"Sea moss" redirects here. Not to be confused with CMOS.
Not to be confused with Sagina subulata, a flowering plant also called Irish Moss.
Chondrus crispus—commonly called Irish moss or carrageenan moss (Irish carraigín, "little rock")—is a species of red algae which grows abundantly along the rocky parts of the Atlantic coasts of Europe and North America. In its fresh condition this protist is soft and cartilaginous, varying in color from a greenish-yellow, through red, to a dark purple or purplish-brown. The principal constituent is a mucilaginous body, made of the polysaccharide carrageenan, which constitutes 55% of its dry weight. The organism also consists of nearly 10% dry weight protein and about 15% dry weight mineral matter, and is rich in iodine and sulfur. When softened in water it has a sea-like odour. Because of the abundant cell wall polysaccharides, it will form a jelly when boiled, containing from 20 to 100 times its weight of water.
Chondrus crispus is a relatively small sea alga, reaching up to a little more than 20 cm in length. It grows from a discoid holdfast and branches four or five times in a dichotomous, fan-like manner. The morphology is highly variable, especially the broadness of the thalli. The branches are 2–15 mm broad and firm in texture, and the color ranges from bright green towards the surface of the water, to deep red at greater depths.[1] The gametophytes (see below) often show a blue iridescence at the tip of the fronds[2] and fertile sporophytes show a spotty pattern. Mastocarpus stellatus (Stackhouse) Guiry is a similar species which can be readily distinguished by its strongly channelled and often somewhat twisted thalli.
Distributionedit
Chondrus crispus is common all around the shores of Ireland and can also be found along the coast of Europe including Iceland, the Faroe Islands.[3] western Baltic Sea to southern Spain.[4] It is found on the Atlantic coasts of Canada[4][5] and recorded from California in the United States to Japan.[4] However, any distribution outside the Northern Atlantic needs to be verified. There are also other species of the same genus in the Pacific Ocean, for example, C. ocellatus Holmes, C. nipponicus Yendo, C. yendoi Yamada et Mikami, C. pinnulatus (Harvey) Okamura and C. armatus (Harvey) Yamada et Mikami.[6]
Ecologyedit
Chondrus crispus is found growing on rock from the middle intertidal zone into the subtidal zone,[7] all the way to the ocean floor. It is able to survive with minimal sunlight.
The lifecycle of C. crispus: Below the life stages are indicated if the life stage is haploid(n) or diploid (2n) and the type of carrageenan present.How the lifecycles of C. crispus might look in nature: The gametophytes show blue iridescence and the fertile sporophytes exhibit a spotty pattern.
C. crispus is an industrial source of carrageenan commonly used as a thickener and stabilizer in milk products, such as ice cream and processed foods.[10] In Europe, it is indicated as E407 or E407a. It may also be used as a thickener in calico printing and paper marbling, and for fining beer.[10][11] Irish moss is frequently used with Mastocarpus stellatus (Gigartina mamillosa), Chondracanthus acicularis (G. acicularis), and other seaweeds, which are all commonly found growing together. Carrageenan may be extracted from tropical seaweeds of the genera Kappaphycus and Eucheuma.[12]
Life historyedit
Irish moss undergoes an alternation of generation lifecycle common in many species of algae (see figure below). The two distinct stages are the sexual haploidgametophyte stage and the asexual diploidsporophyte stage. In addition, a third stage - the carposporophyte - is formed on the female gametophyte after fertilization. The male and female gametophytes produce gametes which fuse to form a diploid carposporophyte, which forms carpospores, which develops into the sporophyte. The sporophyte then undergoes meiosis to produce haploid tetraspores (which can be male or female) that develop into gametophytes. The three stages (male, female, and sporophyte) are difficult to distinguish when they are not fertile; however, the gametophytes often show a blue iridescence.
Scientific interestedit
The portion of the 65th plate of Ernst Haeckel's Kunstformen der Natur (1904), depicting Florideae Chondrus crispus, i.e. Irish mossWhen cultured in the laboratory, Chondrus spp. can have a morphology similar to the Haeckel plate; however, this is rarely seen in nature.
†Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults. Source: USDA FoodData Central
C. crispus, compared to most other seaweeds, is well-investigated scientifically. It has been used as a model species to study photosynthesis, carrageenan biosynthesis, and stress responses. The nuclear genome was sequenced in 2013.[13] The genome size is 105 Mbp and is coding for 9,606 genes. It is characterised by relatively few genes with very few introns. The genes are clustered together, with normally short distances between genes and then large distances between groups of genes.
^Sadava, David; Heller, Craig; Orians, Gordon; Purves, Bill; Hillis, David (2008). Life: The Science of Biology (8th ed.). Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates. p. 601. ISBN9780716776710.
^Chandler, Chris J.; Wilts, Bodo D.; Vignolini, Silvia; Brodie, Juliet; Steiner, Ullrich; Rudall, Paula J.; Glover, Beverley J.; Gregory, Thomas; Walker, Rachel H. (3 July 2015). "Structural colour in Chondrus crispus". Scientific Reports. 5: 11645. Bibcode:2015NatSR...511645C. doi:10.1038/srep11645. PMC5155586. PMID 26139470.
^F. Börgesen (1903). "Marine Algae of the Faröes". Botany of the Faröes based upon Danish investigations Part II (Copenhagen Reprint 1970). Linnaeus Press. p. 35. ISBN978-90-6105-011-7.
^Hu, Z., Critchley, A.T., Gao T, Zeng X, Morrell, S.L. and Delin, D. 2007 Delineation of Chondrus (Gigartinales, Florideophyceae) in China and the origin of C. crisps inferred from molecular data. Marine Biology Research, 3: 145-154
^Morton, O. 1994. Marine Algae of Northern Ireland. Ulster Museum ISBN0 900761 28 8
^Diehl, Nora; Kim, Gwang Hoon; Zuccarello, Giuseppe C. (March 2017). "A pathogen of New Zealand Pyropia plicata (Bangiales, Rhodophyta), Pythium porphyrae (Oomycota)". Algae. 32 (1): 29–39. doi:10.4490/algae.2017.32.2.25.
^LéVesque, C.André; De Cock, Arthur W.A.M. (December 2004). "Molecular phylogeny and taxonomy of the genus Pythium". Mycological Research. 108 (12): 1363–1383. doi:10.1017/S0953756204001431. ISSN 0953-7562. OCLC 358362888. PMID 15757173. S2CID 20561417.
^ ab"Carageenan". PubChem, US National Library of Medicine. 9 January 2021. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
^Bixler, H. J.; Porse, H. (2011). "A decade of change in the seaweed hydrocolloids industry". Journal of Applied Phycology. 23 (3): 321–335. doi:10.1007/s10811-010-9529-3. S2CID 24607698.
^Collén, J; et al. (2013). "Genome structure and metabolic features in the red seaweed Chondrus crispus shed light on evolution of the Archaeplastida". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (13): 5247–5252. Bibcode:2013PNAS..110.5247C. doi:10.1073/pnas.1221259110. PMC3612618. PMID 23503846.
chondrus, crispus, moss, redirects, here, confused, with, cmos, confused, with, sagina, subulata, flowering, plant, also, called, irish, moss, commonly, called, irish, moss, carrageenan, moss, irish, carraigín, little, rock, species, algae, which, grows, abund. Sea moss redirects here Not to be confused with CMOS Not to be confused with Sagina subulata a flowering plant also called Irish Moss Chondrus crispus commonly called Irish moss or carrageenan moss Irish carraigin little rock is a species of red algae which grows abundantly along the rocky parts of the Atlantic coasts of Europe and North America In its fresh condition this protist is soft and cartilaginous varying in color from a greenish yellow through red to a dark purple or purplish brown The principal constituent is a mucilaginous body made of the polysaccharide carrageenan which constitutes 55 of its dry weight The organism also consists of nearly 10 dry weight protein and about 15 dry weight mineral matter and is rich in iodine and sulfur When softened in water it has a sea like odour Because of the abundant cell wall polysaccharides it will form a jelly when boiled containing from 20 to 100 times its weight of water Irish mossA D Chondrus crispus E F Mastocarpus stellatusScientific classification unranked ArchaeplastidaDivision RhodophytaClass FlorideophyceaeOrder GigartinalesFamily GigartinaceaeGenus ChondrusSpecies C crispusBinomial nameChondrus crispusStackh Contents 1 Description 2 Distribution 3 Ecology 4 Uses 5 Life history 6 Scientific interest 7 See also 8 References 9 External linksDescription editChondrus crispus is a relatively small sea alga reaching up to a little more than 20 cm in length It grows from a discoid holdfast and branches four or five times in a dichotomous fan like manner The morphology is highly variable especially the broadness of the thalli The branches are 2 15 mm broad and firm in texture and the color ranges from bright green towards the surface of the water to deep red at greater depths 1 The gametophytes see below often show a blue iridescence at the tip of the fronds 2 and fertile sporophytes show a spotty pattern Mastocarpus stellatus Stackhouse Guiry is a similar species which can be readily distinguished by its strongly channelled and often somewhat twisted thalli Distribution editChondrus crispus is common all around the shores of Ireland and can also be found along the coast of Europe including Iceland the Faroe Islands 3 western Baltic Sea to southern Spain 4 It is found on the Atlantic coasts of Canada 4 5 and recorded from California in the United States to Japan 4 However any distribution outside the Northern Atlantic needs to be verified There are also other species of the same genus in the Pacific Ocean for example C ocellatus Holmes C nipponicus Yendo C yendoi Yamada et Mikami C pinnulatus Harvey Okamura and C armatus Harvey Yamada et Mikami 6 Ecology editChondrus crispus is found growing on rock from the middle intertidal zone into the subtidal zone 7 all the way to the ocean floor It is able to survive with minimal sunlight C crispus is susceptible to infection from the oomycete Pythium porphyrae 8 9 Uses edit nbsp The lifecycle of C crispus Below the life stages are indicated if the life stage is haploid n or diploid 2n and the type of carrageenan present nbsp How the lifecycles of C crispus might look in nature The gametophytes show blue iridescence and the fertile sporophytes exhibit a spotty pattern C crispus is an industrial source of carrageenan commonly used as a thickener and stabilizer in milk products such as ice cream and processed foods 10 In Europe it is indicated as E407 or E407a It may also be used as a thickener in calico printing and paper marbling and for fining beer 10 11 Irish moss is frequently used with Mastocarpus stellatus Gigartina mamillosa Chondracanthus acicularis G acicularis and other seaweeds which are all commonly found growing together Carrageenan may be extracted from tropical seaweeds of the genera Kappaphycus and Eucheuma 12 Life history editIrish moss undergoes an alternation of generation lifecycle common in many species of algae see figure below The two distinct stages are the sexual haploid gametophyte stage and the asexual diploid sporophyte stage In addition a third stage the carposporophyte is formed on the female gametophyte after fertilization The male and female gametophytes produce gametes which fuse to form a diploid carposporophyte which forms carpospores which develops into the sporophyte The sporophyte then undergoes meiosis to produce haploid tetraspores which can be male or female that develop into gametophytes The three stages male female and sporophyte are difficult to distinguish when they are not fertile however the gametophytes often show a blue iridescence Scientific interest edit nbsp The portion of the 65th plate of Ernst Haeckel s Kunstformen der Natur 1904 depicting Florideae Chondrus crispus i e Irish moss nbsp When cultured in the laboratory Chondrus spp can have a morphology similar to the Haeckel plate however this is rarely seen in nature Seaweed irishmoss rawNutritional value per 100 g 3 5 oz Energy205 kJ 49 kcal Carbohydrates12 29 gSugars0 61 gDietary fiber1 3 gFat0 16 gProtein1 51 gVitaminsQuantity DV Riboflavin B2 39 0 466 mgNiacin B3 4 0 593 mgPantothenic acid B5 4 0 176 mgVitamin B65 0 069 mgFolate B9 46 182 mgVitamin C4 3 mgVitamin E6 0 87 mgVitamin K5 5 mgMineralsQuantity DV Calcium7 72 mgIron68 8 9 mgMagnesium41 144 mgManganese18 0 37 mgPhosphorus22 157 mgSodium4 61 mgZinc21 1 95 mgLink to USDA Database entryUnits mg micrograms mg milligrams IU International units Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults Source USDA FoodData CentralC crispus compared to most other seaweeds is well investigated scientifically It has been used as a model species to study photosynthesis carrageenan biosynthesis and stress responses The nuclear genome was sequenced in 2013 13 The genome size is 105 Mbp and is coding for 9 606 genes It is characterised by relatively few genes with very few introns The genes are clustered together with normally short distances between genes and then large distances between groups of genes See also editGelidium amansiiReferences edit Sadava David Heller Craig Orians Gordon Purves Bill Hillis David 2008 Life The Science of Biology 8th ed Sunderland MA Sinauer Associates p 601 ISBN 9780716776710 Chandler Chris J Wilts Bodo D Vignolini Silvia Brodie Juliet Steiner Ullrich Rudall Paula J Glover Beverley J Gregory Thomas Walker Rachel H 3 July 2015 Structural colour in Chondrus crispus Scientific Reports 5 11645 Bibcode 2015NatSR 511645C doi 10 1038 srep11645 PMC 5155586 PMID 26139470 F Borgesen 1903 Marine Algae of the Faroes Botany of the Faroes based upon Danish investigations Part II Copenhagen Reprint 1970 Linnaeus Press p 35 ISBN 978 90 6105 011 7 a b c P S Dixon amp L M Irvine 1977 Seaweeds of the British Isles Vol 1 Rhodophyta Part 1 Introduction Nemaliales Gigartinales British Museum Natural History London ISBN 978 0 565 00781 2 W R Taylor 1972 Marine Algae of the Northeastern Coast of North America University of Michigan Press Ann Arbor ISBN 978 0 472 04904 2 Hu Z Critchley A T Gao T Zeng X Morrell S L and Delin D 2007 Delineation of Chondrus Gigartinales Florideophyceae in China and the origin of C crisps inferred from molecular data Marine Biology Research 3 145 154 Morton O 1994 Marine Algae of Northern Ireland Ulster Museum ISBN 0 900761 28 8 Diehl Nora Kim Gwang Hoon Zuccarello Giuseppe C March 2017 A pathogen of New Zealand Pyropia plicata Bangiales Rhodophyta Pythium porphyrae Oomycota Algae 32 1 29 39 doi 10 4490 algae 2017 32 2 25 LeVesque C Andre De Cock Arthur W A M December 2004 Molecular phylogeny and taxonomy of the genus Pythium Mycological Research 108 12 1363 1383 doi 10 1017 S0953756204001431 ISSN 0953 7562 OCLC 358362888 PMID 15757173 S2CID 20561417 a b Carageenan PubChem US National Library of Medicine 9 January 2021 Retrieved 11 January 2021 Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Irish Moss Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 14 11th ed Cambridge University Press p 795 Bixler H J Porse H 2011 A decade of change in the seaweed hydrocolloids industry Journal of Applied Phycology 23 3 321 335 doi 10 1007 s10811 010 9529 3 S2CID 24607698 Collen J et al 2013 Genome structure and metabolic features in the red seaweed Chondrus crispus shed light on evolution of the Archaeplastida Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110 13 5247 5252 Bibcode 2013PNAS 110 5247C doi 10 1073 pnas 1221259110 PMC 3612618 PMID 23503846 External links edit nbsp Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica article Irish Moss AlgaeBase Chondrus crispus Chondrus crispus Stackhouse Chondrus crispus Marine Life Information Network Irish Moss industry on Prince Edward Island 1 Sea Moss Market Report Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Chondrus crispus amp oldid 1186821763, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
