bright and Hitchcocks, was established in 1861,[16] and the HM Prison Geelong built using convict labour, was opened in 1864.[38]

In 1866, Graham Berry started a newspaper, the Geelong Register, as a rival to the established Geelong Advertiser. When this proved unsuccessful, he bought the Advertiser and made himself editor of the now-merged papers.[39] Using the paper as a platform, he was elected for Geelong West in 1869. In 1877, he switched to Geelong, which he represented until 1886, and served as Victorian Premier in 1875, 1877–1880, and 1880–1881.[40] On the Market Square in the middle of the city, a clock tower was erected in 1856, and an Exhibition Building was opened in 1879.

1860s: The 'Sleepy Hollow'

The gold rush had seen Ballarat and Bendigo grow larger than Geelong in terms of population. Melbourne critics dubbed Geelong 'Sleepy Hollow',[14] a tag that recurred many times in the following years. A number of industries became established in Geelong, including Victoria's first woollen mill at South Geelong in 1868. In 1869, the clipper Lightning caught fire at the Yarra Street pier and was cast adrift in Corio Bay to burn, before being sunk by artillery fire.[28] Improvements to transport saw Geelong emerge as the centre of the Western District of Victoria, with railway lines extended towards Colac in 1876, and to Queenscliff in 1879.[36] Construction of the Hopetoun shipping channel began in 1881 and completed in 1893.[16]

The Geelong Cup was first held in 1872, and Victoria's first long-distance telephone call was made from Geelong to Queenscliff on 8 January 1878, only one year after the invention of the device itself.[16] Geelong was also the home of a prosperous wine industry until the emergence of the sap-sucking insect Phylloxera vastatrix at Fyansford in 1875, which led to the Victorian Government ordering the destruction of all vines in the Geelong area to prevent the spread of the pest, killing the industry until the 1960s.[41][16] Between 1886 and 1889, the central business district's major banks and insurance companies erected new premises in a solid and ornate character.[14] The existing Geelong Post Office was built during this time and the Gordon Technical College was established. Further industrial growth occurred, with the Fyansford cement works being established in 1890.[42]

The town became referred to as "The Pivot" in the 1860s, owing to its being a rail and shipping hub for western Victoria.[43]

1900s: A city develops

 
Opening of the Geelong tramway in 1912, Moorabool Street, Geelong.

The town of Geelong officially became a city on 8 December 1910.[44][45] The city gained a number of essential services, with electric light supplied by the Geelong Power Station starting in 1902, the Geelong Harbour Trust was formed in December 1905,[46] and the Geelong Waterworks and Sewerage Trust formed in 1908. Electric trams began operation in 1912, travelling from the city centre to the suburbs until their demise in 1956.[47] The first of many stores on the Market Square was opened in 1913,[16] and the first Gala Day festival was held in 1916.[16]

Geelong's industrial growth accelerated in the 1920s: woollen mills, fertiliser plants, the Ford Motor Company's vehicle plant at Norlane, and the Corio whisky distillery were all established in this period.[36] The Geelong Advertiser radio station 3GL (now K-Rock) commenced transmission in 1930,[28] the Great Ocean Road was opened in 1932, and in 1934, the T & G Building opened on the most prominent intersection in the city, the corner of Ryrie and Moorabool Streets.

By 1936, Geelong had displaced Ballarat as Victoria's second-largest city.[48]

 
The steamboat Edina leaving Geelong on its final journey on 21 June 1938

In 1938, one of the last Port Philip Bay steamers, Edina, made its final trip to Geelong, ending a period of seaside excursions and contests for the fastest trip. The Eastern Beach foreshore beautification and pool was completed in 1939 after almost 10 years of work.[16]

On the eve of World War II, the International Harvester works were opened beside Ford at North Shore, along with a grain elevator at nearby Corio Quay, and the Shell Australia oil refinery.[36]

Post-war period

 
Eastern Beach in 1950

Government housing was constructed in the suburbs of East Geelong, Norlane, North Shore, and Corio from the 1950s. The banks of the Barwon River burst in 1952, inundating nearby Belmont Common.

Geelong continued to expand with Corio, Highton, and Belmont growing at such a rate that in February 1967, Geelong accounted for 21% of private home development in Greater Melbourne.[14] Private vehicles became the city's major mode of transport. The first parking meters in the city were introduced in 1961, new petrol stations were constructed and the city's first supermarket, operated by Woolworths, opened in 1965.[14] Later, support came for Cycling in Geelong with Australia's first bike plan in 1977.[3] [4].

Industrial growth continued with a second cement works operating at Waurn Ponds by 1964[36] and the Alcoa Point Henry aluminium smelter constructed in 1962.[49]

Federal government policy changes on tariff protection led to the closure of many Geelong industrial businesses from the 1970s. Most woollen mills closed in 1974 and hectares of warehouse space in the city centre were left empty after wool-handling practices changed.[14] The Target head office opened in North Geelong, Deakin University was established at Waurn Ponds in 1974, and the Geelong Performing Arts Centre opened in 1981.[50] Later, the Australian Animal Health Laboratory was opened in 1985,[51] and the National Wool Museum in 1988.[52]

Market Square, the first enclosed shopping centre in the city, was opened in 1985, with neighbouring Bay City Plaza opened in 1988.[53] The Pyramid Building Society, founded in Geelong in 1959,[54] collapsed in 1990, leaving debts of AU$1.3 billion to over 200,000 depositors,[55] and causing the Geelong economy to stagnate.[56] On 18 May 1993, the City of Greater Geelong was formed by the amalgamation of a number of smaller municipalities with the former City of Geelong.[57] The Waterfront Geelong redevelopment, started in 1994, was designed to enhance use and appreciation of Corio Bay[58] and in 1995 the Barwon River overflowed in the worst flood since 1952.[59]

21st century

 
Redeveloped Waterfront Geelong (Steampacket Quay)
 
Little Malop St precinct, looking west.

In 2004, Avalon Airport was upgraded to accommodate interstate passenger travel, providing a base for the low-cost airline Jetstar to serve the Melbourne and Geelong urban areas.[60] Geelong is planned to expand towards the south coast, with 2,500 hectares of land to become a major suburban development for 55,000 to 65,000 people, known as Armstrong Creek.[61] In 2006, construction began on the Geelong Ring Road, designed to replace the Princes Highway through Geelong from Corio to Waurn Ponds. It opened in 2009.

More than AU$500-million-worth of major construction was under way in 2007.[62] Major projects include the $150-million Westfield Geelong expansion works, involving a flyover of Yarra Street, the city's first Big W store, and an additional 70 new speciality stores; the $37-million Deakin Waterfront campus redevelopment, and the $23-million Deakin Medical School; the $50-million Edgewater apartment development on the waterfront; a number of multimillion-dollar office developments in the CBD; and a new $30-million aquatic centre in Waurn Ponds.[62]

Major developments within Geelong are advocated by influential, non-government group the Committee for Geelong and the region's local government alliance, G21 Geelong Region Alliance.

The City of Greater Geelong and four other local municipalities form part of the alliance which identifies the Geelong region's priorities, and advocates all levels of government for funding and implement the projects. G21 developed 'The Geelong Region Plan - a sustainable growth strategy' 4 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine which was launched by in 2007. It was the approved strategic plan for the Geelong region. In addition, major projects such as the Geelong Ring Road Connections and duplication of the Princes Highway West obtained funding due to the combined efforts of the region's municipalities. As at May 2017, a further 13 Priority Projects are planned for the Geelong region.

The Victoria Government announced the relocation of the Transport Accident Commission headquarters from Melbourne to Geelong in October 2006, which created 850 jobs and an annual economic benefit over $59 million to the Geelong region.[63] The construction of the $80-million Brougham Street headquarters was completed in late 2008.[64] In November 2008, Ford Australia announced that its Australian-designed I6 engine would be re-engineered to meet the latest emissions regulations, and that consequently the engine manufacturing plant would be upgraded (however, all manufacturing of motor vehicles in Geelong and elsewhere throughout Australia ceased by 2017).

A change to the city skyline is occurring with a number of modern apartment buildings on the Waterfront and central business district planned or under construction. On 10 July 2008, approval was given for a $100-million twin-tower apartment complex of 16 and 12 floors to be built on Mercer St in the city's western edge. The towers will become the tallest buildings in the city, taking the title from the Mercure Hotel.[65] Further highrise developments are planned as part of the City of Greater Geelong's Geelong Western Edge strategic plan.[66] A$17-million 11-story apartment tower has also recently been proposed to be built next to the Deakin Waterfront Campus.[67]

In 2012, a design competition for a "city icon" was run for the City of Geelong by Deakin University and Senia Lawyers. The recipient of the prize and winning design entry was JOH Architects and their design titled "The Sea Dragon".[68]

Geelong's new Library and Heritage Centre opened to the public in November 2015. The new addition to Geelong offers new research facilities, display areas and hosts Geelong's extensive heritage, modern and Indigenous. The new library was awarded the Sir Zelman Cowen Award for Public Architecture[69] in 2016.

Currently Geelong is undergoing a major revival effort, the Green Spine Project.[70] The Green Spine project will connect Johnstone Park to the Botanic Gardens by a continuous line of trees via Malop Street. The redevelopment of Malop street will see the installation of separated bike lanes from both pedestrians and local traffic by greenery, the design is an Australian first. This project includes the installation of art sculptures and street art throughout the city centre. Major redevelopments are also occurring at Johnstone Park, with a new raingarden installation, and Lt Malop Street is seeing more upgrades.[71]

In the suburbs Geelong West's Pakington Street is seeing major upgrades to its street appeal, with new plantings and upgrades to many of the shops. Manifold Heights' Shannon Avenue will see redevelopment to make it more pedestrian friendly. To Geelong's north, Rippleside is undergoing major changes, with the ongoing development of Balmoral Quay which will see Rippleside Park and nearby St Helens Park connected via a waterfront footpath as well as beach restoration and a boat dock expansion.[citation needed]

Recently new high rise buildings are being built giving Geelong more jobs and housing.[72] Worksafe Victoria opened up a new 14-storey building on Malop Dt. It opened in mid-2018 and was the tallest building until it was announced that two residential high rises would be built and completed in late 2019. They are called The Mercer and Miramar Apartments.[citation needed]

Geography

 
Map of the Geelong urban area and the City of Greater Geelong

Geelong is located on the shores of the western tip of Corio Bay, a southwestern inlet of Port Phillip Bay. During clear weather, the distant Melbourne skyline is visible from higher areas of Geelong when viewed across the waters of Port Phillip. The Barwon River flows through the southern fringe of the Geelong city centre before entering Lake Connewarre and the estuary at Barwon Heads before draining into the Bass Strait.[73] The city is situated just east of the gap between the Otway Ranges and Brisbane Ranges, and commands the only lowland passage between the Werribee Plain and Western Volcanic Plains.

Geologically, the oldest rocks in the area date back to the Cambrian period 500 million years ago, with volcanic activities occurring in the Devonian period 350 million years ago.[74] In prehistoric times water covered much of the lowlands that are now Geelong, with the Barwon River estuary located at Belmont Common, the course of the river being changed when Mount Moriac erupted and lava was sent eastwards towards Geelong.[73]

To the east of the city are the Bellarine Hills and the undulating plains of the Bellarine Peninsula. To the west are the sandstone-derived Barrabool Hills and basalt Mount Duneed, and the volcanic plains to the north of Geelong extend to the Brisbane Ranges and the You Yangs.[74] Soils vary from sandy loam, basalt plains, and river loam to rich volcanic soils,[75] suitable for intensive farming, grazing, forestry, and viticulture.

Many materials used to construct buildings were quarried from Geelong, such as bluestone from the You Yangs and sandstone from the Brisbane Ranges.[74] A small number of brown coal deposits exist in the Geelong region, most notably at Anglesea, where it has been mined to fuel Alcoa's Anglesea Power Station since 1969.[76] Limestone has also been quarried for cement production at Fyansford since 1888,[42] and Waurn Ponds since 1964.[77]

City and suburbs

 
Suburban expansion in Grovedale

Geelong has over 60 suburbs, including the following:

Anakie, Armstrong Creek, Avalon, Balliang, Barwon Heads, Batesford, Bell Park, Bell Post Hill, Bellarine, Belmont, Breakwater, Breamlea, Ceres, Charlemont, City of Greater Geelong, Clifton Springs, Connewarre, Corio, Curlewis, Drumcondra, Drysdale, East Geelong, Fyansford, Geelong, Geelong West, Grovedale, Hamlyn Heights, Herne Hill, Highton, Indented Head, Lara, Leopold, Little River, Lovely Banks, Manifold Heights, Mannerim, Marcus Hill, Marshall, Moolap, Moorabool, Mount Duneed, Newcomb, Newtown, Norlane, North Geelong, North Shore, Ocean Grove, Point Lonsdale, Point Wilson, Portarlington, Queenscliff, Rippleside, South Geelong, St Albans Park, St Leonards, Staughton Vale, Swan Bay, Thomson, Wallington, Wandana Heights, Waurn Ponds, and Whittington.

Development in Geelong started on the shores of Corio Bay in what is now the inner city. Development later spread to the south towards the Barwon River, and the hill of Newtown and Geelong West. Major development south of the river in Belmont did not start until the 1920s, stimulated by the construction of a new bridge over the river in 1926, and the extension of the Geelong tramway system in 1927.[16] Industrial areas were traditionally located on the Corio Bay for port access,[78] or the Barwon River for waste disposal.

In the interwar and post-World War II years, heavy industry continued to establish itself in the flatter northern suburbs,[78] where today industries such as the Shell oil refinery and Ford Motor Company engine plant reside.[79] Residential development also spread to Corio and Norlane in the north, with new Housing Commission of Victoria estates built to cater for employees of the new industries. From the 1960s, residential growth spread to the Highton hills in the south and North Geelong following prosperous industries like the gasworks, followed by Grovedale in the 1970s. A number of light industrial areas were also established in Breakwater, Moolap, and South Geelong.[78]

Changing cargo-handling methods at the Port of Geelong left woolstores in inner Geelong unused, redevelopment beginning in the 1980s with the expansion of Westfield Geelong towards Corio Bay, and culminating in the Waterfront Geelong development.[80] Gentrification of former working-class inner suburbs such as Geelong West, North Geelong, and South Geelong has also occurred.[81] Today, the major residential growth corridors are north towards Lara, east towards Leopold, and south towards Mount Duneed as the Armstrong Creek Growth Area.[61]

Climate

Geelong has stable weather, yet still offers four distinct seasons.[82] It has a temperate oceanic climate (Cfb in the Köppen climate classification) with dominant westerly winds, variable clouds, moderate precipitation, warm summers, and mild to cool winters.[83][84] February is the hottest month and July is the coldest.[85] The highest temperature recorded was 47.4 °C (117.3 °F) on 7 February 2009 during a two-week-long heat wave, with the lowest of −4.4 °C (24.1 °F) recorded on 5 August 1997.[86] The average annual rainfall is around 520 mm (20.5 in), which makes Geelong the driest sizeable city in Australia, owing to the pronounced rain shadow of the Otway Ranges to the southwest.[85] Within the city, rainfall shows a strong gradient from south to north, so that the southernmost suburbs can receive around 700 mm (28 in) whilst more northerly Lara receives as little as 425 mm (17 in), which is the lowest rainfall in southern Victoria.[87]

Climate data for Geelong (Avalon Airport) 1995–2020 averages, 1995–present extremes
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 46.3
(115.3) 		47.9
(118.2) 		42.0
(107.6) 		36.1
(97.0) 		28.0
(82.4) 		23.6
(74.5) 		22.5
(72.5) 		25.9
(78.6) 		31.3
(88.3) 		37.8
(100.0) 		41.8
(107.2) 		45.8
(114.4) 		47.9
(118.2)
Average high °C (°F) 26.6
(79.9) 		26.2
(79.2) 		24.4
(75.9) 		20.5
(68.9) 		17.3
(63.1) 		14.7
(58.5) 		14.2
(57.6) 		15.4
(59.7) 		17.8
(64.0) 		20.3
(68.5) 		22.6
(72.7) 		24.5
(76.1) 		20.4
(68.7)
Average low °C (°F) 14.2
(57.6) 		14.5
(58.1) 		12.6
(54.7) 		9.7
(49.5) 		7.7
(45.9) 		5.7
(42.3) 		5.2
(41.4) 		5.5
(41.9) 		6.7
(44.1) 		8.1
(46.6) 		10.6
(51.1) 		11.9
(53.4) 		9.4
(48.9)
Record low °C (°F) 4.5
(40.1) 		6.8
(44.2) 		2.9
(37.2) 		0.6
(33.1) 		−1.3
(29.7) 		−2.9
(26.8) 		−4.0
(24.8) 		−4.4
(24.1) 		−1.7
(28.9) 		0.1
(32.2) 		2.6
(36.7) 		4.8
(40.6) 		−4.4
(24.1)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 31.1
(1.22) 		35.0
(1.38) 		24.8
(0.98) 		39.8
(1.57) 		32.4
(1.28) 		40.5
(1.59) 		36.1
(1.42) 		38.3
(1.51) 		40.2
(1.58) 		40.9
(1.61) 		50.7
(2.00) 		28.5
(1.12) 		439.2
(17.29)
Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) 6.0 5.7 6.7 9.7 11.9 13.8 15.4 15.2 13.6 12.0 9.9 8.5 128.4
Average afternoon relative humidity (%) 50 49 49 56 64 68 66 62 58 53 54 53 57
Source 1: Bureau of Meteorology, Avalon Airport (1991–2020)[88]
Source 2: Bureau of Meteorology, Avalon Airport (all years)[89]

Economy

 
Unemployment rate in the Geelong labour market region since 1998[90]

More than 10,000 businesses employ over 80,000 people in the Geelong region,[19] with manufacturing and processing industries providing around 15,000 jobs, followed by 13,000 in retail, and 8,000 in health and community services.[19]

Geelong's major employers were the Ford Motor Company engine plant in Norlane (closed in 2016), aircraft maintenance at Avalon Airport, the head office of retail chain Target Australia (until 2018), the Bartter (Steggles) chicken processing plant and the Shell oil refinery at Corio.[91] GMHBA Limited, a health insurance company, is headquartered in Geelong.[92]

The Geelong region attracted over 6 million tourists during 2001.[93] Major tourist attractions include the Waterfront Geelong precinct and Eastern Beach on the shores of Corio Bay, and the National Wool Museum in the city, and more than 30 historical buildings listed on the Victorian Heritage Register.[94] The Geelong area hosts regular international events which are also tourist drawcards, including the Australian International Airshow.

Geelong has a number of shopping precincts in the CBD and surrounding suburbs. The two main shopping centres are located in the CBD - Westfield Geelong and Market Square, with smaller centres in the suburbs including Belmont Village and Waurn Ponds Shopping Centre in the south, Bellarine Village in Newcomb in the east, and Corio Shopping Centre in the north.[19] The opening of the major shopping centres has caused a decline in strip shopping on Moorabool Street, with many empty shops and few customers.[95] Geelong is also home to Mitre 10's largest franchisees - Fagg's - operating five stores across the town and employing over 160 people.

These major research laboratories are located in the Geelong area: the CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory in East Geelong,[96] CSIRO Division of Textiles and Fibres Technology in Belmont,[97] and the Marine and Freshwater Resources Institute at Queenscliff.[98]

The scheduled closure of Ford's Australian manufacturing base in 2016 was confirmed in late May 2013. Headquartered in the Victorian suburb of Broadmeadows, the company had registered losses of AU$600 million over the five years prior to the announcement. It was noted that the corporate fleet and government sales that accounted for two-thirds of large, local car sales in Australia were insufficient to keep Ford's products profitable and viable in Australia.[99]

Following the decision by the Royal Dutch Shell fuel corporation to close its Geelong refinery in April 2013, a third consecutive annual loss was recorded for Shell's Australian refining and fuel marketing assets. Revealed in June 2013, the writedown is worth AU$203 million, and was preceded by a $638-million writedown in 2012 and a $407-million writedown in 2011 after the closure of the Clyde refinery in Sydney.[100]

In April 2016 Target announced that it would be moving its headquarters out of North Geelong to Williams Landing in Melbourne's west.[101]

Demographics

Population over time[16]
1841 454
1846 2,065
1851 8,291
1854 20,115
1861 22,929
1891 17,445
1901 25,017
1907 28,021
1921 31,689
1933 39,223
1946 51,000
1954 72,995
1961 91,666
1966 105,059
1976 122,080
1981 141,279
1988 146,349
2006 160,991
2009 179,971
2010 184,583

As of the 2006 census, 160,000 people resided in 68,000 households. The median age of persons in Geelong was 37 years. About 19.4% of the population of Geelong were children aged between 0–14 years, and 26.6% were persons aged 55 years and over.[102] Each dwelling is on average occupied by 2.59 persons, slightly lower than the state and national averages.[103] The median household income was $901 per week, $121 less than the state average, partly due to higher reliance on manufacturing for employment.[103] The population of Geelong is growing by 2500 people each year,[104] and the City of Greater Geelong had the highest rate of building activity in Victoria outside metropolitan Melbourne.[105]

About 78.4% of people from Geelong are Australian-born, with the most common overseas birthplaces being: England (3.6%), Italy (1.1%), Croatia (1.0%), the Netherlands (0.9%), and Scotland (0.8%). Around 14.2% of households speak a language other than English in the home.[102] Notable ethnic groups in the city are the Croatian community, who first came to the city in the 1850s[106] and with migration since World War II are now the largest Croatian community in Australia,[107] and the German settlers who founded Germantown (now Grovedale) in 1849 to escape repression in Prussia for their Lutheran faith.[108]

 
St Mary of the Angels Basilica

The 2006 census found the most common religious affiliation in Geelong was Catholicism at 29.4%. St. Mary of the Angels Basilica is the largest congregation in the city. Other affiliations of resident of Geelong include no religion 20.5%, Anglican 14.6%, Uniting Church 7.9%, and Presbyterian and Reformed at 4.3%.[109] The city has a large number of traditional Christian churches, as well as Orthodox Christian churches in the northern suburbs.

Governance

 
Geelong Town Hall

In local government, the Geelong region is covered by the City of Greater Geelong. The council was created in 1993 as an amalgamation of a number of other municipalities in the region,[57] with the council chambers located at the Geelong Town Hall in central Geelong. The City is made up of four wards - Brownbill (central Geelong and inner suburbs), Bellarine, Kardinia (southern Geelong, south of the Barwon River) and Windermere (northern suburbs). Brownbill, Kardinia and Bellarine are each represented by three councillors, whereas Windermere is represented by two.[110]

From 2012 to 2016, the Mayor of Geelong was directly elected by the public to a four-year term.[110] Entrepreneur and former paparazzo Darryn Lyons held this position from 2013 to 2016.[111]

On 16 April 2016,[112] the Victorian Government dismissed the Mayor and Councillors of the Greater Geelong City Council,[113] following a Commission of Inquiry which found that the council is riven with conflict, unable to manage Geelong's economic challenges, has dysfunctional leadership and has a culture of bullying.[114] The government appointed administrators to run the council until council elections are held in 2017.[115]

In state politics, the Legislative Assembly districts of Geelong, South Barwon, Lara, and Bellarine cover the Geelong area. Lara is a safe Labor seat. Geelong and Bellarine are generally more marginal, though lean more towards Labor whereas South Barwon is a marginal seat that tends to lean towards the Liberal Party. As of the 2018 Victorian State Election, all four of these electorates are held by the Australian Labor Party.[116] On 12 February 2020, Minister for Planning Richard Wynn established Geelong Authority to advise on strategies to attract investment to central Geelong and on major planning applications to help create jobs and drive growth in Geelong.[117] The committee is chaired by Diana Taylor (lawyer) and consists of Mark Edmonds (Chairman of Geelong Chamber of Commerce), Aamir Qutub (CEO of Enterprise Monkey), Jill Smith (former General Manager of Geelong Arts Centre) and Rory Costelloe (Executive Director of Villawood Properties)[118] and Dr Sarah Leach.

In federal politics, the House of Representatives seats - the Division of Corio and Division of Corangamite cover the Geelong region. Corio roughly covers the northern half of Geelong and has been a safe Australian Labor Party since the 1970s, but was previously the seat of Richard Casey, a leading conservative Cabinet member in the 1930s and later Governor-General, as well as Hubert Opperman, a former cycling champion and a prominent minister in the 1960s. It was also the seat of Gordon Scholes, who was Speaker during the Whitlam government. Corio is currently held by Deputy Prime Minister Richard Marles.

Corangamite, which roughly includes the southern half of Geelong as well as the Bellarine Peninsula, has traditionally been safe for the Liberal Party, but has become more marginal in recent years due to demographic changes.[119] Corangamite had been a safe seat for the Liberal Party and its predecessors from the 1930s through the 2000s. Future Prime Minister of Australia James Scullin served one term in this seat in the 1910s.[120] It was won by the Australian Labor Party at the 2019 federal election and again in 2022 by Libby Coker.

Culture

Events and festivals

The Royal Geelong Show is held each year at the Geelong Showgrounds. Other events include Pako Festa (held annually in February),[121] Gala Day Parade (annual event that celebrated its 96th year in 2012)[122] and Family Fun Day (held annually as part of the Gala Day celebrations),[123] and the Geelong Heritage Festival that is run by the local branch of the National Trust.[124][125]

Geelong hosts Victoria's only international photographic salon 'VIGEX' every two years. VIGEX is an acronym for "VIctoria Geelong EXhibition" and the inaugural event was held in 1980. The Australian Photographic Society, the world governing body of exhibition photography the International Federation of Photographic Art and the Victorian Association of Photographic Societies are patrons of the biennial photographic salon.[126]

Geelong's History is preserved through both the Geelong Historical Society, and the associated Geelong Heritage Centre for which a substantial new building construction of which commenced in 2015.[127]

Now defunct, Geelong hosted a digital conference Pivot Summit which was headlined by Apple Co-founder Steve Wozniak in 2017.[128]

Arts and entertainment

Recognising a long history in design excellence, Geelong was designated as a UNESCO Creative City of Design in 2017.[129]

Geelong is home to a number of pubs, nightclubs, and live-music venues. The city is also the birthplace or starting point for a number of notable Australian bands and musicians, such as Barry Crocker, Gyan Evans, Magic Dirt, Jeff Lang, Denis Walter, Chrissy Amphlett, and Helen Garner.[130]

Geelong also hosts music festivals such as the Meredith Music Festival, Offshore Festival, Poppykettle Festival, and National Celtic Festival.

The city's prominent cultural venues are the Geelong Performing Arts Centre (commonly known as "GPAC"),[131] the 1500-seat Costa Hall auditorium and the Geelong Art Gallery.[132]

Based in Geelong, Back to Back Theatre is a globally renown, contemporary Australian theatre companies engaging with disability on stage. With work produced by the company, Back to Back Theatre explores questions about politics, ethics and philosophy in humanity and tours nationally and globally. In 2022, Back to Back Theatre was awarded the $300,000 International Ibsen Award.[133]

Local community-led, not for profit Creative Geelong Inc[134] was established in 2015 to support local creatives and highlight the opportunities for creative industries practitioners in the region. In 2017, Creative Geelong partnered with Deakin University to crowdfund and produce three documentaries about Geelong's transformation from a heavy manufacturing hub to a creative destination.[135][136] Hubcaps to Creative Hubs series showcase three locations in Geelong including the Federal Woollen Mills, RS&S Woollen Mills and the Fyansford Paper Mills and tells the story of their industrial past and new purpose as creative hot spots.

Media

The Geelong Advertiser, the oldest newspaper title in Victoria and the second-oldest in Australia,[137][138] was established in 1840. The free Geelong Independent and Geelong News are the city's other major newspapers.

Geelong is part of the Melbourne television licence area, and receives all of the free-to-air stations from Melbourne, including ABC, SBS, Seven, Nine, Ten, and the community channel C31. The Geelong region also receives cable and satellite television services through operators Foxtel and Neighbourhood Cable.

The local radio stations are K-Rock (rock and pop music), Rhema FM (Christian community station), Hot Country Radio (country music station), The Pulse (community station), 3GPH (radio reading service), and Bay FM (adult contemporary). The transmitters for K-Rock, The Pulse, Rhema FM, and Bay FM are located at a shared transmitter site on Mount Bellarine, near Drysdale. Most Melbourne-based radio stations can also be received clearly in the Geelong region.

Sport

 
Aerial perspective of GMHBA stadium, home of the Geelong Cats

Australian rules football is the most popular sport in Geelong. Established in 1859, the Geelong Football Club is the second-second oldest club[139] in the Australian Football League (AFL) and one of the world's oldest football clubs. Until South Melbourne relocated to Sydney in 1981, it was the only VFL/AFL club based outside of the greater Melbourne metropolitan area. Its home ground is Kardinia Park stadium. It also fields a reserves side in the Victorian Football League,[139] and three independent football leagues run in the area: the Geelong Football League, the Geelong & District Football League, and the Bellarine Football League.[140]

The Arena stadium in North Geelong is the home of the Geelong Supercats basketball team, and was also used during the 2006 Commonwealth Games for basketball games.[141] Geelong's Basketball/Netball Centre is home to another basketball team from the region, the Corio Bay Stingrays.[142] The city co-hosted the 2003 FIBA Oceania Championship where Australia's national basketball team won the gold medal.

North Geelong Warriors FC are the region's primary soccer club, playing in the National Premier Leagues Victoria competition. The club played in the Victorian Premier League from 1992 to 1997 and in the top tier of the NPL in 2015. Other soccer clubs include Northern based Geelong Rangers FC, Geelong SC, Corio SC, Lara United FC and Southern based Surf Coast SC. Western United play a few home games every year in GMHBA stadium, Geelong is included in the marketing for the club in western victoria.

Geelong has a horse-racing club, the Geelong Racing Club, which schedules around 22 race meetings a year, including the Geelong Cup meeting in October.[143] The Geelong Cup was first run in 1872,[144] and is considered one of the most reliable guides to the result of the Melbourne Cup.[145] It also has a picnic horse-racing club, Geelong St Patricks Racing Club, which holds its one race meeting a year in February.[146]

Geelong Harness Racing Club conducts regular meetings at its racetrack at Corio,[147] and the Geelong Greyhound Racing Club holds regular meetings.[148]

Founded in 1882, the Geelong Lawn Tennis Club has 27 tennis courts and plays host to a number of tennis tournaments including the Davis Cup tie between Australia and China in 2012.

 
2007 Bay Classic Series at Eastern Beach

The Eastern Beach foreshore and nearby Eastern Gardens regularly host internationally televised triathlons, and annual sports car and racing car events such as the Geelong Speed Trials.[149]

Corio Bay is also host to many sailing and yachting events. Geelong also has many golf courses, sporting and recreation ovals, and playing fields, as well as facilities for water skiing, rowing, fishing, hiking, and greyhound and harness racing.[150] Geelong Athletics holds competitions during both the summer and winter, including high-profile events such as Victorian and sometimes national and international track and field meets.

Geelong is home to Australia's largest indoor skate park,[151] and has "more skate parks per capita than any other municipality in Australia."[152]

Geelong is also the birthplace of Bev Francis, an IFBB professional Australian female bodybuilder, powerlifter, and national shot put champion.[153][154]

The Cadel Evans Great Ocean Road Race, named in honor of the Tour de France winner and 2009 World Champion starts in the city. It then goes through Barwon Heads on the Bellarine Peninsula, passing by the famous surf beach of Bells Beach in Surf Coast Shire and continuing along the Great Ocean Road. The race then heads via rolling hills back to Geelong for three circuits of the city before a waterfront finish. The race generally suits puncheurs who are capable of getting into breakaways and can easily climb short, steep hills.[155][156]

The city's GMHBA Stadium hosted the first match of the 2022 Men's T20 cricket World Cup. Along with other cities in regional Victoria, Geelong will host the 2026 Commonwealth Games.

Public services

Education

Main article: List of schools in Geelong
 
The Gordon Institute of TAFE building in Fenwick Street

Geelong is served by a number of public and private schools that cater to local and overseas students. Over 40,000 primary and secondary students are enrolled in schools in Geelong, with another 27,000 students enrolled in tertiary and further education programs.[19] The first schools in Geelong were established when the town was settled from the 1850s, among them were the historic private schools The Geelong College and Geelong Grammar School,[91] where HRH Charles, Prince of Wales spent two terms in 1966.

Geelong is also home to the oldest state secondary school in Victoria, Geelong High School, which has been serving the community since 1905, for over 100 years.

The Gordon Memorial Technical College opened in 1888, and is known today as the Gordon Institute of TAFE.[16] In 1976, the Gordon Institute was divided into two parts, with academic courses becoming part of the newly formed Deakin University based at the Waurn Ponds campus.[157] Deakin University enrolled its first students at its Waurn Ponds campus in 1977. Today, the university is located on a 365-ha site at Waurn Ponds and has over 1,000 staff and over 4,000 on-campus students.[158] The university also has a campus located on the waterfront of Corio Bay in the Geelong CBD,[159] a campus in Burwood, Melbourne,[160] and a campus in Warrnambool, in Western Victoria.[159] From 2008 the campus at Waurn Ponds also has been home to Victoria's first regional medical school.[161]

Health

 
Main entrance to Geelong Hospital

The major public health service is Barwon Health, which operates 21 separate health sites including University Hospital Geelong on Ryrie Street, and the McKellar Centre on Ballarat Road. Barwon Health services the entire region. The largest private hospital is the nearby St John of God Health Care centre on Myers Street. Prominent healthcare services include the Epworth Hospital located at 1 Epworth Place, Waurn Ponds VIC 3216.,[162] and Geelong Health (Geelong West).

Utilities

 
The former Geelong A power station, now part of Westfield Geelong

Water storage and supply in Geelong is managed by Barwon Water, a Victoria government-owned urban water corporation. Geelong is supplied with water from three river systems: the Barwon, the East Moorabool, and the West Moorabool Rivers. The catchment areas are the Brisbane Ranges to Geelong's north-west, and the Otway Ranges to the south-west. The first water supplies to Geelong were from the Stony Creek reservoirs near Steiglitz, but, as of 2010, Geelong, together with Ballarat, consumes about 70% of the Moorabool River's water flow.[163] Sewage from Geelong and district is treated at the Black Rock Treatment Plant at Breamlea and then discharged into Bass Strait.

Geelong was first supplied with electricity in 1902 when the Geelong power station opened on the corner of Yarra and Brougham Streets. Later known as Geelong A, the power station was rebuilt in 1920 to increase the capacity, with the station continued operating until 1961. In 1936, Geelong was connected to the state electrical grid. The Geelong B power station at North Geelong opened in 1954,[49] and was closed in 1970 due to the much higher efficiency of the power stations in the Latrobe Valley. The supply of piped coal gas in Geelong started in 1860 by the Geelong Gas Company. The gasworks were located in North Geelong next to the North Geelong railway station.[164] Geelong was converted to natural gas in 1971, with the Geelong Gas Company being taken over by the Gas and Fuel Corporation of Victoria on 30 June 1971.[165]

Transportation

 
Princes Freeway's Geelong Ring Road, looking south towards suburban Waurn Ponds

The main form of transportation in Geelong is the automobile. Geelong is well-connected by roads to all of south-west Victoria, to Melbourne by a major-arterial the Princes Freeway (M1) with three or four lanes in each direction, to Warrnambool by the Princes Highway (A1), the Bellarine Peninsula by the Bellarine Highway (B110), Ballarat by the Midland Highway (A300), and to Hamilton by the Hamilton Highway (B140). The $380-million Geelong Ring Road (an extension of the Princes Freeway) bypasses the greater Geelong urban area exiting the Princes Highway near Corio to rejoin the highway at Waurn Ponds.[166] The Lewis Bandt Bridge, named in honour of the Ford Australia engineer who is credited as the inventor of the ute (1934), in Geelong is a feature of the new road.[167]

Avalon Airport

 
Jetstar aircraft at Avalon Airport

Avalon Airport is located about 15 km (9.3 mi) to the north-east of the city of Geelong in the suburb of Avalon. It was established in 1953 for the production of military aircraft.[168] It was also used for the repair of commercial aircraft, and for pilot training. Avalon Airport has also been home to low-cost airline Jetstar since 2004.[60] Flights to Sydney use the airport and in June 2015, Jetstar announced it would fly to the Gold Coast daily from Avalon Airport commencing October 2015. Avalon Airport is the venue for 'Thunder Down Under' Australian International Airshow every other year.

Avalon Airport now has international flights with AirAsia X to and from Kuala Lumpur and Citilink to Denpasar

Rail

 
V/Line passenger trains at Geelong railway station

Geelong is a major hub for rail transport in Victoria, having frequent services to and from Melbourne, and being at the junction of the Port Fairy, Western standard gauge and the Geelong-Ballarat lines.[36] Eight passenger railway stations are in the urban area, all along the Warrnambool line and served by V/Line trains.[169] The Geelong line provides passenger services to Melbourne in the off-peak with trains departing Geelong every 20 minutes on weekdays, with more frequent services at peak times. According to V/Line, the Geelong line carries more passengers than any other regional rail line in Australia.[170] None of the lines are electrified and all trains servicing Geelong are diesel powered.

Geelong's currently operating stations include Little River, Lara, Corio, North Shore, North Geelong, Geelong, South Geelong, Marshall and Waurn Ponds.

In the past, a rail line connected Geelong city to the Bellarine Peninsula through to Queenscliff, ceasing to operate as a regular passenger service in 1976. The Bellarine Railway operates a section of the line between Drysdale and Queenscliff as a tourist attraction.

Passenger services run to Warrnambool three times daily, connecting Geelong with Colac, Terang, and Camperdown. Journey Beyond's The Overland service between Melbourne and Adelaide stops at the standard-gauge platform provided at North Shore station. It runs six days a week, with three services to Adelaide and three to Melbourne.[171] Freight trains also operate from Melbourne to Geelong serving local industries,[79] as well as to Warrnambool and other western Victorian towns. The main Melbourne-Adelaide standard-gauge line is a heavily used interstate freight route.

Victoria's electronic ticketing system, Myki, was implemented on rail services between Marshall and Melbourne on 29 July 2013.[172]

The Victorian government is currently in process of land acquisition and inspection for a potential Torquay rail line which would service both Torquay and the Armstrong Creek growth corridor.

Ports and ferry services

 
Cunningham Pier

The Port of Geelong is located on the shores of Corio Bay, and is the sixth-largest seaport in Australia by tonnage.[173] Major commodities include crude oil and petroleum products, export grain, woodchips, alumina imports, and fertiliser.[174] The Bellarine Peninsula has been linked to the Mornington Peninsula since 1987[175] by the Searoad ferry, which runs every hour using two roll-on/roll-off ferries between Queenscliff and Sorrento[176]

Port Phillip Ferries began operating twice daily services between Portarlington and Melbourne Docklands in November 2016. Three years later overcrowding on trains led to a similar service being introduced from Geelong to Docklands. The services are popular with both tourists and commuters, providing an alternative access for Geelong and the Bellarine Peninsula to Melbourne. The 36-metre-long catamaran ferries seat over 400 passengers, provide a comfortable vantage point to enjoy the sights of Port Phillip. The introduction of the Portarlington service led to a major revamp of the local pier, with pier extensions and a protective rock wall installed.[citation needed]

From 23 October 2022 the Tasmanian ferry service, the Spirit of Tasmania, will operate from a new terminal in North Geelong rather than from Port Melbourne.[177]

Bus and taxi

A bus network covering the city centre and most surrounding suburbs provides public transport. Until June 2015 they were operated under the umbrella of the Geelong Transit System. Public Transport Victoria contracts CDC Geelong and McHarry's Buslines to provide Geelong's bus services and bus services to Torquay and the Bellarine Peninsula.[178] V/Line services link Geelong with Ballarat, Daylesford, Bendigo, Apollo Bay, the Great Ocean Road, the Twelve Apostles and Warrnambool.[169]

 
Off-Duty Geelong Taxi Network vehicle in Norlane

Taxi services in Geelong are provided by Geelong Taxi Network, a newly formed depot following the effective merger of Bay City Cabs and Geelong Radio Cabs in July 2007.[179] The majority of the network covers the city and suburban areas of the city, with "urban" classification for the vehicles in use. The Bellarine Peninsula, and Torquay areas, although part of Geelong Taxi Network, are both covered by separate "country" classification taxis. Often, disputes occur in regards to different taxis from one licence area, picking up work from either of the other two licence areas, which is illegal in most circumstances under current taxi regulations in Victoria.[180] Call centre and radio dispatch services for the new combined network are provided by Silver Top Taxis in Melbourne.

Cycling and walking

Geelong also has many kilometres of bicycle trails including the:

  • Bay Trail, Corio Quay to Limeburners Point
  • Cowies Creek Trail
  • Hovells Creek Trail
  • Ted Wilson trail- Follows the Geelong Ring Road for 12 km between Corio to Hamlyn Heights
  • Waurn Ponds trail offers follows over 6 km of the Waurn Ponds creek

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The ABS defined urban area (SUA) for Geelong corresponds with the Greater Geelong LGA except that the SUA excludes the Portarlington Statistical Area (SA2), but includes the Point Lonsdale - Queenscliff and Torquay SA2s.

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External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Geelong.
 
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Geelong.
 
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Overland travel between Melbourne and Adelaide.
 
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Great Ocean Road.
  • Official website of the Geelong Otway Tourism Region of the Great Ocean Road
  • Official G21 - Geelong Region Alliance site including growth statistics
  • Geelong TV Guide - All channels currently broadcasting in the Geelong and surrounding areas

January 05, 2023
geelong, this, article, about, city, victoria, australia, city, centre, suburb, city, centre, local, government, area, city, greater, other, uses, disambiguation, city, located, taiwan, keelung, long, wathawurrung, djilang, djalang, port, city, southeastern, a. This article is about the city in Victoria Australia For the city centre suburb see Geelong city centre For the local government area see City of Greater Geelong For other uses see Geelong disambiguation For the city located in Taiwan see Keelung Geelong dʒ ɪ ˈ l ɒ ŋ jih LONG 4 5 Wathawurrung Djilang Djalang 6 is a port city in the southeastern Australian state of Victoria located at the eastern end of Corio Bay the smaller western portion of Port Phillip Bay and the left bank of Barwon River about 65 km 40 mi southwest of Melbourne the state capital of Victoria Geelong Djilang DjalangVictoriaAerial perspective of Geelong waterfrontGeelongCoordinates38 09 0 S 144 21 0 E 38 15000 S 144 35000 E 38 15000 144 35000 Coordinates 38 09 0 S 144 21 0 E 38 15000 S 144 35000 E 38 15000 144 35000Population264 866 2020 1 12th Density199 30 km2 516 18 sq mi Established1838Postcode s 3220Elevation21 m 69 ft Area1 329 km2 513 1 sq mi 2 3 Time zoneAEST UTC 10 Summer DST AEDT UTC 11 Location72 km 45 mi SW of Melbourne city centre75 km 47 mi E of Colac166 km 103 mi E of WarrnamboolLGA s City of Greater GeelongCountyGrantState electorate s BellarineGeelongLaraSouth BarwonFederal division s CorangamiteCorioMean max temp Mean min temp Annual rainfall20 4 C 69 F 9 4 C 49 F 439 2 mm 17 3 inGeelong is the second largest Victorian city behind Melbourne with an estimated urban population of 268 277 as of June 2018 7 and is also Australia s second fastest growing city Geelong is also known as the Gateway City 8 due to its critical location to surrounding western Victorian regional centres like Ballarat in the northwest Torquay Great Ocean Road and Warrnambool in the southwest Hamilton Colac and Winchelsea to the west providing a transport corridor past the Central Highlands for these regions to the state capital Melbourne in its northeast The City of Greater Geelong is also a member of the Gateway Cities Alliance in partnership with Councils from Newcastle and Wollongong Geelong is the administrative centre for the City of Greater Geelong municipality which is Port Phillip s only regional metropolitan area and covers all the urban rural and coastal reserves around the city including the entire Bellarine Peninsula note 1 and running from the plains of Lara in the north to the rolling hills of Waurn Ponds to the south with Corio Bay to the east and the Barrabool Hills to the west The traditional owners of the land on which Geelong sits are the Wadawurrung also known as Wathaurong Aboriginal people of the Kulin nation The Wadawurrung Traditional Owners Aboriginal Corporation is the Registered Aboriginal Party for the region 9 The modern name of Geelong established in 1827 was derived from the local Wadawurrung name for the region Djilang thought to mean land cliffs or tongue of land or peninsula 10 11 The area was first surveyed by the European settlers in 1838 three weeks after Melbourne A town post office was opened by June 1840 the second to open in the Port Phillip District 12 The first woolstore was erected in this period and it became the port for the wool industry of the Western District 13 During the Victorian gold rush Geelong experienced a brief boom as the main port to the rich goldfields of the Ballarat district 14 The town then diversified into manufacturing and during the 1860s became one of the largest manufacturing centres in Australia with its wool mills ropeworks and paper mills 15 It was proclaimed a city in 1910 with industrial growth from this time until the 1960s establishing the city as a manufacturing centre for the state 13 and the population grew to over 100 000 by the mid 1960s 16 During the city s early years an inhabitant of Geelong was often known as a Geelongite 17 or a Pivotonian derived from the city s nickname of The Pivot referencing the city s role as a shipping and rail hub for the area 18 Population increases over the last decade were due to growth in service industries 19 as the manufacturing sector has declined Redevelopment of the inner city has occurred since the 1990s as well as gentrification of inner suburbs and currently has a population growth rate higher than the national average 20 Today Geelong stands as an emerging healthcare education and advanced manufacturing center The city s economy is shifting quickly and despite experiencing the drawbacks of losing much of its heavy manufacturing it is seeing much growth in other tertiary sectors positioning itself as one of the leading non capital Australian cities It is home to the Geelong Football Club the second oldest club in the Australian Football League Contents 1 History 1 1 Etymology 1 2 Early history and foundation 1 3 1850s Gold rush 1 4 1860s The Sleepy Hollow 1 5 1900s A city develops 1 6 Post war period 1 7 21st century 2 Geography 2 1 City and suburbs 2 2 Climate 3 Economy 4 Demographics 5 Governance 6 Culture 6 1 Events and festivals 6 2 Arts and entertainment 6 3 Media 6 4 Sport 7 Public services 7 1 Education 7 2 Health 7 3 Utilities 8 Transportation 8 1 Avalon Airport 8 2 Rail 8 3 Ports and ferry services 8 4 Bus and taxi 8 5 Cycling and walking 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External linksHistory EditSee also Timeline of Geelong history Etymology Edit The name Geelong comes from Djilang used by the Wadawurrung Traditional Owners of the area at the time of settlement Early history and foundation Edit Aerial panorama of Geelong facing the bay Taken August 2018 The area of Geelong and the Bellarine Peninsula are the traditional lands of the Wadawurrung Wathaurong Indigenous Australian tribe 21 The first non Indigenous person recorded as visiting the region was Lieutenant John Murray who commanded the brig HMS Lady Nelson 14 After anchoring outside Port Phillip Heads the narrow entrance to Port Phillip onto which both Geelong and Melbourne now front on 1 February 1802 he sent a small boat with six men to explore 22 Led by John Bowen they explored the immediate area returning to Lady Nelson on 4 February On reporting favourable findings Lady Nelson entered Port Phillip on 14 February and did not leave until 12 March During this time Murray explored the Geelong area and whilst on the far side of the bay claimed the entire area for Britain He named the bay Port King after Philip Gidley King 22 then Governor of New South Wales Governor King later renamed the bay Port Phillip after the first governor of New South Wales Arthur Phillip 23 Arriving not long after Murray was Matthew Flinders who entered Port Phillip on 27 April 1802 14 He charted the entire bay including the Geelong area believing he was the first to sight the huge expanse of water but in a rush to reach Sydney before winter set in he left Port Phillip on 3 May In January 1803 Surveyor General Charles Grimes arrived at Port Phillip in the sloop Cumberland and mapped the area including the future site of Geelong 22 but reported the area was unfavourable for settlement and returned to Sydney on 27 February 24 In October of the same year HMS Calcutta led by Lieutenant Colonel David Collins arrived in the bay to establish the Sullivan Bay penal colony 22 Collins was dissatisfied with the area chosen and sent a small party led by First Lieutenant J H Tuckey to investigate alternative sites 25 The party spent 22 to 27 October on the north shore of Corio Bay where the first Aboriginal death at the hands of a European in Victoria occurred 22 The next European visit to the area was by the explorers Hamilton Hume and William Hovell They reached the northern edge of Corio Bay the area of Port Phillip that Geelong now fronts on 16 December 1824 26 and it was at this time they reported that the Aboriginals called the area Corayo the bay being called Djillong 14 Hume and Hovell had been contracted to travel overland from Sydney to Port Phillip and having achieved this they stayed the night and began their return journey two days later on 18 December 26 The convict William Buckley escaped from the Sullivan Bay settlement in 1803 and lived among the Wadawurrung people for 32 years on the Bellarine Peninsula 27 In 1835 John Batman used Indented Head as his base camp 28 leaving behind several employees whilst he returned to Tasmania then known as Van Diemen s Land for more supplies and his family In this same year Buckley surrendered to the party led by John Helder Wedge and was later pardoned by Lieutenant Governor Sir George Arthur and subsequently given the position of interpreter to the natives 29 Depiction of early Geelong as a small collection of houses and paddocks by the bay In March 1836 three squatters David Fisher James Strachan and George Russell arrived on Caledonia and settled the area 22 Geelong was first surveyed by Assistant Surveyor W H Smythe three weeks after Melbourne and was gazetted as a town on 10 October 1838 14 There was already a church hotel store wool store and 82 houses and the town population was 545 14 By 1841 the first wool had been sent to England and a regular steamer service was running between Geelong and Melbourne 28 Captain Foster Fyans was commissioned as the local Police Magistrate in 1837 and established himself on the Barwon River at the site of the area of present day Fyansford 30 Fyans arranged the first muster of the Indigenous population and 275 Aboriginal people were found to be living in the area Fyans distributed blankets sugar and flour to these people but soon ordered his soldiers to click their triggers at them when a lack of blankets caused anger 31 Fyans constructed a breakwater to improve the water supply to the city by preventing the salty lower reaches from mixing with fresh water and pooling water In 1839 Charles Sievwright the newly appointed Assistant Protector of Aborigines for the western district sets up camp on the Barwon River near Fyans ford The Geelong Keys were discovered around 1845 by Governor Charles La Trobe on Corio Bay They were embedded in the stone in such a way that he believed that they had been there for 100 150 years possibly dropped by Portuguese explorers 32 In 1849 Fyans was nominated as the inaugural Mayor of the Geelong Town Council 30 and renowned fly fishing author Alfred Ronalds engraved the town seal 33 An early settler of Geelong Alexander Thomson for which the area of Thomson in Geelong East is named settled on the Barwon River and was Mayor of Geelong on five occasions from 1850 to 1858 34 1850s Gold rush Edit Main article Victorian gold rush View of Geelong 1856 oil painting by Eugene von Guerard Gold was discovered in nearby Ballarat in 1851 causing the Geelong population to grow to 23 000 people by the mid 1850s 14 To counter this a false map was issued by Melbourne interests to new arrivals showing the quickest road to the goldfields as being via Melbourne 14 The first issue of the Geelong Advertiser newspaper was published in 1840 by James Harrison who also built the world s first ether vapour compression cycle ice making and refrigeration machine in 1844 later being commissioned by a brewery in 1856 to build a machine that cooled beer 35 A paddlesteamer approaches busy Geelong Harbour in 1857 The Geelong Hospital was opened in 1852 and construction on the Geelong Town Hall commenced in 1855 16 Development of the Port of Geelong began with the creation of the first shipping channel in Corio Bay in 1853 16 The Geelong to Melbourne railway was built by the Geelong and Melbourne Railway Company in 1857 36 Rabbits were introduced to Australia in 1859 by Thomas Austin who imported them from England for hunting purposes at his Barwon Park property near Winchelsea 37 One of Geelong s best known department stores Bright and Hitchcocks was established in 1861 16 and the HM Prison Geelong built using convict labour was opened in 1864 38 In 1866 Graham Berry started a newspaper the Geelong Register as a rival to the established Geelong Advertiser When this proved unsuccessful he bought the Advertiser and made himself editor of the now merged papers 39 Using the paper as a platform he was elected for Geelong West in 1869 In 1877 he switched to Geelong which he represented until 1886 and served as Victorian Premier in 1875 1877 1880 and 1880 1881 40 On the Market Square in the middle of the city a clock tower was erected in 1856 and an Exhibition Building was opened in 1879 1860s The Sleepy Hollow Edit The gold rush had seen Ballarat and Bendigo grow larger than Geelong in terms of population Melbourne critics dubbed Geelong Sleepy Hollow 14 a tag that recurred many times in the following years A number of industries became established in Geelong including Victoria s first woollen mill at South Geelong in 1868 In 1869 the clipper Lightning caught fire at the Yarra Street pier and was cast adrift in Corio Bay to burn before being sunk by artillery fire 28 Improvements to transport saw Geelong emerge as the centre of the Western District of Victoria with railway lines extended towards Colac in 1876 and to Queenscliff in 1879 36 Construction of the Hopetoun shipping channel began in 1881 and completed in 1893 16 The Geelong Cup was first held in 1872 and Victoria s first long distance telephone call was made from Geelong to Queenscliff on 8 January 1878 only one year after the invention of the device itself 16 Geelong was also the home of a prosperous wine industry until the emergence of the sap sucking insect Phylloxera vastatrix at Fyansford in 1875 which led to the Victorian Government ordering the destruction of all vines in the Geelong area to prevent the spread of the pest killing the industry until the 1960s 41 16 Between 1886 and 1889 the central business district s major banks and insurance companies erected new premises in a solid and ornate character 14 The existing Geelong Post Office was built during this time and the Gordon Technical College was established Further industrial growth occurred with the Fyansford cement works being established in 1890 42 The town became referred to as The Pivot in the 1860s owing to its being a rail and shipping hub for western Victoria 43 1900s A city develops Edit Opening of the Geelong tramway in 1912 Moorabool Street Geelong The town of Geelong officially became a city on 8 December 1910 44 45 The city gained a number of essential services with electric light supplied by the Geelong Power Station starting in 1902 the Geelong Harbour Trust was formed in December 1905 46 and the Geelong Waterworks and Sewerage Trust formed in 1908 Electric trams began operation in 1912 travelling from the city centre to the suburbs until their demise in 1956 47 The first of many stores on the Market Square was opened in 1913 16 and the first Gala Day festival was held in 1916 16 Geelong s industrial growth accelerated in the 1920s woollen mills fertiliser plants the Ford Motor Company s vehicle plant at Norlane and the Corio whisky distillery were all established in this period 36 The Geelong Advertiser radio station 3GL now K Rock commenced transmission in 1930 28 the Great Ocean Road was opened in 1932 and in 1934 the T amp G Building opened on the most prominent intersection in the city the corner of Ryrie and Moorabool Streets By 1936 Geelong had displaced Ballarat as Victoria s second largest city 48 The steamboat Edina leaving Geelong on its final journey on 21 June 1938 In 1938 one of the last Port Philip Bay steamers Edina made its final trip to Geelong ending a period of seaside excursions and contests for the fastest trip The Eastern Beach foreshore beautification and pool was completed in 1939 after almost 10 years of work 16 On the eve of World War II the International Harvester works were opened beside Ford at North Shore along with a grain elevator at nearby Corio Quay and the Shell Australia oil refinery 36 Post war period Edit Eastern Beach in 1950 Government housing was constructed in the suburbs of East Geelong Norlane North Shore and Corio from the 1950s The banks of the Barwon River burst in 1952 inundating nearby Belmont Common Geelong continued to expand with Corio Highton and Belmont growing at such a rate that in February 1967 Geelong accounted for 21 of private home development in Greater Melbourne 14 Private vehicles became the city s major mode of transport The first parking meters in the city were introduced in 1961 new petrol stations were constructed and the city s first supermarket operated by Woolworths opened in 1965 14 Later support came for Cycling in Geelong with Australia s first bike plan in 1977 3 4 Industrial growth continued with a second cement works operating at Waurn Ponds by 1964 36 and the Alcoa Point Henry aluminium smelter constructed in 1962 49 Federal government policy changes on tariff protection led to the closure of many Geelong industrial businesses from the 1970s Most woollen mills closed in 1974 and hectares of warehouse space in the city centre were left empty after wool handling practices changed 14 The Target head office opened in North Geelong Deakin University was established at Waurn Ponds in 1974 and the Geelong Performing Arts Centre opened in 1981 50 Later the Australian Animal Health Laboratory was opened in 1985 51 and the National Wool Museum in 1988 52 Market Square the first enclosed shopping centre in the city was opened in 1985 with neighbouring Bay City Plaza opened in 1988 53 The Pyramid Building Society founded in Geelong in 1959 54 collapsed in 1990 leaving debts of AU 1 3 billion to over 200 000 depositors 55 and causing the Geelong economy to stagnate 56 On 18 May 1993 the City of Greater Geelong was formed by the amalgamation of a number of smaller municipalities with the former City of Geelong 57 The Waterfront Geelong redevelopment started in 1994 was designed to enhance use and appreciation of Corio Bay 58 and in 1995 the Barwon River overflowed in the worst flood since 1952 59 21st century Edit Redeveloped Waterfront Geelong Steampacket Quay Little Malop St precinct looking west In 2004 Avalon Airport was upgraded to accommodate interstate passenger travel providing a base for the low cost airline Jetstar to serve the Melbourne and Geelong urban areas 60 Geelong is planned to expand towards the south coast with 2 500 hectares of land to become a major suburban development for 55 000 to 65 000 people known as Armstrong Creek 61 In 2006 construction began on the Geelong Ring Road designed to replace the Princes Highway through Geelong from Corio to Waurn Ponds It opened in 2009 More than AU 500 million worth of major construction was under way in 2007 62 Major projects include the 150 million Westfield Geelong expansion works involving a flyover of Yarra Street the city s first Big W store and an additional 70 new speciality stores the 37 million Deakin Waterfront campus redevelopment and the 23 million Deakin Medical School the 50 million Edgewater apartment development on the waterfront a number of multimillion dollar office developments in the CBD and a new 30 million aquatic centre in Waurn Ponds 62 Major developments within Geelong are advocated by influential non government group the Committee for Geelong and the region s local government alliance G21 Geelong Region Alliance The City of Greater Geelong and four other local municipalities form part of the alliance which identifies the Geelong region s priorities and advocates all levels of government for funding and implement the projects G21 developed The Geelong Region Plan a sustainable growth strategy Archived 4 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine which was launched by Premier Brumby in 2007 It was the approved strategic plan for the Geelong region In addition major projects such as the Geelong Ring Road Connections and duplication of the Princes Highway West obtained funding due to the combined efforts of the region s municipalities As at May 2017 a further 13 Priority Projects are planned for the Geelong region The Victoria Government announced the relocation of the Transport Accident Commission headquarters from Melbourne to Geelong in October 2006 which created 850 jobs and an annual economic benefit over 59 million to the Geelong region 63 The construction of the 80 million Brougham Street headquarters was completed in late 2008 64 In November 2008 Ford Australia announced that its Australian designed I6 engine would be re engineered to meet the latest emissions regulations and that consequently the engine manufacturing plant would be upgraded however all manufacturing of motor vehicles in Geelong and elsewhere throughout Australia ceased by 2017 A change to the city skyline is occurring with a number of modern apartment buildings on the Waterfront and central business district planned or under construction On 10 July 2008 approval was given for a 100 million twin tower apartment complex of 16 and 12 floors to be built on Mercer St in the city s western edge The towers will become the tallest buildings in the city taking the title from the Mercure Hotel 65 Further highrise developments are planned as part of the City of Greater Geelong s Geelong Western Edge strategic plan 66 A 17 million 11 story apartment tower has also recently been proposed to be built next to the Deakin Waterfront Campus 67 In 2012 a design competition for a city icon was run for the City of Geelong by Deakin University and Senia Lawyers The recipient of the prize and winning design entry was JOH Architects and their design titled The Sea Dragon 68 Geelong s new Library and Heritage Centre opened to the public in November 2015 The new addition to Geelong offers new research facilities display areas and hosts Geelong s extensive heritage modern and Indigenous The new library was awarded the Sir Zelman Cowen Award for Public Architecture 69 in 2016 Currently Geelong is undergoing a major revival effort the Green Spine Project 70 The Green Spine project will connect Johnstone Park to the Botanic Gardens by a continuous line of trees via Malop Street The redevelopment of Malop street will see the installation of separated bike lanes from both pedestrians and local traffic by greenery the design is an Australian first This project includes the installation of art sculptures and street art throughout the city centre Major redevelopments are also occurring at Johnstone Park with a new raingarden installation and Lt Malop Street is seeing more upgrades 71 In the suburbs Geelong West s Pakington Street is seeing major upgrades to its street appeal with new plantings and upgrades to many of the shops Manifold Heights Shannon Avenue will see redevelopment to make it more pedestrian friendly To Geelong s north Rippleside is undergoing major changes with the ongoing development of Balmoral Quay which will see Rippleside Park and nearby St Helens Park connected via a waterfront footpath as well as beach restoration and a boat dock expansion citation needed Recently new high rise buildings are being built giving Geelong more jobs and housing 72 Worksafe Victoria opened up a new 14 storey building on Malop Dt It opened in mid 2018 and was the tallest building until it was announced that two residential high rises would be built and completed in late 2019 They are called The Mercer and Miramar Apartments citation needed Geography Edit Map of the Geelong urban area and the City of Greater Geelong Geelong is located on the shores of the western tip of Corio Bay a southwestern inlet of Port Phillip Bay During clear weather the distant Melbourne skyline is visible from higher areas of Geelong when viewed across the waters of Port Phillip The Barwon River flows through the southern fringe of the Geelong city centre before entering Lake Connewarre and the estuary at Barwon Heads before draining into the Bass Strait 73 The city is situated just east of the gap between the Otway Ranges and Brisbane Ranges and commands the only lowland passage between the Werribee Plain and Western Volcanic Plains Geologically the oldest rocks in the area date back to the Cambrian period 500 million years ago with volcanic activities occurring in the Devonian period 350 million years ago 74 In prehistoric times water covered much of the lowlands that are now Geelong with the Barwon River estuary located at Belmont Common the course of the river being changed when Mount Moriac erupted and lava was sent eastwards towards Geelong 73 To the east of the city are the Bellarine Hills and the undulating plains of the Bellarine Peninsula To the west are the sandstone derived Barrabool Hills and basalt Mount Duneed and the volcanic plains to the north of Geelong extend to the Brisbane Ranges and the You Yangs 74 Soils vary from sandy loam basalt plains and river loam to rich volcanic soils 75 suitable for intensive farming grazing forestry and viticulture Many materials used to construct buildings were quarried from Geelong such as bluestone from the You Yangs and sandstone from the Brisbane Ranges 74 A small number of brown coal deposits exist in the Geelong region most notably at Anglesea where it has been mined to fuel Alcoa s Anglesea Power Station since 1969 76 Limestone has also been quarried for cement production at Fyansford since 1888 42 and Waurn Ponds since 1964 77 City and suburbs Edit Suburban expansion in Grovedale Geelong has over 60 suburbs including the following Anakie Armstrong Creek Avalon Balliang Barwon Heads Batesford Bell Park Bell Post Hill Bellarine Belmont Breakwater Breamlea Ceres Charlemont City of Greater Geelong Clifton Springs Connewarre Corio Curlewis Drumcondra Drysdale East Geelong Fyansford Geelong Geelong West Grovedale Hamlyn Heights Herne Hill Highton Indented Head Lara Leopold Little River Lovely Banks Manifold Heights Mannerim Marcus Hill Marshall Moolap Moorabool Mount Duneed Newcomb Newtown Norlane North Geelong North Shore Ocean Grove Point Lonsdale Point Wilson Portarlington Queenscliff Rippleside South Geelong St Albans Park St Leonards Staughton Vale Swan Bay Thomson Wallington Wandana Heights Waurn Ponds and Whittington Development in Geelong started on the shores of Corio Bay in what is now the inner city Development later spread to the south towards the Barwon River and the hill of Newtown and Geelong West Major development south of the river in Belmont did not start until the 1920s stimulated by the construction of a new bridge over the river in 1926 and the extension of the Geelong tramway system in 1927 16 Industrial areas were traditionally located on the Corio Bay for port access 78 or the Barwon River for waste disposal In the interwar and post World War II years heavy industry continued to establish itself in the flatter northern suburbs 78 where today industries such as the Shell oil refinery and Ford Motor Company engine plant reside 79 Residential development also spread to Corio and Norlane in the north with new Housing Commission of Victoria estates built to cater for employees of the new industries From the 1960s residential growth spread to the Highton hills in the south and North Geelong following prosperous industries like the gasworks followed by Grovedale in the 1970s A number of light industrial areas were also established in Breakwater Moolap and South Geelong 78 Changing cargo handling methods at the Port of Geelong left woolstores in inner Geelong unused redevelopment beginning in the 1980s with the expansion of Westfield Geelong towards Corio Bay and culminating in the Waterfront Geelong development 80 Gentrification of former working class inner suburbs such as Geelong West North Geelong and South Geelong has also occurred 81 Today the major residential growth corridors are north towards Lara east towards Leopold and south towards Mount Duneed as the Armstrong Creek Growth Area 61 Climate Edit Geelong has stable weather yet still offers four distinct seasons 82 It has a temperate oceanic climate Cfb in the Koppen climate classification with dominant westerly winds variable clouds moderate precipitation warm summers and mild to cool winters 83 84 February is the hottest month and July is the coldest 85 The highest temperature recorded was 47 4 C 117 3 F on 7 February 2009 during a two week long heat wave with the lowest of 4 4 C 24 1 F recorded on 5 August 1997 86 The average annual rainfall is around 520 mm 20 5 in which makes Geelong the driest sizeable city in Australia owing to the pronounced rain shadow of the Otway Ranges to the southwest 85 Within the city rainfall shows a strong gradient from south to north so that the southernmost suburbs can receive around 700 mm 28 in whilst more northerly Lara receives as little as 425 mm 17 in which is the lowest rainfall in southern Victoria 87 Climate data for Geelong Avalon Airport 1995 2020 averages 1995 present extremesMonth Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 46 3 115 3 47 9 118 2 42 0 107 6 36 1 97 0 28 0 82 4 23 6 74 5 22 5 72 5 25 9 78 6 31 3 88 3 37 8 100 0 41 8 107 2 45 8 114 4 47 9 118 2 Average high C F 26 6 79 9 26 2 79 2 24 4 75 9 20 5 68 9 17 3 63 1 14 7 58 5 14 2 57 6 15 4 59 7 17 8 64 0 20 3 68 5 22 6 72 7 24 5 76 1 20 4 68 7 Average low C F 14 2 57 6 14 5 58 1 12 6 54 7 9 7 49 5 7 7 45 9 5 7 42 3 5 2 41 4 5 5 41 9 6 7 44 1 8 1 46 6 10 6 51 1 11 9 53 4 9 4 48 9 Record low C F 4 5 40 1 6 8 44 2 2 9 37 2 0 6 33 1 1 3 29 7 2 9 26 8 4 0 24 8 4 4 24 1 1 7 28 9 0 1 32 2 2 6 36 7 4 8 40 6 4 4 24 1 Average rainfall mm inches 31 1 1 22 35 0 1 38 24 8 0 98 39 8 1 57 32 4 1 28 40 5 1 59 36 1 1 42 38 3 1 51 40 2 1 58 40 9 1 61 50 7 2 00 28 5 1 12 439 2 17 29 Average rainy days 0 2 mm 6 0 5 7 6 7 9 7 11 9 13 8 15 4 15 2 13 6 12 0 9 9 8 5 128 4Average afternoon relative humidity 50 49 49 56 64 68 66 62 58 53 54 53 57Source 1 Bureau of Meteorology Avalon Airport 1991 2020 88 Source 2 Bureau of Meteorology Avalon Airport all years 89 Economy Edit Unemployment rate in the Geelong labour market region since 1998 90 More than 10 000 businesses employ over 80 000 people in the Geelong region 19 with manufacturing and processing industries providing around 15 000 jobs followed by 13 000 in retail and 8 000 in health and community services 19 Geelong s major employers were the Ford Motor Company engine plant in Norlane closed in 2016 aircraft maintenance at Avalon Airport the head office of retail chain Target Australia until 2018 the Bartter Steggles chicken processing plant and the Shell oil refinery at Corio 91 GMHBA Limited a health insurance company is headquartered in Geelong 92 The Geelong region attracted over 6 million tourists during 2001 93 Major tourist attractions include the Waterfront Geelong precinct and Eastern Beach on the shores of Corio Bay and the National Wool Museum in the city and more than 30 historical buildings listed on the Victorian Heritage Register 94 The Geelong area hosts regular international events which are also tourist drawcards including the Australian International Airshow Geelong has a number of shopping precincts in the CBD and surrounding suburbs The two main shopping centres are located in the CBD Westfield Geelong and Market Square with smaller centres in the suburbs including Belmont Village and Waurn Ponds Shopping Centre in the south Bellarine Village in Newcomb in the east and Corio Shopping Centre in the north 19 The opening of the major shopping centres has caused a decline in strip shopping on Moorabool Street with many empty shops and few customers 95 Geelong is also home to Mitre 10 s largest franchisees Fagg s operating five stores across the town and employing over 160 people These major research laboratories are located in the Geelong area the CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory in East Geelong 96 CSIRO Division of Textiles and Fibres Technology in Belmont 97 and the Marine and Freshwater Resources Institute at Queenscliff 98 The scheduled closure of Ford s Australian manufacturing base in 2016 was confirmed in late May 2013 Headquartered in the Victorian suburb of Broadmeadows the company had registered losses of AU 600 million over the five years prior to the announcement It was noted that the corporate fleet and government sales that accounted for two thirds of large local car sales in Australia were insufficient to keep Ford s products profitable and viable in Australia 99 Following the decision by the Royal Dutch Shell fuel corporation to close its Geelong refinery in April 2013 a third consecutive annual loss was recorded for Shell s Australian refining and fuel marketing assets Revealed in June 2013 the writedown is worth AU 203 million and was preceded by a 638 million writedown in 2012 and a 407 million writedown in 2011 after the closure of the Clyde refinery in Sydney 100 In April 2016 Target announced that it would be moving its headquarters out of North Geelong to Williams Landing in Melbourne s west 101 Demographics EditPopulation over time 16 1841 4541846 2 0651851 8 2911854 20 1151861 22 9291891 17 4451901 25 0171907 28 0211921 31 6891933 39 2231946 51 0001954 72 9951961 91 6661966 105 0591976 122 0801981 141 2791988 146 3492006 160 9912009 179 9712010 184 583As of the 2006 census 160 000 people resided in 68 000 households The median age of persons in Geelong was 37 years About 19 4 of the population of Geelong were children aged between 0 14 years and 26 6 were persons aged 55 years and over 102 Each dwelling is on average occupied by 2 59 persons slightly lower than the state and national averages 103 The median household income was 901 per week 121 less than the state average partly due to higher reliance on manufacturing for employment 103 The population of Geelong is growing by 2500 people each year 104 and the City of Greater Geelong had the highest rate of building activity in Victoria outside metropolitan Melbourne 105 About 78 4 of people from Geelong are Australian born with the most common overseas birthplaces being England 3 6 Italy 1 1 Croatia 1 0 the Netherlands 0 9 and Scotland 0 8 Around 14 2 of households speak a language other than English in the home 102 Notable ethnic groups in the city are the Croatian community who first came to the city in the 1850s 106 and with migration since World War II are now the largest Croatian community in Australia 107 and the German settlers who founded Germantown now Grovedale in 1849 to escape repression in Prussia for their Lutheran faith 108 St Mary of the Angels Basilica The 2006 census found the most common religious affiliation in Geelong was Catholicism at 29 4 St Mary of the Angels Basilica is the largest congregation in the city Other affiliations of resident of Geelong include no religion 20 5 Anglican 14 6 Uniting Church 7 9 and Presbyterian and Reformed at 4 3 109 The city has a large number of traditional Christian churches as well as Orthodox Christian churches in the northern suburbs Governance Edit Geelong Town Hall In local government the Geelong region is covered by the City of Greater Geelong The council was created in 1993 as an amalgamation of a number of other municipalities in the region 57 with the council chambers located at the Geelong Town Hall in central Geelong The City is made up of four wards Brownbill central Geelong and inner suburbs Bellarine Kardinia southern Geelong south of the Barwon River and Windermere northern suburbs Brownbill Kardinia and Bellarine are each represented by three councillors whereas Windermere is represented by two 110 From 2012 to 2016 the Mayor of Geelong was directly elected by the public to a four year term 110 Entrepreneur and former paparazzo Darryn Lyons held this position from 2013 to 2016 111 On 16 April 2016 112 the Victorian Government dismissed the Mayor and Councillors of the Greater Geelong City Council 113 following a Commission of Inquiry which found that the council is riven with conflict unable to manage Geelong s economic challenges has dysfunctional leadership and has a culture of bullying 114 The government appointed administrators to run the council until council elections are held in 2017 115 In state politics the Legislative Assembly districts of Geelong South Barwon Lara and Bellarine cover the Geelong area Lara is a safe Labor seat Geelong and Bellarine are generally more marginal though lean more towards Labor whereas South Barwon is a marginal seat that tends to lean towards the Liberal Party As of the 2018 Victorian State Election all four of these electorates are held by the Australian Labor Party 116 On 12 February 2020 Minister for Planning Richard Wynn established Geelong Authority to advise on strategies to attract investment to central Geelong and on major planning applications to help create jobs and drive growth in Geelong 117 The committee is chaired by Diana Taylor lawyer and consists of Mark Edmonds Chairman of Geelong Chamber of Commerce Aamir Qutub CEO of Enterprise Monkey Jill Smith former General Manager of Geelong Arts Centre and Rory Costelloe Executive Director of Villawood Properties 118 and Dr Sarah Leach In federal politics the House of Representatives seats the Division of Corio and Division of Corangamite cover the Geelong region Corio roughly covers the northern half of Geelong and has been a safe Australian Labor Party since the 1970s but was previously the seat of Richard Casey a leading conservative Cabinet member in the 1930s and later Governor General as well as Hubert Opperman a former cycling champion and a prominent minister in the 1960s It was also the seat of Gordon Scholes who was Speaker during the Whitlam government Corio is currently held by Deputy Prime Minister Richard Marles Corangamite which roughly includes the southern half of Geelong as well as the Bellarine Peninsula has traditionally been safe for the Liberal Party but has become more marginal in recent years due to demographic changes 119 Corangamite had been a safe seat for the Liberal Party and its predecessors from the 1930s through the 2000s Future Prime Minister of Australia James Scullin served one term in this seat in the 1910s 120 It was won by the Australian Labor Party at the 2019 federal election and again in 2022 by Libby Coker Culture EditEvents and festivals Edit Geelong Library and Heritage Centre The Royal Geelong Show is held each year at the Geelong Showgrounds Other events include Pako Festa held annually in February 121 Gala Day Parade annual event that celebrated its 96th year in 2012 122 and Family Fun Day held annually as part of the Gala Day celebrations 123 and the Geelong Heritage Festival that is run by the local branch of the National Trust 124 125 Geelong hosts Victoria s only international photographic salon VIGEX every two years VIGEX is an acronym for VIctoria Geelong EXhibition and the inaugural event was held in 1980 The Australian Photographic Society the world governing body of exhibition photography the International Federation of Photographic Art and the Victorian Association of Photographic Societies are patrons of the biennial photographic salon 126 Geelong s History is preserved through both the Geelong Historical Society and the associated Geelong Heritage Centre for which a substantial new building construction of which commenced in 2015 127 Now defunct Geelong hosted a digital conference Pivot Summit which was headlined by Apple Co founder Steve Wozniak in 2017 128 Arts and entertainment Edit The Geelong Art Gallery Recognising a long history in design excellence Geelong was designated as a UNESCO Creative City of Design in 2017 129 Geelong is home to a number of pubs nightclubs and live music venues The city is also the birthplace or starting point for a number of notable Australian bands and musicians such as Barry Crocker Gyan Evans Magic Dirt Jeff Lang Denis Walter Chrissy Amphlett and Helen Garner 130 Geelong also hosts music festivals such as the Meredith Music Festival Offshore Festival Poppykettle Festival and National Celtic Festival The city s prominent cultural venues are the Geelong Performing Arts Centre commonly known as GPAC 131 the 1500 seat Costa Hall auditorium and the Geelong Art Gallery 132 Based in Geelong Back to Back Theatre is a globally renown contemporary Australian theatre companies engaging with disability on stage With work produced by the company Back to Back Theatre explores questions about politics ethics and philosophy in humanity and tours nationally and globally In 2022 Back to Back Theatre was awarded the 300 000 International Ibsen Award 133 Local community led not for profit Creative Geelong Inc 134 was established in 2015 to support local creatives and highlight the opportunities for creative industries practitioners in the region In 2017 Creative Geelong partnered with Deakin University to crowdfund and produce three documentaries about Geelong s transformation from a heavy manufacturing hub to a creative destination 135 136 Hubcaps to Creative Hubs series showcase three locations in Geelong including the Federal Woollen Mills RS amp S Woollen Mills and the Fyansford Paper Mills and tells the story of their industrial past and new purpose as creative hot spots Media Edit The Geelong Advertiser the oldest newspaper title in Victoria and the second oldest in Australia 137 138 was established in 1840 The free Geelong Independent and Geelong News are the city s other major newspapers Geelong is part of the Melbourne television licence area and receives all of the free to air stations from Melbourne including ABC SBS Seven Nine Ten and the community channel C31 The Geelong region also receives cable and satellite television services through operators Foxtel and Neighbourhood Cable The local radio stations are K Rock rock and pop music Rhema FM Christian community station Hot Country Radio country music station The Pulse community station 3GPH radio reading service and Bay FM adult contemporary The transmitters for K Rock The Pulse Rhema FM and Bay FM are located at a shared transmitter site on Mount Bellarine near Drysdale Most Melbourne based radio stations can also be received clearly in the Geelong region Sport Edit Aerial perspective of GMHBA stadium home of the Geelong Cats Australian rules football is the most popular sport in Geelong Established in 1859 the Geelong Football Club is the second second oldest club 139 in the Australian Football League AFL and one of the world s oldest football clubs Until South Melbourne relocated to Sydney in 1981 it was the only VFL AFL club based outside of the greater Melbourne metropolitan area Its home ground is Kardinia Park stadium It also fields a reserves side in the Victorian Football League 139 and three independent football leagues run in the area the Geelong Football League the Geelong amp District Football League and the Bellarine Football League 140 The Arena stadium in North Geelong is the home of the Geelong Supercats basketball team and was also used during the 2006 Commonwealth Games for basketball games 141 Geelong s Basketball Netball Centre is home to another basketball team from the region the Corio Bay Stingrays 142 The city co hosted the 2003 FIBA Oceania Championship where Australia s national basketball team won the gold medal North Geelong Warriors FC are the region s primary soccer club playing in the National Premier Leagues Victoria competition The club played in the Victorian Premier League from 1992 to 1997 and in the top tier of the NPL in 2015 Other soccer clubs include Northern based Geelong Rangers FC Geelong SC Corio SC Lara United FC and Southern based Surf Coast SC Western United play a few home games every year in GMHBA stadium Geelong is included in the marketing for the club in western victoria Geelong has a horse racing club the Geelong Racing Club which schedules around 22 race meetings a year including the Geelong Cup meeting in October 143 The Geelong Cup was first run in 1872 144 and is considered one of the most reliable guides to the result of the Melbourne Cup 145 It also has a picnic horse racing club Geelong St Patricks Racing Club which holds its one race meeting a year in February 146 Geelong Harness Racing Club conducts regular meetings at its racetrack at Corio 147 and the Geelong Greyhound Racing Club holds regular meetings 148 Founded in 1882 the Geelong Lawn Tennis Club has 27 tennis courts and plays host to a number of tennis tournaments including the Davis Cup tie between Australia and China in 2012 2007 Bay Classic Series at Eastern Beach The Eastern Beach foreshore and nearby Eastern Gardens regularly host internationally televised triathlons and annual sports car and racing car events such as the Geelong Speed Trials 149 Corio Bay is also host to many sailing and yachting events Geelong also has many golf courses sporting and recreation ovals and playing fields as well as facilities for water skiing rowing fishing hiking and greyhound and harness racing 150 Geelong Athletics holds competitions during both the summer and winter including high profile events such as Victorian and sometimes national and international track and field meets Geelong is home to Australia s largest indoor skate park 151 and has more skate parks per capita than any other municipality in Australia 152 Geelong is also the birthplace of Bev Francis an IFBB professional Australian female bodybuilder powerlifter and national shot put champion 153 154 The Cadel Evans Great Ocean Road Race named in honor of the Tour de France winner and 2009 World Champion starts in the city It then goes through Barwon Heads on the Bellarine Peninsula passing by the famous surf beach of Bells Beach in Surf Coast Shire and continuing along the Great Ocean Road The race then heads via rolling hills back to Geelong for three circuits of the city before a waterfront finish The race generally suits puncheurs who are capable of getting into breakaways and can easily climb short steep hills 155 156 The city s GMHBA Stadium hosted the first match of the 2022 Men s T20 cricket World Cup Along with other cities in regional Victoria Geelong will host the 2026 Commonwealth Games Public services EditEducation Edit Main article List of schools in Geelong The Gordon Institute of TAFE building in Fenwick Street Geelong is served by a number of public and private schools that cater to local and overseas students Over 40 000 primary and secondary students are enrolled in schools in Geelong with another 27 000 students enrolled in tertiary and further education programs 19 The first schools in Geelong were established when the town was settled from the 1850s among them were the historic private schools The Geelong College and Geelong Grammar School 91 where HRH Charles Prince of Wales spent two terms in 1966 Geelong is also home to the oldest state secondary school in Victoria Geelong High School which has been serving the community since 1905 for over 100 years The Gordon Memorial Technical College opened in 1888 and is known today as the Gordon Institute of TAFE 16 In 1976 the Gordon Institute was divided into two parts with academic courses becoming part of the newly formed Deakin University based at the Waurn Ponds campus 157 Deakin University enrolled its first students at its Waurn Ponds campus in 1977 Today the university is located on a 365 ha site at Waurn Ponds and has over 1 000 staff and over 4 000 on campus students 158 The university also has a campus located on the waterfront of Corio Bay in the Geelong CBD 159 a campus in Burwood Melbourne 160 and a campus in Warrnambool in Western Victoria 159 From 2008 the campus at Waurn Ponds also has been home to Victoria s first regional medical school 161 Health Edit Main entrance to Geelong Hospital The major public health service is Barwon Health which operates 21 separate health sites including University Hospital Geelong on Ryrie Street and the McKellar Centre on Ballarat Road Barwon Health services the entire region The largest private hospital is the nearby St John of God Health Care centre on Myers Street Prominent healthcare services include the Epworth Hospital located at 1 Epworth Place Waurn Ponds VIC 3216 162 and Geelong Health Geelong West Utilities Edit The former Geelong A power station now part of Westfield Geelong Water storage and supply in Geelong is managed by Barwon Water a Victoria government owned urban water corporation Geelong is supplied with water from three river systems the Barwon the East Moorabool and the West Moorabool Rivers The catchment areas are the Brisbane Ranges to Geelong s north west and the Otway Ranges to the south west The first water supplies to Geelong were from the Stony Creek reservoirs near Steiglitz but as of 2010 Geelong together with Ballarat consumes about 70 of the Moorabool River s water flow 163 Sewage from Geelong and district is treated at the Black Rock Treatment Plant at Breamlea and then discharged into Bass Strait Geelong was first supplied with electricity in 1902 when the Geelong power station opened on the corner of Yarra and Brougham Streets Later known as Geelong A the power station was rebuilt in 1920 to increase the capacity with the station continued operating until 1961 In 1936 Geelong was connected to the state electrical grid The Geelong B power station at North Geelong opened in 1954 49 and was closed in 1970 due to the much higher efficiency of the power stations in the Latrobe Valley The supply of piped coal gas in Geelong started in 1860 by the Geelong Gas Company The gasworks were located in North Geelong next to the North Geelong railway station 164 Geelong was converted to natural gas in 1971 with the Geelong Gas Company being taken over by the Gas and Fuel Corporation of Victoria on 30 June 1971 165 Transportation Edit Princes Freeway s Geelong Ring Road looking south towards suburban Waurn Ponds The main form of transportation in Geelong is the automobile Geelong is well connected by roads to all of south west Victoria to Melbourne by a major arterial the Princes Freeway M1 with three or four lanes in each direction to Warrnambool by the Princes Highway A1 the Bellarine Peninsula by the Bellarine Highway B110 Ballarat by the Midland Highway A300 and to Hamilton by the Hamilton Highway B140 The 380 million Geelong Ring Road an extension of the Princes Freeway bypasses the greater Geelong urban area exiting the Princes Highway near Corio to rejoin the highway at Waurn Ponds 166 The Lewis Bandt Bridge named in honour of the Ford Australia engineer who is credited as the inventor of the ute 1934 in Geelong is a feature of the new road 167 Avalon Airport Edit Jetstar aircraft at Avalon Airport Avalon Airport is located about 15 km 9 3 mi to the north east of the city of Geelong in the suburb of Avalon It was established in 1953 for the production of military aircraft 168 It was also used for the repair of commercial aircraft and for pilot training Avalon Airport has also been home to low cost airline Jetstar since 2004 60 Flights to Sydney use the airport and in June 2015 Jetstar announced it would fly to the Gold Coast daily from Avalon Airport commencing October 2015 Avalon Airport is the venue for Thunder Down Under Australian International Airshow every other year Avalon Airport now has international flights with AirAsia X to and from Kuala Lumpur and Citilink to Denpasar Rail Edit V Line passenger trains at Geelong railway station Geelong is a major hub for rail transport in Victoria having frequent services to and from Melbourne and being at the junction of the Port Fairy Western standard gauge and the Geelong Ballarat lines 36 Eight passenger railway stations are in the urban area all along the Warrnambool line and served by V Line trains 169 The Geelong line provides passenger services to Melbourne in the off peak with trains departing Geelong every 20 minutes on weekdays with more frequent services at peak times According to V Line the Geelong line carries more passengers than any other regional rail line in Australia 170 None of the lines are electrified and all trains servicing Geelong are diesel powered Geelong s currently operating stations include Little River Lara Corio North Shore North Geelong Geelong South Geelong Marshall and Waurn Ponds In the past a rail line connected Geelong city to the Bellarine Peninsula through to Queenscliff ceasing to operate as a regular passenger service in 1976 The Bellarine Railway operates a section of the line between Drysdale and Queenscliff as a tourist attraction Passenger services run to Warrnambool three times daily connecting Geelong with Colac Terang and Camperdown Journey Beyond s The Overland service between Melbourne and Adelaide stops at the standard gauge platform provided at North Shore station It runs six days a week with three services to Adelaide and three to Melbourne 171 Freight trains also operate from Melbourne to Geelong serving local industries 79 as well as to Warrnambool and other western Victorian towns The main Melbourne Adelaide standard gauge line is a heavily used interstate freight route Victoria s electronic ticketing system Myki was implemented on rail services between Marshall and Melbourne on 29 July 2013 172 The Victorian government is currently in process of land acquisition and inspection for a potential Torquay rail line which would service both Torquay and the Armstrong Creek growth corridor Ports and ferry services Edit Cunningham Pier The Port of Geelong is located on the shores of Corio Bay and is the sixth largest seaport in Australia by tonnage 173 Major commodities include crude oil and petroleum products export grain woodchips alumina imports and fertiliser 174 The Bellarine Peninsula has been linked to the Mornington Peninsula since 1987 175 by the Searoad ferry which runs every hour using two roll on roll off ferries between Queenscliff and Sorrento 176 Port Phillip Ferries began operating twice daily services between Portarlington and Melbourne Docklands in November 2016 Three years later overcrowding on trains led to a similar service being introduced from Geelong to Docklands The services are popular with both tourists and commuters providing an alternative access for Geelong and the Bellarine Peninsula to Melbourne The 36 metre long catamaran ferries seat over 400 passengers provide a comfortable vantage point to enjoy the sights of Port Phillip The introduction of the Portarlington service led to a major revamp of the local pier with pier extensions and a protective rock wall installed citation needed From 23 October 2022 the Tasmanian ferry service the Spirit of Tasmania will operate from a new terminal in North Geelong rather than from Port Melbourne 177 Bus and taxi Edit CDC Geelong bus at Geelong railway station A bus network covering the city centre and most surrounding suburbs provides public transport Until June 2015 they were operated under the umbrella of the Geelong Transit System Public Transport Victoria contracts CDC Geelong and McHarry s Buslines to provide Geelong s bus services and bus services to Torquay and the Bellarine Peninsula 178 V Line services link Geelong with Ballarat Daylesford Bendigo Apollo Bay the Great Ocean Road the Twelve Apostles and Warrnambool 169 Off Duty Geelong Taxi Network vehicle in Norlane Taxi services in Geelong are provided by Geelong Taxi Network a newly formed depot following the effective merger of Bay City Cabs and Geelong Radio Cabs in July 2007 179 The majority of the network covers the city and suburban areas of the city with urban classification for the vehicles in use The Bellarine Peninsula and Torquay areas although part of Geelong Taxi Network are both covered by separate country classification taxis Often disputes occur in regards to different taxis from one licence area picking up work from either of the other two licence areas which is illegal in most circumstances under current taxi regulations in Victoria 180 Call centre and radio dispatch services for the new combined network are provided by Silver Top Taxis in Melbourne Cycling and walking Edit Geelong also has many kilometres of bicycle trails including the Bay Trail Corio Quay to Limeburners PointBarwon River trail 20 km between Fyansford and South GeelongBellarine Rail Trail is a 32 km path between South Geelong and Queenscliffe 181 Cowies Creek TrailHovells Creek TrailTed Wilson trail Follows the Geelong Ring Road for 12 km between Corio to Hamlyn HeightsTom McKean Linear Park Separation Street North Geelong through to the Fyansford Cement WorksWaurn Ponds trail offers follows over 6 km of the Waurn Ponds creekSee also Edit Australia portalGeelong Field Naturalists Club List of cities in Australia Victoria List of Heritage listed buildings in Geelong Category People from Geelong Geelong s Woolstores 19th century Newcastle Wollongong Geelong depotNotes Edit The ABS defined urban area SUA for Geelong corresponds with the Greater Geelong LGA except that the SUA excludes the Portarlington Statistical Area SA2 but includes the Point Lonsdale Queenscliff and Torquay SA2s References Edit ABS Greater Geelong Region Statistics Region summary Greater Geelong C Australian Bureau of Statistics Australian Bureau of Statistics Retrieved 2 November 2022 Australian Bureau of Statistics 27 June 2017 2016 Community Profiles Geelong 2016 Census of Population and Housing Retrieved 29 December 2019 Significant Urban Area SUA ASGS Edition 2016 in csv Format Australian Bureau of Statistics Australian Bureau of Statistics 9 October 2017 Retrieved 14 November 2019 Butler S ed 2009 Geelong Macquarie Dictionary 5th ed Sydney NSW Macquarie Dictionary Publishers Pty Ltd 1952 pages ISBN 978 1 876429 66 9 Definition of Geelong in Oxford dictionary Meaning pronunciation and origin of the word Oxford Dictionaries Oxford University Press 2013 Archived from the original on 8 March 2013 Retrieved 7 December 2013 Clark Ian D 2002 Dictionary of Aboriginal placenames of Victoria Heydon Toby 1972 Victorian Aboriginal Corporation for Languages Melbourne Victoria Victorian Aboriginal Corp for Languages ISBN 0 9579360 2 8 OCLC 54913331 3218 0 Regional Population Growth Australia 2017 18 Population Estimates by Significant Urban Area 2008 to 2018 Australian Bureau of Statistics Australian Bureau of Statistics 27 March 2019 Retrieved 25 October 2019 Estimated resident population 30 June 2018 The Gateway Cities Alliance Easing population pressures Gateway Cities Alliance Retrieved 16 October 2022 Wadawurrung Traditional Owners Wadawurrung Retrieved 16 October 2022 Wathaurong language Djillong www djillong net au Archived from the original on 12 October 2018 Retrieved 12 October 2018 Geelong City City of Greater Geelong Archived from the original on 28 October 2007 Retrieved 16 December 2007 Post Office List Premier Postal History Retrieved 11 April 2008 a b Key drivers of change City of Greater Geelong population forecast Archived from the original on 27 July 2008 Retrieved 29 December 2007 a b c d e f g h i j k l m Norman Houghton Norman Houghton The Story of Geelong Archived from the original on 28 October 2007 Retrieved 2007 12 16 Historical perspective Geelong Business News Archived from the original on 15 June 2005 Retrieved 29 December 2007 a b c d e f g h i j k l m Begg Peter 1990 Geelong The First 150 Years Globe Press ISBN 0 9592863 5 7 Early days of Geelong The Argus 19 July 1924 p 9 Retrieved 27 April 2011 Geelong a brief history Intown Geelong Retrieved 12 July 2015 a b c d e Top 10 Reasons to Move to Geelong City of Greater Geelong website Archived from the original on 28 October 2007 Retrieved 2007 12 16 Regions get new lease on lifestyle The Age Melbourne 14 April 2004 Retrieved 19 July 2007 Wadawurrung Traditional Owners Wadawurrung Retrieved 1 June 2021 a b c d e f Billot C P 1969 The Life of Our Years Lothian Publishing National Library of Australia registry number 68 2473 Excerpts from the Port Phillip Survey 1957 1963 Port Phillip Conservation Council website Archived from the original on 20 September 2007 Retrieved 16 December 2007 Grimes Charles 1772 1858 Australian Dictionary of Biography Online Edition Retrieved 30 December 2007 Collins David 1756 1810 Australian Dictionary of Biography Online Edition Retrieved 30 December 2007 a b Hovell William Hilton 1786 1875 Australian Dictionary of Biography Online Edition Retrieved 16 December 2007 Reminiscences of James Buckley communicated by him to George Langhorne 1837 State Library of Victoria Archived from the original on 24 November 2007 Retrieved 2007 12 16 a b c d Timeline history Geelong and District Historical Resources website Archived from the original on 26 June 2007 Retrieved 19 July 2007 Buckley William 1780 1856 Australian Dictionary of Biography Online Edition Retrieved 16 December 2007 a b Fyans Foster 1790 1870 Australian Dictionary of Biography Online Edition Retrieved 16 December 2007 Victoria s First Four The Newcastle Sun No 5778 New South Wales Australia 20 June 1936 p 7 Retrieved 30 October 2020 via National Library of Australia Letter from R C Gunn Discovery of keys in the shore formation of Corio Bay Royal Society of Victoria 1875 Archived from the original on 1 September 2007 Retrieved 2007 12 16 Ronalds B F 2022 Alfred Ronalds Angler Artisan and Australian Pioneer Medlar Press Australian Dictionary of Biography Online Edition Thomson Alexander 1800 1866 Retrieved 16 December 2007 Ament Phil 18 August 2005 Fascinating facts about the invention of the refrigerator by Carl von Linde in 1876 The Great Idea Finder The Great Idea Finder Archived from the original on 16 July 2012 Retrieved 1 September 2012 a b c d e f Geelong Line Guide Rail Geelong Retrieved 16 December 2007 Feral European Rabbit Australian Government fact sheet Retrieved 16 January 2012 FORMER HM TRAINING PRISON 202 MYERS STREET AND CORNER SWANSTON STREET GEELONG Greater Geelong City Heritage Victoria Heritage Register Online Retrieved 30 December 2007 dead link Berry Sir Graham 1822 1904 Australian Dictionary of Biography Online Edition Retrieved 16 December 2007 Victorian Premiers Since Responsible Government 1855 Current Parliament of Victoria website Archived from the original on 23 October 2007 Retrieved 2008 01 15 Taborsky Jan Did you know Geelong phylloxera disaster The Lost Terroir Retrieved 2 January 2021 a b Fyansford Line Guide Rail Geelong Retrieved 16 December 2007 Geelong a brief history Intown Geelong website Retrieved 28 January 2011 Geelong Victoria Australia Britannica www britannica com Retrieved 11 September 2022 VICTORIAN GOVERNMENT New South Wales Statutes and Victorian Acts of Parliament Kim barne thaliyu archivestest grlc vic gov au Retrieved 11 September 2022 Agency VA 1425 Port of Geelong Authority Public Record Office Victoria website Archived from the original on 8 September 2007 Retrieved 16 December 2007 Geelong tramways a short history Tramway Museum Society of Victoria via Wayback Machine Archived from the original on 19 August 2006 Retrieved 13 June 2007 Geelong Ousts Ballarat Population Surprises The Argus Melbourne Tuesday 28 April 1936 page 10 a b R Arklay and I Sayer September 1970 Geelong s Electric Supply GPAC About Archived from the original on 30 August 2007 Retrieved 13 August 2007 Wilkins Emma 30 May 2012 A look inside CSIRO s Australian Animal Health Laboratory CSIRO CSIRO Archived from the original on 10 September 2012 Retrieved 1 September 2012 National Wool Museum City of Greater Geelong website Archived from the original on 31 August 2007 Retrieved 2007 12 16 File Bay City Plaza Plaque Geelong jpg Pyramid Building Society Ltd Guide to Australian Business Records Archived from the original on 16 September 2007 Retrieved 22 December 2007 Mysteries of the Pyramid Pyramid building society financial collapse The Economist US July 1990 Retrieved 22 December 2007 dead link Geelong leads regional price boom The Age website Melbourne 26 July 2003 Retrieved 30 December 2007 a b Sale of Harding Park Geelong Victorian Auditor General s Office Archived from the original on 3 September 2007 Retrieved 1 July 2007 The Waterfront Story PDF City of Greater Geelong website Archived from the original PDF on 8 November 2007 Retrieved 2007 12 16 Geelong and Southern Vic Floods incl Landslides Emergency Management Australia website via Google cache Retrieved 30 December 2007 permanent dead link a b History made as Avalon Airport welcomes first Jetstar flight PDF Jetstar website 1 June 2004 Archived from the original PDF on 9 April 2008 Retrieved 18 December 2007 a b Strategic plan to manage urban growth south of Geelong City of Greater Geelong website 12 April 2005 Archived from the original on 9 September 2007 Retrieved 2007 12 25 a b Building bonanza drives city forward Geelong News 18 July 2007 pp 8 9 Premier announces new TAC site in Geelong Transport Accident Commission website Archived from the original on 20 July 2007 Retrieved 21 July 2007 Tomazin Farrah Adams David 16 December 2005 Move or move on TAC workers told The Age Melbourne Retrieved 21 July 2007 Begg Peter 10 July 2008 Twin towers earmarked for Mercer Street Geelong Advertiser Archived from the original on 11 July 2008 Retrieved 10 March 2016 Geelong Western Wedge City of Greater Geelong 5 August 2012 Archived from the original on 5 August 2012 Ford s Geelong plant to close 600 jobs lost ABC News 18 July 2007 Retrieved 19 July 2007 Seadragon Winning Design for Geelong Icon JOH Architects 1 April 2012 Archived from the original on 10 April 2013 Retrieved 2012 04 01 Geelong Library wins the Sir Zelman Cowen Award ARM Architecture armarchitecture com au Geelong Revitalising Central 28 September 2022 Green Spine Revitalising Central Geelong Retrieved 16 October 2022 Planning 20 December 2016 Revitalising Central Geelong Planning Retrieved 16 October 2022 Not everyone benefiting from booming Geelong economy after arrival of government agencies www abc net au 1 March 2020 Retrieved 22 September 2020 a b Loney Jack 1988 The Historic Barwon Portarlington Vic J Lonely ISBN 0 909191 37 9 a b c Geelong State of the Environment Report Geological conditions City of Greater Geelong website Archived from the original on 6 September 2007 Retrieved 29 December 2007 Geelong Wine Fact Sheet City of Greater Geelong website Archived from the original on 6 November 2007 Retrieved 2007 12 29 Alcoa Victorian operations Alcoa website Archived from the original on 5 September 2008 Retrieved 25 December 2007 Waurn Ponds Rail Geelong Retrieved 29 December 2007 a b c Greater Geelong Planning Scheme Section 21 22 INDUSTRY Victoria Department of Planning and Community Development website 19 January 2006 Archived from the original on 29 June 2009 Retrieved 2007 12 25 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link via a b North Geelong Yard Rail Geelong Retrieved 13 August 2007 City by the Bay concept 1981 Intown Geelong website Retrieved 25 December 2007 GEELONG ECONOMIC INDICATORS BULLETIN 2001 2002 PDF City of Greater Geelong website Archived from the original PDF on 1 September 2007 Retrieved 2007 12 25 Weather Climate Light Film Geelong website Archived from the original on 1 November 2007 Retrieved 2007 12 24 Climate Department of Primary Industries website Retrieved 22 December 2007 Australian Climate Averages Climate classifications www bom gov au a b Climate statistics for GEELONG SEC 1870 1970 Bureau of Meteorology website Retrieved 24 December 2007 Climate Averages for AVALON AIRPORT Bureau of Meteorology website Retrieved 25 December 2007 vic aarf gif 640x600 pixels 22 July 2012 Archived from the original on 22 July 2012 Geelong Avalon Airport 1991 2020 averages Bureau of Meteorology Retrieved 20 March 2022 Geelong Avalon Airport all years Bureau of Meteorology Retrieved 20 March 2022 Geelong Unemployment rate Persons series A84599671C 6291 0 55 001 Labour Force Australia Detailed Electronic Delivery Australian Bureau of Statistics a b Geelong Fast Facts PDF City of Greater Geelong website Archived from the original PDF on 29 August 2007 Retrieved 2007 12 30 GMHBA Limited apra gov au APRA Archived from the original on 9 June 2017 Retrieved 11 July 2017 Geelong Otway Region Domestic Visitation 2001 PDF Geelong Otway Tourism website Archived from the original PDF on 28 September 2007 Retrieved 2007 12 16 Geelong Monash University place names gazette link broken Archived from the original on 25 August 2006 Retrieved 16 December 2007 Smith Sophie 2 July 2008 While Moorabool St remains cold and empty Geelong News p 3 Australian Animal Health Laboratory CSIRO CSIRO May 2013 Archived from the original on 3 June 2013 Retrieved 26 May 2013 Geelong Belmont Vic CSIRO Materials Science amp Engineering CSIRO CSIRO May 2013 Archived from the original on 11 May 2013 Retrieved 26 May 2013 Marine and Freshwater Resources Institute MAFRI 1996 Encyclopedia of Australian Science Encyclopedia of Australian Science 2010 Retrieved 26 May 2013 Davison Remy 24 May 2013 Ford s exit spells the end of the road for manufacturing The Conversation Australia The Conversation Media Group Retrieved 26 May 2013 Matt Chambers 4 June 2013 Geelong refinery writedown hits Shell for 203m The Australian Retrieved 6 June 2013 Up to 180 jobs to be slashed as Target announces shut down of Geelong headquarters 9news com 14 April 2016 Retrieved 14 April 2016 a b Australian Bureau of Statistics 31 October 2012 Geelong 2011 Census QuickStats a b Solid economic growth driving Geelong prosperity City of Greater Geelong website 4 December 2007 Archived from the original on 16 December 2007 Retrieved 2007 12 29 Geelong s population surges Geelong Advertiser website 7 December 2007 Retrieved 29 December 2007 GEELONG REGION CONTINUES TO GROW Press release from the state Minister of Planning 10 February 2005 Archived from the original on 12 January 2012 Retrieved 29 December 2007 Sutalo Ilija 2004 Croatians in Australia Pioneers Settlers and Their Descendants Wakefield Press ISBN 1 86254 651 7 Prusac Tonci 28 October 2007 Geelong Croatian voters to have significant say in Corio electorate The New Generation Croatian Herald English supplement Archived from the original on 21 July 2008 Retrieved 29 December 2007 Pescott John 1985 South Barwon 1857 1985 Neptune Press ISBN 0 949583 53 7 Australian Bureau of Statistics 25 October 2007 Geelong VIC Statistical District 2006 Census QuickStats a b Who can be a Councillor City of Greater Geelong website Archived from the original on 2 September 2007 Retrieved 2007 07 01 Grant Payne 4 December 2013 Geelong mayor Darryn Lyons pumps up brilliant Bellarine Geelong Advertiser Retrieved 6 December 2013 Local Government Greater Geelong City Council Act 2016 Vic s 2 Dismissal of Greater Geelong City Council Premier of Victoria 12 April 2016 Archived from the original on 15 April 2016 Retrieved 28 April 2016 Report of the Commission of Inquiry into Greater Geelong City Council State Government of Victoria 12 April 2016 Archived from the original on 29 June 2016 Retrieved 28 April 2016 Geelong Council officially sacked elections to be held in 2017 as bill passes Parliament ABC News Australian Broadcasting Corporation 14 April 2016 Retrieved 28 April 2016 State Election 2006 Results Electorate swings Victorian Electoral Commission website Archived from the original on 30 November 2007 Retrieved 2007 12 16 Geelong Authority To Boost Investment And Drive Jobs Premier of Victoria www premier vic gov au Retrieved 20 September 2020 Geelong Revitalising Central 29 April 2020 Geelong Authority Revitalising Central Geelong Retrieved 20 September 2020 Divisional Profiles Corio Australian Electoral Commission website Retrieved 16 December 2007 Divisional Profiles Corangamite Australian Electoral Commission website Retrieved 16 December 2007 Pako Festa Intown Intown Entertainment 1998 2013 Retrieved 22 April 2013 2012 Gala Day Geelong a huge success Gforce Employment Solutions Gforce Employment Solutions 19 November 2012 Archived from the original on 25 April 2013 Retrieved 22 April 2013 Gala Day Geelong 2012 Weekend Notes On Topic Media PTY LTD 2012 Archived from the original on 18 May 2013 Retrieved 22 April 2013 Geelong World Heritage Day The Geelong Advertiser 11 April 2009 Retrieved 22 April 2013 Geelong World Heritage Day The Geelong Advertiser 12 April 2009 Retrieved 22 April 2013 What is Vigex Vigex Inc Vigex Inc 1980 2013 Archived from the original on 10 April 2013 Retrieved 22 April 2013 Library and Heritage Centre to Be a Geelong Landmark 14 January 2014 Archived from the original on 18 May 2015 Retrieved 17 May 2015 Jobs genius to add some star power www geelongadvertiser com au 8 September 2017 Retrieved 17 September 2020 Designated UNESCO Creative City Geelong City of Design Retrieved 16 October 2022 About Barry Barry Crocker official website Archived from the original on 3 March 2019 Retrieved 30 December 2007 Gyan Evans bio Gyan Evans official website Archived from the original on 20 October 2007 Retrieved 30 December 2007 Magic Dirt overview AllMusic Retrieved 30 December 2007 Press Middle ground Man Jeff Lang official website Archived from the original on 29 August 2007 Retrieved 2007 12 30 Denis Walter profile My Talk Archived from the original on 20 August 2008 Retrieved 30 December 2007 Chrissy Amphlett dead at 53 The Age 22 April 2013 Retrieved 22 April 2013 Helen Garner Penguin Books Archived from the original on 3 April 2018 Retrieved 3 April 2018 The Venues Geelong Performing Arts Centre website Archived from the original on 30 August 2007 Retrieved 30 December 2007 Arts Venues City of Greater Geelong website Archived from the original on 2 September 2007 Retrieved 2007 12 30 Japan to Vienna New York to London the famous Australian theatre ensemble you ve probably never heard of ABC News 20 March 2022 Retrieved 16 October 2022 Creative Geelong www creativegeelong com au Retrieved 16 October 2022 Hubcaps to Creative Hubs Culture Victoria Retrieved 18 October 2022 Freeman Cristina Garduno Gray Fiona Novacevski Matt How crowdfunding can connect people to their heritage and community The Conversation Retrieved 18 October 2022 About The Geelong Advertiser Geelong Advertiser website Retrieved 24 December 2007 Oldest newspapers still in circulation World Association of Newspapers website Archived from the original on 7 January 2004 Retrieved 24 December 2007 a b Geelong Football Club history Geelong Football Club Archived from the original on 11 December 2007 Retrieved 22 December 2007 McLURE DARYL 24 May 2008 Kick to kick The Geelong Advertiser geelongadvertiser com au Retrieved 10 November 2008 The Arena Geelong Office of Commonwealth Games Coordination website Archived from the original on 19 March 2006 Retrieved 2007 12 22 Corio Bay Stingrays Big V Archived 8 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine Country Racing Victoria Alexandra Race Club Archived from the original on 3 August 2008 Retrieved 7 May 2009 Past Winners Geelong Racing Club website Archived from the original on 9 October 2007 Retrieved 2007 12 22 Eddy Andrew 23 October 2007 Geelong Cup again a good guide The Age website Melbourne Retrieved 22 December 2007 Country Racing Victoria Geelong St Patricks Racing Club Archived from the original on 3 August 2008 Retrieved 7 May 2009 Australian Harness Racing Geelong Retrieved 11 May 2009 Greyhound Racing Victoria Geelong Archived from the original on 21 April 2009 Retrieved 15 April 2009 Home Page Geelong Speed Trials Archived from the original on 5 August 2018 Retrieved 16 December 2007 Reserves Listing City of Greater Geelong website Archived from the original on 14 December 2007 Retrieved 2007 12 22 Courtney Crane 21 June 2013 Skaters celebrate the wheel thing Geelong Advertiser Retrieved 8 September 2013 Skate Parks in Geelong City of Greater Geelong City of Greater Geelong 2012 Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 Retrieved 8 September 2013 IFBB Hall of Fame Inductees for 2000 International Federation of Bodybuilding and Fitness Archived from the original on 25 October 2011 Retrieved 28 April 2010 Bev Francis Biography Page Australia Bodybuilding 2009 Archived from the original on 10 August 2010 Retrieved 28 April 2010 UCI expands WorldTour to 37 events Cycling News 2 August 2016 Retrieved 2 October 2016 The UCI reveals expanded UCI WorldTour calendar for 2017 UCI Retrieved 2 October 2016 History 1941 Today Gordon Institute of TAFE website Archived from the original on 3 September 2007 Retrieved 19 December 2007 Waurn Ponds campus Deakin University website Archived from the original on 9 February 2008 Retrieved 19 December 2007 a b University Deakin Geelong Waterfront Campus Deakin www deakin edu au University Deakin Melbourne Burwood Campus Deakin www deakin edu au Deakin medical school begins search for students Geelong Advertiser website 18 September 2007 Retrieved 30 December 2007 Epworth Geelong www epworth org au Pouliot Alison 2007 2010 Water issues and environmental flows Wombat Forestcare Inc Wombat Forestcare Inc Retrieved 6 October 2012 The Geelong Gas Company 1858 1958 100 years of public service and progressive development GEELONG GAS COMPANY LIMITED deListed website Archived from the original on 30 August 2007 Retrieved 17 August 2007 About Geelong Ring Road VicRoads Archived from the original on 1 January 2008 Retrieved 2007 12 18 Brumby Declares Geelong Ring Road Open Geelong Advertiser Avalon Hangar Conversion for Qantas Skybed Fit Out Adds to Meinhardt Aviation Portfolio Meinhardt website 10 December 2003 Archived from the original on 29 August 2007 Retrieved 2007 12 18 a b Greater Geelong Metlink Archived from the original on 1 January 2012 Retrieved 18 December 2007 How busy is my Geelong train V Line dead link The Overland Homepage Journey Beyond Archived from the original on 10 December 2007 Retrieved 2007 12 18 Myki to start on V Line Commuter Services V Line Archived from the original on 27 August 2013 Retrieved 7 August 2013 City of Greater Geelong Sea City of Greater Geelong website Archived from the original on 3 September 2007 Retrieved 2007 12 16 Geelong port contributes 500mn a year to Victoria The Age Melbourne 12 September 2005 Retrieved 16 December 2007 Peninsular Stamp Club 1987 Notes on the inauguration of the Peninsular Princess car passenger ferry DEPUTY PREMIER LAUNCHES 12 MILLION QUEENSCLIFF TO SORRENTO FERRY Media Release from the Office of the Premier 22 April 2001 Archived from the original on 7 February 2012 Retrieved 26 July 2007 Introducing Spirit of Tasmania Quay Geelong Transit System McHarry s Buslines Archived from the original on 22 November 2007 Retrieved 18 December 2007 2 into 1 Geelong taxi service Geelong Times 2 May 2007 Archived from the original on 14 March 2011 Retrieved 14 May 2012 Move to Ban Bellarine Taxis in Geelong Geelong Advertiser Bike Trails Barwon River and Geelong Foreshore City of Greater Geelong Archived from the original on 2 September 2007 Retrieved 2007 12 31 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Geelong Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Geelong Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Overland travel between Melbourne and Adelaide Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Great Ocean Road Official Geelong Government site Official website of the Geelong Otway Tourism Region of the Great Ocean Road Official G21 Geelong Region Alliance site including growth statistics Geelong TV Guide All channels currently broadcasting in the Geelong and surrounding areas Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Geelong amp oldid 1130987792, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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