Cidadania
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Cidadania (English: Citizenship) is a Brazilian political party. It was originally founded as the Popular Socialist Party (Portuguese: Partido Popular Socialista, PPS) by members of the former Brazilian Communist Party (PCB), as a centre-left social democratic and democratic socialist party.[10] Despite its left-wing alignment, PPS moved to be opposition against the Workers' Party since 2004, forming alliances with centre-right parties, in particular the Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB), and supporting the Impeachment of Dilma Rousseff.[11] Later the party's National Convention adopted the new naming in March 2019,[12] and it was later approved by the Superior Electoral Court that September.[13] The party then began moving towards a more social liberal position akin to the third way.[14][15]
Cidadania | |
|---|---|
| President | Comte Bittencourt |
| General Secretary | Regis Cavalcante[1] |
| Founded | 26 January 1992 |
| Registered | 19 March 1992[2] |
| Split from | Brazilian Communist Party |
| Think tank | Fundação Astrojildo Pereira |
| Membership (2023) | 431,846[3] |
| Ideology | |
| Political position |
|
| National affiliation | PSDB Cidadania Federation |
| International affiliation | São Paulo Forum (1992–2004) |
| Colors | |
| Identification number | 23 |
| Federal Senate | 0 / 81 |
| Chamber of Deputies | 4 / 513 |
| Legislative Assemblies[6] | 17 / 1,024 |
| Mayors[7] | 141 / 5,568 |
| Municipal Chambers[8][9] | 1,586 / 58,208 |
| Website | |
| cidadania23 | |
History edit
It was founded in 1992 after the main body of the Brazilian Communist Party (PCB) decided to reinvent itself as a social democratic party following the collapse of the Soviet Union. A minority faction of the Brazilian Communist Party retained the old name.[10]
The PPS was a part of the coalition government of Brazilian President Luis Inácio da Silva until December 2004, when its leader withdrew its support from the coalition.[16] Ciro Gomes of the PPS refused to resign from his position as Minister for National Integration, leading to his removal from the PPS's National Executive. The same year, PPS withdrew from the Foro de São Paulo, denouncing its support for the governments of Hugo Chávez in Venezuela and Fidel Castro in Cuba.[17]
In the 2006 legislative elections, the party won 21 seats in the chamber of deputies. At that time party members held the state governorships of Mato Grosso and Rondônia. In the presidential election, the PPS endorsed Geraldo Alckmin of the Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB).
The PPS suffered setbacks in the 2010 general elections when it lost 10 seats in the Chamber of Deputies leaving just 12 remaining, although the party won its first Senate seat. It won no state governorships. The party again supported the PSDB presidential candidate, this time José Serra, and was part of his Brazil can do more alliance.
Later the party consolidated its position in the opposition to PT. It supported the impeachment of Dilma Rousseff in 2016[18] and formed a coalition with the provisional government with the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB) and the PSDB, under the rule of Michel Temer.[19]
In 2018, the PPS leadership announced a name change. The justification, according to the leadership, was that the party needs to modernize to attract cadres from the entire political spectrum, new social movements and not be mistakenly branded as a radical party heir to the Brazilian Communist Party or close to parties linked with Brazilian old socialists like PT or PCdoB. The party received new members, such as former black-headed toucans, members of the progressive liberal LIVRES (Frees) movement, who left the PSL after the party took a hard turn to the right with Jair Bolsonaro's affiliation and support for his presidential campaign, and members of new progressive social movements like the AGORA (Now) and ACREDITO! (I Believe!). The party acquired a more liberal and less left-leaning ideology, occupying a more centrist position in the Brazilian political scenario.
The decision of the new party name was set to take place after the 2018 FIFA World Cup and the party would only rebrand itself definitively after the 2018 elections.[20]
For the Brazilian general elections of 2018 PPS joined the coalition To unite Brazil, in support of the candidacy of Geraldo Alckmin. The coalition also includes Brazilian Social Democracy Party, Democrats, Progressistas, Party of the Republic, Brazilian Republican Party, Solidariedade, Brazilian Labour Party and Social Democratic Party.
In 23 March 2019, in an Extraordinary Congress, the party decided to officially change its name to Citizenship (Cidadania), officially dropping any reference to socialism and social democracy and moving toward social liberal and centrist positions. The new name was to be judged by the TSE and was pending approval.[14][15][21] On 19 September 2019, the new name was approved by TSE.[22]
In an interview of 17 July 2019 party leader Roberto Freire said that Citizenship is in opposition to President Jair Bolsonaro,[23] starting a process of his impeachment,[24] although they had 83% alignment with the government in the congress.[25]
For the 2022 Brazilian general election, Citizenship formed a federation with the Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB), forming the Always Forward Federation (or simply referred as the PSDB Cidanania Federation),[26] endorsing the campaign of Simone Tebet from the Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB).[27] For the second round, the party endorsed Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva.[28]
International relations edit
Soon after its foundation, the Popular Socialist Party became a member of the Foro de São Paulo, an association of South American leftist parties which also included the majority of Brazilian left-wing formations (PCB, PCdoB, PT, PDT, PSB). However, in 2004 PPS withdrew from the Foro, denouncing its support for authoritarian regimes in Cuba and Venezuela.[29]
Despite being in the past a social democratic party, PPS has never been a member of the Socialist International (a position held by PDT) nor the Progressive Alliance (a position held by PSB and PT).
Electoral results edit
Presidential elections edit
| Year | Candidate | Votes | % |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1998 | Ciro Gomes | 7,424,783 | 11.0% |
| 2002 | Ciro Gomes | 10,166,324 | 12.0% |
| 2006 | No candidate, endorsed Geraldo Alckmin | n/a | n/a |
| 2010 | No candidate, endorsed José Serra | n/a | n/a |
| 2014 | No candidate, endorsed Marina Silva | n/a | n/a |
| 2018 | No candidate, endorsed Geraldo Alckmin | n/a | n/a |
| 2022 | No candidate, endorsed Simone Tebet | n/a | n/a |
Legislative elections edit
| Election | Chamber of Deputies | Federal Senate | Role in government | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Seats | +/– | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | ||
| 1994 | 256,485 | 0.56% | 2 / 513 | New | 2,447,931 | 2.55% | 1 / 54 | New | Independent |
| 1998 | 872,348 | 1.31% | 3 / 513 | 1 | 1,846,897 | 2.99% | 1 / 81 | 0 | Independent |
| 2002 | 2,682,487 | 3.07% | 15 / 513 | 12 | 4,720,408 | 3.07% | 1 / 81 | 0 | Opposition |
| 2006 | 3,630,462 | 3.90% | 21 / 513 | 6 | 1,232,571 | 1.46% | 1 / 81 | 0 | Opposition |
| 2010 | 2,536,809 | 2.63% | 12 / 513 | 9 | 6,766,517 | 3.97% | 1 / 81 | 0 | Opposition |
| 2014 | 1,955,689 | 2.01% | 10 / 513 | 2 | did not participate | 0 / 81 | 1 | Opposition (2014-2016) | |
| Coalition (2016-2018) | |||||||||
| 2018 | 1,590,084 | 1.62% | 8 / 513 | 2 | 2,954,800 | 1.72% | 2 / 81 | 2 | Independent |
| 2022 | 5,000,910[a] | 4.54% | 5 / 513 | 3 | did not participate | 1 / 81 | 1 | Coalition | |
- ^ Votes obtained as part of Always Forward coalition.
Main leaders edit
- Roberto Freire, National President of the party, former Minister of Culture, Federal Deputy and Senator
- Rubens Bueno, Federal Deputy
- Arnaldo Jordy, Federal Deputy
- Cristovam Buarque, former Senator, Minister of Education and Governor
- Raul Jungmann, former Minister of Defence, Minister of Public Security and Federal Deputy
- Itamar Franco, former Senator, Governor and President of Brazil
- Soninha Francine, City Councillor
- Fernando Santana, Honorary President of the party, former Constituent Deputy
- Denise Frossard, former Federal Deputy, candidate for Governor of Rio de Janeiro in 2006
- Arnaldo Jardim, Federal Deputy, former State Deputy
- Luciano Rezende, Mayor of Vitória
- Humberto Souto, Mayor of Montes Claros, former Federal Deputy
- Davi Zaia, State Deputy
- Alex Manente, Federal Deputy, former State Deputy and City Councillor
- Jorge Kajuru, Senator, former City Councillor
References edit
- ^ "Diretório Nacional". Cidadania23 (in Portuguese). Retrieved 6 March 2024.
- ^ . Superior Electoral Court (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 7 April 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
- ^ "Filiação partidária mensal". Superior Electoral Court (in Portuguese). Retrieved 6 March 2024.
- ^ a b c "Posicionamentos". Cidadania23 (in Portuguese). Retrieved 6 March 2024.
- ^ "Partido Popular Socialista (PPS)". FGV CPDOC (in Portuguese).
- ^ "Raio-X das eleições: Leia como serão as assembleias em 2023". Poder360 (in Portuguese). 11 October 2022.
- ^ "Relembre quantos prefeitos e vereadores cada partido elegeu em 2020". Poder360 (in Portuguese). 6 October 2023.
- ^ "Vereadores eleitos por partido em 2020". Poder360 (in Portuguese).
- ^ "Eleições 2020: 58.208 vagas de vereadores estarão em disputa neste domingo (15)". Superior Electoral Court (in Portuguese). 14 November 2020.
- ^ a b "@PPS23 - Verdadeiro, corajoso e decente. Filie-se!". filiacao.pps.org.br. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
- ^ Maia, Dominique (13 August 2022). "História do CIDADANIA: de comunista a liberal progressista | Politize!" (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 25 October 2022.
- ^ Cury, Teo (23 March 2019). "PPS aprova mudança de nome e vai se chamar Cidadania" (in Portuguese). Estadão. Retrieved 2 October 2019.
- ^ (in Portuguese). Tribunal Superior Eleitoral. 19 September 2019. Archived from the original on 26 October 2021. Retrieved 2 October 2019.
- ^ a b (in Portuguese). Partido Popular Socialista. 23 March 2019. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2019.
- ^ a b "Em congresso em Brasília, PPS adota o nome Cidadania" (in Portuguese). O Globo. 23 March 2019. Retrieved 24 March 2019.
- ^ Steve Kingstone, "Political blow for Brazil's Lula", BBC News, 13 December 2004.
- ^ "#BlogCidadania23: Algumas verdades sobre o "Foro de São Paulo", o PT e os tiranetes que enxovalham a esquerda democrática". #BlogCidadania23. 20 October 2014. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
- ^ Zerek, Helder. "PPS conclama todos brasileiros a irem às ruas contra a corrupção e pelo impeachment de Dilma no dia 13". www.ppspr.org.br.
- ^ "Roberto Freire diz que PPS vai continuar apoiando o governo". 20 May 2017.
- ^ . Archived from the original on 30 June 2018. Retrieved 30 June 2018.
- ^ Cury, Teo (23 March 2019). "PPS aprova mudança de nome e vai se chamar Cidadania" (in Portuguese). Estadão. Retrieved 24 March 2019.
- ^ . Superior Electoral Court (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 26 October 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
- ^ "Freire diz que Cidadania é oposição ao governo Bolsonaro". Cidadania23 (in Brazilian Portuguese). 17 July 2019. Retrieved 24 August 2019.
- ^ "Diretório Nacional do Cidadania aprova indicativo de impeachment de Bolsonaro". Cidadania23 (in Brazilian Portuguese). 4 February 2021. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
- ^ "Congresso em Foco".
- ^ Poder360 (12 May 2022). "PSDB e Cidadania pedem registro de federação partidária ao TSE". Poder360 (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 23 October 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "Quem é a vice de Simone Tebet nas eleições de 2022?". Valor Econômico (in Brazilian Portuguese). 16 September 2022. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
- ^ "Cidadania declara apoio a Lula no segundo turno". G1 (in Brazilian Portuguese). 4 October 2022. Retrieved 25 October 2022.
- ^ "Blog do PPS: Algumas verdades sobre o "Foro de São Paulo", o PT e os tiranetes que enxovalham a esquerda democrática". Blog do PPS. 20 October 2014. Retrieved 27 November 2018.