The climate and ecology of different locations on the globe naturally separate into life zones, depending on elevation, location, and latitude. The generally strong dependency on elevation is known as altitudinal zonation: the average temperature of a location decreases as the elevation increases.
The general effect of elevation depends on atmospheric physics. However, the specific climate and ecology of any particular location depends on specific features of that location. This article provides a list of life zones by region, in order to illustrate the features of life zones for regions around the globe.
Foothill zone, 300 – 800 m (Eastern Alps), 150 – 300 m (Central Uplands), oak limit (Quercus spp.). European Beech (Fagus sylvatica), Sessile oak (Quercus petraea), Pedunculate oak or English oak (Quercus robur), European or common hornbeam (Carpinus betulus) and small-leaved Lime (Tilia cordata). Grape crop limit (Vitis spp.), around 600 m, Switzerland, North, south-facing slopes, estimated 7.5 °C. Crops: maize for feed; sweet maize (Zea mays).
Montane zone, 800 – 1,200 m (Eastern Alps), 450 – 650 m (Central Uplands), rye (Secale cereale) crop limit and wheat (Triticum spp.) crop limit.
Mid-Montane zone, 1,000 – 1,400 m (Eastern Alps), 650 – 800 m (Central Uplands). Limit of the whole year populated areas, limit of a growing season of 100 days.
Cryo-oromediterranean vegetation belt, 1,700- 1,800 m to 2,200 m (only southern slopes); above the upper Tree line (Pinus nigra ssp. laricio goes up to 1,800 m), dwarft bushes of Genista lobelii var. lobelioides, Astragalus sirinicus ssp. genargenteus, Anthyllis hemanniae, Thymus herbabarona, Berberis aetnensis and Juniperus communis ssp. alpina.
Kilimanjaro Base at around 1,300, crops at around 1,300 - 1,800 m (West Slope is too dry): Coffee (Coffea arabica), Banana (Musa spp.), Mango (Mangifera indica), Avocado (Persea americana). Traditional agriculture uses a multilayer system to save water: Bananas are under the shadows of Mango trees, Avocado trees and Albizia schimperiana var. amaniensis, Coffee bushes and vegetables are under the shadows of Bananas;[9][10][11]
Subtropical moist broadleaf forests, between 1,400 and 3,000 m (4,600 and 9,800 ft), max. 3,300 m. Bamboo Zone needs quite a lot of water, it is missing at the Kilimanjaro because of the agriculture;
Timberline forest, "goat's beard" lichen (Usnea spp.), between 3,000 and 3,500 m (9,800 and 11,500 ft);
Tree line, 2,700–3,000 m (8,900–9,800 ft), max. 3,500 m (Coniferaes are absent);
Heathland and chaparral, between 3,200 and 3,800 m (10,500 and 12,500 ft). Giant Lobelias, up to ca. 4,000 m; Subalpine forests with Ericaceae up to 4,100 m (as heigh as 10 m);
Afro-alpine zone, above about 3,800 m (12,500 ft), Giant Groundsels up to 4,500 m;
Nival zone, usually above 4,500 m (14,800 ft).
Vulcano Kibo - Uhuru Peak, 5,895 m rock and ice. As the conifers are absent, the Tree line is lower.[12][13]
In the altitudes between 3,400 and 4,500 m (11,200 and 14,800 ft) some of the most extreme examples of adaptations can be found. At altitudes below 3,400 m (11,200 ft) the daily temperature fluctuations are less extreme, the average daily temperature steadily increases, and the growth forms and ecology of the Dendroseneico reflect the increased influence of biotic factors (such as competition for light) over abiotic factors (such as nightly frost).[15]
Jade Dragon Snow Mountainsedit
The Jade Dragon Snow Mountains contain the glacier nearest of the Equator on the North Hemisphere. The landmarks 4,506 m and 4,680 m at the end of the glacier can be achieved through the cable car from Ganhaizi (Tibetan for dry lake, a grassland with conifers at 3,400 m). The mountain desert begins around 4,000 m. The Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan (UNESCO World Heritage Site) encompasses the watershed areas of the Yangtze (Jinsha), Mekong (Lan Cang) and Salween (Nujiang) rivers and is the joint of the Palearctic realm and the Indomalayan realm. [16]
Allan, Iain (1981). The Mountain Club of Kenya Guide to Mount Kenya and Kilimanjaro. Nairobi: Mountain Club of Kenya. ISBN978-9966-9856-0-6.
Ellenberg, Heinz (1996). Vegetation Mitteleuropas mit den Alpen in ökologischer, dynamischer und historischer Sicht. Stuttgart: Ulmer. ISBN3-8252-8104-3.
Gamisans, J. (1991). La végétation de la Corse. Genève: Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève, Suisse.
Hemp, Andreas (2006a). "The banana forests of Kilimanjaro. Biodiversity and conservation of the agroforestry system of the Chagga Home Gardens". Biodiversity and Conservation. 15 (4): 1193–1217. doi:10.1007/s10531-004-8230-8.
Hemp, Claudia (2005). "The Chagga Home Gardens – relict areas for endemic Saltatoria Species (Insecta: Orthoptera) on Mt. Kilimanjaro". Biodiversity and Conservation. 125 (2): 203–210. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2005.03.018.
Mayer, Hannes [in German] (1974). Wälder des Ostalpenraumes. Standort, Aufbau und waldbaulichen Bedeutung der wichtigsten Waldgesellschaften in den Ostalpen samt Vorland. Ökologie der Wälder und Landschaften vol. 3. Stuttgart, New York: Gustav Fischer Verlag. p. 344. ISBN3-437-30166-7.
Mayer, Hannes (1984). Wälder Europas. Stuttgart, New York: Gustav Fischer Verlag. p. 691. ISBN3-437-30441-0. Retrieved 2010-05-06.
Mayer, Hannes (1988). Die Wälder Korsikas. Wanderungen durch ein Waldparadies. Stuttgart, New York: Gustav Fischer Verlag. p. 79. ISBN3-437-30586-7.
Reille, M.; Gamisans, J.; de Beaulieu, J.-L.; Andrieu, V. (1997). "The late-glacial at Lac de Creno (Corsica, France): a key site in the western Mediterranean basin". New Phytologist. 135 (3): 547–559. doi:10.1046/j.1469-8137.1997.00683.x.
Reille, M.; Gamisans, J.; Andrieu-Ponel, V.; de Beaulieu, J.-L. (February 1999). "The Holocene at Lac de Creno, Corsica, France: A Key Site for the Whole Island". New Phytologist. 141 (2): 291–307. doi:10.1046/j.1469-8137.1999.00343.x.
Wittmann, O. (1983). Standortkundliche Landschaftsgliederung von Bayern. Materialien. Vol. 21. München: Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Landesentwicklung und Umweltfragen.
April 10, 2024
list, life, zones, region, main, article, altitudinal, zonation, climate, ecology, different, locations, globe, naturally, separate, into, life, zones, depending, elevation, location, latitude, generally, strong, dependency, elevation, known, altitudinal, zona. Main article Altitudinal zonation The climate and ecology of different locations on the globe naturally separate into life zones depending on elevation location and latitude The generally strong dependency on elevation is known as altitudinal zonation the average temperature of a location decreases as the elevation increases The general effect of elevation depends on atmospheric physics However the specific climate and ecology of any particular location depends on specific features of that location This article provides a list of life zones by region in order to illustrate the features of life zones for regions around the globe Contents 1 Central Europe Switzerland amp Germany 2 Mediterranean Corsica 3 Tropical Andes 10 S 4 Kilimanjaro 4 1 Vegetation zones 5 Jade Dragon Snow Mountains 6 Ferrocarril Chihuahua al Pacifico 7 Darjeeling Himalayan Railway 8 Other regions 9 Notes 10 ReferencesCentral Europe Switzerland amp Germany editMain article Life zones of central Europe Planar zone under 300 m Eastern Alps under 150 m Central Uplands agriculture Foothill zone 300 800 m Eastern Alps 150 300 m Central Uplands oak limit Quercus spp European Beech Fagus sylvatica Sessile oak Quercus petraea Pedunculate oak or English oak Quercus robur European or common hornbeam Carpinus betulus and small leaved Lime Tilia cordata Grape crop limit Vitis spp around 600 m Switzerland North south facing slopes estimated 7 5 C Crops maize for feed sweet maize Zea mays Submontane zone 700 1 000 m Eastern Alps 300 450 m Central Uplands European Beech Fagus sylvatica Silver Fir or European Silver Fir Abies alba and Norway Spruce Picea abies Coniferous forests by reforestation limit around 800 m North Montane zone 800 1 200 m Eastern Alps 450 650 m Central Uplands rye Secale cereale crop limit and wheat Triticum spp crop limit Mid Montane zone 1 000 1 400 m Eastern Alps 650 800 m Central Uplands Limit of the whole year populated areas limit of a growing season of 100 days Altimontane zone 1 300 1 850 m Eastern Alps 800 1 500 m Central Uplands Deciduous forests limit Sycamore Maple Acer pseudoplatanus and European Beech Fagus sylvatica Subalpine zone 1 500 2 500 m Eastern Alps above 1 500 m Central Uplands Scots Pine Pinus sylvestris Norway Spruce Picea abies Swiss Pine Pinus cembra Arve or Zirbel limit and European Larch Larix decidua limit 2 000 m some specimens up to 2 850 m south facing slopes Tree line and Krummholz zone or ecotone stunted subalpine bushes Sub alpine meadow and Alpine climate Alpine zone 2 000 3 000 m Eastern Alps Montane grasslands and shrublands Mountain Pine or Mugo Pine Pinus mugo limit Alpine meadows just used in the warm season Snow zone above 3 000 m Eastern Alps alpine desert permafrost scree and above snow line 1 2 3 4 Mediterranean Corsica editMain article Life zones of the Mediterranean region Thermomediterranean vegetation belt 150 m south and 100 m north shrub of Pistacia lentiscus and dense mediterranean coastal scrub maquis with Quercus ilex Phillyrea Myrtus communis and wild olive Olea europea var sylvestris Mesomediterranean vegetation belt up to 700 m northern slopes and 900 m southern slopes Erica arborea Arbutus unedo and Quercus ilex Forests include Quercus suber Pinus pinaster Quercus pubescens and Castanea sativa too Supramediterranean vegetation belt 500 700 m up to 900 1 000 m northern slopes or 800 1 000 m to 1 200 1 350 m southern slopes Erica arborea Quercus ilex Quercus petraea Pinus nigra ssp laricio Alnus cordata Ilex aquifolium Taxus baccata and Ostrya carpinifolia Montane vegetation belt 900 1 000 m to 1 600 m northern slopes and 1 300 to 1 800 m southern slopes forests of Pinus nigra ssp laricio Fagus sylvatica and Abies alba Quercus ilex Quercus pubescens Pinus pinaster Castanea sativa and Erica arborea not present anymore Cryo oromediterranean vegetation belt 1 700 1 800 m to 2 200 m only southern slopes above the upper Tree line Pinus nigra ssp laricio goes up to 1 800 m dwarft bushes of Genista lobelii var lobelioides Astragalus sirinicus ssp genargenteus Anthyllis hemanniae Thymus herbabarona Berberis aetnensis and Juniperus communis ssp alpina Subalpine vegetation belt 1 400 1 600 m to 2 100 m only northern slopes Alnus viridis ssp suaveolens Acer pseudoplatanus Sorbus aucuparia ssp praemorsa Alpine vegetation belt above 2 100 m sparse vegetation Indicator plants Rock Speedwell Veronica fruticans Potentilla crassinervia Armeria pusilla Cerastium thomasii Phyteuma serratum Stachys corsica and Helichrysum frigidum 5 6 7 8 Tropical Andes 10 S editMain article Life zones of Peru nbsp Sanctuary of Qoyllur Rit i Mountain Tundra Classic Version Regions of the Amazonic Side Sea level 22 to 24 C 72 to 75 F but the cold Humboldt Current generates fog Tierra caliente Hot land up to 750 1 000 m 2 460 3 280 ft Tierra templada Temperate land up to 1 850 2 000 m 6 070 6 560 ft The warmest month has an average temperature of below 22 C 72 F Tierra fria Cool land below 3 600 m 11 800 ft The warmest month has an average temperature of below 18 C 64 F Tierra helada Cold land above 3 600 m 11 800 ft The tree line occurs when the warmest month has an average temperature of below 10 C 50 F Tierra Nevada above the Snow line at 4 500 5 500 m 14 800 18 000 ft Kilimanjaro editKilimanjaro Tanzania 3 7 0 S 37 35 0 E 3 11667 S 37 58333 E 3 11667 37 58333 Kilimanjaro amp Mount Kenya Kenya 0 9 0 S 37 18 0 E 0 15000 S 37 30000 E 0 15000 37 30000 Mount Kenya Malindi Kenya 23 m average annual temperature 26 5 C average annual precipitation 1 095 mm 3 14 0 S 40 6 0 E 3 23333 S 40 10000 E 3 23333 40 10000 Malindi Kilimanjaro Base at around 1 300 crops at around 1 300 1 800 m West Slope is too dry Coffee Coffea arabica Banana Musa spp Mango Mangifera indica Avocado Persea americana Traditional agriculture uses a multilayer system to save water Bananas are under the shadows of Mango trees Avocado trees and Albizia schimperiana var amaniensis Coffee bushes and vegetables are under the shadows of Bananas 9 10 11 Nairobi International Airport Kenya 1 624 m average annual temperature 19 0 C average annual precipitation 889 mm 01 19 09 S 36 55 39 E 1 31917 S 36 92750 E 1 31917 36 92750 Nairobi Airport Subtropical moist broadleaf forests between 1 400 and 3 000 m 4 600 and 9 800 ft max 3 300 m Bamboo Zone needs quite a lot of water it is missing at the Kilimanjaro because of the agriculture Timberline forest goat s beard lichen Usnea spp between 3 000 and 3 500 m 9 800 and 11 500 ft Tree line 2 700 3 000 m 8 900 9 800 ft max 3 500 m Coniferaes are absent Heathland and chaparral between 3 200 and 3 800 m 10 500 and 12 500 ft Giant Lobelias up to ca 4 000 m Subalpine forests with Ericaceae up to 4 100 m as heigh as 10 m Afro alpine zone above about 3 800 m 12 500 ft Giant Groundsels up to 4 500 m Nival zone usually above 4 500 m 14 800 ft Vulcano Kibo Uhuru Peak 5 895 m rock and ice As the conifers are absent the Tree line is lower 12 13 Vegetation zones edit nbsp Simplified grid system Oldest mountain on the left Ngaliema Mount Stanley 3 951 m Rwenzori Mountains or Mountains of the Moon Africa 14 15 In the altitudes between 3 400 and 4 500 m 11 200 and 14 800 ft some of the most extreme examples of adaptations can be found At altitudes below 3 400 m 11 200 ft the daily temperature fluctuations are less extreme the average daily temperature steadily increases and the growth forms and ecology of the Dendroseneico reflect the increased influence of biotic factors such as competition for light over abiotic factors such as nightly frost 15 Jade Dragon Snow Mountains editThe Jade Dragon Snow Mountains contain the glacier nearest of the Equator on the North Hemisphere The landmarks 4 506 m and 4 680 m at the end of the glacier can be achieved through the cable car from Ganhaizi Tibetan for dry lake a grassland with conifers at 3 400 m The mountain desert begins around 4 000 m The Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan UNESCO World Heritage Site encompasses the watershed areas of the Yangtze Jinsha Mekong Lan Cang and Salween Nujiang rivers and is the joint of the Palearctic realm and the Indomalayan realm 16 Shanzidou Peak 5 596 m 18 360 ft 27 05 54 N 100 10 30 E 27 09833 N 100 17500 E 27 09833 100 17500 Shanzidou Lijiang Yunnan is at 2 600 m the Black Dragon Pool is 15 km south of the mountains 26 52 34 N 100 13 48 E 26 87611 N 100 23000 E 26 87611 100 23000 Lijiang Quambo Changdu 3 306 m avg annual temperature 7 5 C avg annual precipitation 463 mm 31 09 00 N 97 10 00 E 31 15000 N 97 16667 E 31 15000 97 16667 Changdu Sichuan Xichang 1 591 m avg annual temperature 16 9 C avg annual precipitation 974 mm 27 54 00 N 102 16 00 E 27 90000 N 102 26667 E 27 90000 102 26667 Sichuan Xichang Taiwan Airport 48 m avg annual temperature 21 6 C avg annual precipitation 1 714 mm 25 04 35 N 121 13 26 E 25 07639 N 121 22389 E 25 07639 121 22389 Taiwan Airport Haikou airport Hainan 15 m avg annual temperature 23 9 C avg annual precipitation 1 613 mm 20 01 04 N 110 20 01 E 20 01778 N 110 33361 E 20 01778 110 33361 Haikou Airport Hanoi 15 m avg annual temperature 23 8 C avg annual precipitation 1 682 mm 21 02 00 N 105 51 00 E 21 03333 N 105 85000 E 21 03333 105 85000 Hanoi 12 17 Ferrocarril Chihuahua al Pacifico editMazatlan 4 m average annual temperature 24 3 C average annual precipitation 860 mm 23 12 0 N 106 25 0 W 23 20000 N 106 41667 W 23 20000 106 41667 Mazatlan City of Los Mochis Sinaloa and its port Topolobampo sea level Rising as high as 2 400 m 7 900 ft above sea level near the continental divide Divisadero Chihuahua Ferrocarril Chihuahua al Pacifico Chihuahua 1 435 m average annual temperature 18 4 C average annual precipitation 368 mm 28 38 0 N 106 05 0 W 28 63333 N 106 08333 W 28 63333 106 08333 Chihuahua 12 Darjeeling Himalayan Railway editDhaka Bangladesh 9 m average annual temperature 25 6 C average annual precipitation 2 039 mm 23 46 0 N 90 23 0 E 23 76667 N 90 38333 E 23 76667 90 38333 Dacca Kolkata West Bengal 6 m average annual temperature 26 9 C average annual precipitation 1 739 mm 22 32 0 N 88 20 0 E 22 53333 N 88 33333 E 22 53333 88 33333 Calcutta Rangpur Bangladesh 34 m average annual temperature 24 2 C average annual precipitation 2 309 5 mm 25 34 N 89 15 E 25 56 N 89 25 E 25 56 89 25 Rangpur Siliguri West Bengal 122 m average annual temperature is 23 7 C average annual precipitation 3 340 mm 26 42 36 N 88 25 48 E 26 71000 N 88 43000 E 26 71000 88 43000 Siliguri Cherrapunji Meghalaya 1 313m average annual temperature 17 3 C average annual precipitation 11 777 mm 25 15 0 N 91 44 0 E 25 25000 N 91 73333 E 25 25000 91 73333 Cherrapunji Darjeeling Darjeeling Himalayan Railway West Bengal 2 127 m average annual temperature 11 8 C average annual precipitation 3 037 mm 27 3 0 N 88 16 0 E 27 05000 N 88 26667 E 27 05000 88 26667 Darjeeling 12 18 Other regions editLife zones of the North Cascades in the Pacific Northwest of America Life zones of the Sierra Nevada in CaliforniaNotes edit Ellenberg 1996 Mayer 1974 Mayer 1984 Wittmann 1983 Mayer 1988 Reille et al 1997 Reille et al 1999 Gamisans 1991 The Chagga Homegardens on Kilimanjaro PDF Hemp 2005 Hemp 2006a a b c d Europa Klimadiagramme weltweit Allan 1981 Africa Ultra Prominences 84 Mountains with prominence of 1 500 m 4 900 ft or greater Peaklist Retrieved 2008 05 05 a b Knox Eric B 2004 Adaptive radiation of African montane plants Lijiang Jade Dragon Snow Mountain Yulong Mountain Yunnan de Datei Klima hanoi jpg Geoklima Software Geoklima 2 1References editAllan Iain 1981 The Mountain Club of Kenya Guide to Mount Kenya and Kilimanjaro Nairobi Mountain Club of Kenya ISBN 978 9966 9856 0 6 Ellenberg Heinz 1996 Vegetation Mitteleuropas mit den Alpen in okologischer dynamischer und historischer Sicht Stuttgart Ulmer ISBN 3 8252 8104 3 Gamisans J 1991 La vegetation de la Corse Geneve Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Geneve Suisse Hemp Andreas 2006a The banana forests of Kilimanjaro Biodiversity and conservation of the agroforestry system of the Chagga Home Gardens Biodiversity and Conservation 15 4 1193 1217 doi 10 1007 s10531 004 8230 8 Hemp Claudia 2005 The Chagga Home Gardens relict areas for endemic Saltatoria Species Insecta Orthoptera on Mt Kilimanjaro Biodiversity and Conservation 125 2 203 210 doi 10 1016 j biocon 2005 03 018 Mayer Hannes in German 1974 Walder des Ostalpenraumes Standort Aufbau und waldbaulichen Bedeutung der wichtigsten Waldgesellschaften in den Ostalpen samt Vorland Okologie der Walder und Landschaften vol 3 Stuttgart New York Gustav Fischer Verlag p 344 ISBN 3 437 30166 7 Mayer Hannes 1984 Walder Europas Stuttgart New York Gustav Fischer Verlag p 691 ISBN 3 437 30441 0 Retrieved 2010 05 06 Mayer Hannes 1988 Die Walder Korsikas Wanderungen durch ein Waldparadies Stuttgart New York Gustav Fischer Verlag p 79 ISBN 3 437 30586 7 Reille M Gamisans J de Beaulieu J L Andrieu V 1997 The late glacial at Lac de Creno Corsica France a key site in the western Mediterranean basin New Phytologist 135 3 547 559 doi 10 1046 j 1469 8137 1997 00683 x Reille M Gamisans J Andrieu Ponel V de Beaulieu J L February 1999 The Holocene at Lac de Creno Corsica France A Key Site for the Whole Island New Phytologist 141 2 291 307 doi 10 1046 j 1469 8137 1999 00343 x Wittmann O 1983 Standortkundliche Landschaftsgliederung von Bayern Materialien Vol 21 Munchen Bayerisches Staatsministerium fur Landesentwicklung und Umweltfragen Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title List of life zones by region amp oldid 1165119914, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
