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Wikipedia

Cloudflare

January 09, 2024

Cloudflare, Inc. is an American company that provides content delivery network services, cloud cybersecurity, DDoS mitigation, and ICANN-accredited[3] domain registration services.[4][5][6] Cloudflare's headquarters are located in San Francisco, California.[4] According to The Hill, it is used by more than 20 percent of the Internet for its web security services as of 2022.[7]

Cloudflare, Inc.
TypePublic
IndustryInformation and communications technology
FoundedJuly 2009; 14 years ago (2009-07)
FounderLee Holloway
Matthew Prince
Michelle Zatlyn 
HeadquartersSan Francisco, California, U.S.
Key people
Servicesreverse proxy, edge computing, streaming media, identity management, virtual private network
Revenue US$975 million (2022)
US$−201 million (2022)
US$−193 million (2022)
Total assets US$2.59 billion (2022)
Total equity US$624 million (2022)
Number of employees
3,217 (December 2022)
SubsidiariesArea 1 Security
ASN
  • 13335
Websitewww.cloudflare.com
Footnotes / references
[1][2]

History edit

Cloudflare was founded in July 2009 by Matthew Prince, Lee Holloway, and Michelle Zatlyn.[2][8][9] Prince and Holloway had previously collaborated on Project Honey Pot, a product of Unspam Technologies that served as some inspiration for the basis of Cloudflare.[10] From 2009, the company was venture-capital funded.[11] On August 15, 2019, Cloudflare submitted its S-1 filing for IPO on the New York Stock Exchange under the stock ticker NET.[12] It opened for public trading on September 13, 2019 at $15 per share.[13]

In 2020, Cloudflare co-founder and COO Michelle Zatlyn was named president, making her one of the few woman presidents of a publicly traded technology company in the U.S.[14]

Cloudflare has acquired web-services and security companies, including StopTheHacker (Feb 2014),[15] CryptoSeal (June 2014),[16] Eager Platform Co. (December 2016),[17] Neumob (November 2017),[18] S2 Systems (January 2020),[19] Linc (December 2020),[20] Zaraz (December 2021),[21] Vectrix (February 2022),[22] and Area 1 Security (February 2022).[23]

 
Lava lamp wall in Cloudflare's San Francisco offices (2021)

Since at least 2017, Cloudflare has been using a wall of lava lamps in their San Francisco headquarters as a source of randomness for encryption keys, alongside double pendulums in its London offices and a geiger counter in its Singapore offices.[24] The lava lamp installation implements the Lavarand method, where a camera transforms the unpredictable shapes of the "lava" blobs into a digital image.[25][24]

In Q4 2022, Cloudflare provided paid services to 162,086 customers.[26]

Products edit

 
An example of public key certificate issued by Cloudflare

Cloudflare acts as a reverse proxy for web traffic. It supports web protocols including SPDY and HTTP/2, QUIC, and support for HTTP/2 Server Push.[27] As of 2023, Cloudflare handles an average of 45 million HTTP requests per second.[28]

Cloudflare provides DDoS mitigation services that protect customers from distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks.

In 2010, Cloudflare launched a content distribution network (CDN) service. TechCrunch wrote that its goal was to be "a CDN for the masses".[29]

In 2017 Cloudflare launched Cloudflare Workers, a serverless computing platform for creating new applications, augmenting existing ones, without configuring or maintaining infrastructure. It has expanded to include Workers KV, a low-latency key-value data store; Cron Triggers, for scheduling Cron jobs; and additional tooling for developers to deploy and scale their code across the globe.[30]

On September 25, 2019, Cloudflare released a freemium VPN service for mobile devices called WARP.[31][32] A year later, beta support for macOS and Windows was released.[33]

In April 2020, Cloudflare announced it was moving away from using reCAPTCHA in favor of hCaptcha.[34]

Cloudflare One, the company's overarching SASE platform, debuted in October 2020.[35]

In November 2020, Cloudflare announced Cloudflare for Teams, consisting of a DNS resolver and web gateway called "Gateway," and a zero-trust authentication service called "Access."[36]

On May 11, 2022, Cloudflare announced its first SQL database, D1, which is built on SQLite.[37]

On September 26, 2022, Cloudflare announced Zero Trust SIM, an eSIM designed to secure mobile devices and prevent SIM-swapping attacks. The technology is based on the zero trust security model. According to Cloudflare, the secure eSIM can also be used as a second identification factor with 2FA verification protocols. The product will be first available in the United States, with a planned global rollout in the future.[38][39]

In September 2022, Cloudflare began to test Turnstile – an alternative to CAPTCHA. The product, instead of presenting a visual CAPTCHA for the user to solve, automatizes the verification process by conducting JavaScript-based checks inside the browser to determine whether the user is a real person or an automated entity. The algorithm reportedly uses machine learning to optimize the process.[40]

Through a contract with the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency, Cloudflare provides registry and authoritative DNS services to the .gov top-level domain.[41]

Cloudflare announced a partnership with PhonePe in January 2023 to secure its mobile payment system.[42] In February, Cloudflare launched Wildebeest to allow Mastodon users to set up and run their own instances on Cloudflare's infrastructure.[43]

DDoS mitigation edit

Cloudflare received media attention in June 2011 for providing DDoS mitigation for the website of LulzSec, a black hat hacking group.[44]

In March 2013, The Spamhaus Project was targeted by a DDoS attack that Cloudflare reported exceeded 300 gigabits per second (Gbit/s).[45][46] Patrick Gilmore, of Akamai, stated that at the time it was "the largest publicly announced DDoS attack in the history of the Internet." While trying to defend Spamhaus against the DDoS attacks, Cloudflare ended up being attacked as well; Google and other companies eventually came to Spamhaus' defense and helped it to absorb the unprecedented amount of attack traffic.[47]

In February 2014, Cloudflare claimed to have mitigated an NTP reflection attack against an unnamed European customer, which they stated peaked at 400 Gbit/s.[48][49] In November 2014, it reported a 500 Gbit/s DDoS attack in Hong Kong.[50] In July 2021, the company claimed to have absorbed a DDoS attack three times larger than any they'd previously recorded, which their corporate blog implied was over 1.2 Tbit/s in total.[51] In February 2023, Cloudflare reported blocking a 71 million request-per-second DDoS attack which "the company says was the largest HTTP DDoS attack on record."[52]

Free services edit

In 2014, Cloudflare began providing free DDoS mitigation for artists, activists, journalists, and human rights groups under the name "Project Galileo."[53] In 2017, they extended the service to electoral infrastructure and political campaigns under the name "Athenian Project."[54][55] By 2020, more than 1,000 users and organizations were participating in Project Galileo, including 31 states.[56][57]

Cloudflare released a beta Jamstack platform for front-end developers to deploy websites on Cloudflare's infrastructure in December 2020, under the name "Pages."[58] In January 2021, the company began providing its "Waiting Room" digital queue product for free for COVID-19 vaccination scheduling under the title "Project Fair Shot."[59] Project Fair Shot later won a Webby People's Choice Award in 2022 for Event Management under the Apps & Software category.[60]

In March 2023, Cloudflare announced post-quantum cryptography will be made freely and forever available to cloud services, applications and Internet connections.[61]

Security and privacy issues edit

Intrusions edit

On June 1, 2012, the hacker group UGNazi redirected visitors to the website 4chan to a Twitter account belonging to UGNazi. They allegedly used social engineering to trick AT&T support staff into giving them access to Cloudflare CEO Matthew Prince's voicemail, then exploited a vulnerability in Cloudflare's use of Google's two-factor authentication system. Once in control of Prince’s email account, UGNazi was able to redirect the 4chan domain through Cloudflare’s database.[62][63]

Data leaks edit

From September 2016 until February 2017, a major Cloudflare bug (nicknamed Cloudbleed) leaked sensitive data, including passwords and authentication tokens, from customer websites by sending extra data in response to web requests.[64] The leaks resulted from a buffer overflow which occurred, according to numbers provided by Cloudflare at the time, more than 18,000,000 times before the problem was corrected.[65][66]

In May 2017, ProPublica reported that Cloudflare routinely discloses the names and email addresses of persons complaining about hate sites to the operators of those sites, which has led to the complainants being harassed. In response, Cloudflare's CEO said the company would allow individuals in "certain instances to complain anonymously" and that Cloudflare "would be more selective in its decisions to share with its clients the personal information of people who reported objections."[67]

Service outages edit

In July 2019, there was a major outage lasting about 30 minutes that was attributed to bad software deployment.[68][69] In 2020, a misconfiguration of a router caused a data pileup and outage in major European cities.[70] Cloudflare experienced another outage in June 2022.[71]

Controversies edit

Cloudflare has said it has a content neutrality policy and that it opposes the policing of its customers on free speech grounds, except in cases where the customers break the law.[72][73] The company has faced criticism for not banning hate speech websites and websites allegedly connected to terrorism groups,[74] but Cloudflare has maintained that no law enforcement agency has asked the company to discontinue these services and it closely monitors its obligations under U.S. laws.[75]

When asked about whether or not websites should be allowed on Cloudflare, and in response to Twitter remarks by someone from Anonymous, founder Matthew Prince said he'd "rather take advice from the police or the U.S. State Department (which is also a customer) than from some faceless Twitter user."[75] Because of its structure and policies, Cloudflare often has people from both sides of an argument asking for websites to be taken down. For example, Anonymous uses Cloudflare for some of its sites, but has pressured Cloudflare to drop other sites, and Cloudflare has also faced pressure from additional groups to take Anonymous sites offline.[75]

In 2022, a research paper by Stanford University found that Cloudflare was a prominent CDN provider among several other providers that are disproportionately responsible for serving misinformation websites.[76][77]

Service terminations edit

 
Co-founder and CEO of Cloudflare Matthew Prince

Cloudflare has come under pressure on multiple occasions due to its services being utilized to serve far-right content.[78][79][80] As Cloudflare is considered an infrastructure provider, rather than a hosting provider,[failed verification] they have broad legal immunity for the content created by their customers, even in cases of offensive content.[81]

The Daily Stormer edit

Cloudflare provided DNS routing and DDoS protection for the white supremacist and neo-Nazi website, The Daily Stormer. In 2017 Cloudflare stopped providing its services to The Daily Stormer after an announcement on the website asserted that the "upper echelons" of Cloudflare were "secretly supporters of their ideology".[82][83]

Previously Cloudflare had refused to take any action regarding The Daily Stormer.[81] Founder Matthew Prince said he found the website's content "vile", but regretted he alone could "decide its fate".[84] He told Business Insider, “The ability of somebody to single-handedly choose to knock content offline doesn’t align with core ideas of due process or justice. Whether that’s a national government launching attacks or an individual launching attacks.”[84]

As a self-described "free speech absolutist", Cloudflare's CEO Matthew Prince, in a blog post, vowed never to succumb to external pressure again and sought to create a "political umbrella" for the future.[81] Prince further addressed the dangers of large companies deciding what is allowed to stay online, a concern that is shared by a number of civil liberties groups and privacy experts.[85][86][87] The Electronic Frontier Foundation, a US digital rights group, said that services such as Cloudflare "should not be adjudicating what speech is acceptable", adding that "when illegal activity, like inciting violence or defamation, occurs, the proper channel to deal with it is the legal system."[82]

Mass shootings and 8chan edit

In 2019, Cloudflare was criticized for providing services to the far-right[88] discussion and imageboard 8chan. The message board has been linked to mass shootings in the United States and the Christchurch mosque shootings in New Zealand.[88][89][90] In addition, a number of news organizations including The Washington Post and The Daily Dot have reported on the existence of child pornography and child sexual abuse discussion boards.[91][92][93]

A Cloudflare representative said that the platform "does not host the referenced websites, cannot block websites, and is not in the business of hiding companies that host illegal content".[94] Cloudflare did not terminate service to 8chan until public and legal pressure mounted in the wake of the 2019 El Paso shooting, in which the associated manifesto was published to 8chan.[95][96][97] In an interview with The Guardian immediately after the shooting, CEO Matthew Prince defended Cloudflare's support of 8chan, saying that he had a "moral obligation" to keep 8chan online.[98]

On August 5, 2019, Cloudflare terminated service to 8chan.[99] Following this, 8chan moved its forums from the clearnet to the dark web.[100] Cloudflare explained that 8chan "have proven themselves to be lawless and that lawlessness has caused multiple tragic deaths. Even if 8chan may not have violated the letter of the law in refusing to moderate their hate-filled community, they have created an environment that revels in violating its spirit."[101] Prince said that what happened in El Paso was "abhorrent in every possible way", removing 8chan from the Internet was "the right thing to do".[102][98]

Kiwi Farms edit

See also: Kiwi Farms § Terminations of service

Cloudflare provided DDoS mitigation and acted as a reverse proxy for Kiwi Farms, a far-right[103][104] Internet forum dedicated to discussion and trolling of online figures or communities. The site often engages in harassment and doxxing of targets[105] and has been implicated in the suicides of at least three people.[106][107][108][109][110] Kiwi Farms also has a reputation for transphobic content, and its users have been accused of swatting vulnerable individuals.[111][112][113][114] Although Cloudflare was not the primary website host, they did perform critical services to keep Kiwi Farms on-line, both protecting the site from denial-of-service attacks and optimizing content delivery.[115][5][116][117]

In 2022, a campaign was launched by transgender activist Clara Sorrenti, who has previously been targeted by the forum, to pressure Cloudflare into terminating service for Kiwi Farms.[118][119] Cloudflare responded by issuing a statement on its abuse policies and saying it didn't want to set precedent for speech on the internet with its "extraordinary" decision.[120]

The company also released a blog post[121] and likened their services to that of a public utility, stating that "Just as the telephone company doesn't terminate your line if you say awful, racist, bigoted things, we have concluded ... that turning off security services because we think what you publish is despicable is the wrong policy", but that it would certainly be the "popular choice" to drop sites that the Cloudflare team "personally feels [are] disgusting and immoral".[122][123] The company also defended their decision by saying that "where they had provided DDoS protection services to an anti-LGBTIQ+ website, they donated 100% of the fees earned to an organisation fighting for LGBTIQ+ rights".[124] The blog post mentioned Cloudflare's terms of use agreement, which allows them to terminate service due to "content that discloses sensitive personal information, [and] incites or exploits violence against people" but, according to The Guardian, the statement "did not specifically address how Kiwi Farms users doxxing people did not fall foul of these terms".[124]

On September 3, 2022, Cloudflare blocked Kiwi Farms, citing urgent escalating rhetoric against targets of Kiwi Farms, stating that there is an "unprecedented emergency and immediate threat to human life". According to The Washington Post, there was a "surge in credible violent threats stemming from the site" and CEO Matthew Prince said that Cloudflare believes "there is an imminent danger, and the pace at which law enforcement is able to respond to those threats we don't think is fast enough to keep up."[125][126][127]

Switter edit

Switter was a social media network for the sex worker community, built by Australia-based company Assembly Four on Mastodon's open-source software, before Cloudflare dropped Switter as a client and ceased services in April 2018, citing terms of service violations.[128][129] This occurred shortly after the passage of FOSTA/SESTA, a set of bills criminalizing websites that "facilitate or support sex trafficking" in 2018. SESTA weakened protections for Internet infrastructure companies and was criticized on free speech grounds due to concerns about disproportionate impact and disruptions to the lives of sex workers.[130][131][132]

Cloudflare said the move was "related to our attempts to understand FOSTA, which is a very bad law and [sets] a very dangerous precedent".[133] Assembly Four said that "Given Cloudflare's previous stances of privacy and freedom, as well as fighting alongside the EFF, we had hoped they would take a stand against FOSTA/SESTA".[128]

Terrorism edit

The Huffington Post has documented Cloudflare's services to "at least 7 terrorist groups," as designated by the United States Department of State including the Taliban, Al-Shabaab, the al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades, Hamas, Myanmar's military junta led by the Tatmadaw,[134] and the al-Quds Brigades.[135][108]At the time, Cloudflare’s general counsel, Doug Kramer, said “he was not able to comment in detail on specific cases in which outside actors such as journalists and Anonymous informed Cloudflare about possible terrorist organizations using its services, but he noted that Cloudflare works with government agencies to comply with its legal obligations.”[136] In a 2015 testimony to the United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs, it was reported that two of the top three online chat forums and nearly forty other web sites belonging to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) were guarded by Cloudflare.[137] In September 2019, Cloudflare reported in their Form S-1 filing that their technology was "used by, or for the benefit of, certain individuals or entities" that were blacklisted due to United States economic and trade sanctions regulations,"[138] including "entities identified in OFAC’s counter-terrorism and counter-narcotics trafficking sanctions programs, or affiliated with governments currently subject to comprehensive U.S. sanctions."[139]

Crime edit

Cloudflare has been cited in reports by The Spamhaus Project, an international spam tracking organization, for the high numbers of cybercriminal botnet operations hosted by Cloudflare.[140][141][142] An October 2015 report found that Cloudflare provisioned 40% of the SSL certificates used by typosquatting phishing sites, which use deceptive domain names resembling those of banks and payment processors to compromise Internet users' banking and other transactions.[143] Cloudflare has been criticized for having a conflict of interest by providing DDoS protection to both the operators and victims of "stresser" services.[144][145]

In 2018, Cloudflare was identified by the European Union's Counterfeit and Piracy Watch List as a "notorious market" which engages in, facilitates, or benefits from counterfeiting and piracy. The report noted that Cloudflare hides and anonymizes the operators of 40% of the world's pirate sites, and 62% of the 500 largest such sites, and "does not follow due diligence when opening accounts for websites to prevent illegal sites from using its services."[146][147]

In 2020, an Italian court ruled Cloudflare had to block current and future domain names and IP addresses of the pirate IPTV service "IPTV THE BEST" for infringing on Lega Serie A intellectual property.[148] At the time, Cloudflare was already blocking 22 domain names in Italy.[149] German courts have similarly found that "Cloudflare and its anonymization services attract structurally copyright infringing websites."[150]

Response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine edit

After Russia invaded Ukraine in late February 2022 Ukrainian Vice Prime Minister, Minister of Digital Transformation Mykhailo Fedorov[151] and others[152] called on Cloudflare to stop providing its services in the Russian market amidst reports that Russia-linked websites spreading disinformation were using the company’s content delivery network services.[153] Cloudflare CEO Matthew Prince responded that the company decided to remain providing services to Russian people to counter Russia's attempts to raise a 'digital iron curtain'.[154][155] Prince shared that "[i]ndiscriminately terminating service would do little to harm the Russian government but would both limit [Russian citizens'] access to information outside the country and make significantly more vulnerable those who have used us to shield themselves as they have criticized the government."[156] The company later said it had minimal sales and commercial activity in Russia and had "terminated any customers we have identified as tied to sanctioned entities."[157]

Cloudflare's project Galileo, launched in 2014, offers NGOs DDoS protection for free. In 2022, they extended free protection to Ukrainian government and telecoms.[158][159]

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External links edit

  • Official website
  • Business data for Cloudflare, Inc.:
    • Bloomberg
    • Google
    • SEC filings
    • Yahoo!

January 09, 2024
cloudflare, american, company, that, provides, content, delivery, network, services, cloud, cybersecurity, ddos, mitigation, icann, accredited, domain, registration, services, headquarters, located, francisco, california, according, hill, used, more, than, per. Cloudflare Inc is an American company that provides content delivery network services cloud cybersecurity DDoS mitigation and ICANN accredited 3 domain registration services 4 5 6 Cloudflare s headquarters are located in San Francisco California 4 According to The Hill it is used by more than 20 percent of the Internet for its web security services as of 2022 update 7 Cloudflare Inc TypePublicTraded asNYSE NET Class A Russell 1000 componentIndustryInformation and communications technologyFoundedJuly 2009 14 years ago 2009 07 FounderLee HollowayMatthew PrinceMichelle Zatlyn HeadquartersSan Francisco California U S Key peopleMatthew Prince CEO Michelle Zatlyn President and COO John Graham Cumming CTO Servicesreverse proxy edge computing streaming media identity management virtual private networkRevenueUS 975 million 2022 Operating incomeUS 201 million 2022 Net incomeUS 193 million 2022 Total assetsUS 2 59 billion 2022 Total equityUS 624 million 2022 Number of employees3 217 December 2022 SubsidiariesArea 1 SecurityASN13335Websitewww wbr cloudflare wbr comFootnotes references 1 2 Contents 1 History 2 Products 2 1 DDoS mitigation 3 Free services 4 Security and privacy issues 4 1 Intrusions 4 2 Data leaks 4 3 Service outages 5 Controversies 5 1 Service terminations 5 1 1 The Daily Stormer 5 1 2 Mass shootings and 8chan 5 1 3 Kiwi Farms 5 1 4 Switter 5 2 Terrorism 5 3 Crime 5 4 Response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine 6 References 7 External linksHistory editCloudflare was founded in July 2009 by Matthew Prince Lee Holloway and Michelle Zatlyn 2 8 9 Prince and Holloway had previously collaborated on Project Honey Pot a product of Unspam Technologies that served as some inspiration for the basis of Cloudflare 10 From 2009 the company was venture capital funded 11 On August 15 2019 Cloudflare submitted its S 1 filing for IPO on the New York Stock Exchange under the stock ticker NET 12 It opened for public trading on September 13 2019 at 15 per share 13 In 2020 Cloudflare co founder and COO Michelle Zatlyn was named president making her one of the few woman presidents of a publicly traded technology company in the U S 14 Cloudflare has acquired web services and security companies including StopTheHacker Feb 2014 15 CryptoSeal June 2014 16 Eager Platform Co December 2016 17 Neumob November 2017 18 S2 Systems January 2020 19 Linc December 2020 20 Zaraz December 2021 21 Vectrix February 2022 22 and Area 1 Security February 2022 23 nbsp Lava lamp wall in Cloudflare s San Francisco offices 2021 Since at least 2017 Cloudflare has been using a wall of lava lamps in their San Francisco headquarters as a source of randomness for encryption keys alongside double pendulums in its London offices and a geiger counter in its Singapore offices 24 The lava lamp installation implements the Lavarand method where a camera transforms the unpredictable shapes of the lava blobs into a digital image 25 24 In Q4 2022 update Cloudflare provided paid services to 162 086 customers 26 Products edit nbsp An example of public key certificate issued by CloudflareCloudflare acts as a reverse proxy for web traffic It supports web protocols including SPDY and HTTP 2 QUIC and support for HTTP 2 Server Push 27 As of 2023 update Cloudflare handles an average of 45 million HTTP requests per second 28 Cloudflare provides DDoS mitigation services that protect customers from distributed denial of service DDoS attacks In 2010 Cloudflare launched a content distribution network CDN service TechCrunch wrote that its goal was to be a CDN for the masses 29 In 2017 Cloudflare launched Cloudflare Workers a serverless computing platform for creating new applications augmenting existing ones without configuring or maintaining infrastructure It has expanded to include Workers KV a low latency key value data store Cron Triggers for scheduling Cron jobs and additional tooling for developers to deploy and scale their code across the globe 30 On September 25 2019 Cloudflare released a freemium VPN service for mobile devices called WARP 31 32 A year later beta support for macOS and Windows was released 33 In April 2020 Cloudflare announced it was moving away from using reCAPTCHA in favor of hCaptcha 34 Cloudflare One the company s overarching SASE platform debuted in October 2020 35 In November 2020 Cloudflare announced Cloudflare for Teams consisting of a DNS resolver and web gateway called Gateway and a zero trust authentication service called Access 36 On May 11 2022 Cloudflare announced its first SQL database D1 which is built on SQLite 37 On September 26 2022 Cloudflare announced Zero Trust SIM an eSIM designed to secure mobile devices and prevent SIM swapping attacks The technology is based on the zero trust security model According to Cloudflare the secure eSIM can also be used as a second identification factor with 2FA verification protocols The product will be first available in the United States with a planned global rollout in the future 38 39 In September 2022 Cloudflare began to test Turnstile an alternative to CAPTCHA The product instead of presenting a visual CAPTCHA for the user to solve automatizes the verification process by conducting JavaScript based checks inside the browser to determine whether the user is a real person or an automated entity The algorithm reportedly uses machine learning to optimize the process 40 Through a contract with the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency Cloudflare provides registry and authoritative DNS services to the gov top level domain 41 Cloudflare announced a partnership with PhonePe in January 2023 to secure its mobile payment system 42 In February Cloudflare launched Wildebeest to allow Mastodon users to set up and run their own instances on Cloudflare s infrastructure 43 DDoS mitigation edit Cloudflare received media attention in June 2011 for providing DDoS mitigation for the website of LulzSec a black hat hacking group 44 In March 2013 The Spamhaus Project was targeted by a DDoS attack that Cloudflare reported exceeded 300 gigabits per second Gbit s 45 46 Patrick Gilmore of Akamai stated that at the time it was the largest publicly announced DDoS attack in the history of the Internet While trying to defend Spamhaus against the DDoS attacks Cloudflare ended up being attacked as well Google and other companies eventually came to Spamhaus defense and helped it to absorb the unprecedented amount of attack traffic 47 In February 2014 Cloudflare claimed to have mitigated an NTP reflection attack against an unnamed European customer which they stated peaked at 400 Gbit s 48 49 In November 2014 it reported a 500 Gbit s DDoS attack in Hong Kong 50 In July 2021 the company claimed to have absorbed a DDoS attack three times larger than any they d previously recorded which their corporate blog implied was over 1 2 Tbit s in total 51 In February 2023 Cloudflare reported blocking a 71 million request per second DDoS attack which the company says was the largest HTTP DDoS attack on record 52 Free services editIn 2014 Cloudflare began providing free DDoS mitigation for artists activists journalists and human rights groups under the name Project Galileo 53 In 2017 they extended the service to electoral infrastructure and political campaigns under the name Athenian Project 54 55 By 2020 more than 1 000 users and organizations were participating in Project Galileo including 31 states 56 57 Cloudflare released a beta Jamstack platform for front end developers to deploy websites on Cloudflare s infrastructure in December 2020 under the name Pages 58 In January 2021 the company began providing its Waiting Room digital queue product for free for COVID 19 vaccination scheduling under the title Project Fair Shot 59 Project Fair Shot later won a Webby People s Choice Award in 2022 for Event Management under the Apps amp Software category 60 In March 2023 Cloudflare announced post quantum cryptography will be made freely and forever available to cloud services applications and Internet connections 61 Security and privacy issues editIntrusions edit On June 1 2012 the hacker group UGNazi redirected visitors to the website 4chan to a Twitter account belonging to UGNazi They allegedly used social engineering to trick AT amp T support staff into giving them access to Cloudflare CEO Matthew Prince s voicemail then exploited a vulnerability in Cloudflare s use of Google s two factor authentication system Once in control of Prince s email account UGNazi was able to redirect the 4chan domain through Cloudflare s database 62 63 Data leaks edit From September 2016 until February 2017 a major Cloudflare bug nicknamed Cloudbleed leaked sensitive data including passwords and authentication tokens from customer websites by sending extra data in response to web requests 64 The leaks resulted from a buffer overflow which occurred according to numbers provided by Cloudflare at the time more than 18 000 000 times before the problem was corrected 65 66 In May 2017 ProPublica reported that Cloudflare routinely discloses the names and email addresses of persons complaining about hate sites to the operators of those sites which has led to the complainants being harassed In response Cloudflare s CEO said the company would allow individuals in certain instances to complain anonymously and that Cloudflare would be more selective in its decisions to share with its clients the personal information of people who reported objections 67 Service outages edit In July 2019 there was a major outage lasting about 30 minutes that was attributed to bad software deployment 68 69 In 2020 a misconfiguration of a router caused a data pileup and outage in major European cities 70 Cloudflare experienced another outage in June 2022 71 Controversies editCloudflare has said it has a content neutrality policy and that it opposes the policing of its customers on free speech grounds except in cases where the customers break the law 72 73 The company has faced criticism for not banning hate speech websites and websites allegedly connected to terrorism groups 74 but Cloudflare has maintained that no law enforcement agency has asked the company to discontinue these services and it closely monitors its obligations under U S laws 75 When asked about whether or not websites should be allowed on Cloudflare and in response to Twitter remarks by someone from Anonymous founder Matthew Prince said he d rather take advice from the police or the U S State Department which is also a customer than from some faceless Twitter user 75 Because of its structure and policies Cloudflare often has people from both sides of an argument asking for websites to be taken down For example Anonymous uses Cloudflare for some of its sites but has pressured Cloudflare to drop other sites and Cloudflare has also faced pressure from additional groups to take Anonymous sites offline 75 In 2022 a research paper by Stanford University found that Cloudflare was a prominent CDN provider among several other providers that are disproportionately responsible for serving misinformation websites 76 77 Service terminations edit nbsp Co founder and CEO of Cloudflare Matthew PrinceCloudflare has come under pressure on multiple occasions due to its services being utilized to serve far right content 78 79 80 As Cloudflare is considered an infrastructure provider rather than a hosting provider failed verification they have broad legal immunity for the content created by their customers even in cases of offensive content 81 The Daily Stormer edit Cloudflare provided DNS routing and DDoS protection for the white supremacist and neo Nazi website The Daily Stormer In 2017 Cloudflare stopped providing its services to The Daily Stormer after an announcement on the website asserted that the upper echelons of Cloudflare were secretly supporters of their ideology 82 83 Previously Cloudflare had refused to take any action regarding The Daily Stormer 81 Founder Matthew Prince said he found the website s content vile but regretted he alone could decide its fate 84 He told Business Insider The ability of somebody to single handedly choose to knock content offline doesn t align with core ideas of due process or justice Whether that s a national government launching attacks or an individual launching attacks 84 As a self described free speech absolutist Cloudflare s CEO Matthew Prince in a blog post vowed never to succumb to external pressure again and sought to create a political umbrella for the future 81 Prince further addressed the dangers of large companies deciding what is allowed to stay online a concern that is shared by a number of civil liberties groups and privacy experts 85 86 87 The Electronic Frontier Foundation a US digital rights group said that services such as Cloudflare should not be adjudicating what speech is acceptable adding that when illegal activity like inciting violence or defamation occurs the proper channel to deal with it is the legal system 82 Mass shootings and 8chan edit In 2019 Cloudflare was criticized for providing services to the far right 88 discussion and imageboard 8chan The message board has been linked to mass shootings in the United States and the Christchurch mosque shootings in New Zealand 88 89 90 In addition a number of news organizations including The Washington Post and The Daily Dot have reported on the existence of child pornography and child sexual abuse discussion boards 91 92 93 A Cloudflare representative said that the platform does not host the referenced websites cannot block websites and is not in the business of hiding companies that host illegal content 94 Cloudflare did not terminate service to 8chan until public and legal pressure mounted in the wake of the 2019 El Paso shooting in which the associated manifesto was published to 8chan 95 96 97 In an interview with The Guardian immediately after the shooting CEO Matthew Prince defended Cloudflare s support of 8chan saying that he had a moral obligation to keep 8chan online 98 On August 5 2019 Cloudflare terminated service to 8chan 99 Following this 8chan moved its forums from the clearnet to the dark web 100 Cloudflare explained that 8chan have proven themselves to be lawless and that lawlessness has caused multiple tragic deaths Even if 8chan may not have violated the letter of the law in refusing to moderate their hate filled community they have created an environment that revels in violating its spirit 101 Prince said that what happened in El Paso was abhorrent in every possible way removing 8chan from the Internet was the right thing to do 102 98 Kiwi Farms edit See also Kiwi Farms Terminations of service Cloudflare provided DDoS mitigation and acted as a reverse proxy for Kiwi Farms a far right 103 104 Internet forum dedicated to discussion and trolling of online figures or communities The site often engages in harassment and doxxing of targets 105 and has been implicated in the suicides of at least three people 106 107 108 109 110 Kiwi Farms also has a reputation for transphobic content and its users have been accused of swatting vulnerable individuals 111 112 113 114 Although Cloudflare was not the primary website host they did perform critical services to keep Kiwi Farms on line both protecting the site from denial of service attacks and optimizing content delivery 115 5 116 117 In 2022 a campaign was launched by transgender activist Clara Sorrenti who has previously been targeted by the forum to pressure Cloudflare into terminating service for Kiwi Farms 118 119 Cloudflare responded by issuing a statement on its abuse policies and saying it didn t want to set precedent for speech on the internet with its extraordinary decision 120 The company also released a blog post 121 and likened their services to that of a public utility stating that Just as the telephone company doesn t terminate your line if you say awful racist bigoted things we have concluded that turning off security services because we think what you publish is despicable is the wrong policy but that it would certainly be the popular choice to drop sites that the Cloudflare team personally feels are disgusting and immoral 122 123 The company also defended their decision by saying that where they had provided DDoS protection services to an anti LGBTIQ website they donated 100 of the fees earned to an organisation fighting for LGBTIQ rights 124 The blog post mentioned Cloudflare s terms of use agreement which allows them to terminate service due to content that discloses sensitive personal information and incites or exploits violence against people but according to The Guardian the statement did not specifically address how Kiwi Farms users doxxing people did not fall foul of these terms 124 On September 3 2022 Cloudflare blocked Kiwi Farms citing urgent escalating rhetoric against targets of Kiwi Farms stating that there is an unprecedented emergency and immediate threat to human life According to The Washington Post there was a surge in credible violent threats stemming from the site and CEO Matthew Prince said that Cloudflare believes there is an imminent danger and the pace at which law enforcement is able to respond to those threats we don t think is fast enough to keep up 125 126 127 Switter edit Switter was a social media network for the sex worker community built by Australia based company Assembly Four on Mastodon s open source software before Cloudflare dropped Switter as a client and ceased services in April 2018 citing terms of service violations 128 129 This occurred shortly after the passage of FOSTA SESTA a set of bills criminalizing websites that facilitate or support sex trafficking in 2018 SESTA weakened protections for Internet infrastructure companies and was criticized on free speech grounds due to concerns about disproportionate impact and disruptions to the lives of sex workers 130 131 132 Cloudflare said the move was related to our attempts to understand FOSTA which is a very bad law and sets a very dangerous precedent 133 Assembly Four said that Given Cloudflare s previous stances of privacy and freedom as well as fighting alongside the EFF we had hoped they would take a stand against FOSTA SESTA 128 Terrorism edit The Huffington Post has documented Cloudflare s services to at least 7 terrorist groups as designated by the United States Department of State including the Taliban Al Shabaab the al Aqsa Martyrs Brigades Hamas Myanmar s military junta led by the Tatmadaw 134 and the al Quds Brigades 135 108 At the time Cloudflare s general counsel Doug Kramer said he was not able to comment in detail on specific cases in which outside actors such as journalists and Anonymous informed Cloudflare about possible terrorist organizations using its services but he noted that Cloudflare works with government agencies to comply with its legal obligations 136 In a 2015 testimony to the United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs it was reported that two of the top three online chat forums and nearly forty other web sites belonging to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant ISIL were guarded by Cloudflare 137 In September 2019 Cloudflare reported in their Form S 1 filing that their technology was used by or for the benefit of certain individuals or entities that were blacklisted due to United States economic and trade sanctions regulations 138 including entities identified in OFAC s counter terrorism and counter narcotics trafficking sanctions programs or affiliated with governments currently subject to comprehensive U S sanctions 139 Crime edit Cloudflare has been cited in reports by The Spamhaus Project an international spam tracking organization for the high numbers of cybercriminal botnet operations hosted by Cloudflare 140 141 142 An October 2015 report found that Cloudflare provisioned 40 of the SSL certificates used by typosquatting phishing sites which use deceptive domain names resembling those of banks and payment processors to compromise Internet users banking and other transactions 143 Cloudflare has been criticized for having a conflict of interest by providing DDoS protection to both the operators and victims of stresser services 144 145 In 2018 Cloudflare was identified by the European Union s Counterfeit and Piracy Watch List as a notorious market which engages in facilitates or benefits from counterfeiting and piracy The report noted that Cloudflare hides and anonymizes the operators of 40 of the world s pirate sites and 62 of the 500 largest such sites and does not follow due diligence when opening accounts for websites to prevent illegal sites from using its services 146 147 In 2020 an Italian court ruled Cloudflare had to block current and future domain names and IP addresses of the pirate IPTV service IPTV THE BEST for infringing on Lega Serie A intellectual property 148 At the time Cloudflare was already blocking 22 domain names in Italy 149 German courts have similarly found that Cloudflare and its anonymization services attract structurally copyright infringing websites 150 Response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine edit After Russia invaded Ukraine in late February 2022 Ukrainian Vice Prime Minister Minister of Digital Transformation Mykhailo Fedorov 151 and others 152 called on Cloudflare to stop providing its services in the Russian market amidst reports that Russia linked websites spreading disinformation were using the company s content delivery network services 153 Cloudflare CEO Matthew Prince responded that the company decided to remain providing services to Russian people to counter Russia s attempts to raise a digital iron curtain 154 155 Prince shared that i ndiscriminately terminating service would do little to harm the Russian government but would both limit Russian citizens access to information outside the country and make significantly more vulnerable those who have used us to shield themselves as they have criticized the government 156 The company later said it had minimal sales and commercial activity in Russia and had terminated any customers we have identified as tied to sanctioned entities 157 Cloudflare s project Galileo launched in 2014 offers NGOs DDoS protection for free In 2022 they extended free protection to Ukrainian government and telecoms 158 159 References edit Cloudflare Inc 2022 Annual Report Form 10 K U S Securities and Exchange Commission February 24 2023 pp 17 93 94 a b S 1 Filing US SEC Retrieved December 2 2022 List of Accredited Registrars www icann org Retrieved April 25 2023 a b Clifford Tyler October 6 2020 Cloudflare CEO Dozens of U S states are using Athenian Project for election security CNBC Retrieved January 25 2021 a b Durant Richard May 19 2020 Cloudflare Thinking Big Seeking Alpha Retrieved January 25 2021 Lardinois Frederic September 27 2018 Cloudflare launches a low cost domain registrar TechCrunch Retrieved April 25 2023 Dress Brad September 4 2022 Web security firm Cloudflare drops anti trans website over threat to human life The Hill Retrieved September 4 2022 Lagorio Chafkin Christine November 6 2020 Why the CEO of a 350 Million Internet Security Company Practices Radical Transparency Inc Cloudflare in its IPO filing thanks a third co founder Lee Holloway TechCrunch August 15 2019 Retrieved May 6 2021 Kleinman Zoe September 25 2016 The firm that protects both banks and the Eurovision Song contest BBC News Retrieved September 4 2022 Kawamoto Dawn March 12 2019 Cloudflare s 150 million funding round puts its IPO plans in question San Francisco Business Times Retrieved March 12 2019 Subscription required Shieber Jonathan August 15 2019 Cloudflare files for initial public offering TechCrunch Retrieved August 22 2019 Loizos Connie September 13 2019 Cloudflare co founder Michelle Zatlyn on the company s IPO today its unique dual class structure and what s next TechCrunch Retrieved September 16 2019 Mehta Stephanie December 17 2020 Exclusive Cloudflare promotes Michelle Zatlyn to president a gain for women in tech Fast Company Retrieved December 20 2020 Fresh off IPO this high profile Bay Area cloud company just snapped up a browser isolation company bizjournals com January 7 2020 Retrieved May 12 2021 Tung Liam June 19 2014 CloudFlare acquires VPN service CryptoSeal shuts it down ZDNet Cloudflare acquires app platform Eager will sunset service in Q1 2017 VentureBeat December 13 2016 Retrieved May 12 2021 Miller Ron November 14 2017 Neumob acquisition gives Cloudflare missing mobile component TechCrunch TechCrunch Retrieved September 18 2020 Miller Ron January 7 2020 Cloudflare acquires stealthy startup S2 Systems announces Cloudflare for Teams TechCrunch TechCrunch Retrieved September 17 2020 Wiggers Kyle December 22 2020 Cloudflare acquires Linc to automate web app deployment VentureBeat Retrieved December 22 2020 Sawers Paul December 8 2021 Cloudflare acquires Zaraz to speed up websites and solve third party bloat VentureBeat Cloudflare Acquires Vectrix to Help Businesses Gain Visibility and Control of Their Applications ITSecurityWire February 11 2022 Retrieved February 11 2022 Charlotte Trueman March 23 2022 Noteworthy tech acquisitions 2022 Computerworld Retrieved March 25 2022 a b Schwab Katharine August 18 2017 The Hardest Working Office Design In America Encrypts Your Data With Lava Lamps Fast Company Retrieved April 16 2022 LavaRand in Production The Nitty Gritty Technical Details The Cloudflare Blog November 6 2017 Retrieved April 16 2022 Palumbo Angela February 10 2023 Cloudflare Sales Guidance Looks Good But It s Still Contending With a Spending Slowdown Barron s Archived from the original on February 11 2023 Retrieved October 15 2023 Osborne Charlie April 28 2016 Cloudflare figured out how to make the Web one second faster ZDNet Retrieved May 17 2016 Kerner Sean Michael March 14 2023 Attackers Target Microsoft Exchange According to Cloudflare Application Security Report SDX Central Retrieved March 30 2023 Kincaid Jason September 27 2010 Cloudflare Wants To Be A CDN For The Masses And Takes Five Minutes To Set Up TechCrunch Retrieved September 26 2020 Cloudflare creates Workers Unbound platform for serverless development datacenternews asia Retrieved May 26 2021 Humphries Matthew September 26 2019 Cloudflare Finally Launches WARP But It s Not a Mobile VPN PCMag Retrieved September 27 2019 Wagenseil Paul September 26 2019 WARP Promises Faster Speeds on Your Phone Without 5G but Doesn t Quite Deliver Yet Tom s Guide Retrieved September 27 2019 Henshaw Jon September 2020 Cloudflare launches beta of 1 1 1 1 VPN with WARP for macOS and Windows Coywolf Cloudflare moves from reCAPTCHA to hCaptcha Thank You Robot January 8 2020 Retrieved February 11 2021 Alspach Kyle Cloudflare expanding into zero trust network security Protocol www protocol com Retrieved May 22 2023 Cloudflare for Teams Protecting corporations without sacrificing performance Help Net Security January 8 2020 Retrieved February 11 2021 Cloudflare gets serious about infrastructure services TechCrunch May 11 2022 Retrieved May 12 2022 Wiggers Kyle September 26 2022 Cloudflare launches an eSIM to secure mobile devices TechCrunch Retrieved September 26 2022 McCurdy Will September 27 2022 Cloudflare launches eSim to protect mobile devices Tech Radar Archived from the original on September 28 2022 Retrieved September 28 2022 Shakir Umar Turnstile is Cloudflare s latest attempt to rid the web of CAPTCHAs The Verge Retrieved September 28 2022 Kass D Howard January 17 2023 Cloudflare Lands 7 2M Project from CISA for Registry DNS Services MSSP Alert Retrieved April 12 2023 Digital payments leader partners with Cloudflare to accelerate secure monthly mobile payments VentureBeat January 20 2023 Retrieved May 8 2023 Porter Jon February 10 2023 Cloudflare wants to help you set up your own Mastodon compatible server in minutes The Verge Retrieved July 5 2023 Hesseldahl Arik June 10 2011 Web Security Start Up Cloudflare Gets Buzz Courtesy of LulzSec Hackers All Things Digital Archived from the original on June 12 2011 Retrieved August 15 2011 Storm Darlene March 27 2013 Biggest DDoS attack in history slows Internet breaks record at 300 Gbps Computerworld Retrieved August 22 2019 Markoff John Perlroth Nicole March 26 2013 Online Dispute Becomes Internet Snarling Attack The New York Times Retrieved August 22 2019 Gayomali Chris January 9 2015 The biggest cyberattack in Internet history is happening right now The Week Musil Steven February 11 2014 Record breaking DDoS attack in Europe hits 400 Gbit s CNET Gallagher Sean February 11 2014 Biggest DDoS ever aimed at Cloudflare s content delivery network Ars Technica Retrieved May 17 2016 Olson Parmy November 20 2014 The Largest Cyber Attack in History Has Been Hitting Hong Kong Sites Forbes Retrieved August 22 2019 Greig Jonathan Cloudflare says it stopped the largest DDoS attack ever reported ZDNet Retrieved November 19 2021 Arghire Ionut February 14 2023 Record Breaking 71 Million RPS DDoS Attack Seen by Cloudflare SecurityWeek Retrieved February 18 2023 Newman Lily Hay June 12 2019 Cloudflare s Five Year Project to Protect Nonprofits Online Wired ISSN 1059 1028 Retrieved August 5 2019 Melendez Steven June 11 2020 Amid pandemic and protests Cloudflare is defending vulnerable websites Fast Company Retrieved February 3 2021 Hatmaker Taylor July 19 2018 Cloudflare Recruits State and Local Governments for Free Election Site Security Programs TechCrunch Retrieved January 28 2021 Melendez Steven June 11 2020 Amid pandemic and protests Cloudflare is defending vulnerable websites Fast Company Retrieved May 12 2021 After a series of cyberattacks states look to secure election results websites NBC News November 3 2022 Retrieved August 9 2023 Dillet Romain December 17 2020 Cloudflare launches Cloudflare Pages a platform to deploy and host JAMstack sites TechCrunch Retrieved May 26 2021 Etherington Darrell January 22 2021 Cloudflare introduces free digital waiting rooms for any organizations distributing COVID 19 vaccines TechCrunch Retrieved May 12 2021 Cloudflare s Project Fair Shot Webby Awards Retrieved May 26 2022 Post quantum crypto should be free so we re including it for free forever March 16 2023 Simcoe Luke June 14 2012 The 4chan breach How hackers got a password through voicemail Maclean s Archived from the original on January 15 2014 Retrieved August 22 2019 Smith Ms June 3 2012 Hacktivists UGNazi attack 4chan Cloudflare and Wounded Warrior Project Privacy and Security Fanatic NetworkWorld Archived from the original on November 12 2013 Retrieved August 22 2019 Conger Kate February 23 2017 Major Cloudflare bug leaked sensitive data from customers websites TechCrunch Retrieved August 22 2019 Steinberg Joseph February 24 2017 Why You Can Ignore Calls To Change Your Passwords After Today s Massive Password Leak Announcement Inc Retrieved February 24 2017 Molina Brett February 28 2017 Cloudfare bug Yes you should change your passwords USA Today Retrieved March 1 2017 Schwencke Ken May 10 2017 Internet Company That Does Business With Hate Sites Alters Complaint Policies ProPublica Retrieved March 4 2023 Heater Brian July 2 2019 Cloudflare blames bad software deployment for today s outage TechCrunch Retrieved August 13 2021 Villas Boas Antonio July 2 2019 Major websites and services across the internet went down Tuesday because of a cloud network outage Business Insider Retrieved August 13 2021 Woods Ben June 9 2021 How a tiny US firm caused world s biggest websites to crash in a day of chaos The Daily Telegraph Archived from the original on January 12 2022 Retrieved August 13 2021 Porter Jon June 21 2022 Cloudflare outage breaks large swathes of the internet The Verge Archived from the original on June 21 2022 Retrieved June 21 2022 Hill Kashmir August 17 2014 The Company Keeping Your Favorite And Least Favorite Websites Online Forbes Retrieved September 15 2021 Peterson Becky August 17 2017 Cloudflare CEO explains his emotional decision to punt The Daily Stormer and subject it to hackers I woke up in a bad mood and decided to kick them off the Internet Business Insider Retrieved September 15 2021 Web services firm CloudFlare accused by Anonymous of helping Isis The Guardian November 19 2015 Retrieved September 15 2021 The week before the Paris attacks Ghost Security counted almost 40 ISIS websites that use Cloudflare s services a b c CloudFlare CEO blasts Anonymous claims of ISIS terrorist support The Register November 18 2015 Retrieved September 16 2021 Han Catherine Kumar Deepak Durumeric Zakir May 31 2022 On the Infrastructure Providers That Support Misinformation Websites Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media 16 287 298 doi 10 1609 icwsm v16i1 19292 S2CID 237300450 Retrieved August 27 2022 Stokel Walker Chris August 26 2022 Cloudflare Is One of the Companies That Quietly Powers the Internet Researchers Say It s a Haven for Misinformation Time Retrieved August 27 2022 Lee Timothy B August 31 2017 Tech companies declare war on hate speech and conservatives are worried Ars Technica Retrieved August 6 2019 Wong Julia Carrie August 28 2017 The far right is losing its ability to speak freely online Should the left defend it The Guardian London Retrieved August 22 2019 Captain Sean February 27 2019 Is Cloudflare a privacy champion or hate speech enabler Depends who you ask Fast Company Retrieved August 5 2019 a b c Lee Timothy B December 4 2017 Cloudflare s CEO has a plan to never censor hate speech again Ars Technica Retrieved August 5 2019 a b Johnson Steven January 16 2018 Inside Cloudflare s Decision to Let an Extremist Stronghold Burn Wired ISSN 1059 1028 Retrieved August 5 2019 Peterson Becky August 17 2017 Cloudflare CEO explains his emotional decision to punt The Daily Stormer and subject it to hackers I woke up in a bad mood and decided to kick them off the Internet Business Insider Retrieved August 17 2017 a b Peterson Becky Cloudflare CEO explains his emotional decision to punt The Daily Stormer and subject it to hackers I woke up in a bad mood and decided to kick them off the Internet Business Insider Retrieved May 15 2023 Citron Danielle Keats November 28 2017 What to Do about the Emerging Threat of Censorship Creep on the Internet PDF Cato Institute No 282 3 4 via Cato org Keller Daphne August 15 2017 The Daily Stormer Online Speech and Internet Registrars Stanford Center for Internet and Society Stanford Law School Retrieved August 6 2019 Shaban Hamza August 18 2017 Banning neo Nazis online may be slippery slope tech group warns Silicon Valley The Washington Post Retrieved August 6 2019 a b Wong Julia Carrie August 4 2019 8chan the far right website linked to the rise in hate crimes The Guardian Retrieved August 5 2019 Mezzofiore Gianluca O Sullivan Donie August 5 2019 El Paso shooting is at least the third atrocity linked to 8chan this year CNN Retrieved August 5 2019 Roose Kevin August 4 2019 8chan Is a Megaphone for Gunmen Shut the Site Down Says Its Creator The New York Times Retrieved August 5 2019 O Neill Patrick Howell November 17 2014 8chan the central hive of Gamergate is also an active pedophile network The Daily Dot Retrieved August 5 2019 Machkovech Sam August 17 2015 8chan hosted content disappears from Google searches Domain specific searches contain warning about suspected child abuse content Ars Technica Retrieved August 5 2019 Dewey Caitlin January 13 2015 This is what happens when you create an online community without any rules The Washington Post Retrieved August 22 2019 Cloudflare embroiled in child abuse row BBC News October 22 2019 Retrieved November 15 2019 Kelly Makena August 4 2019 Cloudflare to revoke 8chan s service opening the fringe website up for DDoS attacks The Verge Archived from the original on August 5 2019 Retrieved August 5 2019 Uebele Hannah August 6 2019 El Paso When Freedom Of Speech Turns Violent WGBH Retrieved June 6 2021 Collins Ben August 4 2019 Investigators reasonably confident Texas suspect left anti immigrant screed NBC News Retrieved August 22 2019 a b Wong Julia Carrie August 3 2019 8chan the far right website linked to the rise in hate crimes The Guardian London Retrieved August 3 2019 Terminating Service for 8Chan August 5 2019 8chan goes dark after hardware provider discontinues service The Verge August 5 2019 Wong Julia Carrie August 5 2019 8chan the far right website linked to the rise in hate crimes The Guardian ISSN 0261 3077 Retrieved April 30 2023 Kelly Makena August 5 2019 Cloudflare to revoke 8chan s service opening the fringe website up for DDoS attacks The Verge Retrieved June 16 2023 Inside Keffals Battle to Bring Down Kiwi Farms September 7 2022 TechScape How Kiwi Farms the worst place on the web was shut down TheGuardian com September 7 2022 Pless Margaret July 19 2016 Kiwi Farms the Web s Biggest Community of Stalkers Intelligencer New York Magazine Archived from the original on August 31 2022 Retrieved August 31 2022 Baj Lavender July 13 2021 Kiwi Farms Has 14 Days To Find A New Domain Host After Being Booted Off DreamHost Kotaku Australia Archived from the original on October 1 2021 Retrieved July 13 2021 Wodinsky Shashona June 29 2021 The Worst Site on the Web Gets DDoS d After Being Connected to Prominent Developer s Suicide Gizmodo Archived from the original on June 29 2021 Retrieved August 31 2022 a b Cook Jesselyn December 14 2018 U S Tech Giant Cloudflare Provides Cybersecurity For at Least 7 Terror Groups Among its customers are the Taliban al Shabab and Hamas HuffPost Retrieved August 5 2019 Kotaku Staff June 28 2021 The Brilliant SNES Emulator Author Known As Near Has Died Kotaku Archived from the original on June 27 2021 Retrieved June 28 2021 Colombo Charlotte August 3 2021 Kiwi Farms the forum that has been linked to 3 suicides was made to troll Chris Chan years before she was arrested on an incest charge Insider Archived from the original on October 1 2021 Retrieved August 31 2022 Goforth Claire August 22 2022 Pressure grows on Cloudflare to drop Kiwi Farms after latest doxing campaign The Daily Dot Retrieved August 23 2022 Cole Samantha August 23 2022 People Are Demanding That Cloudflare Drop Kiwi Farms Vice Retrieved August 24 2022 Rosenberg Scott August 25 2022 Campaign pushes Cloudflare to drop trans hate site Axios Archived from the original on August 25 2022 Retrieved August 25 2022 Bardhan Ashley August 25 2022 As Twitch Streamer Flees Pressure Mounts On Cloudflare To Stop Protecting Controversial Kiwi Farms Site Kotaku Retrieved August 26 2022 What is a reverse proxy Proxy servers explained Cloudflare Retrieved September 2 2022 A reverse proxy is a server that sits in front of web servers typically implemented to help increase security performance and reliability Czachor Emily Mae September 1 2022 Cloudflare indicates services will continue for controversial website Kiwi Farms CBS News Archived from the original on September 2 2022 Retrieved September 2 2022 Claburn Thomas August 31 2022 Cloudflare tries to explain why it protects far right forums that stalk and harass victims The Register Archived from the original on September 2 2022 Retrieved September 2 2022 the company continues to provide security its reverse proxy service that helps Kiwi Farms defend against denial of service attacks and keeps the web forum online D Anastasio Cecilia August 30 2022 Cloudflare Urged to Cut Ties to Site That Promotes Harassment Bloomberg Archived from the original on September 3 2022 Retrieved August 30 2022 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Gilbert David September 7 2022 Inside Keffals Battle to Bring Down Kiwi Farms Vice News Archived from the original on September 8 2022 Retrieved September 8 2022 Tenbarge Kat Abbruzzese Jason Collins Ben September 3 2022 Internet services company Cloudflare blocks Kiwi Farms citing targeted threats NBC News NBC Retrieved July 24 2023 Cloudflare s abuse policies amp approach The Cloudflare Blog Cloudflare August 31 2022 Retrieved February 21 2023 Alspach Kyle August 31 2022 Cloudflare probably won t terminate services for despicable sites Protocol Archived from the original on August 31 2022 Retrieved August 31 2022 D Anastasio Cecilia August 31 2022 Cloudflare Hints It Won t Cut Ties to Site Linked to Harassment BNN Bloomberg Archived from the original on August 31 2022 Retrieved August 31 2022 a b Taylor Josh September 1 2022 Cloudflare defends providing security services to trans trolling website Kiwi Farms The Guardian Archived from the original on September 2 2022 Retrieved September 2 2022 Menn Joseph Lorenz Taylor September 3 2022 Under pressure security firm Cloudflare drops Kiwi Farms website The Washington Post Archived from the original on September 3 2022 Retrieved September 3 2022 Prince Matthew September 3 2022 Blocking Kiwifarms Cloudflare Archived from the original on September 3 2022 Retrieved September 3 2022 Tenbarge Kat Abbruzzese Jason Collins Ben September 3 2022 Internet services company Cloudflare blocks fringe message board Kiwi Farms citing targeted threats NBC News Archived from the original on September 4 2022 Retrieved September 4 2022 a b Cole Samantha April 19 2018 Cloudflare FOSTA Was a Very Bad Bill That s Left the Internet s Infrastructure Hanging Vice News Archived from the original on September 2 2022 Retrieved September 2 2022 O Donovan Caroline April 16 2018 Trump Just Signed A Law That Helped Create A New Twitter For Sex Workers BuzzFeed News BuzzFeed Archived from the original on September 2 2022 Retrieved September 2 2022 Cloudflare Just Banned a Social Media Refuge for Thousands of Sex Workers Vice News April 19 2018 Romano Aja July 2 2018 A new law intended to curb sex trafficking threatens the future of the internet as we know it Vox Retrieved September 1 2022 McSherry Corynne York Jillian C October 13 2022 The Internet Is Not Facebook Why Infrastructure Providers Should Stay Out of Content Policing Electronic Frontier Foundation Retrieved August 16 2023 Cloudflare and FOSTA SESTA Assembly Four April 18 2018 Ellis Petersen Hannah December 12 2018 Facebook among firms named on Myanmar human rights dirty list The Guardian Archived from the original on September 1 2022 Retrieved September 8 2022 Jones Rhett December 14 2018 Cloudflare Under Fire for Allegedly Providing DDoS Protection for Terrorist Websites Gizmodo Retrieved August 5 2019 Cook Jesselyn December 14 2018 U S Tech Giant Cloudflare Provides Cybersecurity For At Least 7 Terror Groups HuffPost Retrieved September 20 2023 Kohlmann Evan F January 27 2015 Charlie Hebdo and the Jihadi Online Network Assessing the Role of American Commercial Social Media Platforms PDF United States House of Representatives Retrieved August 22 2019 Sun Mengqi September 10 2019 Cloud Services Company Cloudflare Discloses Potential Sanctions Violations Wall Street Journal Retrieved March 4 2023 Stone Jeff September 11 2019 Cloudflare may have provided service to terrorists drug traffickers in violation of U S sanctions CyberScoop Retrieved March 4 2023 Spamhaus Botnet Threat Report Q1 2020 ISPs hosting botnet C amp Cs The Spamhaus Project Retrieved May 1 2020 Cloudflare and Spamhaus Word to the Wise July 16 2017 Retrieved February 28 2017 The Spamhaus Project The Spamhaus Project Retrieved September 30 2019 Edgecombe Graham October 12 2015 Certificate authorities issue SSL certificates to fraudsters Netcraft Retrieved October 14 2015 Krebs Brian October 20 2016 Spreading the DDoS Disease and Selling the Cure Krebs on Security Retrieved October 11 2023 Team SecureWorld News May 3 2018 Is this OK DDoS Defense Vendor Protected World s Largest DDoS for Hire Site www secureworld io Retrieved October 11 2023 Counterfeit and Piracy Watch List PDF European Commission December 7 2018 Retrieved July 16 2021 Maxwell Andy December 10 2018 New EU Piracy Watchlist Targets Key Pirate Sites and Cloudflare TorrentFreak Retrieved July 16 2021 Pekic Branislav February 17 2021 Court orders CloudFlare to stop hosting illegal IPTVs Retrieved June 2 2023 Van der Sar Ernesto October 14 2020 Italian Court Orders Cloudflare to Block a Pirate IPTV Service TorrentFreak Retrieved July 16 2021 Nordemann Jan Bernd July 12 2021 Duties of DNS resolvers and CDN providers the CoA Cologne finds Cloudflare accountable Wolters Kluwer Retrieved July 16 2021 Timberg Craig Zakrzewski Cat Menn Joseph March 4 2022 A new iron curtain is descending across Russia s Internet The Washington Post Retrieved May 11 2022 Moore Logan Vanjani Karishma March 25 2022 These Companies Haven t Left Russia Behind Their Decisions to Stay Barron s Retrieved May 17 2022 Stone Jeff Gallagher Ryan March 8 2022 Cloudflare Rebuffs Ukraine Requests to Stop Working With Russia Bloomberg Retrieved May 11 2022 Brodkin Jon March 8 2022 Cloudflare refuses to pull out of Russia says Putin would celebrate shutoff Ars Technica Retrieved July 5 2023 Disrupters and Defenders What the Ukraine War Has Taught Us About the Power of Global Tech Companies www institute global Retrieved July 5 2023 Brodkin Jon March 8 2022 Cloudflare refuses to pull out of Russia says Putin would celebrate shutoff Ars Technica Retrieved April 19 2022 Morrow Allison May 26 2022 Crypto is dead Long live crypto Davos Dispatch CNN Retrieved May 26 2022 CloudFlare Teams Up With 15 NGOs To Protect Citizen Journalists And Activists From DDoS Attacks TechCrunch June 12 2014 Retrieved June 26 2022 Garson Melanie Furlong Pete May 2022 Disrupters and Defenders What the Ukraine War Has Taught Us About the Power of Global Tech Companies Tony Blair Institute for Global Change External links editOfficial website Business data for Cloudflare Inc BloombergGoogleSEC filingsYahoo Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Cloudflare amp oldid 1193387996, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, 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