Instant coffee
Instant coffee is a beverage derived from brewed coffee beans that enables people to quickly prepare hot coffee by adding hot water or milk to coffee solids in powdered or crystallized form and stirring. The product was first invented in Invercargill, the largest city in Southland, New Zealand, in 1890. Instant coffee solids (also called soluble coffee, coffee crystals, coffee powder, or powdered coffee) refers to the dehydrated and packaged solids available at retail used to make instant coffee. Instant coffee solids are commercially prepared by either freeze-drying or spray drying, after which it can be rehydrated. Instant coffee in a concentrated liquid form, as a beverage, is also manufactured.
Instant coffee granules | |
| Type | Coffee |
|---|---|
| Place of origin | New Zealand |
| Region or state | Invercargil, Southland |
| Created by | David Strang |
| Main ingredients | freeze-dried coffee |
| |
Advantages of instant coffee include speed of preparation (instant coffee dissolves quickly in hot water), lower shipping weight and volume than beans or ground coffee (to prepare the same amount of beverage), and long shelf life—though instant coffee can spoil if not kept dry. Instant coffee also reduces cleanup since there are no coffee grounds, and at least one study has found that it has a lower environmental footprint[quantify] than drip filter coffee and capsule espresso coffee, on a prepared beverage basis, disregarding quality and appeal of the beverage produced.[1]
History
Instant or soluble coffee was invented and patented in 1890, by David Strang of Invercargill, New Zealand, under patent number 3518[2] sold under the trading name Strang's Coffee[3] citing the patented "Dry Hot-Air" process. Some modern sources have credited French humorist and writer Alphonse Allais with the invention.[4][5]
The invention was previously attributed to Satori Kato, a Japanese scientist working in Chicago in 1901. Kato introduced the powdered substance in Buffalo, New York, at the Pan-American Exposition.[6] George Constant Louis Washington developed his own instant coffee process shortly thereafter, and first marketed it commercially (1910). The Nescafé brand, which introduced a more advanced coffee refining process, was launched in 1938.
High-vacuum freeze-dried coffee was developed shortly after World War II, as an indirect result of wartime research into other areas. The National Research Corporation (NRC) was formed in Massachusetts as a process-development company employing high-vacuum technology. It developed high-vacuum processes to produce penicillin, blood plasma, and streptomycin for US military use. As the war ended, NRC looked to adapt its processes for peacetime uses. It formed Florida Foods Corporation to produce concentrated orange juice powder and originally sold its product to the United States Army. That company later changed its name to Minute Maid.
A concentrated coffee/milk/sugar mixture was produced for the Union army during the American Civil War under the name Essence of Coffee, a teaspoonful of which was mixed with a cup of hot water. It had the consistency of axle grease, and proved so unpopular with the troops that it was soon discontinued.[7] The brand Camp Coffee, a coffee and chicory essence, was first produced in 1876 by Paterson & Sons Ltd in Scotland.
Use
Close to 50% of the world's green coffee is used to produce instant coffee.[8]
As food
Instant coffee is available in powder or granulated form contained in glass and plastic jars, sachets, or tins. The user controls the strength of the resulting product by adding less or more powder or granules to the water.
Instant coffee is also convenient for preparing iced coffee like the Greek frappé.
In some countries, such as Portugal, Spain, and India, instant coffee is commonly mixed with hot milk instead of boiling water.[9] In other countries, such as South Korea, instant coffee commonly comes pre-mixed with non-dairy creamer and sugar and is called "coffee mix".[10] Said to have been popularised in the UK by GIs during World War II, instant coffee still accounts for over 75 percent of coffee bought to drink in British homes, as opposed to well under 10 percent in the U.S. and France and one percent in Italy.[11]
In the United Kingdom, instant coffee granules are sometimes used to enhance the flavour of sauces used in preparing spaghetti Bolognese.[12][13]
Non-food use
Instant coffee is one of the ingredients in Caffenol,[14] a home-made, non-toxic black-and-white photographic developer. The other ingredients in the basic formula are ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and anhydrous sodium carbonate; some recipes also include potassium bromide as a fog-reducing agent. The active ingredient appears to be caffeic acid. Initial experiments on Caffenol were performed in 1995 at the Rochester Institute of Technology;[15] addition of ascorbic acid began around 2000, yielding the improved Caffenol-C, which is less likely to stain negatives than the original formulation. Experiments have shown that cheaper, less desirable brands of coffee work better for this application than more expensive brands.[16]
Production
As with regular coffee, the green coffee bean itself is first roasted to bring out flavour and aroma. Rotating cylinders containing the green beans and hot combustion gases are used in most roasting plants. When the bean temperature reaches 165 °C (329 °F) the roasting begins. It takes about 8–15 minutes to complete roasting. After cooling, the beans are then ground finely. Grinding reduces the beans to 0.5–1.1-millimetre (0.020–0.043 in) pieces. Until here, the process is in general the same as for other types of coffee.[17]
Extraction
To produce instant coffee, the soluble and volatile contents of the beans, which provide the coffee aroma and flavor, have to be extracted. This is done using water. Pressurized water heated to around 175 °C (347 °F) is used for this process. The coffee concentration in the liquid is then increased by either evaporation or by freeze concentration.[17][18]
Freeze drying
This section includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. (March 2016) |
The basic principle of freeze drying is the removal of water by sublimation.
Since the mass production of instant coffee began in post-WWII America, freeze-drying has grown in popularity to become a common method. Although it is more expensive, it generally results in a higher-quality product.
- The coffee extract is rapidly frozen and is broken into small granules. (Slower freezing would lead to larger ice crystals and a porous product; it can also affect the colour of the coffee granules).
- The granules are sifted and sorted on size.[17]
- Frozen coffee granules are placed in the drying chamber, often on metal trays.
- A vacuum is created within the chamber. The strength of the vacuum is critical in the speed of the drying and therefore the quality of the product. Care must be taken to produce a vacuum of suitable strength.
- The drying chamber is warmed, most commonly by radiation, but conduction is used in some plants and convection has been proposed in some small pilot plants. A possible problem with convection is uneven drying rates within the chamber, which would give an inferior product.
- Sublimation—the previously frozen water in the coffee granules expands to ten times its previous volume. The removal of this water vapor from the chamber is vitally important, making the condenser the most critical and expensive component in a freeze-drying plant.
- The freeze-dried granules are removed from the chamber and packaged.
Spray drying
A=Solution or suspension to be dried in, B=Atomization gas in, 1= Drying gas in, 2=Heating of drying gas, 3=Spraying of solution or suspension, 4=Drying chamber, 5=Part between drying chamber and cyclone, 6=Cyclone, 7=Drying gas is taken away, 8=Collection vessel of product, arrows mean that this is co-current lab-spraydryer
Spray drying is preferred to freeze-drying in some cases because it allows larger scale economic production, shorter drying times, and because it produces fine rounded particles.
The process produces spherical particles about 300 micrometres (0.012 in) in size with a density of 0.22 g/cm3.[19] To achieve this, nozzle atomization is used. Various ways of nozzle atomization can be used each having its own advantages and disadvantages. High speed rotating wheels operating at speeds of about 20,000 rpm are able to process up to 6,000 pounds (2,700 kg) of solution per hour.[20] The use of spray wheels requires that the drying towers have a wide radius to avoid the atomized droplets collecting onto the drying chamber walls.
- Completed in 5–30 seconds (dependent on factors such as heat, size of particle, and diameter of chamber).
- Moisture content change: IN = 75–85% OUT = 3–3.5%
- Air temperature: IN = 270 °C (518 °F) OUT = 110 °C (230 °F)
One drawback with spray drying is that the particles it produces are too fine to be used effectively by the consumer; they must first be either steam-fused in towers similar to spray dryers or by belt agglomeration to produce particles of suitable size.
Decaffeination
In commercial processes, the decaffeination of instant coffee almost always happens before the critical roasting process which will determine the coffee's flavour and aroma processes.
Byproducts
The main byproduct of the instant coffee production process is spent coffee grounds. These grounds can be used as biomass, for example to produce heat used in the manufacturing process.[21] Roughly two times the mass in spent coffee grounds is generated for each quantity of soluble coffee.[22]
Composition
The caffeine content of instant coffee is generally less than that of brewed coffee.[23] One study comparing various home-prepared samples came to the result that regular instant coffee (not decaffeinated) has a median caffeine content of 66 mg per cup (range 29–117 mg per cup), with a median cup size of 225 ml (range 170-285 ml) and a caffeine concentration of 328 µg/ml (range 102-559 µg/ml).[24] In comparison, drip or filter coffee was estimated to have a median caffeine content of 112 mg, with a median concentration of 621 µg/ml for the same cup size.[24]
Regarding antioxidants, the polyphenol content of a 180 ml cup of instant coffee has been estimated to be approximately 320 mg, compared to approximately 400 mg in a cup of brewed coffee of the same size.[25]
Health hazards
Malabsorption
Instant coffee decreases intestinal iron absorption more than drip coffee. One study estimated that, when a cup of instant coffee was ingested with a meal composed of semipurified ingredients, intestinal absorption was reduced from 5.88% to 0.97%, compared to an absorption of 1.64% with drip coffee.[26] It was also estimated that, when the strength of the instant coffee was doubled, intestinal iron absorption fell to 0.53%.[26] Apparently, however, there is no decrease in iron absorption when instant coffee is consumed 1 hour before a meal, but the same degree of inhibition as with simultaneous ingestion occurs when instant coffee is taken 1 hour after a meal.[26]
Carcinogenicity
Instant coffee has been associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer in women when compared to regular coffee, whereas for men both instant and regular coffee have been associated with an increased bladder cancer risk.[27] However, current review research suggests that there is no dose-response relationship between coffee drinking and bladder cancer, and that previous studies may have been confounded by unidentified risks of bladder cancer.[28]
Per an FDA survey, brewed instant coffee has acrylamide levels of 3–7 ppb, which is less than brewed regular coffee, i.e. 6–13 ppb.[29][30]
Regulation
In the European Union, regulations include the species of coffee bean, geographical origin, processing detail, year of crop, solvents used in decaffeination, and caffeine level.
Various institutions govern the coffee industry and help to achieve standardization and release information to the public, including the International Coffee Organization (London), Codex Alimentarius Commission of the UN (Rome), and National Coffee Association (New York).
See also
References
- ^ Humbert, Sebastien; Loerincik, Yves; Rossi, Vincent; Margni, Manuele; Jolliet, Olivier (2009). "Life cycle assessment of spray dried soluble coffee and comparison with alternatives (drip filter and capsule espresso)". Journal of Cleaner Production. 17 (15): 1351–1358. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2009.04.011. ISSN 0959-6526.
- ^ "First Annual Report". Patents, Designs and Trade-marks. New Zealand. 1890. p. 9.
- ^ Papers Past — Press — 7 September 1893 — Page 3 Advertisements Column 2
- ^ Tim (1 July 2019). "The Invention of Instant Coffee – Who, What, Where, and How?". Procaffeination. Retrieved 7 August 2021.
- ^ "When Was Instant Coffee Invented?". Coffee Affection. 24 May 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2021.
- ^ Carlisle, Rodney (2004). Scientific American Inventions and Discoveries, p.355. John Wiley & Songs, Inc., New Jersey. ISBN 0-471-24410-4.
- ^ Wiley, Bell Irvin. The Life of Billy Yank. Doubleday, New York 1971. p. 241
- ^ Ramalakshmi, K.; Rao, L. Jagan Mohan; Takano-Ishikawa, Yuko; Goto, Masao (2009). "Bioactivities of low-grade green coffee and spent coffee in different in vitro model systems". Food Chemistry. 115 (1): 79–85. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.11.063. ISSN 0308-8146.
- ^ "The Curious Case of Coffee in Spain". 18 April 2012.
- ^ "Koreans Addicted to Instant Coffee". Koreatimes.co.kr. 22 April 2009. Retrieved 17 November 2013.
- ^ Magazine Monitor. "Why do Britons drink so much instant coffee?". BBC News Magazine. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
- ^ Quick, Lucy (10 August 2021). "Ruth Langsford's secret spaghetti bolognese ingredient will divide fans". Prima. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
- ^ Willet-Wei, Megan (8 September 2015). "This awkward spaghetti recipe is causing an online backlash against a British grocery store". Business Insider. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
- ^ "Comparison of different Caffenol formulas". caffenol.blogspot.com. 17 August 2010.
- ^ Williams, Scott (September 1995). "A Use for that Last Cup of Coffee: Film and Paper Development] Darkroom and Creative Camera Techniques".
- ^ "Caffenol-C-M, recipe". 2 March 2010.
- ^ a b c Mussatto, Solange I.; Machado, Ercília M. S.; Martins, Silvia; Teixeira, José A. (2011). "Production, Composition, and Application of Coffee and Its Industrial Residues". Food and Bioprocess Technology. 4 (5): 661–672. doi:10.1007/s11947-011-0565-z. hdl:1822/22361. ISSN 1935-5130. S2CID 27800545.
- ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the : How It Works - Instant Coffee (video). Retrieved 4 March 2016.
- ^ Masters, K (1991). Spray Drying Handbook (5th ed.). Longman Scientific & Technical. ISBN 978-0-582-06266-5.
- ^ John J. McKetta, ed. (1995). Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing and Design. Marcel Dekker Inc. ISBN 978-0-8247-2604-1.
- ^ "Instant Coffee". Madehow.
- ^ Pfluger, R. A. (1975). Soluble coffee processing. In C. L. Mantell (Ed.), Solid wastes: origin, collection, processing, and disposal. New York: Wiley.
- ^ "How Much Caffeine in a Cup of Coffee?". 3 June 2017.
- ^ a b Gilbert, R.; Marshman, J.; Schwieder, M.; Berg, R. (1976). "Caffeine content of beverages as consumed". Canadian Medical Association Journal. 114 (3): 205–208. PMC 1956955. PMID 1032351.
- ^ Bonita, J.; Mandarano, M.; Shuta, D.; Vinson, J. (2007). "Coffee and cardiovascular disease: In vitro, cellular, animal, and human studies". Pharmacological Research. 55 (3): 187–198. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2007.01.006. PMID 17368041.
- ^ a b c Morck, T.; Lynch, S.; Cook, J. (1983). "Inhibition of food iron absorption by coffee". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 37 (3): 416–420. doi:10.1093/ajcn/37.3.416. PMID 6402915.
- ^ Howe, G.; Burch, J.; Miller, A.; Cook, G.; Esteve, J.; Morrison, B.; Gordon, P.; Chambers, L.; Fodor, G.; Winsor, G. M. (1980). "Tobacco use, occupation, coffee, various nutrients, and bladder cancer". Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 64 (4): 701–713. doi:10.1093/jnci/64.4.701. PMID 6928984.
- ^ Pelucchi, C.; La Vecchia, C. (24 May 2012). "Alcohol, coffee, and bladder cancer risk: a review of epidemiological studies". Eur. J. Cancer Prev. 18 (1): 62–68. doi:10.1097/CEJ.0b013e32830c8d44. PMID 19077567.
- ^ "Survey Data on Acrylamide in Food: Individual Food Products". Food and Drug Administration. Table 3: Acrylamide values in food product samples (data collected between February 8, 2003 and October 1, 2003). Retrieved 15 June 2015.
- ^ Andrzejewski D., Roach J. A., Gay M. L., Musser S. M. (2004). "Analysis of coffee for the presence of acrylamide by LC-MS/MS". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 52 (7): 1996–2002. doi:10.1021/jf0349634. PMID 15053542.
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Bibliography
- Romualdo Verzosa Jr., ed. (1993). Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, volume 6 (4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-52674-2.
- Masters, K (1991). Spray Drying Handbook (5th ed.). Longman Scientific & Technical. ISBN 978-0-582-06266-5.
- John J. McKetta, ed. (1995). Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing and Design. Marcel Dekker Inc. ISBN 978-0-8247-2604-1.