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Christen C. Raunkiær

February 16, 2024

Christen Christensen Raunkiær (29 March 1860 – 11 March 1938) was a Danish botanist, who was a pioneer of plant ecology. He is mainly remembered for his scheme of plant strategies to survive an unfavourable season ("life forms") and his demonstration that the relative abundance of strategies in floras largely corresponded to the Earth's climatic zones. This scheme, the Raunkiær system, is still widely used today and may be seen as a precursor of modern plant strategy schemes, e.g. J. Philip Grime's CSR system.

Christen C. Raunkiær
c. 1930
Born29 March 1860
Lyhne, Jutland, Denmark
Died11 March 1938 (1938-03-12) (aged 77)
Copenhagen, Denmark
NationalityDanish
Alma materUniversity of Copenhagen
Known forRaunkiær life forms, Raunkiær's frequency law
Scientific career
FieldsPlant ecology, botany
InstitutionsUniversity of Copenhagen
Doctoral advisorEugen Warming
Doctoral studentsJohannes Iversen
Carsten Olsen
Author abbrev. (botany)Raunk.
Signature

Life edit

He was born on a small heathland farm, named Raunkiær, in Lyhne parish in western Jutland, Denmark. He later took his surname after it. He succeeded Eugen Warming as professor in botany at the University of Copenhagen and the director of the Copenhagen Botanical Garden, a position he held from 1912 to 1923. He was married to the author and artist Ingeborg Raunkiær (1863–1921), who accompanied him on journeys to the West Indies and the Mediterranean and made line drawings for his botanical works. They divorced in 1915, the same year as their only son Barclay Raunkiær died. Raunkiær later married the botanist Agnete Seidelin (1874–1956).

Raunkiær's research axiom was that everything countable in nature should be subjected to numerical analysis, e.g. the number of male and female catkins in monecious plants and the number of male and female individuals in dioecious plants. Raunkiær also was an early student of apomixis in flowering plants and hybrid swarms. In addition, he studied the effect of soil pH on plants and plants on soil pH, a work his apprentice Carsten Olsen continued.

After his retirement, C. Raunkiær made numerical studies of plants and flora in the literature ("The flora and the heathland poets", "The dandelion in Danish poetry", "Plants in the psalms"). In these studies, he applied strict quantitative criteria, like in his ecological studies. For example, he defined a poet as a person who has written 1,000 or more lines of verse.

Legacy edit

Life form spectra edit

Main article: Raunkiær plant life-form

Raunkiær devised a system for categorising plants by life-form as a way of ecologically meaningful comparison of species and vegetation in regions having different floras.

Raunkiær compared statistically local life form spectra (relative abundance) with the world average, which he called "the normal spectrum" (Raunkiær 1918 – see below). Thereby, he devised the first null model in the history of ecology. Raunkiær was a keen naturalist, who described the flora and fungi of Denmark, the Virgin Islands, Tunisia, and other countries. In contrast to many contemporary naturalist, however, he strongly promoted quantitative and numerical approaches and experimentation. He devised a method to quantify the abundance of plants in vegetation as frequency in subplots and used it for quantitative studies of a range of plant communities.

Raunkiær's law edit

Main article: occupancy frequency distribution

When plotting the number of species in a plant community that fell in each 20-percentile frequency class from very frequent, i.e. numerically dominant, to very infrequent, Raunkiær discovered that most species were either very common or very rare. This came to be known as "Raunkiær's law" and is related to R. A. Fisher's logseries distribution and to Frank W. Preston's lognormal distribution of the number of individuals of each species in a community.[1][2] The significance of his idea was, however, disputed already by some of his contemporaries.[3]

Leaf size in plant geography edit

As a further experiment in characterizing plant communities, Raunkiaer devised a numerical scheme based on leaf size classes and leaf type (simple or compound) that was extended by L. J. Webb[4] and is used as a way to classify forest types more simply than by lists of component species.[5][6][7]

The standard author abbreviation Raunk. is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.[8]
 
Raunkiær in 1896

Popular References edit

Farley Mowat, in his book, Never Cry Wolf, described using a Raunkiær's Circle in making a “cover degree” study to determine the ratios of various plants one to the other. He spoke of it as "a device designed in hell."[9]

Scientific publications edit

  • Raunkiær, C. (1887) Frøskallens Bygning og Udviklingshistorie hos Geraniaceerne. Botanisk Tidsskrift 16, 152–167.
  • Raunkiær, C. (1888–89) Myxomycetes Daniae eller Danmarks Slimsvampe. Botanisk Tidsskrift 17, 20-105 Description in English of some new and of some unsatisfactorily known species of Myxomycetes described in the preceding treatise. Botanisk Tidsskrift 17, 106–110.
  • Raunkiær, C. (1889) Notes on the vegetation of the North-Frisian Islands and a contribution to an eventual flora of these islands. Botanisk Tidsskrift 17, 179–196.
  • Raunkiær, C. (1893) Vegetationsorganernes Morphologi og Biologi hos de danske Cyperaceer - Bestøvning og Frugtsaetning hos de danske Cyperaceer. Botanisk Tidsskrift 18, 19–23.
  • Raunkiær, C. (1895) De danske Blomsterplanters Naturhistorie. l. Enkimbladede. Gyldendalske Boghandels Forlag, København.
  • Raunkiær, C. (1901) Om Papildannelsen hos Aira caespitosa. Botanisk Tidsskrift 24, 223–238.
  • Raunkiær, C. (1902) Statistisk Undersøgelse over Forholdet mellem Han- og Hunrakler hos vore Alnus-arter. Botanisk Tidsskrift 24, 289–296.
  • Raunkiær, C. (1903) Anatomical Potamogeton-Studies and Potamogeton fluitans. Botanisk Tidsskrift 25, 253–280.
  • Ostenfeld, C.H. & Raunkiær, C. (1903) Kastreringsforsøg med Hieracium og andre Cichorieae [English summary]. Botanisk Tidsskrift 25, 409–413.
  • Raunkiær, C. (1904) Comment les plantes géophytes à rhizomes apprécient la profondeur où se trouvent placés leurs rhizomes. Oversigt over Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Forhandlinger, 1904, 330–349.
  • Raunkiær, C. (1904) Om biologiske typer, med hensyn til planternes zilpasninger til at overleve ugunstige aarstider. Botanisk Tidsskrift 26, XIV. THIS PAGE DOES NOT CONTAIN A PAPER BY RAUNKIAER WITH THAT TITLE NOR DOES THE ENTIRE VOLUME. Ch. 1 in Raunkiær (1934): Biological types with reference to the adaption of plants to survive the unfavourable season, p. 1.
  • Raunkiær, C. (1905) Types biologiques pour la géographie botanique. Oversigt over Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Forhandlinger, 1905, 347–438.THIS PAGE RANGE SEEMS DOUBTFUL, BUT IS REPEATED ON UMPTEEN ONLINE PAGES.
  • Raunkiær, C. (1905) Om Talforholdene mellem Kønnene hos tvebo Planter og om Talforholdet mellem hanlige og hunlige individer i Afkommet af Hunplanter og tvekønnede Planter hos Gynodiøcister. Botanisk Tidsskrift 26, 86–88.
  • Raunkiær, C. (1906) Edderkopper og blomsterbesøgende Insekter. Botanisk Tidsskrift 27, 313–316.
  • Raunkiær, C. (1906) Sur la transmission par hérédité dans les espèces hétéromorphes. Oversigt over Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Forhandlinger, 1906, 31–39.
  • Raunkiær, C. (1907) Planterigets Livsformer og deres Betydning for Geografien. Gyldendalske Boghandel - Nordisk Forlag, København and Kristiania. 132 pp. Ch. 2 in Raunkiær (1934): The life-forms of plants and their bearings on geography, p. 2-104.
  • Raunkiær, C. (1907) Om Livsformen hos Tussilago farfarus. Et lille Bidrag til Følfodens Naturhistorie. Botanisk Tidsskrift 28, 210. Ch. 3 in Raunkiær (1934): The life-form of Tussilago farfarus, p. 105-110.
  • Raunkiær, C. (1908) Livsformernes Statistik som Grundlag for biologisk Plantegeografi. Botanisk Tidsskrift 29, 42–43. German translation: Statistik der Lebensformen als Grundlage für die biologische Pflanzengeographie. Beiheft zum Bot. Centralbl., 27 (2), 171-206 (1910). Ch. 4 in Raunkiær (1924): The statistics of life-forms as a basis for biological plant geography, p. 111-147.
  • Raunkiær, C. (1908) Fungi from the Danish West Indies collected 1905–1906. Botanisk Tidsskrift 29, 1–3.
  • Raunkiær, C. (1909) Livsformen hos Planter paa ny Jord. Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Skrifter - Naturvidenskabelig og Mathematisk Afdeling, 7.Rk., 8, 1-70. Ch. 5 in Raunkiær (1934): The life-forms of plants on new soil, p. 148-200.
  • Raunkiær, C. (1909a) Formationsundersøgelse og Formationsstatistik. Botanisk Tidsskrift 30, 20–132. Ch. 6 in Raunkiær (1934): Investigations and statistics of plant formations, p. 201-282.
  • Raunkiær, C. (1911) Det arktiske og antarktiske Chamaefyteklima. In: Biologiske Arbejder tilegnede Eug. Warming paa hans 70 Aars Fødselsdag den 3. Nov. 1911. Kjøbenhavn. Ch. 7 in Raunkiær (1934): The Arctic and Antarctic chamaephyte climate, p. 283-302.
  • Raunkiær, C. (1912) Measuring-apparatus for statistical investigations of plant-formations. Botanisk Tidsskrift 33, 45–48.
  • Raunkiær, C. (1913) Formationsstatistiske Undersøgelser paa Skagens Odde. Botanisk Tidsskrift 33, 197–243. Ch. 8 in Raunkiær (1934): Statistical investigations of the plant formations of Skagens Odde (The Skaw), p. 303-342.
  • Raunkiær, C. (1914) Sur la végétation des alluvions méditerranéennes françaises. Mindeskrift i Anledning af Hundredeaaret for Japetus Steenstrups Fødsel (eds H. F. E. Jungersen & E. Warming), pp. 1–33. København. Ch. 9 in Raunkiær (1934): On the vegetation of the French mediterranean alluvia, p. 343-367.
  • Raunkiær, C. (1916) Om Bladstørrelsens Anvendelse i den biologiske Plantegeografi. Botanisk Tidsskrift 34, 1–13. Ch. 10 in Raunkiær (1934): The use of leaf size in biological plant geography, p. 368-378
  • Raunkiær, C. (1916) Om Valensmetoden. Botanisk Tidsskrift 34, 289–311.
  • Raunkiær, C. (1918) Om Løvspringstiden hos Afkommet af Bøge med forskellig Løvspringstid [English summary]: On leaftime in the descendants from beeches with different leaftimes]. Botanisk Tidsskrift 36, 197–203.
  • Raunkiær, C. (1918) Recherches statistiques sur les formations végétales. Biologiske Meddelelser / Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, 1 (3), 1-80. Ch 11 in Raunkiær (1934): Statistical researches on plant formations, p. 379-424.
  • Raunkiær, C. (1918) Über das biologische Normalspektrum. Biologiske Meddelelser / Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, 1 (4), 1–17. Ch. 12 in Raunkiær (1934): On the biological normal spectrum, p. 425-434.
  • Raunkiær, C. (1918) Über die verhältnismässige Anzahl männlicher und weiblicher Individuen bei Rumex thyrsiflorus Fingerh. Biologiske Meddelelser / Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, 1 (7), 1–17.
  • Børgesen, F. & Raunkiær, C. (1918) Mosses and Lichens collected in the former Danish West Indies. Dansk Botanisk Arkiv 2 (9): 1–18.
  • Raunkiær, C. (1919) Über Homodromie und Antidromie insbesondere bei Gramineen. Biologiske Meddelelser / Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, 1 (12), 1-22.
  • Raunkiær, C. (1920) Egern, Mus, og Grankogler. En naturhistorisk Studie. Biologiske Meddelelser / Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, 2 (4), 1-90.
  • Raunkiær, C. (1920) Om Kryptogamernes Betydning for Karakteriseringen af Planteklimaterne. Botanisk Tidsskrift 37, 151–158. Ch. 13 in Raunkiær (1934): On the significance of Cryptogams for characterizing Plant climates, p. 435-442.
  • Raunkiær, C. (1922) Forskellige Vegetationstypers forskellige Indflydelse paa Jordbundens Surhedsgrad (Brintionkoncentration). Biologiske Meddelelser / Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, 3 (10), 1-74. Ch. 14 in Raunkiær (1934): The different influence exercised by various types of vegetation on the degree of acidity (Hydrogen-ion concentration), p. 443-487.
  • Raunkiær, C. (1926) Nitratindholdet hos Anemone nemorosa paa forskellige Standpladser. Biologiske Meddelelser / Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, 5 (5), 1-47. Ch. 15 in Raunkiær (1934): The Nitrate content of Anemone nemorosa growing in various localities, p. 488-516.
  • Raunkiær, C. (1926) Om danske Agropyrum-Arter. (Isoreagent-Studier II). Botanisk Tidsskrift 39, 329–347.
  • Raunkiær, C. (1926) Vegetationen paa Maglehøj (vest for Arresø) og lidt om vore Kaempehøjes Flora i det hele taget. Botanisk Tidsskrift 39, 348–356.
  • Raunkiær, C. (1928) Dominansareal, Artstaethed og Formationsdominanter. Biologiske Meddelelser / Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, 7 (1), 1-47. Ch 16 in Raunkiær (1934): The area of dominance, species density, and formation dominants, p. 517-546.
  • Raunkiær, C. (1928) Myxomycetes from the West Indian Islands St. Croix, St. Thomas and St. Jan. Dansk Botanisk Arkiv 5 (16), 1–9.
  • Raunkiær, C. (1930) Variation hos Tussilago farfarus L. Botanisk Tidsskrift 41, 257–258.
  • Raunkiær, C. (1934) Om de danske Arter af Stellaria media-Gruppen. Botaniske Studier, 1. haefte (ed C. Raunkiær), pp. 3–30. J.H. Schultz Forlag, København.
  • Raunkiær, C. (1934) The Life Forms of Plants and Statistical Plant Geography. Introduction by A.G. Tansley. Oxford University Press, Oxford. 632 pp. Collection of 16 of Raunkiær's publications plus one new.
  • Raunkiær, C. (1934) Botanical studies in the Mediterranean region. Ch. 17 in The Life Forms of Plants and Statistical Plant Geography, pp. 547–620.
  • Raunkiær, C. (1935) The vegetation of the sand dunes north of Sousse. Botaniske Studier, 3. haefte (ed C. Raunkiær), pp. 244–248. J.H. Schultz Forlag, København.
  • Raunkiær, C. (1936) The life-form spectrum of some Atlantic islands. Botaniske Studier, 4. haefte (ed C. Raunkiær), pp. 249–328. J.H. Schultz Forlag, København.
  • Raunkiær, C. (1937) Artstal, Artstaethed og Praedominanter i danske Plantesamfund. Botaniske Studier, 5. haefte (ed C. Raunkiær), pp. 357–382. J.H. Schultz Forlag, København.
  • Raunkiær, C. (1937) Hudcellepapiller hos Carex arenaria. Botaniske Studier, 5. haefte (ed C. Raunkiær), pp. 329–336. J.H. Schultz Forlag, København.
  • Raunkiær, C. (1937) Life-form, genus area, and number of species. Botaniske Studier, 5. haefte (ed C. Raunkiær), pp. 343–356. J.H. Schultz Forlag, København.
  • Raunkiær, C. (1937) Plantago intermedia og Plantago major. Botaniske Studier, 5. haefte (ed C. Raunkiær), pp. 337–342. J.H. Schultz Forlag, København.

Reviews and biographies edit

  • Fuller G.D. (1935). "Raunkiaer's ecological papers". Ecology. 16 (1): 111–113. doi:10.2307/1932864. JSTOR 1932864.
  • Smith W.G. (1913). "Raunkiaer's "life-forms" and statistical methods". Journal of Ecology. 1 (1): 16–26. doi:10.2307/2255456. JSTOR 2255456.
  • Biography by O.G. Petersen in: Dansk Biografisk Lexikon, 1st edn 1887-1905 (ed. Carl Frederik Bricka)
  • Biography by Carl Christensen in: Dansk Biografisk Leksikon, 3rd edn 1979-1984 (ed. Svend Cedergreen Bech).

References edit

  1. ^ Preston F.W. (1948). "The commonness, and rarity, of species". Ecology. 29 (3): 254–283. doi:10.2307/1930989. JSTOR 1930989.
  2. ^ Papp L., Izsák J. (1997). "Bimodality in occurrence classes: a direct consequence of lognormal and logarithmic series distribution of abundances – a numerical experimentation". Oikos. 79 (1): 191–194. doi:10.2307/3546107. JSTOR 3546107.
  3. ^ Gleason H.A. (1929). "The significance of Raunkiaer's law of frequency". Ecology. 10 (4): 406–408. doi:10.2307/1931149. JSTOR 1931149.
  4. ^ Webb, Leonard James (1959), "A Physiognomic Classification of Australian Rain Forests", Journal of Ecology, 47 (3): 551–570, doi:10.2307/2257290, JSTOR 2257290
  5. ^ Mesophyll rainforests of the wet tropics bioregion (PDF), wettropics.gov.au, retrieved 13 December 2015
  6. ^ Tracey, J. G. (John Geoffrey); Webb, L. J. (Leonard James) (1975), Vegetation of the Humid Tropical Region of North Queensland
  7. ^ Tracey, J. G. (John Geoffrey) (1982), The Vegetation of the Humid Tropical Region of North Queensland, pp. 13–70
  8. ^ International Plant Names Index.  Raunk.
  9. ^ Mowat, Farley. Never Cry Wolf. Amazon Kindle Edition (electronic): Open Road Media. p. 220.

External links edit

February 16, 2024
christen, raunkiær, christen, christensen, raunkiær, march, 1860, march, 1938, danish, botanist, pioneer, plant, ecology, mainly, remembered, scheme, plant, strategies, survive, unfavourable, season, life, forms, demonstration, that, relative, abundance, strat. Christen Christensen Raunkiaer 29 March 1860 11 March 1938 was a Danish botanist who was a pioneer of plant ecology He is mainly remembered for his scheme of plant strategies to survive an unfavourable season life forms and his demonstration that the relative abundance of strategies in floras largely corresponded to the Earth s climatic zones This scheme the Raunkiaer system is still widely used today and may be seen as a precursor of modern plant strategy schemes e g J Philip Grime s CSR system Christen C Raunkiaerc 1930Born29 March 1860Lyhne Jutland DenmarkDied11 March 1938 1938 03 12 aged 77 Copenhagen DenmarkNationalityDanishAlma materUniversity of CopenhagenKnown forRaunkiaer life forms Raunkiaer s frequency lawScientific careerFieldsPlant ecology botanyInstitutionsUniversity of CopenhagenDoctoral advisorEugen WarmingDoctoral studentsJohannes IversenCarsten OlsenAuthor abbrev botany Raunk Signature Contents 1 Life 2 Legacy 2 1 Life form spectra 2 2 Raunkiaer s law 2 3 Leaf size in plant geography 3 Popular References 4 Scientific publications 5 Reviews and biographies 6 References 7 External linksLife editHe was born on a small heathland farm named Raunkiaer in Lyhne parish in western Jutland Denmark He later took his surname after it He succeeded Eugen Warming as professor in botany at the University of Copenhagen and the director of the Copenhagen Botanical Garden a position he held from 1912 to 1923 He was married to the author and artist Ingeborg Raunkiaer 1863 1921 who accompanied him on journeys to the West Indies and the Mediterranean and made line drawings for his botanical works They divorced in 1915 the same year as their only son Barclay Raunkiaer died Raunkiaer later married the botanist Agnete Seidelin 1874 1956 Raunkiaer s research axiom was that everything countable in nature should be subjected to numerical analysis e g the number of male and female catkins in monecious plants and the number of male and female individuals in dioecious plants Raunkiaer also was an early student of apomixis in flowering plants and hybrid swarms In addition he studied the effect of soil pH on plants and plants on soil pH a work his apprentice Carsten Olsen continued After his retirement C Raunkiaer made numerical studies of plants and flora in the literature The flora and the heathland poets The dandelion in Danish poetry Plants in the psalms In these studies he applied strict quantitative criteria like in his ecological studies For example he defined a poet as a person who has written 1 000 or more lines of verse Legacy editLife form spectra edit Main article Raunkiaer plant life form Raunkiaer devised a system for categorising plants by life form as a way of ecologically meaningful comparison of species and vegetation in regions having different floras Raunkiaer compared statistically local life form spectra relative abundance with the world average which he called the normal spectrum Raunkiaer 1918 see below Thereby he devised the first null model in the history of ecology Raunkiaer was a keen naturalist who described the flora and fungi of Denmark the Virgin Islands Tunisia and other countries In contrast to many contemporary naturalist however he strongly promoted quantitative and numerical approaches and experimentation He devised a method to quantify the abundance of plants in vegetation as frequency in subplots and used it for quantitative studies of a range of plant communities Raunkiaer s law edit Main article occupancy frequency distribution When plotting the number of species in a plant community that fell in each 20 percentile frequency class from very frequent i e numerically dominant to very infrequent Raunkiaer discovered that most species were either very common or very rare This came to be known as Raunkiaer s law and is related to R A Fisher s logseries distribution and to Frank W Preston s lognormal distribution of the number of individuals of each species in a community 1 2 The significance of his idea was however disputed already by some of his contemporaries 3 Leaf size in plant geography edit As a further experiment in characterizing plant communities Raunkiaer devised a numerical scheme based on leaf size classes and leaf type simple or compound that was extended by L J Webb 4 and is used as a way to classify forest types more simply than by lists of component species 5 6 7 The standard author abbreviation Raunk is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name 8 nbsp Raunkiaer in 1896Popular References editFarley Mowat in his book Never Cry Wolf described using a Raunkiaer s Circle in making a cover degree study to determine the ratios of various plants one to the other He spoke of it as a device designed in hell 9 Scientific publications editRaunkiaer C 1887 Froskallens Bygning og Udviklingshistorie hos Geraniaceerne Botanisk Tidsskrift 16 152 167 Raunkiaer C 1888 89 Myxomycetes Daniae eller Danmarks Slimsvampe Botanisk Tidsskrift 17 20 105 Description in English of some new and of some unsatisfactorily known species of Myxomycetes described in the preceding treatise Botanisk Tidsskrift 17 106 110 Raunkiaer C 1889 Notes on the vegetation of the North Frisian Islands and a contribution to an eventual flora of these islands Botanisk Tidsskrift 17 179 196 Raunkiaer C 1893 Vegetationsorganernes Morphologi og Biologi hos de danske Cyperaceer Bestovning og Frugtsaetning hos de danske Cyperaceer Botanisk Tidsskrift 18 19 23 Raunkiaer C 1895 De danske Blomsterplanters Naturhistorie l Enkimbladede Gyldendalske Boghandels Forlag Kobenhavn Raunkiaer C 1901 Om Papildannelsen hos Aira caespitosa Botanisk Tidsskrift 24 223 238 Raunkiaer C 1902 Statistisk Undersogelse over Forholdet mellem Han og Hunrakler hos vore Alnus arter Botanisk Tidsskrift 24 289 296 Raunkiaer C 1903 Anatomical Potamogeton Studies and Potamogeton fluitans Botanisk Tidsskrift 25 253 280 Ostenfeld C H amp Raunkiaer C 1903 Kastreringsforsog med Hieracium og andre Cichorieae English summary Botanisk Tidsskrift 25 409 413 Raunkiaer C 1904 Comment les plantes geophytes a rhizomes apprecient la profondeur ou se trouvent places leurs rhizomes Oversigt over Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Forhandlinger 1904 330 349 Raunkiaer C 1904 Om biologiske typer med hensyn til planternes zilpasninger til at overleve ugunstige aarstider Botanisk Tidsskrift 26 XIV THIS PAGE DOES NOT CONTAIN A PAPER BY RAUNKIAER WITH THAT TITLE NOR DOES THE ENTIRE VOLUME Ch 1 in Raunkiaer 1934 Biological types with reference to the adaption of plants to survive the unfavourable season p 1 Raunkiaer C 1905 Types biologiques pour la geographie botanique Oversigt over Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Forhandlinger 1905 347 438 THIS PAGE RANGE SEEMS DOUBTFUL BUT IS REPEATED ON UMPTEEN ONLINE PAGES Raunkiaer C 1905 Om Talforholdene mellem Konnene hos tvebo Planter og om Talforholdet mellem hanlige og hunlige individer i Afkommet af Hunplanter og tvekonnede Planter hos Gynodiocister Botanisk Tidsskrift 26 86 88 Raunkiaer C 1906 Edderkopper og blomsterbesogende Insekter Botanisk Tidsskrift 27 313 316 Raunkiaer C 1906 Sur la transmission par heredite dans les especes heteromorphes Oversigt over Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Forhandlinger 1906 31 39 Raunkiaer C 1907 Planterigets Livsformer og deres Betydning for Geografien Gyldendalske Boghandel Nordisk Forlag Kobenhavn and Kristiania 132 pp Ch 2 in Raunkiaer 1934 The life forms of plants and their bearings on geography p 2 104 Raunkiaer C 1907 Om Livsformen hos Tussilago farfarus Et lille Bidrag til Folfodens Naturhistorie Botanisk Tidsskrift 28 210 Ch 3 in Raunkiaer 1934 The life form of Tussilago farfarus p 105 110 Raunkiaer C 1908 Livsformernes Statistik som Grundlag for biologisk Plantegeografi Botanisk Tidsskrift 29 42 43 German translation Statistik der Lebensformen als Grundlage fur die biologische Pflanzengeographie Beiheft zum Bot Centralbl 27 2 171 206 1910 Ch 4 in Raunkiaer 1924 The statistics of life forms as a basis for biological plant geography p 111 147 Raunkiaer C 1908 Fungi from the Danish West Indies collected 1905 1906 Botanisk Tidsskrift 29 1 3 Raunkiaer C 1909 Livsformen hos Planter paa ny Jord Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Skrifter Naturvidenskabelig og Mathematisk Afdeling 7 Rk 8 1 70 Ch 5 in Raunkiaer 1934 The life forms of plants on new soil p 148 200 Raunkiaer C 1909a Formationsundersogelse og Formationsstatistik Botanisk Tidsskrift 30 20 132 Ch 6 in Raunkiaer 1934 Investigations and statistics of plant formations p 201 282 Raunkiaer C 1911 Det arktiske og antarktiske Chamaefyteklima In Biologiske Arbejder tilegnede Eug Warming paa hans 70 Aars Fodselsdag den 3 Nov 1911 Kjobenhavn Ch 7 in Raunkiaer 1934 The Arctic and Antarctic chamaephyte climate p 283 302 Raunkiaer C 1912 Measuring apparatus for statistical investigations of plant formations Botanisk Tidsskrift 33 45 48 Raunkiaer C 1913 Formationsstatistiske Undersogelser paa Skagens Odde Botanisk Tidsskrift 33 197 243 Ch 8 in Raunkiaer 1934 Statistical investigations of the plant formations of Skagens Odde The Skaw p 303 342 Raunkiaer C 1914 Sur la vegetation des alluvions mediterraneennes francaises Mindeskrift i Anledning af Hundredeaaret for Japetus Steenstrups Fodsel eds H F E Jungersen amp E Warming pp 1 33 Kobenhavn Ch 9 in Raunkiaer 1934 On the vegetation of the French mediterranean alluvia p 343 367 Raunkiaer C 1916 Om Bladstorrelsens Anvendelse i den biologiske Plantegeografi Botanisk Tidsskrift 34 1 13 Ch 10 in Raunkiaer 1934 The use of leaf size in biological plant geography p 368 378 Raunkiaer C 1916 Om Valensmetoden Botanisk Tidsskrift 34 289 311 Raunkiaer C 1918 Om Lovspringstiden hos Afkommet af Boge med forskellig Lovspringstid English summary On leaftime in the descendants from beeches with different leaftimes Botanisk Tidsskrift 36 197 203 Raunkiaer C 1918 Recherches statistiques sur les formations vegetales Biologiske Meddelelser Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab 1 3 1 80 Ch 11 in Raunkiaer 1934 Statistical researches on plant formations p 379 424 Raunkiaer C 1918 Uber das biologische Normalspektrum Biologiske Meddelelser Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab 1 4 1 17 Ch 12 in Raunkiaer 1934 On the biological normal spectrum p 425 434 Raunkiaer C 1918 Uber die verhaltnismassige Anzahl mannlicher und weiblicher Individuen bei Rumex thyrsiflorus Fingerh Biologiske Meddelelser Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab 1 7 1 17 Borgesen F amp Raunkiaer C 1918 Mosses and Lichens collected in the former Danish West Indies Dansk Botanisk Arkiv 2 9 1 18 Raunkiaer C 1919 Uber Homodromie und Antidromie insbesondere bei Gramineen Biologiske Meddelelser Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab 1 12 1 22 Raunkiaer C 1920 Egern Mus og Grankogler En naturhistorisk Studie Biologiske Meddelelser Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab 2 4 1 90 Raunkiaer C 1920 Om Kryptogamernes Betydning for Karakteriseringen af Planteklimaterne Botanisk Tidsskrift 37 151 158 Ch 13 in Raunkiaer 1934 On the significance of Cryptogams for characterizing Plant climates p 435 442 Raunkiaer C 1922 Forskellige Vegetationstypers forskellige Indflydelse paa Jordbundens Surhedsgrad Brintionkoncentration Biologiske Meddelelser Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab 3 10 1 74 Ch 14 in Raunkiaer 1934 The different influence exercised by various types of vegetation on the degree of acidity Hydrogen ion concentration p 443 487 Raunkiaer C 1926 Nitratindholdet hos Anemone nemorosa paa forskellige Standpladser Biologiske Meddelelser Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab 5 5 1 47 Ch 15 in Raunkiaer 1934 The Nitrate content of Anemone nemorosa growing in various localities p 488 516 Raunkiaer C 1926 Om danske Agropyrum Arter Isoreagent Studier II Botanisk Tidsskrift 39 329 347 Raunkiaer C 1926 Vegetationen paa Maglehoj vest for Arreso og lidt om vore Kaempehojes Flora i det hele taget Botanisk Tidsskrift 39 348 356 Raunkiaer C 1928 Dominansareal Artstaethed og Formationsdominanter Biologiske Meddelelser Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab 7 1 1 47 Ch 16 in Raunkiaer 1934 The area of dominance species density and formation dominants p 517 546 Raunkiaer C 1928 Myxomycetes from the West Indian Islands St Croix St Thomas and St Jan Dansk Botanisk Arkiv 5 16 1 9 Raunkiaer C 1930 Variation hos Tussilago farfarus L Botanisk Tidsskrift 41 257 258 Raunkiaer C 1934 Om de danske Arter af Stellaria media Gruppen Botaniske Studier 1 haefte ed C Raunkiaer pp 3 30 J H Schultz Forlag Kobenhavn Raunkiaer C 1934 The Life Forms of Plants and Statistical Plant Geography Introduction by A G Tansley Oxford University Press Oxford 632 pp Collection of 16 of Raunkiaer s publications plus one new Raunkiaer C 1934 Botanical studies in the Mediterranean region Ch 17 in The Life Forms of Plants and Statistical Plant Geography pp 547 620 Raunkiaer C 1935 The vegetation of the sand dunes north of Sousse Botaniske Studier 3 haefte ed C Raunkiaer pp 244 248 J H Schultz Forlag Kobenhavn Raunkiaer C 1936 The life form spectrum of some Atlantic islands Botaniske Studier 4 haefte ed C Raunkiaer pp 249 328 J H Schultz Forlag Kobenhavn Raunkiaer C 1937 Artstal Artstaethed og Praedominanter i danske Plantesamfund Botaniske Studier 5 haefte ed C Raunkiaer pp 357 382 J H Schultz Forlag Kobenhavn Raunkiaer C 1937 Hudcellepapiller hos Carex arenaria Botaniske Studier 5 haefte ed C Raunkiaer pp 329 336 J H Schultz Forlag Kobenhavn Raunkiaer C 1937 Life form genus area and number of species Botaniske Studier 5 haefte ed C Raunkiaer pp 343 356 J H Schultz Forlag Kobenhavn Raunkiaer C 1937 Plantago intermedia og Plantago major Botaniske Studier 5 haefte ed C Raunkiaer pp 337 342 J H Schultz Forlag Kobenhavn Reviews and biographies editFuller G D 1935 Raunkiaer s ecological papers Ecology 16 1 111 113 doi 10 2307 1932864 JSTOR 1932864 Smith W G 1913 Raunkiaer s life forms and statistical methods Journal of Ecology 1 1 16 26 doi 10 2307 2255456 JSTOR 2255456 Biography by O G Petersen in Dansk Biografisk Lexikon 1st edn 1887 1905 ed Carl Frederik Bricka Biography by Carl Christensen in Dansk Biografisk Leksikon 3rd edn 1979 1984 ed Svend Cedergreen Bech References edit Preston F W 1948 The commonness and rarity of species Ecology 29 3 254 283 doi 10 2307 1930989 JSTOR 1930989 Papp L Izsak J 1997 Bimodality in occurrence classes a direct consequence of lognormal and logarithmic series distribution of abundances a numerical experimentation Oikos 79 1 191 194 doi 10 2307 3546107 JSTOR 3546107 Gleason H A 1929 The significance of Raunkiaer s law of frequency Ecology 10 4 406 408 doi 10 2307 1931149 JSTOR 1931149 Webb Leonard James 1959 A Physiognomic Classification of Australian Rain Forests Journal of Ecology 47 3 551 570 doi 10 2307 2257290 JSTOR 2257290 Mesophyll rainforests of the wet tropics bioregion PDF wettropics gov au retrieved 13 December 2015 Tracey J G John Geoffrey Webb L J Leonard James 1975 Vegetation of the Humid Tropical Region of North Queensland Tracey J G John Geoffrey 1982 The Vegetation of the Humid Tropical Region of North Queensland pp 13 70 International Plant Names Index Raunk Mowat Farley Never Cry Wolf Amazon Kindle Edition electronic Open Road Media p 220 External links edithttp www wku edu 7Esmithch chronob RAUN1860 htm Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Christen C Raunkiaer amp oldid 1191858116, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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