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Cascabela thevetia

January 01, 1970

Cascabela thevetia (synonym Thevetia peruviana) is a poisonous plant native throughout Mexico and in Central America, and cultivated widely as an ornamental. It is a relative of Nerium oleander, giving it a common name yellow oleander.

Cascabela thevetia
Flowers and leaves
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Gentianales
Family: Apocynaceae
Subfamily: Rauvolfioideae
Genus: Cascabela
Species:
C. thevetia
Binomial name
Cascabela thevetia
(L.) Lippold
Synonyms[2]
  • Cascabela peruviana (Pers.) Raf.
  • Cerbera linearifolia Stokes
  • Cerbera peruviana Pers.
  • Cerbera thevetia L.
  • Thevetia linearis Raf.
  • Thevetia linearis A. DC.
  • Thevetia neriifolia Juss. ex A.DC.
  • Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K.Schum.
  • Thevetia thevetia (L.) H.Karst. nom. inval.

Etymology edit

'Cascabel', 'cascavel' or 'cascabela' is Spanish for a small bell, a snake's rattle or a rattlesnake itself.[3] The allusion may also be to the plant's toxicity comparable to the venom of a rattlesnake. The latin specific name thevetia commemorates André de Thevet (1516-1590), a French Franciscan priest and explorer, who explored Brazil and Guiana[4] (where the plant is known as chapéu-de-napoleão, ie, Napoleon's hat).

Description edit

Cascabela thevetia is an evergreen tropical shrub or small tree. Its leaves are willow-like, linear-lanceolate, and glossy green in color. They are covered in waxy coating to reduce water loss (typical of oleanders). Its stem is green turning silver/gray as it ages.[5] Flowers bloom from summer to fall. The long funnel-shaped sometimes-fragrant yellow (less commonly apricot, sometimes white) flowers are in few-flowered terminal clusters.[5] Its fruit is deep red-black in color encasing a large seed that bears some resemblance to a 'Chinese lucky nut.'[clarification needed]

 
Leaves and buds of yellow oleander (Cascabela thevetia) in Domjur, West Bengal, India.

Cascabela thevetia is commonly known as Kaneir or Kaner (कनेर) in Hindi language in India. It is effectively drought resistant and tolerant to high temperatures, hence found in various states of India like Andhra, Bihar, Delhi, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Telangana, West Bengal, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh , Odisha and Assam where semi arid climate is prevalent.

Religious importance edit

Its bright yellow flowers are used for religious purposes in India. The tree is native to Mexico and thus direct references to Hindu culture are new.

Toxicity edit

 
Ripe fruit.

All parts of the C. thevetia plant are toxic to most vertebrates as they contain cardiac glycosides. Many cases of intentional and accidental poisoning of humans are known.[6]

The main toxins are the cardenolides called thevetin A and thevetin B; others include peruvoside, neriifolin, thevetoxin and ruvoside.[7][8] These cardenolides are not destroyed by drying or heating and they are very similar to digoxin from Digitalis purpurea. They produce gastric and cardiotoxic effects. Antidotes for treatment include atropine and digoxin immune fabs (antibodies) and treatment may include oral administration of activated charcoal.[9][10][11] Ovine polyclonal anti-digitoxin Fab fragment antibody (DigiTAb; Therapeutic Antibodies Inc.) can be used to treat T. peruviana poisoning, but for many countries the cost is prohibitive.[12]

A few bird species are however known to feed on them without any ill effects. These include the sunbirds, Asian koel, red-whiskered bulbul, white-browed bulbul, red-vented bulbul, brahminy myna, common myna and common grey hornbill.[13][14][15][16][17][18]

In South India and in Sri Lanka swallowing the seeds of Thevetia peruviana[19] (Kaneru කණේරු (Sinhala), Manjal arali (Tamil)) is one of the preferred methods for suicides in villages where they are grown in abundance.[20]

Extracts from C. thevetia are reported to possess antispermatogenic activity in rats.[21]

In 2023, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) reported on weight loss supplements substituting Crataegus mexicana and Aleurites moluccanus for C. thevetia, following multiple hospitalizations.[22][23]

Uses edit

 
Trunk.
Cultivation

Cascabela thevetia is cultivated as an ornamental plant, and planted as large flowering shrub or small ornamental tree standards in gardens and parks in temperate climates. In frost prone areas it is container plant, in the winter season brought inside a greenhouse or as a house plant. It tolerates most soils and is drought tolerant.[5]

Biological pest control

The plant's toxins have tested in experiments for uses in biological pest control. T. peruviana seed oil was used to make a 'paint' with antifungal, antibacterial and anti-termite properties.[24]

Gallery edit

  •  
    Apricot colored flower
  •  
    Seeds
  •  
    Dry seeds
  •  
    Leaves
  •  
    White variety of Cascabela thevetia
  •  
    Growth habit
  •  
    Variety with apricot-colored flowers.
  •  
    At a park in Delhi, India
  •  
    Cascabela thevetia (Kaner) in Delhi
  •  
    Cascabela thevetia (Karen) in Rajkot
  •  
    Yellow Oleander
  •  

References edit

  1. ^ Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI).; IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group (2019). "Cascabela thevetia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T146789945A146789947. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T146789945A146789947.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species". Retrieved May 17, 2014.
  3. ^ Quattrocchi, Umberto (1999). CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology. CRC Press. ISBN 9780849326738.
  4. ^ "Cascabela thevetia - Plant Finder". www.missouribotanicalgarden.org. Retrieved 2021-12-22.
  5. ^ a b c . Missouri Botanical Garden. Archived from the original on 2004-12-09. Retrieved 2011-04-19.
  6. ^ Shannon D. Langford & Paul J. Boor (1996). "Oleander toxicity: an examination of human and animal toxic exposures". Toxicology. 109 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1016/0300-483X(95)03296-R. PMID 8619248.
  7. ^ Bose TK, Basu RK, Biswas B, De JN, Majumdar BC, Datta S (1999). "Cardiovascular effects of yellow oleander ingestion". J Indian Med Assoc. 97 (10): 407–410. PMID 10638101.
  8. ^ Kohls S, Scholz-Böttcher BM, Teske J, Zark P, Rullkötter J (2012). "Cardiac glycosides from Yellow Oleander (Thevetia peruviana) seeds". Phytochemistry. 75: 114–27. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.11.019. PMID 22196940.
  9. ^ Rajapakse S. (2009). "Management of yellow oleander poisoning". Clinical Toxicology. 47 (3): 206–212. doi:10.1080/15563650902824001. PMID 19306191. S2CID 37334350.
  10. ^ Roberts D.M.; Southcott E.; Potter J.M.; Roberts M.S.; Eddleston M.; Buckley N.A. (2006). "Pharmacokinetics of digoxin cross-reacting substances in patients with acute yellow oleander (Thevetia peruviana) poisoning, including the effect of activated charcoal". Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 28 (6): 784–792. doi:10.1097/ftd.0b013e31802bfd69. PMC 2296884. PMID 17164695.
  11. ^ Bandara V.; Weinstein S.A.; White J.; Eddleston M. (2010). "A review of the natural history, toxinology, diagnosis and clinical management of Nerium oleander (common oleander) and Thevetia peruviana (yellow oleander) poisoning". Toxicon. 56 (3): 273–281. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.03.026. PMID 20438743.
  12. ^ M. Eddleston; S. Rajapakse; Rajakanthan, S. Jayalath; L. Sjöström; W. Santharaj; et al. (2000). "Anti-digoxin Fab fragments in cardiotoxicity induced by ingestion of yellow oleander: a randomised controlled trial". Lancet. 355 (9208): 967–972. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)90014-X. PMID 10768435. S2CID 2095538.
  13. ^ Kannan,R (1991). "Koels feeding on the yellow oleander". Blackbuck. 7 (2): 48.
  14. ^ Krishnan, M (1952). "Koels (Eudynamis scolopaceus) eating the poisonous fruit of the Yellow Oleander". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 50 (4): 943–945.
  15. ^ Raj,PJ Sanjeeva (1963). "Additions to the list of birds eating the fruit of Yellow Oleander (Thevetia neriifolia )". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 60 (2): 457–458.
  16. ^ Raj, P J Sanjeeva (1959). "Birds eating poisonous fruit of Yellow Oleander (Thevetia neriifolia)". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 56 (3): 639.
  17. ^ Neelakantan,KK (1953). "Common Grey Hornbill (Tockus birostris) eating fruits of the Yellow Oleander (Thevetia neriifolia)". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 51 (3): 738.
  18. ^ Rajasingh, Simon G; Rajasingh, Irene V (1970). "Birds and mammals eating the fruits of Yellow Oleander (Thevetia peruviana)". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 67 (3): 572–573.
  19. ^ Thevetia peruviana
  20. ^ M. Eddleston, D.A. Warrell (1999-09-01). "Management of acute yellow oleander poisoning". QJM: An International Journal of Medicine. Retrieved 2018-02-20.
  21. ^ Gupta R, Kachhawa JB, Gupta RS, Sharma AK, Sharma MC, Dobhal MP (March 2011). "Phytochemical evaluation and antispermatogenic activity of Thevetia peruviana methanol extract in male albino rats". Hum Fertil (Camb). 14 (1): 53–59. doi:10.3109/14647273.2010.542230. PMID 21466267. S2CID 24757302.
  22. ^ Berland, Noah; Kababick, James; Santos, Cynthia; Calello, Diane P. (15 September 2023). "Notes from the Field: Online Weight Loss Supplements Labeled as Tejocote (Crataegus mexicana) Root, Substituted with Yellow Oleander (Cascabela thevetia) — United States, 2022". Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 72 (37). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: 1016–1017.
  23. ^ "The FDA Expands Warning to Consumers About Toxic Yellow Oleander Purported to be Nuez de la India in Certain Botanical Weight Loss Products". Food and Drug Administration. 8 September 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
  24. ^ Kareru P.G.; Keriko J.M.; Kenji G.M.; Gachanja A.N. (2010). "Anti-termite and antimicrobial properties of paint made from Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) Schum. oil extract". African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 4 (2): 87–89.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cascabela thevetia.
  • USDA Plants - Thevetia peruviana
  • Inchem.org: Thevetia peruviana

January 01, 1970
cascabela, thevetia, synonym, thevetia, peruviana, poisonous, plant, native, throughout, mexico, central, america, cultivated, widely, ornamental, relative, nerium, oleander, giving, common, name, yellow, oleander, flowers, leaves, conservation, status, least,. Cascabela thevetia synonym Thevetia peruviana is a poisonous plant native throughout Mexico and in Central America and cultivated widely as an ornamental It is a relative of Nerium oleander giving it a common name yellow oleander Cascabela thevetia Flowers and leaves Conservation status Least Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classification Kingdom Plantae Clade Tracheophytes Clade Angiosperms Clade Eudicots Clade Asterids Order Gentianales Family Apocynaceae Subfamily Rauvolfioideae Genus Cascabela Species C thevetia Binomial name Cascabela thevetia L Lippold Synonyms 2 Cascabela peruviana Pers Raf Cerbera linearifolia Stokes Cerbera peruviana Pers Cerbera thevetia L Thevetia linearis Raf Thevetia linearis A DC Thevetia neriifolia Juss ex A DC Thevetia peruviana Pers K Schum Thevetia thevetia L H Karst nom inval Contents 1 Etymology 2 Description 3 Religious importance 4 Toxicity 5 Uses 6 Gallery 7 References 8 External linksEtymology edit Cascabel cascavel or cascabela is Spanish for a small bell a snake s rattle or a rattlesnake itself 3 The allusion may also be to the plant s toxicity comparable to the venom of a rattlesnake The latin specific name thevetia commemorates Andre de Thevet 1516 1590 a French Franciscan priest and explorer who explored Brazil and Guiana 4 where the plant is known as chapeu de napoleao ie Napoleon s hat Description editCascabela thevetia is an evergreen tropical shrub or small tree Its leaves are willow like linear lanceolate and glossy green in color They are covered in waxy coating to reduce water loss typical of oleanders Its stem is green turning silver gray as it ages 5 Flowers bloom from summer to fall The long funnel shaped sometimes fragrant yellow less commonly apricot sometimes white flowers are in few flowered terminal clusters 5 Its fruit is deep red black in color encasing a large seed that bears some resemblance to a Chinese lucky nut clarification needed nbsp Leaves and buds of yellow oleander Cascabela thevetia in Domjur West Bengal India Cascabela thevetia is commonly known as Kaneir or Kaner कन र in Hindi language in India It is effectively drought resistant and tolerant to high temperatures hence found in various states of India like Andhra Bihar Delhi Gujarat Madhya Pradesh Telangana West Bengal Rajasthan Tamil Nadu Uttar Pradesh Odisha and Assam where semi arid climate is prevalent Religious importance editIts bright yellow flowers are used for religious purposes in India The tree is native to Mexico and thus direct references to Hindu culture are new Toxicity edit nbsp Ripe fruit All parts of the C thevetia plant are toxic to most vertebrates as they contain cardiac glycosides Many cases of intentional and accidental poisoning of humans are known 6 The main toxins are the cardenolides called thevetin A and thevetin B others include peruvoside neriifolin thevetoxin and ruvoside 7 8 These cardenolides are not destroyed by drying or heating and they are very similar to digoxin from Digitalis purpurea They produce gastric and cardiotoxic effects Antidotes for treatment include atropine and digoxin immune fabs antibodies and treatment may include oral administration of activated charcoal 9 10 11 Ovine polyclonal anti digitoxin Fab fragment antibody DigiTAb Therapeutic Antibodies Inc can be used to treat T peruviana poisoning but for many countries the cost is prohibitive 12 A few bird species are however known to feed on them without any ill effects These include the sunbirds Asian koel red whiskered bulbul white browed bulbul red vented bulbul brahminy myna common myna and common grey hornbill 13 14 15 16 17 18 In South India and in Sri Lanka swallowing the seeds of Thevetia peruviana 19 Kaneru කණ ර Sinhala Manjal arali Tamil is one of the preferred methods for suicides in villages where they are grown in abundance 20 Extracts from C thevetia are reported to possess antispermatogenic activity in rats 21 In 2023 the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC and Food and Drug Administration FDA reported on weight loss supplements substituting Crataegus mexicana and Aleurites moluccanus for C thevetia following multiple hospitalizations 22 23 Uses edit nbsp Trunk Cultivation Cascabela thevetia is cultivated as an ornamental plant and planted as large flowering shrub or small ornamental tree standards in gardens and parks in temperate climates In frost prone areas it is container plant in the winter season brought inside a greenhouse or as a house plant It tolerates most soils and is drought tolerant 5 Biological pest control The plant s toxins have tested in experiments for uses in biological pest control T peruviana seed oil was used to make a paint with antifungal antibacterial and anti termite properties 24 Gallery edit nbsp Apricot colored flower nbsp Seeds nbsp Dry seeds nbsp Leaves nbsp White variety of Cascabela thevetia nbsp Growth habit nbsp Variety with apricot colored flowers nbsp At a park in Delhi India nbsp Cascabela thevetia Kaner in Delhi nbsp Cascabela thevetia Karen in Rajkot nbsp Yellow Oleander nbsp References edit Botanic Gardens Conservation International BGCI IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group 2019 Cascabela thevetia IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019 e T146789945A146789947 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2019 2 RLTS T146789945A146789947 en Retrieved 19 November 2021 The Plant List A Working List of All Plant Species Retrieved May 17 2014 Quattrocchi Umberto 1999 CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names Common Names Scientific Names Eponyms Synonyms and Etymology CRC Press ISBN 9780849326738 Cascabela thevetia Plant Finder www missouribotanicalgarden org Retrieved 2021 12 22 a b c Thevetia peruvians Missouri Botanical Garden Archived from the original on 2004 12 09 Retrieved 2011 04 19 Shannon D Langford amp Paul J Boor 1996 Oleander toxicity an examination of human and animal toxic exposures Toxicology 109 1 1 13 doi 10 1016 0300 483X 95 03296 R PMID 8619248 Bose TK Basu RK Biswas B De JN Majumdar BC Datta S 1999 Cardiovascular effects of yellow oleander ingestion J Indian Med Assoc 97 10 407 410 PMID 10638101 Kohls S Scholz Bottcher BM Teske J Zark P Rullkotter J 2012 Cardiac glycosides from Yellow Oleander Thevetia peruviana seeds Phytochemistry 75 114 27 doi 10 1016 j phytochem 2011 11 019 PMID 22196940 Rajapakse S 2009 Management of yellow oleander poisoning Clinical Toxicology 47 3 206 212 doi 10 1080 15563650902824001 PMID 19306191 S2CID 37334350 Roberts D M Southcott E Potter J M Roberts M S Eddleston M Buckley N A 2006 Pharmacokinetics of digoxin cross reacting substances in patients with acute yellow oleander Thevetia peruviana poisoning including the effect of activated charcoal Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 28 6 784 792 doi 10 1097 ftd 0b013e31802bfd69 PMC 2296884 PMID 17164695 Bandara V Weinstein S A White J Eddleston M 2010 A review of the natural history toxinology diagnosis and clinical management of Nerium oleander common oleander and Thevetia peruviana yellow oleander poisoning Toxicon 56 3 273 281 doi 10 1016 j toxicon 2010 03 026 PMID 20438743 M Eddleston S Rajapakse Rajakanthan S Jayalath L Sjostrom W Santharaj et al 2000 Anti digoxin Fab fragments in cardiotoxicity induced by ingestion of yellow oleander a randomised controlled trial Lancet 355 9208 967 972 doi 10 1016 S0140 6736 00 90014 X PMID 10768435 S2CID 2095538 Kannan R 1991 Koels feeding on the yellow oleander Blackbuck 7 2 48 Krishnan M 1952 Koels Eudynamis scolopaceus eating the poisonous fruit of the Yellow Oleander J Bombay Nat Hist Soc 50 4 943 945 Raj PJ Sanjeeva 1963 Additions to the list of birds eating the fruit of Yellow Oleander Thevetia neriifolia J Bombay Nat Hist Soc 60 2 457 458 Raj P J Sanjeeva 1959 Birds eating poisonous fruit of Yellow Oleander Thevetia neriifolia J Bombay Nat Hist Soc 56 3 639 Neelakantan KK 1953 Common Grey Hornbill Tockus birostris eating fruits of the Yellow Oleander Thevetia neriifolia J Bombay Nat Hist Soc 51 3 738 Rajasingh Simon G Rajasingh Irene V 1970 Birds and mammals eating the fruits of Yellow Oleander Thevetia peruviana J Bombay Nat Hist Soc 67 3 572 573 Thevetia peruviana M Eddleston D A Warrell 1999 09 01 Management of acute yellow oleander poisoning QJM An International Journal of Medicine Retrieved 2018 02 20 Gupta R Kachhawa JB Gupta RS Sharma AK Sharma MC Dobhal MP March 2011 Phytochemical evaluation and antispermatogenic activity of Thevetia peruviana methanol extract in male albino rats Hum Fertil Camb 14 1 53 59 doi 10 3109 14647273 2010 542230 PMID 21466267 S2CID 24757302 Berland Noah Kababick James Santos Cynthia Calello Diane P 15 September 2023 Notes from the Field Online Weight Loss Supplements Labeled as Tejocote Crataegus mexicana Root Substituted with Yellow Oleander Cascabela thevetia United States 2022 Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 72 37 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1016 1017 The FDA Expands Warning to Consumers About Toxic Yellow Oleander Purported to be Nuez de la India in Certain Botanical Weight Loss Products Food and Drug Administration 8 September 2023 Retrieved 2 October 2023 Kareru P G Keriko J M Kenji G M Gachanja A N 2010 Anti termite and antimicrobial properties of paint made from Thevetia peruviana Pers Schum oil extract African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 4 2 87 89 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cascabela thevetia USDA Plants Thevetia peruviana Inchem org Thevetia peruviana Kemper Center for Home Gardening org Thevetia peruviana horticultural info and photos Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Cascabela thevetia amp oldid 1187342545, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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