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Tussilago

January 01, 1970

Tussilago farfara, commonly known as coltsfoot,[2]: 770 [3] is a plant in the tribe Senecioneae in the family Asteraceae, native to Europe and parts of western and central Asia. The name "tussilago" is derived from the Latin tussis, meaning cough, and ago, meaning to cast or to act on.[4][5] It has had uses in traditional medicine, but the discovery of toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids in the plant has resulted in liver health concerns.

Coltsfoot
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Subfamily: Asteroideae
Tribe: Senecioneae
Genus: Tussilago
L.
Species:
T. farfara
Binomial name
Tussilago farfara
Synonyms[1]
  • Farfara Gilib.
  • Farfara radiata Gilib.
  • Tussilago alpestris Hegetschw.
  • Cineraria farfara (L.) Bernh.
  • Tussilago umbertina Borbás

Tussilago farfara is the only accepted species in the genus Tussilago, although more than two dozen other species have at one time or another been considered part of this group. Most of them are now regarded as members of other genera (Chaptalia, Chevreulia, Farfugium, Homogyne, Leibnitzia, Petasites, Senecio).[1]

Foliage of Tussilago farfara

Description edit

Coltsfoot is a perennial herbaceous plant that spreads by seeds and rhizomes. Tussilago is often found in colonies of dozens of plants. The flowers, which superficially resemble dandelions, bear scale-leaves on the long stems in early spring. The leaves of coltsfoot, which appear after the flowers have set seed, wither and die in the early summer. The flower heads are of yellow florets with an outer row of bracts. The plant is typically 10–30 cm (3.9–11.8 in) in height. The leaves have angular teeth on their margins.[6][7]

Distribution edit

Coltsfoot is widespread across Europe, Asia, and North Africa, from Svalbard to Morocco to China and the Russian Far East. It is also a common plant in North and South America where it has been introduced, most likely by settlers as a medicinal item, or to provide early blooms for honeybees. The plant is often found in waste and disturbed places and along roadsides and paths. In some areas it is considered an invasive species.[1][8][9]

 
Comparing dandelion with coltsfoot, in early May. The dandelion is just blooming, but the coltsfoot has already gone to seed. Note that the coltsfoot has no leaves yet.

Name edit

The common name comes from the leaf's supposed resemblance in shape to a colt's foot.[10] It is a 16th-century translation of the medieval Latin name pes pulli, meaning "foal's foot".[11] Other common names include tash plant, ass's foot, bull's foot, coughwort (Old English),[12] farfara, foal's foot, foalswort, and horse foot. Sometimes it is confused with Petasites frigidus, or western coltsfoot.

It has been called bechion,[13] bechichie, or bechie, from the Ancient Greek word for "cough".[14] Also ungula caballina ("horse hoof"),[13] and chamæleuce.[15]

Uses edit

Coltsfoot has been used in herbal medicine[13] and has been consumed as a food product with some confectionery products, such as Coltsfoot Rock. Tussilago farfara leaves have been used in traditional Austrian medicine internally (as tea or syrup) or externally (directly applied) for treatment of disorders of the respiratory tract, skin, locomotor system, viral infections, flu, colds, fever, rheumatism and gout.[16] An extract of the fresh leaves has also been used to make cough drops and hard candy.[10]

Coltsfoot is used as a food plant by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the Gothic and small angle shades. It is also visited by honeybees, providing pollen and nectar.

 
Fruit of coltsfoot with pappus

Toxicity edit

Tussilago farfara contains tumorigenic pyrrolizidine alkaloids.[17] Senecionine and senkirkine, present in coltsfoot, have the highest mutagenetic activity of any pyrrolozidine alkaloid, tested using Drosophila melanogaster to produce a comparative genotoxicity test.[18][19]

Two cases of supposed liver damage (and death) due to coltsfoot tea have been shown to actually be the result of mistaken identity. In one, coltsfoot tea causing severe liver problems in an infant was actually the result of Adenostyles alliariae (alpendost).[20] In another case, an infant developed liver disease and died because the mother drank tea originally believed to contain coltsfoot during her pregnancy, but which was later shown to be Petasites hybridus (butterbur) or a similar species.[21][22] In one 27-year-old male, ingesting a multicomponent herbal supplement that included coltsfoot may have caused him to develop non-lethal deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.[23]

In response, the German government banned the sale of coltsfoot. Clonal plants of coltsfoot free of pyrrolizidine alkaloids were then developed in Austria and Germany.[24] This has resulted in the development of the registered variety Tussilago farfara 'Wien', which has no detectable levels of these alkaloids.[25]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c Flann, C (ed) 2009+ Global Compositae Checklist Archived 2014-11-06 at archive.today
  2. ^ Stace, C. A. (2010). New Flora of the British Isles (Third ed.). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521707725.
  3. ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Tussilago farfara". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 12 December 2015.
  4. ^ Capasso, Francesco (2011). "Capitolo M12: Droghe obsolete e/o poco studiate". Farmacognosia: Botanica, chimica e farmacologia delle piante medicinali (in Italian) (Seconda edizione ed.). Springer Milan. p. 428. doi:10.1007/978-88-470-1652-1_30. ISBN 978-88-470-1652-1. Tussilago, dal latino tussis = tosse e ago = scaccio.
  5. ^ Booth, David (1835). An analytical dictionary of the English language. James Cochrane and Co. p. 312. Tussilago, from the Latin tussis, a cough, and ago, to act upon, to cure; from its reputed virtues.
  6. ^ Theodore M. Barkley (2006). "Tussilago Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 865. 1753; Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 372. 1754". Magnoliophyta: Asteridae, Part 7: Asteraceae, Part 2. Flora of North America. Vol. 20. Oxford University Press. p. 635. ISBN 9780195305647.
  7. ^ Parnell, J. and Curtis, T. 2012 Webb's An Irish Flora. Cork University PressISBN 978-185918-4783.
  8. ^ Flora of China, Vol. 20-21, p. 461 款冬 kuan dong Tussilago farfara Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 865. 1753..
  9. ^ Altervista Flora Italiana, genere Tussilago includes photos and distribution maps.
  10. ^ a b Niering, William A.; Olmstead, Nancy C. (1985) [1979]. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers, Eastern Region. Knopf. p. 410. ISBN 0-394-50432-1.
  11. ^ Grigson G. 1974. A Dictionary of English Plant Names. Allen Lane. ISBN 0-71-390442-9.
  12. ^ Coulombe Jr., Roger A. (2003). "Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Foods". In Taylor, Steve L. (ed.). Advances in Food and Nutrition Research. Vol. 45. Academic Press. p. 76. ISBN 0-12-016445-0.
  13. ^ a b c First Foot: The Medieval Garden Enclosed. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
  14. ^ Joannes de Vigo. Works of Chirurgery, 1543.
  15. ^ Thomas Cooper, Thesaurus Linguae Romanae et Britannicae (1584).
  16. ^ Sylvia Vogl, Paolo Picker, Judit Mihaly-Bison, Nanang Fakhrudin, Atanas G. Atanasov, Elke H. Heiss, Christoph Wawrosch, Gottfried Reznicek, Verena M. Dirsch, Johannes Saukel & Brigitte Koppa (2013). "Ethnopharmacological in vitro studies on Austria's folk medicine – an unexplored lore in vitro anti-inflammatory activities of 71 Austrian traditional herbal drugs". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 149 (3): 750–771. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2013.06.007. PMC 3791396. PMID 23770053.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ^ Fu, P.P., Yang, Y.C., Xia, Q., Chou, M.C., Cui, Y.Y., Lin G., "Pyrrolizidine alkaloids-tumorigenic components in Chinese herbal medicines and dietary supplements", Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, Vol. 10, No. 4, 2002, pp. 198-211 [1][dead link].
  18. ^ Röder, E., "Medicinal plants in Europe containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids", Pharmazie, 1995, pp. 83-98. Reprinted on Henriette's Herbal website.[2].
  19. ^ Frei, H.J., Luethy, J., Brauchli, L., Zweifel, U., Wuergler, F.E., & Schlatter, C., Chem. Biol. Interact., 83: 1, 1992.
  20. ^ Sperl, W., Stuppner, H., Gassner, I.; "Reversible hepatic veno-occlusive disease in an infant after consumption of pyrrolizidine-containing herbal tea." Eur. J. Pediatr. 1995;154:112–6.
  21. ^ Roulet, M., Laurini, R., Rivier, L., Calame, A.; "Hepatic veno-occlusive disease in newborn infant of a woman drinking herbal tea." J Pediatrics. 1988;112:433–6.
  22. ^ Frohne D, Pfänder HJ. Poisonous Plants: A Handbook for Doctors, Pharmacists, Toxicologists, Biologists and Veterinarians. Timber Press, 2005.
  23. ^ Freshour JE, Odle B, Rikhye S, Stewart DW. Coltsfoot as a potential cause of deep-vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in a patient also consuming kava and blue vervain. J Diet Suppl. 2012;9(3):149-54. doi: 10.3109/19390211.2012.708391.
  24. ^ Wawrosch, Ch.; Kopp, B.; Wiederfield, H.; "Permanent monitoring of pyrrolizidine alkaloid content in micropropagated Tussilago farfara L. : A tool to fulfil statutory demands for the quality of coltsfoot in Austria and Germany", Acta horticulturae, 2000, no. 530, pp. 469-472 [3].
  25. ^ Wawrosh C.,"In Vitro Cultivation of Medicinal Plants" cited in Yaniv Z. and Bachrach U., Eds "Handbook of Medicinal Plants", The Hawthorne Medical Press NY Lond. 2005.

Further reading edit

  • R. Schubert & G. Wagner: Botanisches Wörterbuch Ulmer, Stuttgart 1993, ISBN 3-8252-1476-1 (in German)
  • H. Haeupler & Th. Muer: Bildatlas der Farn- und Blütenpflanzen Deutschlands Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart, 2000. ISBN 3-8001-3364-4. (in German)
  • Gerhard Madaus: Lehrbuch der biologischen Heilmittel Bd 1. Heilpflanzen. G. Thieme, Leipzig 1938, Olms, Hildesheim 1979. ISBN 3-487-05890-1 (in German)
  • Guide des plantes sauvages comestibles et toxiques, les guides du naturaliste, François Couplan et Eva Stinner ISBN 2-603-00952-4 (in French)
  • Кирпичников М. Э. Семейство сложноцветные, или астровые (Asteraceae, или Compositae) // Жизнь растений. В 6-ти т. / Под ред. А. Л. Тахтаджяна. — М.: Просвещение, 1981. — Т. 5. Ч. 2. Цветковые растения. — С. 462–476. — 300000 экз. (in Russian)

External links edit

  • Coltsfoot information

January 01, 1970
tussilago, farfara, commonly, known, coltsfoot, plant, tribe, senecioneae, family, asteraceae, native, europe, parts, western, central, asia, name, tussilago, derived, from, latin, tussis, meaning, cough, meaning, cast, uses, traditional, medicine, discovery, . Tussilago farfara commonly known as coltsfoot 2 770 3 is a plant in the tribe Senecioneae in the family Asteraceae native to Europe and parts of western and central Asia The name tussilago is derived from the Latin tussis meaning cough and ago meaning to cast or to act on 4 5 It has had uses in traditional medicine but the discovery of toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids in the plant has resulted in liver health concerns Coltsfoot Scientific classification Kingdom Plantae Clade Tracheophytes Clade Angiosperms Clade Eudicots Clade Asterids Order Asterales Family Asteraceae Subfamily Asteroideae Tribe Senecioneae Genus TussilagoL Species T farfara Binomial name Tussilago farfaraL Synonyms 1 Farfara Gilib Farfara radiata Gilib Tussilago alpestris Hegetschw Cineraria farfara L Bernh Tussilago umbertina Borbas Tussilago farfara is the only accepted species in the genus Tussilago although more than two dozen other species have at one time or another been considered part of this group Most of them are now regarded as members of other genera Chaptalia Chevreulia Farfugium Homogyne Leibnitzia Petasites Senecio 1 Foliage of Tussilago farfara Contents 1 Description 2 Distribution 3 Name 4 Uses 5 Toxicity 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External linksDescription editColtsfoot is a perennial herbaceous plant that spreads by seeds and rhizomes Tussilago is often found in colonies of dozens of plants The flowers which superficially resemble dandelions bear scale leaves on the long stems in early spring The leaves of coltsfoot which appear after the flowers have set seed wither and die in the early summer The flower heads are of yellow florets with an outer row of bracts The plant is typically 10 30 cm 3 9 11 8 in in height The leaves have angular teeth on their margins 6 7 Distribution editColtsfoot is widespread across Europe Asia and North Africa from Svalbard to Morocco to China and the Russian Far East It is also a common plant in North and South America where it has been introduced most likely by settlers as a medicinal item or to provide early blooms for honeybees The plant is often found in waste and disturbed places and along roadsides and paths In some areas it is considered an invasive species 1 8 9 nbsp Comparing dandelion with coltsfoot in early May The dandelion is just blooming but the coltsfoot has already gone to seed Note that the coltsfoot has no leaves yet Name editThe common name comes from the leaf s supposed resemblance in shape to a colt s foot 10 It is a 16th century translation of the medieval Latin name pes pulli meaning foal s foot 11 Other common names include tash plant ass s foot bull s foot coughwort Old English 12 farfara foal s foot foalswort and horse foot Sometimes it is confused with Petasites frigidus or western coltsfoot It has been called bechion 13 bechichie or bechie from the Ancient Greek word for cough 14 Also ungula caballina horse hoof 13 and chamaeleuce 15 Uses editColtsfoot has been used in herbal medicine 13 and has been consumed as a food product with some confectionery products such as Coltsfoot Rock Tussilago farfara leaves have been used in traditional Austrian medicine internally as tea or syrup or externally directly applied for treatment of disorders of the respiratory tract skin locomotor system viral infections flu colds fever rheumatism and gout 16 An extract of the fresh leaves has also been used to make cough drops and hard candy 10 Coltsfoot is used as a food plant by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the Gothic and small angle shades It is also visited by honeybees providing pollen and nectar nbsp Fruit of coltsfoot with pappusToxicity editTussilago farfara contains tumorigenic pyrrolizidine alkaloids 17 Senecionine and senkirkine present in coltsfoot have the highest mutagenetic activity of any pyrrolozidine alkaloid tested using Drosophila melanogaster to produce a comparative genotoxicity test 18 19 Two cases of supposed liver damage and death due to coltsfoot tea have been shown to actually be the result of mistaken identity In one coltsfoot tea causing severe liver problems in an infant was actually the result of Adenostyles alliariae alpendost 20 In another case an infant developed liver disease and died because the mother drank tea originally believed to contain coltsfoot during her pregnancy but which was later shown to be Petasites hybridus butterbur or a similar species 21 22 In one 27 year old male ingesting a multicomponent herbal supplement that included coltsfoot may have caused him to develop non lethal deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism 23 In response the German government banned the sale of coltsfoot Clonal plants of coltsfoot free of pyrrolizidine alkaloids were then developed in Austria and Germany 24 This has resulted in the development of the registered variety Tussilago farfara Wien which has no detectable levels of these alkaloids 25 See also editList of herbs with known adverse effectsReferences edit a b c Flann C ed 2009 Global Compositae Checklist Archived 2014 11 06 at archive today Stace C A 2010 New Flora of the British Isles Third ed Cambridge U K Cambridge University Press ISBN 9780521707725 USDA NRCS n d Tussilago farfara The PLANTS Database plants usda gov Greensboro North Carolina National Plant Data Team Retrieved 12 December 2015 Capasso Francesco 2011 Capitolo M12 Droghe obsolete e o poco studiate Farmacognosia Botanica chimica e farmacologia delle piante medicinali in Italian Seconda edizione ed Springer Milan p 428 doi 10 1007 978 88 470 1652 1 30 ISBN 978 88 470 1652 1 Tussilago dal latino tussis tosse e ago scaccio Booth David 1835 An analytical dictionary of the English language James Cochrane and Co p 312 Tussilago from the Latin tussis a cough and ago to act upon to cure from its reputed virtues Theodore M Barkley 2006 Tussilago Linnaeus Sp Pl 2 865 1753 Gen Pl ed 5 372 1754 Magnoliophyta Asteridae Part 7 Asteraceae Part 2 Flora of North America Vol 20 Oxford University Press p 635 ISBN 9780195305647 Parnell J and Curtis T 2012 Webb s An Irish Flora Cork University PressISBN 978 185918 4783 Flora of China Vol 20 21 p 461 款冬 kuan dong Tussilago farfara Linnaeus Sp Pl 2 865 1753 Altervista Flora Italiana genere Tussilago includes photos and distribution maps a b Niering William A Olmstead Nancy C 1985 1979 The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers Eastern Region Knopf p 410 ISBN 0 394 50432 1 Grigson G 1974 A Dictionary of English Plant Names Allen Lane ISBN 0 71 390442 9 Coulombe Jr Roger A 2003 Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Foods In Taylor Steve L ed Advances in Food and Nutrition Research Vol 45 Academic Press p 76 ISBN 0 12 016445 0 a b c First Foot The Medieval Garden Enclosed The Metropolitan Museum of Art New York Joannes de Vigo Works of Chirurgery 1543 Thomas Cooper Thesaurus Linguae Romanae et Britannicae 1584 Sylvia Vogl Paolo Picker Judit Mihaly Bison Nanang Fakhrudin Atanas G Atanasov Elke H Heiss Christoph Wawrosch Gottfried Reznicek Verena M Dirsch Johannes Saukel amp Brigitte Koppa 2013 Ethnopharmacological in vitro studies on Austria s folk medicine an unexplored lore in vitro anti inflammatory activities of 71 Austrian traditional herbal drugs Journal of Ethnopharmacology 149 3 750 771 doi 10 1016 j jep 2013 06 007 PMC 3791396 PMID 23770053 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Fu P P Yang Y C Xia Q Chou M C Cui Y Y Lin G Pyrrolizidine alkaloids tumorigenic components in Chinese herbal medicines and dietary supplements Journal of Food and Drug Analysis Vol 10 No 4 2002 pp 198 211 1 dead link Roder E Medicinal plants in Europe containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids Pharmazie 1995 pp 83 98 Reprinted on Henriette s Herbal website 2 Frei H J Luethy J Brauchli L Zweifel U Wuergler F E amp Schlatter C Chem Biol Interact 83 1 1992 Sperl W Stuppner H Gassner I Reversible hepatic veno occlusive disease in an infant after consumption of pyrrolizidine containing herbal tea Eur J Pediatr 1995 154 112 6 Roulet M Laurini R Rivier L Calame A Hepatic veno occlusive disease in newborn infant of a woman drinking herbal tea J Pediatrics 1988 112 433 6 Frohne D Pfander HJ Poisonous Plants A Handbook for Doctors Pharmacists Toxicologists Biologists and Veterinarians Timber Press 2005 Freshour JE Odle B Rikhye S Stewart DW Coltsfoot as a potential cause of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in a patient also consuming kava and blue vervain J Diet Suppl 2012 9 3 149 54 doi 10 3109 19390211 2012 708391 Wawrosch Ch Kopp B Wiederfield H Permanent monitoring of pyrrolizidine alkaloid content in micropropagated Tussilago farfara L A tool to fulfil statutory demands for the quality of coltsfoot in Austria and Germany Acta horticulturae 2000 no 530 pp 469 472 3 Wawrosh C In Vitro Cultivation of Medicinal Plants cited in Yaniv Z and Bachrach U Eds Handbook of Medicinal Plants The Hawthorne Medical Press NY Lond 2005 Further reading editR Schubert amp G Wagner Botanisches Worterbuch Ulmer Stuttgart 1993 ISBN 3 8252 1476 1 in German H Haeupler amp Th Muer Bildatlas der Farn und Blutenpflanzen Deutschlands Ulmer Verlag Stuttgart 2000 ISBN 3 8001 3364 4 in German Gerhard Madaus Lehrbuch der biologischen Heilmittel Bd 1 Heilpflanzen G Thieme Leipzig 1938 Olms Hildesheim 1979 ISBN 3 487 05890 1 in German Guide des plantes sauvages comestibles et toxiques les guides du naturaliste Francois Couplan et Eva Stinner ISBN 2 603 00952 4 in French Kirpichnikov M E Semejstvo slozhnocvetnye ili astrovye Asteraceae ili Compositae Zhizn rastenij V 6 ti t Pod red A L Tahtadzhyana M Prosveshenie 1981 T 5 Ch 2 Cvetkovye rasteniya S 462 476 300000 ekz in Russian External links editColtsfoot information Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Tussilago amp oldid 1205670582, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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