fbpx
Wikipedia

Collective responsibility

January 06, 2023

For the constitutional convention seen in governments following the Westminster system, see Cabinet collective responsibility.

Collective responsibility, also known as collective guilt,[citation needed] refers to responsibilities of organizations, groups and societies.[1] Collective responsibility in the form of collective punishment is often used as a disciplinary measure in closed institutions, e.g. boarding schools (punishing a whole class for the actions of one known or unknown pupil), military units, prisons (juvenile and adult), psychiatric facilities, etc. The effectiveness and severity of this measure may vary greatly, but it often breeds distrust and isolation among their members. Historically, collective punishment is a sign of authoritarian tendencies in the institution or its home society.[2][3]

In ethics, both methodological individualists and normative individualists question the validity of collective responsibility.[4] Normally, only the individual actor can accrue culpability for actions that they freely cause. The notion of collective culpability seems to deny individual moral responsibility.[5] Contemporary systems of criminal law accept the principle that guilt shall only be personal.[6] According to genocide scholar A. Dirk Moses, "The collective guilt accusation is unacceptable in scholarship, let alone in normal discourse and is, I think, one of the key ingredients in genocidal thinking."[7]

In business

See also: Corporate personhood

As the business practices known as corporate social responsibility (CSR) and sustainability mature and converge with the responsibilities of governments and citizens, the term "collective responsibility" is beginning to be more widely used.[citation needed]

Collective responsibility is widely applied in corporations, where the entire workforce is held responsible for failure to achieve corporate targets (for example, profit targets), irrespective of the performance of individuals or teams which may have achieved or overachieved within their area.[8] Collective punishment, even including measures that actually further harm the prospect of achieving targets, is applied as a measure to 'teach' the workforce.

In culture

The concept of collective responsibility is present in literature, most notably in Samuel Taylor Coleridge's "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner", a poem telling the tale of a ship's crew who died of thirst after they approved of one crew member's killing of an albatross.

1959's Ben-Hur and 1983's prison crime drama Bad Boys depict collective responsibility and punishment. The play 'An Inspector Calls' by J.B Priestley also features the theme of collective responsibility throughout the investigation process.[9]

In politics

Main article: Cabinet collective responsibility

In some countries with parliamentary systems, there is a convention that all members of a cabinet must publicly support all government decisions, even if they do not agree with them. Members of the cabinet that wish to dissent or object publicly must resign from their positions or be sacked.[10]

As a result of collective responsibility, the entire government cabinet must resign if a vote of no confidence is passed in parliament.

In law

Main article: Joint and several liability

Where two or more persons are liable in respect of the same obligation, the extent of their joint liability varies among jurisdictions.

In religion

Main article: orthopraxy

Jews recognize two kinds of sin, offenses against other people, and offenses against God. An offense against God may be understood as a violation of a contract (the Covenant between God and the Children of Israel). Ezra, a priest and a scribe, was the leader of a large group of exiles. On his return to Jerusalem, where he was required to teach the Jews to obey the laws of God, he discovered that the Jews had been marrying non-Jews. He tore his garments in despair and confessed the sins of Israel before God, before he went on to purify the community.[11] The Book of Jeremiah (Yirmiyahu [ירמיהו]) can be organized into five sub-sections. One part, Jeremiah 2-24, displays scorn for the sins of Israel. The poem in 2:1–3:5 shows the evidence of a broken covenant against Israel.[12]

This concept is found in the Old Testament (or the Tanakh), some examples of it are the account of the Flood, the Tower of Babel, Sodom and Gomorrah and in some interpretations, the Book of Joshua's Achan. In those records, entire communities were punished for the actions of the vast majority of their members, however, it is impossible to state that there were no innocent people, nor is it possible to state that there were children who were too young to be responsible for their deeds, so they were also punished.

The practice of blaming the Jews for Jesus' death is the longest-lasting example of collective responsibility. In this case, the blame was not only cast upon the Jews of Jesus's time, it was also cast upon successive generations of Jews. This practice is documented in Matthew 27:25-66 New International Version (NIV) 25: "All the people answered, 'His blood is on us and on our children!'"

Collective punishment

Main article: Collective punishment
 
The announcement of the execution of 100 Polish roundup (pol: łapanka) hostages as revenge for the assassination of five German policemen and one SS man by Armia Krajowa's guerrilla fighters (referred to in the text as: a Polish "terrorist organization in British service"). Warsaw, 2 October 1943.

Collective responsibility in the form of collective punishment is often used as a disciplinary measure in closed institutions, e.g. boarding schools (punishing a whole class for the actions of one known or unknown pupil), military units, prisons (juvenile and adult), psychiatric facilities, etc. The effectiveness and severity of this measure may vary greatly, but it often breeds distrust and isolation among their members. Historically, collective punishment is a sign of authoritarian and/or totalitarian tendencies in the institution and/or its home society.[13] For example, in the Soviet Gulags, all members of a brigada (work unit) were punished for bad performance of any of its members.[14]

Collective punishment is also practiced in the situation of war, economic sanctions, etc., presupposing the existence of collective guilt.[15] Collective guilt, or guilt by association, is the controversial collectivist idea that individuals who are identified as a member of a certain group carry the responsibility for an act or behavior that members of that group have demonstrated, even if they themselves were not involved.[16] Contemporary systems of criminal law accept the principle that guilt shall only be personal.[17]

During the occupation of Poland by Nazi Germany, the Germans applied collective responsibility: any kind of help which was given to a person of Jewish faith or origin was punished with death, and not only the rescuer, but his/her family was also executed.[18][19][20] This was widely publicized by the Germans.[21][22] During the occupation, for every German killed by a Pole, 100-400 Poles were shot in retribution.[23] Communities were held collectively responsible for the purported Polish counter-attacks against the invading German troops. Mass executions of łapanka hostages were conducted every single day during the Wehrmacht advance across Poland in September 1939 and thereafter.[24]

Another example of collective punishment was applied after the war, when ethnic Germans in Central and Eastern Europe were collectively blamed for Nazi crimes, resulting in the commition of numerous atrocities against the German population, including killings (see Expulsion of Germans after World War II and Beneš decrees).[25]

Perception

Entitativity is the perception of groups as being entities in themselves (an entitative group), independent of any of the group's members.[26]

Ethics

In ethics, both methodological individualists and normative individualists question the validity of collective responsibility.

Methodological individualists challenge the very possibility of associating moral agency with groups, as distinct from their individual members, and normative individualists argue that collective responsibility violates principles of both individual responsibility and fairness. (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)[27]

Normally, only the individual actor can accrue culpability for actions that they freely cause. The notion of collective culpability seems to deny individual moral responsibility. Does collective responsibility make sense? History is filled with examples of a wronged man who tried to avenge himself, not only on the person who has wronged him, but on other members of the wrongdoer's family, tribe, ethnic group, religion, or nation.[5]

According to genocide scholar A. Dirk Moses, "The collective guilt accusation is unacceptable in scholarship, let alone in normal discourse and is, I think, one of the key ingredients in genocidal thinking."[28]

See also

References

  1. ^ Gregory Mellema (1997). Collective Responsibility. Rodopi. ISBN 90-420-0311-1.
  2. ^ "Personality traits predict authoritarian tendencies, study finds". PsyPost. 29 September 2017. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
  3. ^ Alexopoulos, Golfo (January 2008). "Stalin and the Politics of Kinship: Practices of Collective Punishment, 1920s–1940s". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 50: 91–117. doi:10.1017/S0010417508000066. S2CID 143409375.
  4. ^ Smiley, Marion (1 January 2011). Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University – via Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
  5. ^ a b Larry May; Stacey Hoffman (27 October 1992). Collective Responsibility: Five Decades of Debate in Theoretical and Applied Ethics. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 36–. ISBN 978-0-7425-7402-1.
  6. ^ Edwards, James (2018), "Theories of Criminal Law", in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2018 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 6 March 2019
  7. ^ Anderson, Margaret Lavinia; Reynolds, Michael; Kieser, Hans-Lukas; Balakian, Peter; Moses, A. Dirk; Akçam, Taner (2013). "Taner Akçam, The Young Turks' crime against humanity: the Armenian genocide and ethnic cleansing in the Ottoman Empire (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2012)". Journal of Genocide Research. 15 (4): 463–509. doi:10.1080/14623528.2013.856095. S2CID 73167962. This is a telling slip; Lewy is talking about ‘the Armenians’ as if the defenceless women and children who comprised the deportation columns were vicariously responsible for Armenian rebels in other parts of the country. The collective guilt accusation is unacceptable in scholarship, let alone in normal discourse and is, I think, one of the key ingredients in genocidal thinking. It fails to distinguish between combatants and non-combatants, on which international humanitarian law has been insisting for over a hundred years now.
  8. ^ "Building a culture of Responsibility in CEP Plant Timișoara – Continental". Retrieved 6 March 2019.
  9. ^ Christie, William. Samuel Taylor Coleridge: A Literary Life. Springer. doi:10.1007/978-0-230-62785-7 (inactive 31 December 2022). ISBN 978-0-230-62785-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of December 2022 (link)[page needed]
  10. ^ tutor2u (22 December 2018). "Collective Cabinet Responsibility". tutor2u. Retrieved 22 December 2018.
  11. ^ Ezra 7–10
  12. ^ O'Connor 2007, p. 491.
  13. ^ "Personality traits predict authoritarian tendencies, study finds". PsyPost. 29 September 2017. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
  14. ^ Alexopoulos, Golfo (January 2008). "Stalin and the Politics of Kinship: Practices of Collective Punishment, 1920s–1940s". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 50: 91–117. doi:10.1017/S0010417508000066. S2CID 143409375.
  15. ^ Dickson, Eric. "On the (in) effectiveness of collective punishment: An experimental investigation" (PDF). NYU.edu.
  16. ^ Fletcher, George (January 2004). "Collective Guilt and Collective Punishment". Theoretical Inquiries in Law. 5 (1): 163–178. doi:10.2202/1565-3404.1089. S2CID 59937653.
  17. ^ Edwards, James (2018), "Theories of Criminal Law", in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2018 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 6 March 2019
  18. ^ "Jozef & Wiktoria Ulma – The Righteous Among The Nations – Yad Vashem".
  19. ^ "Vasiuta Wegrzynowska and her children – Righteous Among the Nations".
  20. ^ "Malgorzata Wolska and her children – Righteous Among the Nations".
  21. ^ . citinet.net. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2013.
  22. ^ "The Nazi abuse of the Polish people continues – WWII Today". ww2today.com. 19 June 2013.
  23. ^ "Project InPosterum: Forgotten Survivors. Polish Christians Remember The Nazi Occupation<".
  24. ^ Marek Jan Chodakiewicz (2004). Between Nazis and Soviets: Occupation Politics in Poland, 1939–1947. Lexington Books. pp. 92, 105, 118, and 325. ISBN 0739104845.
  25. ^ Steffen Prauser and Arfon Rees, "The Expulsion of 'German' Communities from Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War" 1 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine, cadmus.iue.it, European University Institute, Florence. HEC No. 2004/1, pp. 53–54; accessed 26 May 2015.
  26. ^ Hamilton, David L.; Sherman, Steven J.; Castelli, Luigi (1 January 2002). "A Group By Any Other Name—The Role of Entitativity in Group Perception". European Review of Social Psychology. 12 (1): 139–166. doi:10.1080/14792772143000049. ISSN 1046-3283. S2CID 144009376.
  27. ^ Smiley, Marion (1 January 2011). Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University – via Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
  28. ^ Anderson, Margaret Lavinia; Reynolds, Michael; Kieser, Hans-Lukas; Balakian, Peter; Moses, A. Dirk; Akçam, Taner (2013). "Taner Akçam, The Young Turks' crime against humanity: the Armenian genocide and ethnic cleansing in the Ottoman Empire (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2012)". Journal of Genocide Research. 15 (4): 463–509. doi:10.1080/14623528.2013.856095. S2CID 73167962. This is a telling slip; Lewy is talking about ‘the Armenians’ as if the defenceless women and children who comprised the deportation columns were vicariously responsible for Armenian rebels in other parts of the country. The collective guilt accusation is unacceptable in scholarship, let alone in normal discourse and is, I think, one of the key ingredients in genocidal thinking. It fails to distinguish between combatants and non-combatants, on which international humanitarian law has been insisting for over a hundred years now.

Works cited

  • O'Connor, Kathleen M. (2007). "23. Jeremiah". In Barton, John; Muddiman, John (eds.). The Oxford Bible Commentary (first (paperback) ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 487–533. ISBN 978-0199277186. Retrieved 6 February 2019.

Further reading

  • Salles, Denis (2011). "Responsibility based environmental governance". S.A.P.I.EN.S. 4 (1). Retrieved 15 June 2011.

External links

 
Wikiquote has quotations related to Collective responsibility.

January 06, 2023
collective, responsibility, constitutional, convention, seen, governments, following, westminster, system, cabinet, collective, responsibility, also, known, collective, guilt, citation, needed, refers, responsibilities, organizations, groups, societies, form, . For the constitutional convention seen in governments following the Westminster system see Cabinet collective responsibility Collective responsibility also known as collective guilt citation needed refers to responsibilities of organizations groups and societies 1 Collective responsibility in the form of collective punishment is often used as a disciplinary measure in closed institutions e g boarding schools punishing a whole class for the actions of one known or unknown pupil military units prisons juvenile and adult psychiatric facilities etc The effectiveness and severity of this measure may vary greatly but it often breeds distrust and isolation among their members Historically collective punishment is a sign of authoritarian tendencies in the institution or its home society 2 3 In ethics both methodological individualists and normative individualists question the validity of collective responsibility 4 Normally only the individual actor can accrue culpability for actions that they freely cause The notion of collective culpability seems to deny individual moral responsibility 5 Contemporary systems of criminal law accept the principle that guilt shall only be personal 6 According to genocide scholar A Dirk Moses The collective guilt accusation is unacceptable in scholarship let alone in normal discourse and is I think one of the key ingredients in genocidal thinking 7 Contents 1 In business 2 In culture 3 In politics 4 In law 5 In religion 6 Collective punishment 7 Perception 8 Ethics 9 See also 10 References 10 1 Works cited 11 Further reading 12 External linksIn business EditSee also Corporate personhood As the business practices known as corporate social responsibility CSR and sustainability mature and converge with the responsibilities of governments and citizens the term collective responsibility is beginning to be more widely used citation needed Collective responsibility is widely applied in corporations where the entire workforce is held responsible for failure to achieve corporate targets for example profit targets irrespective of the performance of individuals or teams which may have achieved or overachieved within their area 8 Collective punishment even including measures that actually further harm the prospect of achieving targets is applied as a measure to teach the workforce In culture EditThe concept of collective responsibility is present in literature most notably in Samuel Taylor Coleridge s The Rime of the Ancient Mariner a poem telling the tale of a ship s crew who died of thirst after they approved of one crew member s killing of an albatross 1959 s Ben Hur and 1983 s prison crime drama Bad Boys depict collective responsibility and punishment The play An Inspector Calls by J B Priestley also features the theme of collective responsibility throughout the investigation process 9 In politics EditMain article Cabinet collective responsibility In some countries with parliamentary systems there is a convention that all members of a cabinet must publicly support all government decisions even if they do not agree with them Members of the cabinet that wish to dissent or object publicly must resign from their positions or be sacked 10 As a result of collective responsibility the entire government cabinet must resign if a vote of no confidence is passed in parliament In law EditMain article Joint and several liability Where two or more persons are liable in respect of the same obligation the extent of their joint liability varies among jurisdictions In religion EditMain article orthopraxy This section relies excessively on references to primary sources Please improve this section by adding secondary or tertiary sources Find sources Collective responsibility news newspapers books scholar JSTOR October 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message Jews recognize two kinds of sin offenses against other people and offenses against God An offense against God may be understood as a violation of a contract the Covenant between God and the Children of Israel Ezra a priest and a scribe was the leader of a large group of exiles On his return to Jerusalem where he was required to teach the Jews to obey the laws of God he discovered that the Jews had been marrying non Jews He tore his garments in despair and confessed the sins of Israel before God before he went on to purify the community 11 The Book of Jeremiah Yirmiyahu ירמיהו can be organized into five sub sections One part Jeremiah 2 24 displays scorn for the sins of Israel The poem in 2 1 3 5 shows the evidence of a broken covenant against Israel 12 This concept is found in the Old Testament or the Tanakh some examples of it are the account of the Flood the Tower of Babel Sodom and Gomorrah and in some interpretations the Book of Joshua s Achan In those records entire communities were punished for the actions of the vast majority of their members however it is impossible to state that there were no innocent people nor is it possible to state that there were children who were too young to be responsible for their deeds so they were also punished The practice of blaming the Jews for Jesus death is the longest lasting example of collective responsibility In this case the blame was not only cast upon the Jews of Jesus s time it was also cast upon successive generations of Jews This practice is documented in Matthew 27 25 66 New International Version NIV 25 All the people answered His blood is on us and on our children Collective punishment EditMain article Collective punishment The announcement of the execution of 100 Polish roundup pol lapanka hostages as revenge for the assassination of five German policemen and one SS man by Armia Krajowa s guerrilla fighters referred to in the text as a Polish terrorist organization in British service Warsaw 2 October 1943 Collective responsibility in the form of collective punishment is often used as a disciplinary measure in closed institutions e g boarding schools punishing a whole class for the actions of one known or unknown pupil military units prisons juvenile and adult psychiatric facilities etc The effectiveness and severity of this measure may vary greatly but it often breeds distrust and isolation among their members Historically collective punishment is a sign of authoritarian and or totalitarian tendencies in the institution and or its home society 13 For example in the Soviet Gulags all members of a brigada work unit were punished for bad performance of any of its members 14 Collective punishment is also practiced in the situation of war economic sanctions etc presupposing the existence of collective guilt 15 Collective guilt or guilt by association is the controversial collectivist idea that individuals who are identified as a member of a certain group carry the responsibility for an act or behavior that members of that group have demonstrated even if they themselves were not involved 16 Contemporary systems of criminal law accept the principle that guilt shall only be personal 17 During the occupation of Poland by Nazi Germany the Germans applied collective responsibility any kind of help which was given to a person of Jewish faith or origin was punished with death and not only the rescuer but his her family was also executed 18 19 20 This was widely publicized by the Germans 21 22 During the occupation for every German killed by a Pole 100 400 Poles were shot in retribution 23 Communities were held collectively responsible for the purported Polish counter attacks against the invading German troops Mass executions of lapanka hostages were conducted every single day during the Wehrmacht advance across Poland in September 1939 and thereafter 24 Another example of collective punishment was applied after the war when ethnic Germans in Central and Eastern Europe were collectively blamed for Nazi crimes resulting in the commition of numerous atrocities against the German population including killings see Expulsion of Germans after World War II and Benes decrees 25 Perception EditEntitativity is the perception of groups as being entities in themselves an entitative group independent of any of the group s members 26 Ethics EditIn ethics both methodological individualists and normative individualists question the validity of collective responsibility Methodological individualists challenge the very possibility of associating moral agency with groups as distinct from their individual members and normative individualists argue that collective responsibility violates principles of both individual responsibility and fairness Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 27 Normally only the individual actor can accrue culpability for actions that they freely cause The notion of collective culpability seems to deny individual moral responsibility Does collective responsibility make sense History is filled with examples of a wronged man who tried to avenge himself not only on the person who has wronged him but on other members of the wrongdoer s family tribe ethnic group religion or nation 5 According to genocide scholar A Dirk Moses The collective guilt accusation is unacceptable in scholarship let alone in normal discourse and is I think one of the key ingredients in genocidal thinking 28 See also Edit Society portalCrimes against humanity Diffusion of responsibility Extreme careerism Frankpledge Frith borh German collective guilt Gonin Gumi Kin punishment Milgram experiment Moral disengagement Privilege social inequality Reprisal Self hating Jew State responsibility War crime White guiltReferences Edit Gregory Mellema 1997 Collective Responsibility Rodopi ISBN 90 420 0311 1 Personality traits predict authoritarian tendencies study finds PsyPost 29 September 2017 Retrieved 6 March 2019 Alexopoulos Golfo January 2008 Stalin and the Politics of Kinship Practices of Collective Punishment 1920s 1940s Comparative Studies in Society and History 50 91 117 doi 10 1017 S0010417508000066 S2CID 143409375 Smiley Marion 1 January 2011 Zalta Edward N ed The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Metaphysics Research Lab Stanford University via Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy a b Larry May Stacey Hoffman 27 October 1992 Collective Responsibility Five Decades of Debate in Theoretical and Applied Ethics Rowman amp Littlefield Publishers pp 36 ISBN 978 0 7425 7402 1 Edwards James 2018 Theories of Criminal Law in Zalta Edward N ed The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Fall 2018 ed Metaphysics Research Lab Stanford University retrieved 6 March 2019 Anderson Margaret Lavinia Reynolds Michael Kieser Hans Lukas Balakian Peter Moses A Dirk Akcam Taner 2013 Taner Akcam The Young Turks crime against humanity the Armenian genocide and ethnic cleansing in the Ottoman Empire Princeton NJ Princeton University Press 2012 Journal of Genocide Research 15 4 463 509 doi 10 1080 14623528 2013 856095 S2CID 73167962 This is a telling slip Lewy is talking about the Armenians as if the defenceless women and children who comprised the deportation columns were vicariously responsible for Armenian rebels in other parts of the country The collective guilt accusation is unacceptable in scholarship let alone in normal discourse and is I think one of the key ingredients in genocidal thinking It fails to distinguish between combatants and non combatants on which international humanitarian law has been insisting for over a hundred years now Building a culture of Responsibility in CEP Plant Timișoara Continental Retrieved 6 March 2019 Christie William Samuel Taylor Coleridge A Literary Life Springer doi 10 1007 978 0 230 62785 7 inactive 31 December 2022 ISBN 978 0 230 62785 7 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint DOI inactive as of December 2022 link page needed tutor2u 22 December 2018 Collective Cabinet Responsibility tutor2u Retrieved 22 December 2018 Ezra 7 10 O Connor 2007 p 491 Personality traits predict authoritarian tendencies study finds PsyPost 29 September 2017 Retrieved 6 March 2019 Alexopoulos Golfo January 2008 Stalin and the Politics of Kinship Practices of Collective Punishment 1920s 1940s Comparative Studies in Society and History 50 91 117 doi 10 1017 S0010417508000066 S2CID 143409375 Dickson Eric On the in effectiveness of collective punishment An experimental investigation PDF NYU edu Fletcher George January 2004 Collective Guilt and Collective Punishment Theoretical Inquiries in Law 5 1 163 178 doi 10 2202 1565 3404 1089 S2CID 59937653 Edwards James 2018 Theories of Criminal Law in Zalta Edward N ed The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Fall 2018 ed Metaphysics Research Lab Stanford University retrieved 6 March 2019 Jozef amp Wiktoria Ulma The Righteous Among The Nations Yad Vashem Vasiuta Wegrzynowska and her children Righteous Among the Nations Malgorzata Wolska and her children Righteous Among the Nations Info citinet net Archived from the original on 3 March 2016 Retrieved 15 October 2013 The Nazi abuse of the Polish people continues WWII Today ww2today com 19 June 2013 Project InPosterum Forgotten Survivors Polish Christians Remember The Nazi Occupation lt Marek Jan Chodakiewicz 2004 Between Nazis and Soviets Occupation Politics in Poland 1939 1947 Lexington Books pp 92 105 118 and 325 ISBN 0739104845 Steffen Prauser and Arfon Rees The Expulsion of German Communities from Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War Archived 1 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine cadmus iue it European University Institute Florence HEC No 2004 1 pp 53 54 accessed 26 May 2015 Hamilton David L Sherman Steven J Castelli Luigi 1 January 2002 A Group By Any Other Name The Role of Entitativity in Group Perception European Review of Social Psychology 12 1 139 166 doi 10 1080 14792772143000049 ISSN 1046 3283 S2CID 144009376 Smiley Marion 1 January 2011 Zalta Edward N ed The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Metaphysics Research Lab Stanford University via Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Anderson Margaret Lavinia Reynolds Michael Kieser Hans Lukas Balakian Peter Moses A Dirk Akcam Taner 2013 Taner Akcam The Young Turks crime against humanity the Armenian genocide and ethnic cleansing in the Ottoman Empire Princeton NJ Princeton University Press 2012 Journal of Genocide Research 15 4 463 509 doi 10 1080 14623528 2013 856095 S2CID 73167962 This is a telling slip Lewy is talking about the Armenians as if the defenceless women and children who comprised the deportation columns were vicariously responsible for Armenian rebels in other parts of the country The collective guilt accusation is unacceptable in scholarship let alone in normal discourse and is I think one of the key ingredients in genocidal thinking It fails to distinguish between combatants and non combatants on which international humanitarian law has been insisting for over a hundred years now Works cited Edit O Connor Kathleen M 2007 23 Jeremiah In Barton John Muddiman John eds The Oxford Bible Commentary first paperback ed Oxford University Press pp 487 533 ISBN 978 0199277186 Retrieved 6 February 2019 Further reading EditSalles Denis 2011 Responsibility based environmental governance S A P I EN S 4 1 Retrieved 15 June 2011 External links Edit Wikiquote has quotations related to Collective responsibility Collective Moral Responsibility Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Zalta Edward N ed Collective Responsibility Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Collective responsibility amp oldid 1130906144, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.