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Health effects of coffee

October 21, 2023

The health effects of coffee include various health benefits and health risks.[1]

A 2017 umbrella review of meta-analyses found that drinking coffee is generally safe within usual levels of intake and is more likely to improve health outcomes than to cause harm at doses of 3 or 4 cups of coffee daily. Exceptions include possible increased risk in women having bone fractures, and a possible increased risk in fetal loss or decreased birth weight during pregnancy.[2] Results were complicated by poor study quality, and differences in age, gender, health status, and serving size.[2]

Digestion Edit

A 1999 review found that coffee does not cause indigestion, but may promote gastrointestinal reflux.[3] Two reviews of clinical studies on people recovering from abdominal, colorectal, and gynecological surgery found that coffee consumption was safe and effective for enhancing postoperative gastrointestinal function.[4][5]

Mortality Edit

In 2012, the National Institutes of Health–AARP Diet and Health Study found that higher coffee consumption was associated with lower risk of death, and that those who drank any coffee lived longer than those who did not. However the authors noted, "whether this was a causal or associational finding cannot be determined from our data."[6] A 2014 meta-analysis found that coffee consumption (4 cups/day) was inversely associated with all-cause mortality (a 16% lower risk), as well as cardiovascular disease mortality specifically (a 21% lower risk from drinking 3 cups/day), but not with cancer mortality[7] with exception being oral cancer mortality.[8]

Additional meta-analyses corroborated these findings, showing that higher coffee consumption (2–4 cups per day) was associated with a reduced risk of death by all disease causes.[9][10] An association of coffee drinking with reduced risk for death from various sources was confirmed by a widely cited prospective cohort study of ten European countries in 2017.[11]

Cardiovascular disease Edit

Moderate coffee consumption is not a risk factor for coronary heart disease.[12] A 2012 meta-analysis concluded that people who drank moderate amounts of coffee had a lower rate of heart failure, with the biggest effect found for those who drank more than four cups a day.[13] A 2014 meta-analysis concluded that cardiovascular disease, such as coronary artery disease and stroke, is less likely with three to five cups of non-decaffeinated coffee per day, but more likely with over five cups per day.[14] A 2016 meta-analysis showed that coffee consumption was associated with a reduced risk of death in patients who have had a myocardial infarction.[15]

The effect of no or moderate daily consumption of coffee on risk for developing hypertension has been assessed in several reviews during the 21st century. A 2019 review found that one to two cups consumed per day had no effect on hypertension risk, whereas drinking three or more cups per day reduced the risk,[16] a finding in agreement with a 2017 analysis which showed a 9% lower risk of hypertension with long-term consumption of up to seven cups of coffee per day.[17] Another review in 2018 found that the risk of hypertension was reduced by 2% with each one cup per day increment of coffee consumption up to 8 cups per day, compared with people who did not consume any coffee.[18] By contrast, a 2011 review had found that drinking one to three cups of coffee per day may pose a slightly increased risk of developing hypertension.[19]

The 2021 European Society of Cardiology Guidelines on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice state: "Non-filtered coffee contains LDL-C-raising cafestol and kahweol, and may be associated with an up to 25% increased risk of ASCVD mortality by consumption of nine or more drinks a day. Non-filtered coffee includes boiled, Greek, and Turkish coffee and some espresso coffees. Moderate coffee consumption (3–4 cups per day) is probably not harmful, perhaps even moderately beneficial".[20]

Atrial fibrillation Edit

The Women's Health Study showed an increased risk of atrial fibrillation with 2-3 cups/day of caffeinated coffee,[21] but other studies found either no effect or a protective effect.[22]

Parkinson's disease Edit

Meta-analyses have consistently found that long-term coffee consumption is associated with a lower risk of Parkinson's disease.[2]

Type II diabetes Edit

In a systematic review and meta-analysis of 28 prospective observational studies, representing over one million participants, every additional cup of caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee consumed in a day was associated, respectively, with a 9% and 6% lower risk of type 2 diabetes.[23]

Cancer Edit

Research on the effects of coffee consumption on cancer risk generally has indicated no effect[24][25] or a slightly lower risk of cancer, particularly in the liver.[26][27]

Liver disease Edit

Preliminary evidence indicates that coffee consumption may be protective against the progression of liver disease, although the possible mechanisms for such an effect remain unclear.[28]

Mental health Edit

The UK National Health Service advises that avoiding coffee may reduce anxiety.[29] In chronic psychiatric patients, caffeine, the major active ingredient in coffee, is associated with anxiety.[30][31] At high doses, typically greater than 300 mg, caffeine can both cause and worsen anxiety.[32] For some people, discontinuing caffeine use can significantly reduce anxiety.[33] Caffeine-induced anxiety disorder is a subclass of substance- or medication-induced anxiety disorder.[34] Populations that may be most impacted by caffeine consumption are adolescents and those already suffering anxiety disorders.[35] Preliminary research indicated the possibility of a beneficial relationship between coffee intake and reduced depression.[2][36][37] Long-term preliminary research, including assessment of symptoms for dementia and cognitive impairment, was inconclusive for coffee having an effect in the elderly, mainly due to the poor quality of the studies.[2][38]

References Edit

  1. ^ "Coffee - Brewing, Roasting, Varieties | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2023-07-09.
  2. ^ a b c d e Poole R, Kennedy OJ, Roderick P, Fallowfield JA, Hayes PC, Parkes J (November 2017). "Coffee consumption and health: umbrella review of meta-analyses of multiple health outcomes". BMJ. 359: j5024. doi:10.1136/bmj.j5024. PMC 5696634. PMID 29167102. 
  3. ^ Boekema PJ, Samsom M, van Berge Henegouwen GP, Smout AJ (1999). "Coffee and gastrointestinal function: facts and fiction. A review". Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. Supplement. 34 (230): 35–39. doi:10.1080/003655299750025525. PMID 10499460.
  4. ^ Cornwall HL, Edwards BA, Curran JF, Boyce S (May 2020). "Coffee to go? The effect of coffee on resolution of ileus following abdominal surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials". Clinical Nutrition. 39 (5): 1385–1394. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2019.06.003. PMID 31253438. S2CID 195766007.
  5. ^ Eamudomkarn N, Kietpeerakool C, Kaewrudee S, Jampathong N, Ngamjarus C, Lumbiganon P (November 2018). "Effect of postoperative coffee consumption on gastrointestinal function after abdominal surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 17349. Bibcode:2018NatSR...817349E. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-35752-2. PMC 6255780. PMID 30478433.
  6. ^ Freedman ND, Park Y, Abnet CC, Hollenbeck AR, Sinha R (May 2012). "Association of coffee drinking with total and cause-specific mortality". The New England Journal of Medicine. 366 (20): 1891–1904. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1112010. PMC 3439152. PMID 22591295.
  7. ^ Crippa A, Discacciati A, Larsson SC, Wolk A, Orsini N (October 2014). "Coffee consumption and mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: a dose-response meta-analysis". American Journal of Epidemiology. 180 (8): 763–775. doi:10.1093/aje/kwu194. PMID 25156996.
  8. ^ Hildebrand JS, Patel AV, McCullough ML, Gaudet MM, Chen AY, Hayes RB, Gapstur SM (January 2013). "Coffee, tea, and fatal oral/pharyngeal cancer in a large prospective US cohort". American Journal of Epidemiology. 177 (1): 50–58. doi:10.1093/aje/kws222. PMID 23230042.
  9. ^ Je Y, Giovannucci E (April 2014). "Coffee consumption and total mortality: a meta-analysis of twenty prospective cohort studies". The British Journal of Nutrition. 111 (7): 1162–1173. doi:10.1017/S0007114513003814. PMID 24279995. from the original on 31 August 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
  10. ^ Zhao Y, Wu K, Zheng J, Zuo R, Li D (May 2015). "Association of coffee drinking with all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Public Health Nutrition. 18 (7): 1282–1291. doi:10.1017/S1368980014001438. PMID 25089347.
  11. ^ Gunter MJ, Murphy N, Cross AJ, Dossus L, Dartois L, Fagherazzi G, et al. (August 2017). "Coffee Drinking and Mortality in 10 European Countries: A Multinational Cohort Study". Annals of Internal Medicine. 167 (4): 236–247. doi:10.7326/M16-2945. PMC 5788283. PMID 28693038.
  12. ^ Wu JN, Ho SC, Zhou C, Ling WH, Chen WQ, Wang CL, Chen YM (November 2009). "Coffee consumption and risk of coronary heart diseases: a meta-analysis of 21 prospective cohort studies". International Journal of Cardiology. 137 (3): 216–225. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2008.06.051. PMID 18707777.
  13. ^ Mostofsky E, Rice MS, Levitan EB, Mittleman MA (July 2012). "Habitual coffee consumption and risk of heart failure: a dose-response meta-analysis". Circulation: Heart Failure. 5 (4): 401–405. doi:10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.112.967299. PMC 3425948. PMID 22740040.
  14. ^ Ding M, Bhupathiraju SN, Satija A, van Dam RM, Hu FB (February 2014). "Long-term coffee consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies". Circulation. 129 (6): 643–659. doi:10.1161/circulationaha.113.005925. PMC 3945962. PMID 24201300.
  15. ^ Brown OI, Allgar V, Wong KY (November 2016). "Coffee reduces the risk of death after acute myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis". Coronary Artery Disease. 27 (7): 566–572. doi:10.1097/MCA.0000000000000397. PMID 27315099. S2CID 7980392. from the original on 2 April 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
  16. ^ D'Elia L, La Fata E, Galletti F, Scalfi L, Strazzullo P (February 2019). "Coffee consumption and risk of hypertension: a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies". European Journal of Nutrition. 58 (1): 271–280. doi:10.1007/s00394-017-1591-z. PMID 29222637. S2CID 7264285. from the original on 6 November 2020. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
  17. ^ Grosso G, Micek A, Godos J, Pajak A, Sciacca S, Bes-Rastrollo M, et al. (August 2017). "Long-Term Coffee Consumption Is Associated with Decreased Incidence of New-Onset Hypertension: A Dose-Response Meta-Analysis". Nutrients. 9 (8): 890. doi:10.3390/nu9080890. PMC 5579683. PMID 28817085.
  18. ^ Xie C, Cui L, Zhu J, Wang K, Sun N, Sun C (February 2018). "Coffee consumption and risk of hypertension: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies". Journal of Human Hypertension. 32 (2): 83–93. doi:10.1038/s41371-017-0007-0. PMID 29302055. S2CID 3515374.
  19. ^ Zhang Z, Hu G, Caballero B, Appel L, Chen L (June 2011). "Habitual coffee consumption and risk of hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational studies". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 93 (6): 1212–1219. doi:10.3945/ajcn.110.004044. PMID 21450934.
  20. ^ Visseren FL, Mach F, Smulders YM, Carballo D, Koskinas KC, Bäck M, et al. (September 2021). "2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice". European Heart Journal. 42 (34): 3227–3337. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehab484. PMID 34458905.
  21. ^ Conen D, Chiuve SE, Everett BM, Zhang SM, Buring JE, Albert CM (September 2010). "Caffeine consumption and incident atrial fibrillation in women". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 92 (3): 509–514. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2010.29627. PMC 2921535. PMID 20573799.
  22. ^ Chieng D, Canovas R, Segan L, Sugumar H, Voskoboinik A, Prabhu S, et al. (September 2022). "The impact of coffee subtypes on incident cardiovascular disease, arrhythmias, and mortality: long-term outcomes from the UK Biobank". European Journal of Preventive Cardiology. 29 (17): 2240–2249. doi:10.1093/eurjpc/zwac189. PMID 36162818.
  23. ^ Ding M, Bhupathiraju SN, Chen M, van Dam RM, Hu FB (February 2014). "Caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and a dose-response meta-analysis". Diabetes Care (Systematic Review & Meta-Analysis). 37 (2): 569–586. doi:10.2337/dc13-1203. PMC 3898757. PMID 24459154.
  24. ^ Xie F, Wang D, Huang Z, Guo Y (September 2014). "Coffee consumption and risk of gastric cancer: a large updated meta-analysis of prospective studies". Nutrients. 6 (9): 3734–3746. doi:10.3390/nu6093734. PMC 4179186. PMID 25237829.
  25. ^ Akter S, Kashino I, Mizoue T, Matsuo K, Ito H, Wakai K, et al. (August 2016). "Coffee drinking and colorectal cancer risk: an evaluation based on a systematic review and meta-analysis among the Japanese population". Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology. 46 (8): 781–787. doi:10.1093/jjco/hyw059. PMID 27174958. from the original on 29 September 2019. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
  26. ^ Bravi F, Tavani A, Bosetti C, Boffetta P, La Vecchia C (September 2017). "Coffee and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma and chronic liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies". European Journal of Cancer Prevention. 26 (5): 368–377. doi:10.1097/cej.0000000000000252. PMID 27111112. S2CID 25243023.
  27. ^ Zhao LG, Li ZY, Feng GS, Ji XW, Tan YT, Li HL, et al. (February 2020). "Coffee drinking and cancer risk: an umbrella review of meta-analyses of observational studies". BMC Cancer. 20 (1): 101. doi:10.1186/s12885-020-6561-9. PMC 7003434. PMID 32024485.
  28. ^ Wadhawan M, Anand AC (March 2016). "Coffee and Liver Disease". Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology. 6 (1): 40–46. doi:10.1016/j.jceh.2016.02.003. PMC 4862107. PMID 27194895.
  29. ^ "Self-help: Generalised anxiety disorder in adults". National Health Service, UK. 19 December 2018. from the original on 27 January 2019. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
  30. ^ Winston AP (2005). "Neuropsychiatric effects of caffeine". Advances in Psychiatric Treatment. 11 (6): 432–439. doi:10.1192/apt.11.6.432.
  31. ^ Vilarim MM, Rocha Araujo DM, Nardi AE (August 2011). "Caffeine challenge test and panic disorder: a systematic literature review". Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics. 11 (8): 1185–1195. doi:10.1586/ern.11.83. PMID 21797659. S2CID 5364016.
  32. ^ Smith A (September 2002). "Effects of caffeine on human behavior". Food and Chemical Toxicology. 40 (9): 1243–1255. doi:10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00096-0. PMID 12204388.
  33. ^ Bruce MS, Lader M (February 1989). "Caffeine abstention in the management of anxiety disorders". Psychological Medicine. 19 (1): 211–214. doi:10.1017/S003329170001117X. PMID 2727208. S2CID 45368729.
  34. ^ Addicott MA (September 2014). "Caffeine Use Disorder: A Review of the Evidence and Future Implications". Current Addiction Reports. 1 (3): 186–192. doi:10.1007/s40429-014-0024-9. PMC 4115451. PMID 25089257.
  35. ^ O'Neill CE, Newsom RJ, Stafford J, Scott T, Archuleta S, Levis SC, et al. (May 2016). "Adolescent caffeine consumption increases adulthood anxiety-related behavior and modifies neuroendocrine signaling". Psychoneuroendocrinology. 67: 40–50. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.01.030. PMC 4808446. PMID 26874560.
  36. ^ Wang L, Shen X, Wu Y, Zhang D (March 2016). "Coffee and caffeine consumption and depression: A meta-analysis of observational studies". The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 50 (3): 228–242. doi:10.1177/0004867415603131. PMID 26339067. S2CID 23377304.
  37. ^ Grosso G, Micek A, Castellano S, Pajak A, Galvano F (January 2016). "Coffee, tea, caffeine and risk of depression: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies". Molecular Nutrition & Food Research. 60 (1): 223–234. doi:10.1002/mnfr.201500620. PMID 26518745.
  38. ^ Panza F, Solfrizzi V, Barulli MR, Bonfiglio C, Guerra V, Osella A, et al. (March 2015). "Coffee, tea, and caffeine consumption and prevention of late-life cognitive decline and dementia: a systematic review". The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging. 19 (3): 313–328. doi:10.1007/s12603-014-0563-8. hdl:11586/145493. PMID 25732217. S2CID 8376733.

October 21, 2023
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The health effects of coffee include various health benefits and health risks 1 A 2017 umbrella review of meta analyses found that drinking coffee is generally safe within usual levels of intake and is more likely to improve health outcomes than to cause harm at doses of 3 or 4 cups of coffee daily Exceptions include possible increased risk in women having bone fractures and a possible increased risk in fetal loss or decreased birth weight during pregnancy 2 Results were complicated by poor study quality and differences in age gender health status and serving size 2 Contents 1 Digestion 2 Mortality 2 1 Cardiovascular disease 2 1 1 Atrial fibrillation 2 2 Parkinson s disease 2 3 Type II diabetes 2 4 Cancer 2 5 Liver disease 3 Mental health 4 ReferencesDigestion EditA 1999 review found that coffee does not cause indigestion but may promote gastrointestinal reflux 3 Two reviews of clinical studies on people recovering from abdominal colorectal and gynecological surgery found that coffee consumption was safe and effective for enhancing postoperative gastrointestinal function 4 5 Mortality EditIn 2012 the National Institutes of Health AARP Diet and Health Study found that higher coffee consumption was associated with lower risk of death and that those who drank any coffee lived longer than those who did not However the authors noted whether this was a causal or associational finding cannot be determined from our data 6 A 2014 meta analysis found that coffee consumption 4 cups day was inversely associated with all cause mortality a 16 lower risk as well as cardiovascular disease mortality specifically a 21 lower risk from drinking 3 cups day but not with cancer mortality 7 with exception being oral cancer mortality 8 Additional meta analyses corroborated these findings showing that higher coffee consumption 2 4 cups per day was associated with a reduced risk of death by all disease causes 9 10 An association of coffee drinking with reduced risk for death from various sources was confirmed by a widely cited prospective cohort study of ten European countries in 2017 11 Cardiovascular disease Edit Moderate coffee consumption is not a risk factor for coronary heart disease 12 A 2012 meta analysis concluded that people who drank moderate amounts of coffee had a lower rate of heart failure with the biggest effect found for those who drank more than four cups a day 13 A 2014 meta analysis concluded that cardiovascular disease such as coronary artery disease and stroke is less likely with three to five cups of non decaffeinated coffee per day but more likely with over five cups per day 14 A 2016 meta analysis showed that coffee consumption was associated with a reduced risk of death in patients who have had a myocardial infarction 15 The effect of no or moderate daily consumption of coffee on risk for developing hypertension has been assessed in several reviews during the 21st century A 2019 review found that one to two cups consumed per day had no effect on hypertension risk whereas drinking three or more cups per day reduced the risk 16 a finding in agreement with a 2017 analysis which showed a 9 lower risk of hypertension with long term consumption of up to seven cups of coffee per day 17 Another review in 2018 found that the risk of hypertension was reduced by 2 with each one cup per day increment of coffee consumption up to 8 cups per day compared with people who did not consume any coffee 18 By contrast a 2011 review had found that drinking one to three cups of coffee per day may pose a slightly increased risk of developing hypertension 19 The 2021 European Society of Cardiology Guidelines on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice state Non filtered coffee contains LDL C raising cafestol and kahweol and may be associated with an up to 25 increased risk of ASCVD mortality by consumption of nine or more drinks a day Non filtered coffee includes boiled Greek and Turkish coffee and some espresso coffees Moderate coffee consumption 3 4 cups per day is probably not harmful perhaps even moderately beneficial 20 Atrial fibrillation Edit The Women s Health Study showed an increased risk of atrial fibrillation with 2 3 cups day of caffeinated coffee 21 but other studies found either no effect or a protective effect 22 Parkinson s disease Edit Meta analyses have consistently found that long term coffee consumption is associated with a lower risk of Parkinson s disease 2 Type II diabetes Edit In a systematic review and meta analysis of 28 prospective observational studies representing over one million participants every additional cup of caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee consumed in a day was associated respectively with a 9 and 6 lower risk of type 2 diabetes 23 Cancer Edit Research on the effects of coffee consumption on cancer risk generally has indicated no effect 24 25 or a slightly lower risk of cancer particularly in the liver 26 27 Liver disease Edit Preliminary evidence indicates that coffee consumption may be protective against the progression of liver disease although the possible mechanisms for such an effect remain unclear 28 Mental health EditThe UK National Health Service advises that avoiding coffee may reduce anxiety 29 In chronic psychiatric patients caffeine the major active ingredient in coffee is associated with anxiety 30 31 At high doses typically greater than 300 mg caffeine can both cause and worsen anxiety 32 For some people discontinuing caffeine use can significantly reduce anxiety 33 Caffeine induced anxiety disorder is a subclass of substance or medication induced anxiety disorder 34 Populations that may be most impacted by caffeine consumption are adolescents and those already suffering anxiety disorders 35 Preliminary research indicated the possibility of a beneficial relationship between coffee intake and reduced depression 2 36 37 Long term preliminary research including assessment of symptoms for dementia and cognitive impairment was inconclusive for coffee having an effect in the elderly mainly due to the poor quality of the studies 2 38 References Edit Coffee Brewing Roasting Varieties Britannica www britannica com Retrieved 2023 07 09 a b c d e Poole R Kennedy OJ Roderick P Fallowfield JA Hayes PC Parkes J November 2017 Coffee consumption and health umbrella review of meta analyses of multiple health outcomes BMJ 359 j5024 doi 10 1136 bmj j5024 PMC 5696634 PMID 29167102 nbsp Boekema PJ Samsom M van Berge Henegouwen GP Smout AJ 1999 Coffee and gastrointestinal function facts and fiction A review Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology Supplement 34 230 35 39 doi 10 1080 003655299750025525 PMID 10499460 Cornwall HL Edwards BA Curran JF Boyce S May 2020 Coffee to go The effect of coffee on resolution of ileus following abdominal surgery A systematic review and meta analysis of randomised controlled trials Clinical Nutrition 39 5 1385 1394 doi 10 1016 j clnu 2019 06 003 PMID 31253438 S2CID 195766007 Eamudomkarn N Kietpeerakool C Kaewrudee S Jampathong N Ngamjarus C Lumbiganon P November 2018 Effect of postoperative coffee consumption on gastrointestinal function after abdominal surgery A systematic review and meta analysis of randomized controlled trials Scientific Reports 8 1 17349 Bibcode 2018NatSR 817349E doi 10 1038 s41598 018 35752 2 PMC 6255780 PMID 30478433 Freedman ND Park Y Abnet CC Hollenbeck AR Sinha R May 2012 Association of coffee drinking with total and cause specific mortality The New England Journal of Medicine 366 20 1891 1904 doi 10 1056 NEJMoa1112010 PMC 3439152 PMID 22591295 Crippa A Discacciati A Larsson SC Wolk A Orsini N October 2014 Coffee consumption and mortality from all causes cardiovascular disease and cancer a dose response meta analysis American Journal of Epidemiology 180 8 763 775 doi 10 1093 aje kwu194 PMID 25156996 Hildebrand JS Patel AV McCullough ML Gaudet MM Chen AY Hayes RB Gapstur SM January 2013 Coffee tea and fatal oral pharyngeal cancer in a large prospective US cohort American Journal of Epidemiology 177 1 50 58 doi 10 1093 aje kws222 PMID 23230042 Je Y Giovannucci E April 2014 Coffee consumption and total mortality a meta analysis of twenty prospective cohort studies The British Journal of Nutrition 111 7 1162 1173 doi 10 1017 S0007114513003814 PMID 24279995 Archived from the original on 31 August 2022 Retrieved 23 February 2022 Zhao Y Wu K Zheng J Zuo R Li D May 2015 Association of coffee drinking with all cause mortality a systematic review and meta analysis Public Health Nutrition 18 7 1282 1291 doi 10 1017 S1368980014001438 PMID 25089347 Gunter MJ Murphy N Cross AJ Dossus L Dartois L Fagherazzi G et al August 2017 Coffee Drinking and Mortality in 10 European Countries A Multinational Cohort Study Annals of Internal Medicine 167 4 236 247 doi 10 7326 M16 2945 PMC 5788283 PMID 28693038 Wu JN Ho SC Zhou C Ling WH Chen WQ Wang CL Chen YM November 2009 Coffee consumption and risk of coronary heart diseases a meta analysis of 21 prospective cohort studies International Journal of Cardiology 137 3 216 225 doi 10 1016 j ijcard 2008 06 051 PMID 18707777 Mostofsky E Rice MS Levitan EB Mittleman MA July 2012 Habitual coffee consumption and risk of heart failure a dose response meta analysis Circulation Heart Failure 5 4 401 405 doi 10 1161 CIRCHEARTFAILURE 112 967299 PMC 3425948 PMID 22740040 Ding M Bhupathiraju SN Satija A van Dam RM Hu FB February 2014 Long term coffee consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease a systematic review and a dose response meta analysis of prospective cohort studies Circulation 129 6 643 659 doi 10 1161 circulationaha 113 005925 PMC 3945962 PMID 24201300 Brown OI Allgar V Wong KY November 2016 Coffee reduces the risk of death after acute myocardial infarction a meta analysis Coronary Artery Disease 27 7 566 572 doi 10 1097 MCA 0000000000000397 PMID 27315099 S2CID 7980392 Archived from the original on 2 April 2022 Retrieved 23 February 2022 D Elia L La Fata E Galletti F Scalfi L Strazzullo P February 2019 Coffee consumption and risk of hypertension a dose response meta analysis of prospective studies European Journal of Nutrition 58 1 271 280 doi 10 1007 s00394 017 1591 z PMID 29222637 S2CID 7264285 Archived from the original on 6 November 2020 Retrieved 29 September 2020 Grosso G Micek A Godos J Pajak A Sciacca S Bes Rastrollo M et al August 2017 Long Term Coffee Consumption Is Associated with Decreased Incidence of New Onset Hypertension A Dose Response Meta Analysis Nutrients 9 8 890 doi 10 3390 nu9080890 PMC 5579683 PMID 28817085 Xie C Cui L Zhu J Wang K Sun N Sun C February 2018 Coffee consumption and risk of hypertension a systematic review and dose response meta analysis of cohort studies Journal of Human Hypertension 32 2 83 93 doi 10 1038 s41371 017 0007 0 PMID 29302055 S2CID 3515374 Zhang Z Hu G Caballero B Appel L Chen L June 2011 Habitual coffee consumption and risk of hypertension a systematic review and meta analysis of prospective observational studies The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 93 6 1212 1219 doi 10 3945 ajcn 110 004044 PMID 21450934 Visseren FL Mach F Smulders YM Carballo D Koskinas KC Back M et al September 2021 2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice European Heart Journal 42 34 3227 3337 doi 10 1093 eurheartj ehab484 PMID 34458905 Conen D Chiuve SE Everett BM Zhang SM Buring JE Albert CM September 2010 Caffeine consumption and incident atrial fibrillation in women The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 92 3 509 514 doi 10 3945 ajcn 2010 29627 PMC 2921535 PMID 20573799 Chieng D Canovas R Segan L Sugumar H Voskoboinik A Prabhu S et al September 2022 The impact of coffee subtypes on incident cardiovascular disease arrhythmias and mortality long term outcomes from the UK Biobank European Journal of Preventive Cardiology 29 17 2240 2249 doi 10 1093 eurjpc zwac189 PMID 36162818 Ding M Bhupathiraju SN Chen M van Dam RM Hu FB February 2014 Caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes a systematic review and a dose response meta analysis Diabetes Care Systematic Review amp Meta Analysis 37 2 569 586 doi 10 2337 dc13 1203 PMC 3898757 PMID 24459154 Xie F Wang D Huang Z Guo Y September 2014 Coffee consumption and risk of gastric cancer a large updated meta analysis of prospective studies Nutrients 6 9 3734 3746 doi 10 3390 nu6093734 PMC 4179186 PMID 25237829 Akter S Kashino I Mizoue T Matsuo K Ito H Wakai K et al August 2016 Coffee drinking and colorectal cancer risk an evaluation based on a systematic review and meta analysis among the Japanese population Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology 46 8 781 787 doi 10 1093 jjco hyw059 PMID 27174958 Archived from the original on 29 September 2019 Retrieved 24 September 2019 Bravi F Tavani A Bosetti C Boffetta P La Vecchia C September 2017 Coffee and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma and chronic liver disease a systematic review and meta analysis of prospective studies European Journal of Cancer Prevention 26 5 368 377 doi 10 1097 cej 0000000000000252 PMID 27111112 S2CID 25243023 Zhao LG Li ZY Feng GS Ji XW Tan YT Li HL et al February 2020 Coffee drinking and cancer risk an umbrella review of meta analyses of observational studies BMC Cancer 20 1 101 doi 10 1186 s12885 020 6561 9 PMC 7003434 PMID 32024485 Wadhawan M Anand AC March 2016 Coffee and Liver Disease Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology 6 1 40 46 doi 10 1016 j jceh 2016 02 003 PMC 4862107 PMID 27194895 Self help Generalised anxiety disorder in adults National Health Service UK 19 December 2018 Archived from the original on 27 January 2019 Retrieved 27 January 2019 Winston AP 2005 Neuropsychiatric effects of caffeine Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 11 6 432 439 doi 10 1192 apt 11 6 432 Vilarim MM Rocha Araujo DM Nardi AE August 2011 Caffeine challenge test and panic disorder a systematic literature review Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics 11 8 1185 1195 doi 10 1586 ern 11 83 PMID 21797659 S2CID 5364016 Smith A September 2002 Effects of caffeine on human behavior Food and Chemical Toxicology 40 9 1243 1255 doi 10 1016 S0278 6915 02 00096 0 PMID 12204388 Bruce MS Lader M February 1989 Caffeine abstention in the management of anxiety disorders Psychological Medicine 19 1 211 214 doi 10 1017 S003329170001117X PMID 2727208 S2CID 45368729 Addicott MA September 2014 Caffeine Use Disorder A Review of the Evidence and Future Implications Current Addiction Reports 1 3 186 192 doi 10 1007 s40429 014 0024 9 PMC 4115451 PMID 25089257 O Neill CE Newsom RJ Stafford J Scott T Archuleta S Levis SC et al May 2016 Adolescent caffeine consumption increases adulthood anxiety related behavior and modifies neuroendocrine signaling Psychoneuroendocrinology 67 40 50 doi 10 1016 j psyneuen 2016 01 030 PMC 4808446 PMID 26874560 Wang L Shen X Wu Y Zhang D March 2016 Coffee and caffeine consumption and depression A meta analysis of observational studies The Australian and New Zealand 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