Heracleum sosnowskyi
Heracleum sosnowskyi, or Sosnowsky's hogweed, is a monocarpic perennial herbaceous flowering plant in the carrot family Apiaceae. Its native range includes the central and eastern Caucasus regions of Eurasia and extends into the southern Caucasus region called Transcaucasia. The native ranges of Heracleum sosnowskyi and Heracleum mantegazzianum, a close relative, overlap in the Caucasus region.[1] Sosnowsky's hogweed is now a common weed in the Baltic States, Belarus, Russia, Ukraine, and Poland.
| Heracleum sosnowskyi | |
|---|---|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Apiales |
| Family: | Apiaceae |
| Genus: | Heracleum |
| Species: | H. sosnowskyi |
| Binomial name | |
| Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden., 1944 | |
Early botanists considered H. sosnowskyi to be a subspecies of H. mantegazzianum. Sosnowski's hogweed was described as a separate species by Ida P. Mandenova in 1944.[1] The species is named in honor of the Russian botanist Dmitrii Ivanovich Sosnowsky (1885–1952), who found the species in Georgia in 1936.[2]
Description edit
Heracleum sosnowskyi is 3–5 m (9.8–16 ft) in height,[3] with a straight, firm stem that can reach a diameter of 12 cm (4.7 in).[3] The leaves are 50–60 cm (20–24 in) long. The root is very firm, up to 30 cm (12 in) diameter. The inflorescence is a big umbel found at the end of every stem. It blooms during July through September and produces thousands of seeds. They are easily distributed by the wind, but especially by the water.
Sosnowsky's hogweed is a monocarpic perennial,[4] that is, after a mature plant flowers and produces seed, the entire plant including the root will die.
Invasiveness status edit
In the European Union, Sosnowsky's hogweed is included since 2016 in the list of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern (the Union list).[5] This implies that this species cannot be imported, cultivated, transported, commercialized, planted, or intentionally released into the environment in the whole of the EU.[6]
Public health and safety edit
All parts of H. sosnowskyi contain phototoxic furanocoumarins.[7] It is dangerous for humans because even small drops of the plant's juice cause skin photosensitivity and burns.[8] The plant is less dangerous for animals that have thick hair to protect them from the sun.
Control measures edit
The plant was common only in the Caucasus area until it started to be used as a silage plant in other parts of the Soviet Union. As a result, it quickly spread in many areas of Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine. It is now a highly invasive plant in the Baltic States, Russia, Poland, and Belarus.[9] Many river valleys and roadsides host large stands of this weed. It is difficult to eradicate because the seeds remain viable for many years and the roots are difficult to remove. Herbicides are widely used in a fight against it, but the plant can later resprout from the roots.[10]
The plant is also used as a shield-hedge along the roads, preventing farm animals from escaping and wild animals from getting in.[3]
The decision to use the plant for silage was made in 1947 under Stalin's rule, so when the species later proved to be highly invasive and difficult to remove, people started to call it "Stalin's revenge".[11]
In February 2024, several lawmakers in the State Duma of Russia introduced a so-called "anti-hogweed bill" that would require property owners to remove the plant from their properties and impose a 50,000 ruble ($540) fine for individuals and 700,000 rubles ($7,550) for legal entities who fail to do so.[12]
See also edit
- Heracleum, the genus
- Other tall invasive Heracleum species: Heracleum mantegazzianum and Heracleum persicum
- Non-invasive Heracleum species: Heracleum sphondylium and Heracleum maximum
- Species that can be mistaken for Heracleum sosnowskyi:[4] wild parsnip, garden angelica, wild angelica
References edit
- ^ a b Kabuce, N.; Priede, N. (2010). "NOBANIS – Invasive Alien Species Fact Sheet: Heracleum sosnowskyi" (PDF). NOBANIS - European Network on Invasive Species. NOBANIS. Retrieved September 3, 2018.
- ^ Mandenova, Ida P. (1944). "Fragments of the monograph on the Caucasian hogweeds". Zametki Po Sistematike I Geografii Rastenii. 12: 15–19.
- ^ a b c [Dangerous plant H. sosnowskyi] (in Lithuanian). Lietuvos valstybinių parkų ir rezervatų asociacija. July 24, 2007. Archived from the original on March 9, 2012. Retrieved December 18, 2012.
- ^ a b Booy, Olaf; Cock, Matthew; Eckstein, Lutz; Hansen, Steen Ole; Hattendorf, Jan; Hüls, Jörg; Jahodová, Sárka; Krinke, Lucás; Marovoková, Lanka; Müllerová, Jana; Nentwig, Wolfgang; Nielsen, Charlotte; Otte, Annette; Pergl, Jan; Perglová, Irena; Priekule, Ilze; Pusek, Petr; Ravn, Hans Peter; Thiele, Jan; Trybush, Sviatlana; Wittenberg, Rüdiger (2005). The giant hogweed best practice manual: guidelines for the management and control of invasive weeds in Europe (PDF). Hørsholm: Center for Skov, Landskab og Planlægning/Københavns Universitet. ISBN 87-7903-209-5. Retrieved September 1, 2018.
- ^ "List of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern - Environment - European Commission". ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 2021-07-27.
- ^ "REGULATION (EU) No 1143/2014 of the European parliament and of the council of 22 October 2014 on the prevention and management of the introduction and spread of invasive alien species".
- ^ Mishyna, Maryia; Laman, Nikolai; Prokhorov, Valery; Fujii, Yoshiharu (2015). "Angelicin as the principal allelochemical in Heracleum sosnowskyi fruit". Natural Product Communications. 10 (5): 767–770. doi:10.1177/1934578X1501000517. S2CID 43198093.
- ^ "Kova su barščiais" [Battle against Heracleum] (in Lithuanian).
- ^ "["Stalin's Revenge" spreads not just in Poland and the Baltic States]" (in Russian). 2009-05-09. Retrieved 2010-10-22.
- ^ "Ar virti "barščius" iš... Barščių?".
- ^ [How to Save Yourself from "Stalin's Revenge"] (in Russian). Izvestiya. 2009-07-09. Archived from the original on 2010-10-23. Retrieved 2010-10-22.
- ^ "A Toxic Invasive Plant Has Conquered Russia. Authorities Want to Fight It by Punishing Dacha Owners". The Moscow Times. 2 April 2024. Retrieved 2 April 2024.
External links edit
Media related to Heracleum sosnowskyi at Wikimedia Commons