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Arevaci

The Arevaci or Aravaci (Arevakos, Arvatkos or Areukas in the Greek sources[1]), were a Celtic[2][3] people who settled in the central Meseta of northern Hispania and dominated most of Celtiberia from the 4th to late 2nd centuries BC. The Vaccaei were their allies.

Main language areas in Iberia c. 300 BC

Origins

The Arevaci were of Celtic origin and part of the group of peoples known as the Celtiberians.[3] There is an overwhelming amount of evidence that the ancestors of the Celtiberian groups were installed in the Meseta area of the Iberian peninsula from at least 1000 BC and probably much earlier.[4] Some[who?] think their ancestors were early ‘Q-Celtic’ speakers from Gaul who migrated to the peninsula around the mid-6th century BC, arriving at about the same time as the powerful Vaccaei people of the western Meseta.[citation needed] This led some modern historians[who?] to state that the Arevaci were actually an offshoot of the latter, thus their tribal name which means ‘Are-Vaccei’ or ‘eastern’ Vacceians.[citation needed] However, an alternative etymology is given by the Roman geographer Pliny the elder[5] who calls them Celtiberi Arevaci, adding that they borrowed their name from the river Areva (Araviana)[6] and thus their designation could be translated as ‘those who dwell at the Areva’ or ‘on the Areva’.

Location

 
The extent of the Arevaci people is shown in red.

The nucleus of the Arevaci homeland was the modern provinces of Soria and most of Guadalajara up to the Tagus sources, extending to the eastern half of Segovia and the southeastern Burgos, but for a while they dominated parts of neighbouring Zaragoza province. They founded or seized several important city-states (Civitates) in northern Celtiberia, namely:

Other towns often mentioned in the sources,[1][8][9] such as Segovia, Ocilis, Comfluenta, Tucris, Lutia, Mallia, Lagni and Colenda have not yet been located.

Culture

 
Bronze hospitality token from Soria with inscription in the Celtiberian language

They shared with the Vaccaei the same social structure of collectivist type which enabled the latter to exploit successfully the wheat- and grass-growing areas of the western plateau,[10] though archeological evidence suggests that the Arevaci were predominantly stock-raisers who practiced transhumance in the grazing lowlands of the upper Ebro valley. They reared sheep (mostly for their wool), horses, and oxen, as attested by the tribute of thirty talents imposed upon Numantia and Termantia by Consul Quintus Aulus Pompeius in 139 BC, for which the Numantines and Termantines paid (albeit reluctantly) in the form of 3,000 ox-hides, 800 horses, and 9,000 saga (woollen cloaks).[11]

Religion

They practised the rite of excarnation by exposing the corpses of warriors slain in battle to the vultures, as described by Silius Italicus[12] and Claudius Aelianus,[13] and attested by funerary stelae and painted pottery from Numantia.

History

Regarded by the Greeks and Romans as the most militaristic people of the eastern Meseta, the Arevaci were said by Herodotus to have embarked early on an expansionist policy by taking part in the Celtici migrations of the 5th century BC alongside off-shots of Lusones and Vaccaei peoples to settle in the Iberian southwest.[14] In the late 4th-early 3rd centuries BC however, the Arevaci shifted the direction of their expansion to the east, towards the upper Duero and south into the central Iberian system mountains. Here they displaced the earlier inhabitants the Pellendones, conquering the towns of Savia and Numantia and submitted the Uraci, thus gaining control over the strategic towns of Aregrada (Ágreda? – Soria; Celtiberian mints: Areicoraticos/Arecorataz), Cortona (Medinaceli? – Soria), Segontia (Sigüenza – Guadalajara) and Arcobriga (Monreal de Ariza – Zaragoza).

In around the mid-3rd century BC, the Arevaci founded with their neighbours the Lusones, Belli, and Titii, a tribal federation designated the Celtiberian confederacy, with Numantia as its capital.

During the Second Punic War the confederacy kept itself neutral, though Celtiberian mercenaries are mentioned fighting for both sides on a number of occasions.[15][16] The first Roman incursion into the Celtiberian heartland occurred around 195 BC under Consul Cato the Elder, who attacked unsuccessfully the towns of Seguntia Celtiberorum and Numantia,[17] where he allegedly delivered a speech to the numantines.[18]

The Arevaci and the Belli revolted against Roman rule in the Celtiberian War.[19]

With the fall of Numantia in 134-133 BC, the Romans forcibly disbanded the Celtiberian confederacy and allowed the Pellendones and Uraci to regain their independence from the Arevaci, who were now technically submitted and absorbed into Hispania Citerior province. Nevertheless, the remaining Arevacian cities managed to keep much of their military capabilities intact, and led by Clunia and Termantia they helped defending Celtiberia from invasion attempts by both the Lusitani in 114 BC and the Cimbri, who poured from the Pyrenees around 104-103 BC.[20] Emboldened by these successes – and resented by the lack of Roman recognition for their efforts – the Arevaci began secretly hatching plots against Roman rule by stirring up their equally disgruntled Celtiberian neighbours into the 99-81 BC uprisings (a.k.a. 3rd Celtiberian ‘War’). However, not only were the Arevacians ruthlessly quashed by Proconsul Titus Didius in 92 BC, but also had to endure the destruction of their new capital, Termantia.[21]

Romanization

In spite of being technically made subject and finally aggregated to Hispania Citerior after 93 BC, the Arevacians’ relationship with Rome remained uneasy. During the Sertorian Wars, the Arevaci sided with Quintus Sertorius and provided unspecified troops to his army.[22][23] In fact, they still continued to resist Roman integration and assimilation policies for decades, a situation coupled by fiscal abuse that led to sporadic outbursts of violence well into the 1st century AD.

Although the Arevaci later, in 29 BC, contributed an auxiliary cavalry unit (the Ala Hispanorum Aravacorum) to fight alongside the Roman legions in the first Astur-Cantabrian war, Tacitus[24] cites heavy taxation as the major reason for a revolt in the Termes region which resulted in the ambush and assassination of Lucius Piso, Praetor of H. Citerior in 25 AD.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b Ptolemy, Geographia, II, 6, 55.
  2. ^ Ó hÓgáin, Dáithí (2002). The Celts: A History. Cork: The Collins Press. p. 75. ISBN 0-85115-923-0.
  3. ^ a b Cremin, The Celts in Europe (1992), p. 57.
  4. ^ Cremin, The Celts in Europe (1992), p. 60.
  5. ^ Pliny the elder, Historia Naturalis, III, 19; 26-27.
  6. ^ Leonard A Curchin (5 May 2004). The Romanization of Central Spain: Complexity, Diversity and Change in a Provincial Hinterland. Routledge. pp. 37–. ISBN 978-1-134-45112-8.
  7. ^ Appian, Iberiké, 99.
  8. ^ Pliny the elder, Historia Naturalis, III, 27.
  9. ^ Appian, Iberiké, 100.
  10. ^ Diodorus Siculus, Bibliothekes Istorikes, V: 34, 3.
  11. ^ Diodorus Siculus, Bibliothekes Istorikes, V: 33, 16.
  12. ^ Silius Italicus, Punica, II: 3, 341-343; 13, 671-672.
  13. ^ Claudius Aelianus, De Natura Animalium, 10, 22.
  14. ^ Herodotus, Istoriai, II, 33; IV, 49.
  15. ^ Livy, Ab Urbe Condita, 25: 32(3)-33; 34-36.
  16. ^ Livy, Ab Urbe Condita, 28: 1, 5-8; 2.
  17. ^ Livy, Ab Urbe Condita, 34: 19.
  18. ^ Aulus Gellius, Noctes Atticae, 16: 1, 3; though neither Livy or any other Graeco-Roman author make no reference to such a speech.
  19. ^ Arevaci – Britannica Online Encyclopedia
  20. ^ Livy, Periochae, 67.
  21. ^ Appian, Iberiké, 99.
  22. ^ Livy, Fragmenta Librii, 91.
  23. ^ Matyszak, Sertorius and the struggle for Spain (2013), p. 79.
  24. ^ Tacitus, Annales, 4, 45.

References

  • Ángel Montenegro et alii, Historia de España 2 - colonizaciones y formación de los pueblos prerromanos (1200-218 a.C), Editorial Gredos, Madrid (1989) ISBN 84-249-1386-8
  • Alfredo Jimeno et alli, La necrópolis celtibérica de Numancia, Coleccion Memorias 12, Consejería de Cultura y Turismo, Valladolid (2004) ISBN 84-9718-289-8
  • Alvarado, Alberto Lorrio J., Los Celtíberos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Murcia (1997) ISBN 84-7908-335-2
  • Mozota, Francisco Burillo, Los Celtíberos, etnias y estados, Crítica, Barcelona (1998, revised edition 2007) ISBN 84-7423-891-9
  • Rafael Trevino and Angus McBride, Rome's Enemies (4): Spanish Armies 218BC-19BC, Men-at-Arms series 180, Osprey Publishing Ltd, London (1986) ISBN 0-85045-701-7
  • Philip Matyszak, Sertorius and the struggle for Spain, Pen & Sword Military, Barnsley (2013) ISBN 978-1-84884-787-3

Further reading

  • Aedeen Cremin, The Celts in Europe, Sydney, Australia: Sydney Series in Celtic Studies 2, Centre for Celtic Studies, University of Sydney (1992) ISBN 0-86758-624-9
  • Daniel Varga, The Roman Wars in Spain: The Military Confrontation with Guerrilla Warfare, Pen & Sword Military, Barnsley (2015) ISBN 978-1-47382-781-3
  • Dáithí Ó hÓgáin, The Celts: A History, The Collins Press, Cork (2002) ISBN 0-85115-923-0
  • Leonard A Curchin (5 May 2004). The Romanization of Central Spain: Complexity, Diversity and Change in a Provincial Hinterland. Routledge. pp. 37–. ISBN 978-1-134-45112-8.
  • Esteban, J. Alberto Arenas & Tamayo, Mª Victoria Palacios, El origen del mundo celtibérico, Excmº Ayuntamiento de Molina de Aragón (1999) ISBN 84-922929-1-1
  • Ludwig Heinrich Dyck, The Roman Barbarian Wars: The Era of Roman Conquest, Author Solutions (2011) ISBNs 1426981821, 9781426981821
  • Luis Berrocal-Rangel, Los pueblos célticos del soroeste de la Península Ibérica, Editorial Complutense, Madrid (1992) ISBN 84-7491-447-7
  • John T. Koch (ed.), Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO Inc., Santa Barbara, California (2006) ISBN 1-85109-440-7, 1-85109-445-8

External links

arevaci, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, july, 2010, learn,. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Arevaci news newspapers books scholar JSTOR July 2010 Learn how and when to remove this template message The Arevaci or Aravaci Arevakos Arvatkos or Areukas in the Greek sources 1 were a Celtic 2 3 people who settled in the central Meseta of northern Hispania and dominated most of Celtiberia from the 4th to late 2nd centuries BC The Vaccaei were their allies Main language areas in Iberia c 300 BC Contents 1 Origins 2 Location 3 Culture 3 1 Religion 4 History 4 1 Romanization 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 7 1 Further reading 8 External linksOrigins EditThe Arevaci were of Celtic origin and part of the group of peoples known as the Celtiberians 3 There is an overwhelming amount of evidence that the ancestors of the Celtiberian groups were installed in the Meseta area of the Iberian peninsula from at least 1000 BC and probably much earlier 4 Some who think their ancestors were early Q Celtic speakers from Gaul who migrated to the peninsula around the mid 6th century BC arriving at about the same time as the powerful Vaccaei people of the western Meseta citation needed This led some modern historians who to state that the Arevaci were actually an offshoot of the latter thus their tribal name which means Are Vaccei or eastern Vacceians citation needed However an alternative etymology is given by the Roman geographer Pliny the elder 5 who calls them Celtiberi Arevaci adding that they borrowed their name from the river Areva Araviana 6 and thus their designation could be translated as those who dwell at the Areva or on the Areva Location Edit The extent of the Arevaci people is shown in red The nucleus of the Arevaci homeland was the modern provinces of Soria and most of Guadalajara up to the Tagus sources extending to the eastern half of Segovia and the southeastern Burgos but for a while they dominated parts of neighbouring Zaragoza province They founded or seized several important city states Civitates in northern Celtiberia namely Clunia either Alto del Cuerno or Coruna del Conde Burgos Celtiberian mint Kolounioku Voluce Veluka around Calatanazor Soria Uxama Argelae Cerro de Castro near Osma Soria Celtiberian mints Arcailicos Uzamuz Termantia Montejo de Tiermes Soria also named Termes or Termesos 7 Savia Soria Numantia Muela de Garray Soria Other towns often mentioned in the sources 1 8 9 such as Segovia Ocilis Comfluenta Tucris Lutia Mallia Lagni and Colenda have not yet been located Culture Edit Bronze hospitality token from Soria with inscription in the Celtiberian language They shared with the Vaccaei the same social structure of collectivist type which enabled the latter to exploit successfully the wheat and grass growing areas of the western plateau 10 though archeological evidence suggests that the Arevaci were predominantly stock raisers who practiced transhumance in the grazing lowlands of the upper Ebro valley They reared sheep mostly for their wool horses and oxen as attested by the tribute of thirty talents imposed upon Numantia and Termantia by Consul Quintus Aulus Pompeius in 139 BC for which the Numantines and Termantines paid albeit reluctantly in the form of 3 000 ox hides 800 horses and 9 000 saga woollen cloaks 11 Religion Edit They practised the rite of excarnation by exposing the corpses of warriors slain in battle to the vultures as described by Silius Italicus 12 and Claudius Aelianus 13 and attested by funerary stelae and painted pottery from Numantia History EditRegarded by the Greeks and Romans as the most militaristic people of the eastern Meseta the Arevaci were said by Herodotus to have embarked early on an expansionist policy by taking part in the Celtici migrations of the 5th century BC alongside off shots of Lusones and Vaccaei peoples to settle in the Iberian southwest 14 In the late 4th early 3rd centuries BC however the Arevaci shifted the direction of their expansion to the east towards the upper Duero and south into the central Iberian system mountains Here they displaced the earlier inhabitants the Pellendones conquering the towns of Savia and Numantia and submitted the Uraci thus gaining control over the strategic towns of Aregrada Agreda Soria Celtiberian mints Areicoraticos Arecorataz Cortona Medinaceli Soria Segontia Siguenza Guadalajara and Arcobriga Monreal de Ariza Zaragoza In around the mid 3rd century BC the Arevaci founded with their neighbours the Lusones Belli and Titii a tribal federation designated the Celtiberian confederacy with Numantia as its capital During the Second Punic War the confederacy kept itself neutral though Celtiberian mercenaries are mentioned fighting for both sides on a number of occasions 15 16 The first Roman incursion into the Celtiberian heartland occurred around 195 BC under Consul Cato the Elder who attacked unsuccessfully the towns of Seguntia Celtiberorum and Numantia 17 where he allegedly delivered a speech to the numantines 18 The Arevaci and the Belli revolted against Roman rule in the Celtiberian War 19 With the fall of Numantia in 134 133 BC the Romans forcibly disbanded the Celtiberian confederacy and allowed the Pellendones and Uraci to regain their independence from the Arevaci who were now technically submitted and absorbed into Hispania Citerior province Nevertheless the remaining Arevacian cities managed to keep much of their military capabilities intact and led by Clunia and Termantia they helped defending Celtiberia from invasion attempts by both the Lusitani in 114 BC and the Cimbri who poured from the Pyrenees around 104 103 BC 20 Emboldened by these successes and resented by the lack of Roman recognition for their efforts the Arevaci began secretly hatching plots against Roman rule by stirring up their equally disgruntled Celtiberian neighbours into the 99 81 BC uprisings a k a 3rd Celtiberian War However not only were the Arevacians ruthlessly quashed by Proconsul Titus Didius in 92 BC but also had to endure the destruction of their new capital Termantia 21 Romanization Edit In spite of being technically made subject and finally aggregated to Hispania Citerior after 93 BC the Arevacians relationship with Rome remained uneasy During the Sertorian Wars the Arevaci sided with Quintus Sertorius and provided unspecified troops to his army 22 23 In fact they still continued to resist Roman integration and assimilation policies for decades a situation coupled by fiscal abuse that led to sporadic outbursts of violence well into the 1st century AD Although the Arevaci later in 29 BC contributed an auxiliary cavalry unit the Ala Hispanorum Aravacorum to fight alongside the Roman legions in the first Astur Cantabrian war Tacitus 24 cites heavy taxation as the major reason for a revolt in the Termes region which resulted in the ambush and assassination of Lucius Piso Praetor of H Citerior in 25 AD See also EditAstur Cantabrian war Celtiberian confederacy Celtiberian script Celtiberian Wars Numantine War Pre Roman peoples of the Iberian PeninsulaNotes Edit a b Ptolemy Geographia II 6 55 o hogain Daithi 2002 The Celts A History Cork The Collins Press p 75 ISBN 0 85115 923 0 a b Cremin The Celts in Europe 1992 p 57 Cremin The Celts in Europe 1992 p 60 Pliny the elder Historia Naturalis III 19 26 27 Leonard A Curchin 5 May 2004 The Romanization of Central Spain Complexity Diversity and Change in a Provincial Hinterland Routledge pp 37 ISBN 978 1 134 45112 8 Appian Iberike 99 Pliny the elder Historia Naturalis III 27 Appian Iberike 100 Diodorus Siculus Bibliothekes Istorikes V 34 3 Diodorus Siculus Bibliothekes Istorikes V 33 16 Silius Italicus Punica II 3 341 343 13 671 672 Claudius Aelianus De Natura Animalium 10 22 Herodotus Istoriai II 33 IV 49 Livy Ab Urbe Condita 25 32 3 33 34 36 Livy Ab Urbe Condita 28 1 5 8 2 Livy Ab Urbe Condita 34 19 Aulus Gellius Noctes Atticae 16 1 3 though neither Livy or any other Graeco Roman author make no reference to such a speech Arevaci Britannica Online Encyclopedia Livy Periochae 67 Appian Iberike 99 Livy Fragmenta Librii 91 Matyszak Sertorius and the struggle for Spain 2013 p 79 Tacitus Annales 4 45 References EditAngel Montenegro et alii Historia de Espana 2 colonizaciones y formacion de los pueblos prerromanos 1200 218 a C Editorial Gredos Madrid 1989 ISBN 84 249 1386 8 Alfredo Jimeno et alli La necropolis celtiberica de Numancia Coleccion Memorias 12 Consejeria de Cultura y Turismo Valladolid 2004 ISBN 84 9718 289 8 Alvarado Alberto Lorrio J Los Celtiberos Universidad Complutense de Madrid Murcia 1997 ISBN 84 7908 335 2 Mozota Francisco Burillo Los Celtiberos etnias y estados Critica Barcelona 1998 revised edition 2007 ISBN 84 7423 891 9 Rafael Trevino and Angus McBride Rome s Enemies 4 Spanish Armies 218BC 19BC Men at Arms series 180 Osprey Publishing Ltd London 1986 ISBN 0 85045 701 7 Philip Matyszak Sertorius and the struggle for Spain Pen amp Sword Military Barnsley 2013 ISBN 978 1 84884 787 3 Further reading Edit Aedeen Cremin The Celts in Europe Sydney Australia Sydney Series in Celtic Studies 2 Centre for Celtic Studies University of Sydney 1992 ISBN 0 86758 624 9 Daniel Varga The Roman Wars in Spain The Military Confrontation with Guerrilla Warfare Pen amp Sword Military Barnsley 2015 ISBN 978 1 47382 781 3 Daithi o hogain The Celts A History The Collins Press Cork 2002 ISBN 0 85115 923 0 Leonard A Curchin 5 May 2004 The Romanization of Central Spain Complexity Diversity and Change in a Provincial Hinterland Routledge pp 37 ISBN 978 1 134 45112 8 Esteban J Alberto Arenas amp Tamayo Mª Victoria Palacios El origen del mundo celtiberico Excmº Ayuntamiento de Molina de Aragon 1999 ISBN 84 922929 1 1 Ludwig Heinrich Dyck The Roman Barbarian Wars The Era of Roman Conquest Author Solutions 2011 ISBNs 1426981821 9781426981821 Luis Berrocal Rangel Los pueblos celticos del soroeste de la Peninsula Iberica Editorial Complutense Madrid 1992 ISBN 84 7491 447 7 John T Koch ed Celtic Culture A Historical Encyclopedia ABC CLIO Inc Santa Barbara California 2006 ISBN 1 85109 440 7 1 85109 445 8External links Edithttp www celtiberiasoria es http www celtiberia net http www celtiberiahistorica es The Celtiberian and Roman city of Tiernes an ongoing excavation Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Arevaci amp oldid 1127448229, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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