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Heracleum maximum

April 12, 2024

Heracleum maximum, commonly known as cow parsnip, is the only member of the genus Heracleum native to North America. It is also known as American cow-parsnip,[4] Satan celery, Indian celery, Indian rhubarb,[5] poison turnip[6] or pushki.

Heracleum maximum
In the Sierra Nevada mountains
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Apiales
Family: Apiaceae
Subfamily: Apioideae
Tribe: Tordylieae
Subtribe: Tordyliinae
Genus: Heracleum
Species:
H. maximum
Binomial name
Heracleum maximum
Synonyms[3]

See text.

Description edit

 
The leaves are up to 40 cm (16 in) across and divided into lobes.
 
The seeds are 8–12 mm (5⁄16–1⁄2 in) long and 5–8 mm (3⁄16–5⁄16 in) wide.

Cow parsnip is a tall herbaceous perennial plant,[7] reaching heights of 3 metres (10 feet).[8] The stems are hollow and densely hairy.[9] The leaves are very large, up to 40 centimetres (16 inches) across and divided into three lobes.[8] Cow parsnip has the characteristic flower umbels of the carrot family (Apiaceae), blooming from February to September.[8] The umbels can reach 30 cm (12 in) across,[8] flat-topped or rounded, and composed of small white flowers. Sometimes the outer flowers of the umbel are much larger than the inner ones. The seeds are 8–12 millimetres (3⁄8–1⁄2 in) long and 5–8 mm (3⁄16–5⁄16 in) wide.[10]

Similar species edit

Heracleum maximum is commonly confused with Heracleum mantegazzianum (giant hogweed),[11] a much larger plant that typically has purplish spots on the stems, as well as more sharply serrated leaves.[12]

Other tall invasive Heracleum species include H. mantegazzianum, H. sosnowskyi, and H. persicum. Other similar species include wild carrot, cow parsley, poison hemlock, wild parsnip, and species of the genus Angelica.[11]

Taxonomy edit

The Plant List (which was last updated in 2013) classified H. maximum, H. lanatum, and H. sphondylium subsp. montanum as distinct species.[13][14][15] According to both the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) or the National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS), H. lanatum and H. maximum are synonyms for H. sphondylium subsp. montanum,[16][17] a name proposed by Brummitt in 1971.[18][19]

According to the Plant List and Plants of the World Online, H. lanatum and H. maximum are both accepted names, the latter with no infraspecific taxa.[13][20][a] On the other hand, neither are recognized as accepted names by either the ITIS or NPGS. Besides H. lanatum and H. maximum, various scientific names have been attributed to this species.[21]

Synonyms of the grouping previously classified H. lanatum include:

  • Heracleum montanum
  • Heracleum sphondylium subsp. lanatum
  • Heracleum sphondylium var. lanatum
  • Heracleum sphondylium subsp. montanum

Synonyms listed at Plants of the World Online include:[20]

  • Heracleum douglasii DC.
  • Heracleum inperpastum Koidz.
  • Heracleum lanatum Michx.
  • Heracleum sphondylium var. lanatum (Michx.) Dorn
  • Heracleum sphondylium subsp. lanatum (Michx.) Á.Löve & D.Löve
  • Heracleum sphondylium var. tsurugisanense (Honda) H.Ohba
  • Heracleum turugisanense Honda
  • Pastinaca lanata Koso-Pol.
  • Sphondylium lanatum (Michx.) Greene

As H. lanatum, it is listed as having the variety asiaticum.[5][21][20]

The genus name Heracleum (from "Heracles") refers to the very large size of all parts of these plants.[22]

 
Heracleum maximum Bart. Batiscan River banks, Quebec

Distribution and habitat edit

 
Specimen in Homer, Alaska
 
The same spot in late winter, showing the dead white stalks

The species is native to North America, being distributed throughout most of the continental United States (except the Gulf Coast and a few neighboring states), ranging from the Aleutian Islands and Alaska in the far northwest to Newfoundland on the east coast, extending south as far as California, New Mexico, Kansas, Ohio, and Georgia. It occurs from sea level to elevations of about 2,700 m (9,000 ft).[10] It is especially prevalent in Alaska, where it is often found growing amongst plants like devil's club, which is nearly identical in size and somewhat similar in appearance, and monkshood, a very toxic flower. In Canada, it is found in every province and territory except Nunavut. It is listed as "Endangered" in Kentucky and "Special Concern" in Tennessee.[23] The plant is also found in Siberia, East Asia, and the Kuril Islands.[21][5][24][25]

Ecology edit

The species is widely recognized as a valuable pasture plant for cows, sheep, and goats. It is also known to be important in the diets of numerous wild animals, especially bears, both grizzly bears and black bears.[21] It is a host plant for the black swallowtail butterfly (Papilio polyxenes), short-tailed swallowtail butterfly (Papilio brevicauda), old world swallowtail butterfly (Papilio machaon), anise swallowtail butterfly (Papilio zelicaon), and the moths Eupithecia tripunctaria, Papaipema harrisii, Papaipema impecuniosa, Agonopterix clemensella, Agonopterix flavicomella, and Depressaria pastinacella.[26]

Toxicity edit

The plant contains furanocoumarins such as xanthotoxin,[27] angelicin, pimpinellin and isopimpinellin, isoimperatorin, bergapten and isobergapten, 6‐isopentenyloxyisobergapten, and sphondin.[28][29][27] In one study, the young leaves did not contain xanthotoxin, but older, senescing leaves contained "substantial amounts".[27] Some of these furanocoumarins found in cow parsnip are known to have antimicrobial[28][27] properties and are responsible for a rash producing erythematous vesicles (burn-like blisters) and hyperpigmentation that occurs after getting the clear sap onto one's skin.[30][27][31] They are photosensitive, with the rash occurring only after exposure to ultraviolet light.[27][31] Because of this, phytophotodermatitis causing skin blistering may occur after coming into contact with the sap on a sunny day.[31] The scars and pigmentation from these blisters caused by some Heracleum species can last for months or years.[28]

Uses edit

The thick flower stems, coming into season in early summer, can be peeled and eaten cooked when young, as was done by Native Americans.[32][8] Caution should be taken as the flowers resemble those of the extremely poisonous Cicuta maculata.[33]

Indigenous North Americans have had a variety of uses for cow parsnip, often traveling long distances in the spring—80 kilometres (50 miles) or more—to find the succulent plant shoots.[5] The young stems and leafstalks were peeled and usually eaten raw, while early American settlers cooked the plant.[34] In terms of taste, texture, and nutrients, the peeled stalks resembled celery, which gave rise to the common name "Indian celery". The natives were aware of the toxic effects of the plant, knowing that if the outer skin were not removed, one would get an "itchy mouth" or blistering skin.[5][30] Pregnant women were warned away from the flower bud stalks to prevent newborns from asphyxiating when crying.[5]

At least seven native groups in North America used the plant as a dermatological aid.[5] It could be an ingredient in poultices applied to bruises or sores.[5][35] A poultice prepared from the roots of cow parsnip was applied to swellings, especially of the feet.[21] The dried stems were used as drinking straws for the old or infirm, or made into flutes for children. An infusion of the flowers can be rubbed on the body to repel flies and mosquitoes. A yellow dye can be made from the roots.[35]

References edit

Footnotes

  1. ^ Heracleum maximum is also accepted by the Database of Vascular Plants of Canada (VASCAN), referencing the in prep family treatment in the Flora of North America project.[3]

Citations

  1. ^ Maiz-Tome, L. (2016). "Heracleum maximum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T64314237A67729681. Retrieved April 17, 2022.
  2. ^ "Heracleum maximum". ipni.org. International Plant Names Index. Retrieved 2018-09-20.
  3. ^ a b "Heracleum maximum W. Bartram". data.canadensys.net. Database of Vascular Plants of Canada (VASCAN). Retrieved 16 December 2018.
  4. ^ "Heracleum maximum". Go Botany. New England Wildflower Society. Retrieved 4 January 2019.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h Kuhnlein, Harriet V.; Turner, Nancy J. (1986). "Cow-Parsnip (Heracleum lanatum Michx.): An Indigenous Vegetable of Native People of Northwestern North America" (PDF). J. Ethnobiol. 6 (2): 309–324.
  6. ^ "Dictionary of Newfoundland English A-Z Index". www.heritage.nf.ca. Retrieved 2023-11-05.
  7. ^ Umberto Quattrocchi (19 April 2016). CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology (5 Volume Set). CRC Press. pp. 1959–. ISBN 978-1-4822-5064-0.
  8. ^ a b c d e Spellenberg, Richard (2001) [1979]. National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers: Western Region (rev ed.). Knopf. pp. 340–341. ISBN 978-0-375-40233-3.
  9. ^ Steven Foster; Christopher Hobbs (2002). A Field Guide to Western Medicinal Plants and Herbs. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 67–. ISBN 0-395-83806-1.
  10. ^ a b Norman F. Weeden (1996), A Sierra Nevada Flora, Wilderness Press, ISBN 0-89997-204-7
  11. ^ a b "Heracleum maximum: Similar Species". iNaturalist.org. iNaturalist. Retrieved 2018-08-26.
  12. ^ "Giant Hogweed, Heracleum mantegazzianum". maine.gov. State of Maine: Department of Agriculture, Conservation, and Forestry. Retrieved 2018-08-26.
  13. ^ a b "Heracleum maximum W. Bartram". The Plant List, Version 1.1. 2013. Retrieved September 21, 2018.
  14. ^ "Heracleum lanatum Michx". The Plant List, Version 1.1. 2013. Retrieved September 21, 2018.
  15. ^ "Heracleum sphondylium subsp. montanum (Schleich. ex Gaudin) Briq". The Plant List, Version 1.1. 2013. Retrieved September 21, 2018.
  16. ^ "Heracleum sphondylium ssp. montanum (Schleich. ex Gaudin) Briq". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved September 21, 2018.
  17. ^ "Taxon: Heracleum sphondylium L. subsp. montanum (Schleich. ex Gaudin) Briq". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. Retrieved September 21, 2018.
  18. ^ Brummitt, R. K. (December 1971). "Relationship of Heracleum lanatum Michx. of North America to H. sphondylium of Europe". Rhodora. 73 (796): 578–584. JSTOR 23311734. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
  19. ^ Page, N. A.; Wall, R. E.; Darbyshire, S. J.; Mulligan, G. A. (2006). "The Biology of Invasive Alien Plants in Canada. 4. Heracleum mantegazzianum Sommier & Levier". Can. J. Plant Sci. 86 (2): 569–589. doi:10.4141/P05-158.
  20. ^ a b c "Heracleum maximum W.Bartram". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanical Gardens Kew. Retrieved 4 January 2019.
  21. ^ a b c d e Campbell, Robert B. (1991). Ecology of Heracleum lanatum Michx. (cow parsnip) communities in northwestern Montana (MS thesis). University of Montana. Retrieved September 25, 2018.
  22. ^ Elizabeth L. Horn (1998), Sierra Nevada Wildflowers, Mountain Press, ISBN 0-87842-388-5
  23. ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Heracleum maximum". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 2008-03-30.
  24. ^ "Heracleum lanatum Michx". Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved September 25, 2018.
  25. ^ "Heracleum lanatum: Cow Parsnip". Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved September 25, 2018.
  26. ^ Robinson, Gaden S.; Ackery, Phillip R.; Kitching, Ian; Beccaloni, George W.; Hernández, Luis M. (2023). "HOSTS - The Hostplants and Caterpillars Database at the Natural History Museum". www.nhm.ac.uk. doi:10.5519/havt50xw.
  27. ^ a b c d e f Camm, Edith L.; Wat, Chi-Kit; Towers, G. H. N. (15 November 1976). "An assessment of the roles of furanocoumarins in Heracleum lanatum". Canadian Journal of Botany. 54 (22): 2562–2566. doi:10.1139/b76-275.
  28. ^ a b c Bahadori, Mir Babak; Dinparast, Leila; Zengin, Gokhan (November 2016). "The Genus Heracleum: A Comprehensive Review on Its Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Ethnobotanical Values as a Useful Herb". Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety. 15 (6): 1018–1039. doi:10.1111/1541-4337.12222. PMID 33401836. S2CID 89366437.
  29. ^ O'Neill, Taryn; Johnson, John A.; Webster, Duncan; Gray, Christopher A. (May 2013). "The Canadian medicinal plant Heracleum maximum contains antimycobacterial diynes and furanocoumarins". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 147 (1): 232–237. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2013.03.009. PMID 23501157.
  30. ^ a b Turner, N. J. 1973. The ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia. Syesis, 6: 193-220.
  31. ^ a b c Meades, S.J.; Schnare, D.; Lawrence, K.; Faulkner, C. "Heracleum maximum W.Bartram". Northern Ontario Plant Database. Algoma University College and Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
  32. ^ Lyons, C. P. (1956). Trees, Shrubs and Flowers to Know in Washington (1st ed.). Canada: J. M. Dent & Sons. pp. 125, 196.
  33. ^ Niering, William A.; Olmstead, Nancy C. (1985) [1979]. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers, Eastern Region. Knopf. p. 331. ISBN 0-394-50432-1.
  34. ^ Reiner, Ralph E. (1969). Introducing the Flowering Beauty of Glacier National Park and the Majestic High Rockies. Glacier Park, Inc. p. 18.
  35. ^ a b "BRIT - Native American Ethnobotany Database". herb.umd.umich.edu.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Heracleum maximum.

April 12, 2024
heracleum, maximum, commonly, known, parsnip, only, member, genus, heracleum, native, north, america, also, known, american, parsnip, satan, celery, indian, celery, indian, rhubarb, poison, turnip, pushki, sierra, nevada, mountainsconservation, statusleast, co. Heracleum maximum commonly known as cow parsnip is the only member of the genus Heracleum native to North America It is also known as American cow parsnip 4 Satan celery Indian celery Indian rhubarb 5 poison turnip 6 or pushki Heracleum maximumIn the Sierra Nevada mountainsConservation statusLeast Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade AngiospermsClade EudicotsClade AsteridsOrder ApialesFamily ApiaceaeSubfamily ApioideaeTribe TordylieaeSubtribe TordyliinaeGenus HeracleumSpecies H maximumBinomial nameHeracleum maximumW Bartram 2 Synonyms 3 See text Contents 1 Description 1 1 Similar species 2 Taxonomy 3 Distribution and habitat 4 Ecology 5 Toxicity 6 Uses 7 References 8 External linksDescription edit nbsp The leaves are up to 40 cm 16 in across and divided into lobes nbsp The seeds are 8 12 mm 5 16 1 2 in long and 5 8 mm 3 16 5 16 in wide Cow parsnip is a tall herbaceous perennial plant 7 reaching heights of 3 metres 10 feet 8 The stems are hollow and densely hairy 9 The leaves are very large up to 40 centimetres 16 inches across and divided into three lobes 8 Cow parsnip has the characteristic flower umbels of the carrot family Apiaceae blooming from February to September 8 The umbels can reach 30 cm 12 in across 8 flat topped or rounded and composed of small white flowers Sometimes the outer flowers of the umbel are much larger than the inner ones The seeds are 8 12 millimetres 3 8 1 2 in long and 5 8 mm 3 16 5 16 in wide 10 Similar species edit Heracleum maximum is commonly confused with Heracleum mantegazzianum giant hogweed 11 a much larger plant that typically has purplish spots on the stems as well as more sharply serrated leaves 12 Other tall invasive Heracleum species include H mantegazzianum H sosnowskyi and H persicum Other similar species include wild carrot cow parsley poison hemlock wild parsnip and species of the genus Angelica 11 Taxonomy editThe Plant List which was last updated in 2013 classified H maximum H lanatum and H sphondylium subsp montanum as distinct species 13 14 15 According to both the Integrated Taxonomic Information System ITIS or the National Plant Germplasm System NPGS H lanatum and H maximum are synonyms for H sphondylium subsp montanum 16 17 a name proposed by Brummitt in 1971 18 19 According to the Plant List and Plants of the World Online H lanatum and H maximum are both accepted names the latter with no infraspecific taxa 13 20 a On the other hand neither are recognized as accepted names by either the ITIS or NPGS Besides H lanatum and H maximum various scientific names have been attributed to this species 21 Synonyms of the grouping previously classified H lanatum include Heracleum montanum Heracleum sphondylium subsp lanatum Heracleum sphondylium var lanatum Heracleum sphondylium subsp montanumSynonyms listed at Plants of the World Online include 20 Heracleum douglasii DC Heracleum inperpastum Koidz Heracleum lanatum Michx Heracleum sphondylium var lanatum Michx DornHeracleum sphondylium subsp lanatum Michx A Love amp D LoveHeracleum sphondylium var tsurugisanense Honda H OhbaHeracleum turugisanense HondaPastinaca lanata Koso Pol Sphondylium lanatum Michx GreeneAs H lanatum it is listed as having the variety asiaticum 5 21 20 The genus name Heracleum from Heracles refers to the very large size of all parts of these plants 22 nbsp Heracleum maximum Bart Batiscan River banks QuebecDistribution and habitat edit nbsp Specimen in Homer Alaska nbsp The same spot in late winter showing the dead white stalks The species is native to North America being distributed throughout most of the continental United States except the Gulf Coast and a few neighboring states ranging from the Aleutian Islands and Alaska in the far northwest to Newfoundland on the east coast extending south as far as California New Mexico Kansas Ohio and Georgia It occurs from sea level to elevations of about 2 700 m 9 000 ft 10 It is especially prevalent in Alaska where it is often found growing amongst plants like devil s club which is nearly identical in size and somewhat similar in appearance and monkshood a very toxic flower In Canada it is found in every province and territory except Nunavut It is listed as Endangered in Kentucky and Special Concern in Tennessee 23 The plant is also found in Siberia East Asia and the Kuril Islands 21 5 24 25 Ecology editThe species is widely recognized as a valuable pasture plant for cows sheep and goats It is also known to be important in the diets of numerous wild animals especially bears both grizzly bears and black bears 21 It is a host plant for the black swallowtail butterfly Papilio polyxenes short tailed swallowtail butterfly Papilio brevicauda old world swallowtail butterfly Papilio machaon anise swallowtail butterfly Papilio zelicaon and the moths Eupithecia tripunctaria Papaipema harrisii Papaipema impecuniosa Agonopterix clemensella Agonopterix flavicomella and Depressaria pastinacella 26 Toxicity editThe plant contains furanocoumarins such as xanthotoxin 27 angelicin pimpinellin and isopimpinellin isoimperatorin bergapten and isobergapten 6 isopentenyloxyisobergapten and sphondin 28 29 27 In one study the young leaves did not contain xanthotoxin but older senescing leaves contained substantial amounts 27 Some of these furanocoumarins found in cow parsnip are known to have antimicrobial 28 27 properties and are responsible for a rash producing erythematous vesicles burn like blisters and hyperpigmentation that occurs after getting the clear sap onto one s skin 30 27 31 They are photosensitive with the rash occurring only after exposure to ultraviolet light 27 31 Because of this phytophotodermatitis causing skin blistering may occur after coming into contact with the sap on a sunny day 31 The scars and pigmentation from these blisters caused by some Heracleum species can last for months or years 28 Uses editThe thick flower stems coming into season in early summer can be peeled and eaten cooked when young as was done by Native Americans 32 8 Caution should be taken as the flowers resemble those of the extremely poisonous Cicuta maculata 33 Indigenous North Americans have had a variety of uses for cow parsnip often traveling long distances in the spring 80 kilometres 50 miles or more to find the succulent plant shoots 5 The young stems and leafstalks were peeled and usually eaten raw while early American settlers cooked the plant 34 In terms of taste texture and nutrients the peeled stalks resembled celery which gave rise to the common name Indian celery The natives were aware of the toxic effects of the plant knowing that if the outer skin were not removed one would get an itchy mouth or blistering skin 5 30 Pregnant women were warned away from the flower bud stalks to prevent newborns from asphyxiating when crying 5 At least seven native groups in North America used the plant as a dermatological aid 5 It could be an ingredient in poultices applied to bruises or sores 5 35 A poultice prepared from the roots of cow parsnip was applied to swellings especially of the feet 21 The dried stems were used as drinking straws for the old or infirm or made into flutes for children An infusion of the flowers can be rubbed on the body to repel flies and mosquitoes A yellow dye can be made from the roots 35 References editFootnotes Heracleum maximum is also accepted by the Database of Vascular Plants of Canada VASCAN referencing the in prep family treatment in the Flora of North America project 3 Citations Maiz Tome L 2016 Heracleum maximum IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 e T64314237A67729681 Retrieved April 17 2022 Heracleum maximum ipni org International Plant Names Index Retrieved 2018 09 20 a b Heracleum maximum W Bartram data canadensys net Database of Vascular Plants of Canada VASCAN Retrieved 16 December 2018 Heracleum maximum Go Botany New England Wildflower Society Retrieved 4 January 2019 a b c d e f g h Kuhnlein Harriet V Turner Nancy J 1986 Cow Parsnip Heracleum lanatum Michx An Indigenous Vegetable of Native People of Northwestern North America PDF J Ethnobiol 6 2 309 324 Dictionary of Newfoundland English A Z Index www heritage nf ca Retrieved 2023 11 05 Umberto Quattrocchi 19 April 2016 CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants Common Names Scientific Names Eponyms Synonyms and Etymology 5 Volume Set CRC Press pp 1959 ISBN 978 1 4822 5064 0 a b c d e Spellenberg Richard 2001 1979 National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers Western Region rev ed Knopf pp 340 341 ISBN 978 0 375 40233 3 Steven Foster Christopher Hobbs 2002 A Field Guide to Western Medicinal Plants and Herbs Houghton Mifflin Harcourt pp 67 ISBN 0 395 83806 1 a b Norman F Weeden 1996 A Sierra Nevada Flora Wilderness Press ISBN 0 89997 204 7 a b Heracleum maximum Similar Species iNaturalist org iNaturalist Retrieved 2018 08 26 Giant Hogweed Heracleum mantegazzianum maine gov State of Maine Department of Agriculture Conservation and Forestry Retrieved 2018 08 26 a b Heracleum maximum W Bartram The Plant List Version 1 1 2013 Retrieved September 21 2018 Heracleum lanatum Michx The Plant List Version 1 1 2013 Retrieved September 21 2018 Heracleum sphondylium subsp montanum Schleich ex Gaudin Briq The Plant List Version 1 1 2013 Retrieved September 21 2018 Heracleum sphondylium ssp montanum Schleich ex Gaudin Briq Integrated Taxonomic Information System Retrieved September 21 2018 Taxon Heracleum sphondylium L subsp montanum Schleich ex Gaudin Briq Germplasm Resources Information Network United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Retrieved September 21 2018 Brummitt R K December 1971 Relationship of Heracleum lanatum Michx of North America to H sphondylium of Europe Rhodora 73 796 578 584 JSTOR 23311734 Retrieved 20 August 2023 Page N A Wall R E Darbyshire S J Mulligan G A 2006 The Biology of Invasive Alien Plants in Canada 4 Heracleum mantegazzianum Sommier amp Levier Can J Plant Sci 86 2 569 589 doi 10 4141 P05 158 a b c Heracleum maximum W Bartram Plants of the World Online Royal Botanical Gardens Kew Retrieved 4 January 2019 a b c d e Campbell Robert B 1991 Ecology of Heracleum lanatum Michx cow parsnip communities in northwestern Montana MS thesis University of Montana Retrieved September 25 2018 Elizabeth L Horn 1998 Sierra Nevada Wildflowers Mountain Press ISBN 0 87842 388 5 USDA NRCS n d Heracleum maximum The PLANTS Database plants usda gov Greensboro North Carolina National Plant Data Team Retrieved 2008 03 30 Heracleum lanatum Michx Global Biodiversity Information Facility Retrieved September 25 2018 Heracleum lanatum Cow Parsnip Encyclopedia of Life Retrieved September 25 2018 Robinson Gaden S Ackery Phillip R Kitching Ian Beccaloni George W Hernandez Luis M 2023 HOSTS The Hostplants and Caterpillars Database at the Natural History Museum www nhm ac uk doi 10 5519 havt50xw a b c d e f Camm Edith L Wat Chi Kit Towers G H N 15 November 1976 An assessment of the roles of furanocoumarins in Heracleum lanatum Canadian Journal of Botany 54 22 2562 2566 doi 10 1139 b76 275 a b c Bahadori Mir Babak Dinparast Leila Zengin Gokhan November 2016 The Genus Heracleum A Comprehensive Review on Its Phytochemistry Pharmacology and Ethnobotanical Values as a Useful Herb Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 15 6 1018 1039 doi 10 1111 1541 4337 12222 PMID 33401836 S2CID 89366437 O Neill Taryn Johnson John A Webster Duncan Gray Christopher A May 2013 The Canadian medicinal plant Heracleum maximum contains antimycobacterial diynes and furanocoumarins Journal of Ethnopharmacology 147 1 232 237 doi 10 1016 j jep 2013 03 009 PMID 23501157 a b Turner N J 1973 The ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia Syesis 6 193 220 a b c Meades S J Schnare D Lawrence K Faulkner C Heracleum maximum W Bartram Northern Ontario Plant Database Algoma University College and Great Lakes Forestry Centre Sault Ste Marie Ontario Canada Retrieved 8 October 2018 Lyons C P 1956 Trees Shrubs and Flowers to Know in Washington 1st ed Canada J M Dent amp Sons pp 125 196 Niering William A Olmstead Nancy C 1985 1979 The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers Eastern Region Knopf p 331 ISBN 0 394 50432 1 Reiner Ralph E 1969 Introducing the Flowering Beauty of Glacier National Park and the Majestic High Rockies Glacier Park Inc p 18 a b BRIT Native American Ethnobotany Database herb umd umich edu External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Heracleum maximum Jepson Manual species treatment Heracleum maximum in the CalPhotos photo database University of California Berkeley Plants for a Future report on the species Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Heracleum maximum amp oldid 1208614578, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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