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Iridescence

January 31, 2023

"Iridescent" redirects here. For the Linkin Park song, see Iridescent (song).
For the Brockhampton album, see Iridescence (album).

Iridescence (also known as goniochromism) is the phenomenon of certain surfaces that appear to gradually change color as the angle of view or the angle of illumination changes. Examples of iridescence include soap bubbles, feathers, butterfly wings and seashell nacre, and minerals such as opal. It is a kind of structural coloration that is due to wave interference of light in microstructures or thin films.

Iridescence in soap bubbles

Pearlescence is a related effect where some or most of the reflected light is white. The term pearlescent is used to describe certain paint finishes, usually in the automotive industry, which actually produce iridescent effects.

Etymology

The word iridescence is derived in part from the Greek word ἶρις îris (gen. ἴριδος íridos), meaning rainbow, and is combined with the Latin suffix -escent, meaning "having a tendency toward".[1] Iris in turn derives from the goddess Iris of Greek mythology, who is the personification of the rainbow and acted as a messenger of the gods. Goniochromism is derived from the Greek words gonia, meaning "angle", and chroma, meaning "colour".

Mechanisms

 
Fuel on top of water creates a thin film, which interferes with the light, producing different colours. The different bands represent different thicknesses in the film. This phenomenon is known as thin-film interference.
Further information: Structural coloration, thin-film interference, and diffraction

Iridescence is an optical phenomenon of surfaces in which hue changes with the angle of observation and the angle of illumination.[2][3] It is often caused by multiple reflections from two or more semi-transparent surfaces in which phase shift and interference of the reflections modulates the incidental light (by amplifying or attenuating some frequencies more than others).[2][4] The thickness of the layers of the material determines the interference pattern. Iridescence can for example be due to thin-film interference, the functional analogue of selective wavelength attenuation as seen with the Fabry–Pérot interferometer, and can be seen in oil films on water and soap bubbles. Iridescence is also found in plants, animals and many other items. The range of colours of natural iridescent objects can be narrow, for example shifting between two or three colours as the viewing angle changes,[5][6]

 
An iridescent biofilm on the surface of a fish tank diffracts the reflected light, displaying the entire spectrum of colours. Red is seen from longer angles of incidence than blue.

Iridescence can also be created by diffraction. This is found in items like CDs, DVDs, some types of prisms, or cloud iridescence.[7] In the case of diffraction, the entire rainbow of colours will typically be observed as the viewing angle changes. In biology, this type of iridescence results from the formation of diffraction gratings on the surface, such as the long rows of cells in striated muscle, or the specialized abdominal scales of peacock spider Maratus robinsoni and M. chrysomelas.[8] Some types of flower petals can also generate a diffraction grating, but the iridescence is not visible to humans and flower-visiting insects as the diffraction signal is masked by the coloration due to plant pigments.[9][10][11]

In biological (and biomimetic) uses, colours produced other than with pigments or dyes are called structural coloration. Microstructures, often multilayered, are used to produce bright but sometimes non-iridescent colours: quite elaborate arrangements are needed to avoid reflecting different colours in different directions.[12] Structural coloration has been understood in general terms since Robert Hooke's 1665 book Micrographia, where Hooke correctly noted that since the iridescence of a peacock's feather was lost when it was plunged into water, but reappeared when it was returned to the air, pigments could not be responsible.[13][14] It was later found that iridescence in the peacock is due to a complex photonic crystal.[15]

Pearlescence

 
The pearlescent shell of a black-lip pearl oyster

Pearlescence is an effect related to iridescence and has a similar cause. Structures within a surface cause light to be reflected back, but in the case of pearlescence some or most of the light is white, giving the object a pearl-like luster.[16] Artificial pigments and paints showing an iridescent effect are often described as pearlescent, for example when used for car paints.[17]

Examples

Life

Invertebrates

Vertebrates

The feathers of birds such as kingfishers,[18] birds-of-paradise,[19] hummingbirds, parrots, starlings,[20] grackles, ducks, and peacocks[15] are iridescent. The lateral line on the neon tetra is also iridescent.[5] A single iridescent species of gecko, Cnemaspis kolhapurensis, was identified in India in 2009.[21] The tapetum lucidum, present in the eyes of many vertebrates, is also iridescent.[22] Iridescence is known to be present among non-avian dinosaurs such as dromaeosaurids, enantiornithes, and lithornithids.[23]

Plants

Many groups of plants have developed iridescence as an adaptation to use more light in dark environments such as the lower levels of tropical forests. The leaves of Southeast Asia's Begonia pavonina, or peacock begonia, appear iridescent azure to human observers due to each leaf's thinly layered photosynthetic structures called iridoplasts that absorb and bend light much like a film of oil over water. Iridescences based on multiple layers of cells are also found in the lycophyte Selaginella and several species of ferns.[24][25]

Non-Biological

Minerals

Meteorological

Man-made

Nanocellulose is sometimes iridescent,[26] as are thin films of gasoline and some other hydrocarbons and alcohols when floating on water.[27]

To create jewelry with crystal glass that lets light refract in a rainbow spectrum, Swarovski coats some of its products with special metallic chemical coatings. For example, its Aurora Borealis gives the surface a rainbow appearance.[citation needed] Optically variable ink uses finely powdered iridescent glitter.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". etymonline.com. from the original on 2014-04-07.
  2. ^ a b Srinivasarao, Mohan (July 1999). "Nano-Optics in the Biological World: Beetles, Butterflies, Birds, and Moths". Chemical Reviews. 99 (7): 1935–1962. doi:10.1021/cr970080y. PMID 11849015.
  3. ^ Kinoshita, S; Yoshioka, S; Miyazaki, J (1 July 2008). "Physics of structural colors". Reports on Progress in Physics. 71 (7): 076401. Bibcode:2008RPPh...71g6401K. doi:10.1088/0034-4885/71/7/076401. S2CID 53068819.
  4. ^ Meadows, Melissa G; Butler, Michael W; Morehouse, Nathan I; Taylor, Lisa A; Toomey, Matthew B; McGraw, Kevin J; Rutowski, Ronald L (23 February 2009). "Iridescence: views from many angles". Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 6 (suppl_2): S107-13. doi:10.1098/rsif.2009.0013.focus. PMC 2706472. PMID 19336343.
  5. ^ a b Yoshioka, S.; Matsuhana, B.; Tanaka, S.; Inouye, Y.; Oshima, N.; Kinoshita, S. (16 June 2010). "Mechanism of variable structural colour in the neon tetra: quantitative evaluation of the Venetian blind model". Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 8 (54): 56–66. doi:10.1098/rsif.2010.0253. PMC 3024824. PMID 20554565.
  6. ^ Rutowski, R.L; Macedonia, J.M; Morehouse, N; Taylor-Taft, L (2 September 2005). "Pterin pigments amplify iridescent ultraviolet signal in males of the orange sulphur butterfly". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 272 (1578): 2329–2335. doi:10.1098/rspb.2005.3216. PMC 1560183. PMID 16191648.
  7. ^ Ackerman, Steven A.; Knox, John A. (2013). Meteorology: Understanding the Atmosphere. Jones & Bartlett Learning. pp. 173–175. ISBN 978-1-284-03080-8.
  8. ^ Hsiung, Bor-Kai; Siddique, Radwanul Hasan; Stavenga, Doekele G.; Otto, Jürgen C.; Allen, Michael C.; Liu, Ying; Lu, Yong-Feng; Deheyn, Dimitri D.; Shawkey, Matthew D.; Blackledge, Todd A. (22 December 2017). "Rainbow peacock spiders inspire miniature super-iridescent optics". Nature Communications. 8 (1): 2278. Bibcode:2017NatCo...8.2278H. doi:10.1038/s41467-017-02451-x. PMC 5741626. PMID 29273708.
  9. ^ Lee, David (2007). Nature's Palette: The Science of Plant Color. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-47052-8.[page needed]
  10. ^ van der Kooi, Casper J.; Wilts, Bodo D.; Leertouwer, Hein L.; Staal, Marten; Elzenga, J. Theo M.; Stavenga, Doekele G. (July 2014). "Iridescent flowers? Contribution of surface structures to optical signaling" (PDF). New Phytologist. 203 (2): 667–673. doi:10.1111/nph.12808. PMID 24713039.
  11. ^ van der Kooi, Casper J.; Dyer, Adrian G.; Stavenga, Doekele G. (January 2015). "Is floral iridescence a biologically relevant cue in plant-pollinator signaling?". New Phytologist. 205 (1): 18–20. doi:10.1111/nph.13066. PMID 25243861.
  12. ^ Hsiung, Bor-Kai; Siddique, Radwanul Hasan; Jiang, Lijia; Liu, Ying; Lu, Yongfeng; Shawkey, Matthew D.; Blackledge, Todd A. (January 2017). "Tarantula-Inspired Noniridescent Photonics with Long-Range Order". Advanced Optical Materials. 5 (2): 1600599. doi:10.1002/adom.201600599.
  13. ^ Hooke, Robert. Micrographia. Chapter 36 ('Observ. XXXVI. Of Peacoks, Ducks, and Other Feathers of Changeable Colours.')
  14. ^ Ball, Philip (17 April 2012). "Nature's Color Tricks". Scientific American. 306 (5): 74–79. Bibcode:2012SciAm.306e..74B. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0512-74. PMID 22550931.
  15. ^ a b Zi, Jian; Yu, Xindi; Li, Yizhou; Hu, Xinhua; Xu, Chun; Wang, Xingjun; Liu, Xiaohan; Fu, Rongtang (28 October 2003). "Coloration strategies in peacock feathers". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 100 (22): 12576–12578. Bibcode:2003PNAS..10012576Z. doi:10.1073/pnas.2133313100. PMC 240659. PMID 14557541.
  16. ^ Ruth Johnston-Feller (2001). Color Science in the Examination of Museum Objects: Nondestructive Procedures. Getty Publications. pp. 169–. ISBN 978-0-89236-586-9.
  17. ^ Paint and Coating Testing Manual. ASTM International. pp. 229–. GGKEY:7W7C2G88G2J.
  18. ^ Stavenga, D. G.; Tinbergen, J.; Leertouwer, H. L.; Wilts, B. D. (9 November 2011). "Kingfisher feathers – colouration by pigments, spongy nanostructures and thin films". Journal of Experimental Biology. 214 (23): 3960–3967. doi:10.1242/jeb.062620. PMID 22071186.
  19. ^ Stavenga, Doekele G.; Leertouwer, Hein L.; Marshall, N. Justin; Osorio, Daniel (15 December 2010). "Dramatic colour changes in a bird of paradise caused by uniquely structured breast feather barbules". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 278 (1715): 2098–2104. doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.2293. PMC 3107630. PMID 21159676.
  20. ^ Cuthill, I. C.; Bennett, A. T. D.; Partridge, J. C.; Maier, E. J. (February 1999). "Plumage Reflectance and the Objective Assessment of Avian Sexual Dichromatism". The American Naturalist. 153 (2): 183–200. doi:10.1086/303160. JSTOR 303160. PMID 29578758. S2CID 4386607.
  21. ^ "New lizard species found in India". BBC Online. 24 July 2009. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
  22. ^ Engelking, Larry (2002). Review of Veterinary Physiology. Teton NewMedia. p. 90. ISBN 978-1-893441-69-9.
  23. ^ Eliason, Chad M.; Clarke, Julia A. (13 May 2020). "Cassowary gloss and a novel form of structural color in birds". Science Advances. 6 (20): eaba0187. Bibcode:2020SciA....6..187E. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aba0187. PMC 7220335. PMID 32426504.
  24. ^ Glover, Beverley J.; Whitney, Heather M. (April 2010). "Structural colour and iridescence in plants: the poorly studied relations of pigment colour". Annals of Botany. 105 (4): 505–511. doi:10.1093/aob/mcq007. PMC 2850791. PMID 20142263.
  25. ^ Graham, Rita M.; Lee, David W.; Norstog, Knut (1993). "Physical and Ultrastructural Basis of Blue Leaf Iridescence in Two Neotropical Ferns". American Journal of Botany. 80 (2): 198–203. doi:10.2307/2445040. JSTOR 2445040.
  26. ^ Picard, G.; Simon, D.; Kadiri, Y.; LeBreux, J. D.; Ghozayel, F. (3 October 2012). "Cellulose Nanocrystal Iridescence: A New Model". Langmuir. 28 (41): 14799–14807. doi:10.1021/la302982s. PMID 22988816.
  27. ^ Zitzewitz, Paul W (2011). The Handy Physics Answer Book. Visible Ink Press. p. 215. ISBN 978-1-57859-357-6.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Iridescence.
  • of a morpho butterfly showing iridescence
  • "Article on butterfly iridescence" 2015-11-07 at the Wayback Machine

January 31, 2023
iridescence, iridescent, redirects, here, linkin, park, song, iridescent, song, brockhampton, album, album, also, known, goniochromism, phenomenon, certain, surfaces, that, appear, gradually, change, color, angle, view, angle, illumination, changes, examples, . Iridescent redirects here For the Linkin Park song see Iridescent song For the Brockhampton album see Iridescence album Iridescence also known as goniochromism is the phenomenon of certain surfaces that appear to gradually change color as the angle of view or the angle of illumination changes Examples of iridescence include soap bubbles feathers butterfly wings and seashell nacre and minerals such as opal It is a kind of structural coloration that is due to wave interference of light in microstructures or thin films Iridescence in soap bubbles Pearlescence is a related effect where some or most of the reflected light is white The term pearlescent is used to describe certain paint finishes usually in the automotive industry which actually produce iridescent effects Contents 1 Etymology 2 Mechanisms 3 Pearlescence 4 Examples 4 1 Life 4 1 1 Invertebrates 4 1 2 Vertebrates 4 1 3 Plants 4 2 Non Biological 4 2 1 Minerals 4 2 2 Meteorological 4 2 3 Man made 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksEtymology EditThe word iridescence is derived in part from the Greek word ἶris iris gen ἴridos iridos meaning rainbow and is combined with the Latin suffix escent meaning having a tendency toward 1 Iris in turn derives from the goddess Iris of Greek mythology who is the personification of the rainbow and acted as a messenger of the gods Goniochromism is derived from the Greek words gonia meaning angle and chroma meaning colour Mechanisms Edit Fuel on top of water creates a thin film which interferes with the light producing different colours The different bands represent different thicknesses in the film This phenomenon is known as thin film interference Further information Structural coloration thin film interference and diffraction Iridescence is an optical phenomenon of surfaces in which hue changes with the angle of observation and the angle of illumination 2 3 It is often caused by multiple reflections from two or more semi transparent surfaces in which phase shift and interference of the reflections modulates the incidental light by amplifying or attenuating some frequencies more than others 2 4 The thickness of the layers of the material determines the interference pattern Iridescence can for example be due to thin film interference the functional analogue of selective wavelength attenuation as seen with the Fabry Perot interferometer and can be seen in oil films on water and soap bubbles Iridescence is also found in plants animals and many other items The range of colours of natural iridescent objects can be narrow for example shifting between two or three colours as the viewing angle changes 5 6 An iridescent biofilm on the surface of a fish tank diffracts the reflected light displaying the entire spectrum of colours Red is seen from longer angles of incidence than blue Iridescence can also be created by diffraction This is found in items like CDs DVDs some types of prisms or cloud iridescence 7 In the case of diffraction the entire rainbow of colours will typically be observed as the viewing angle changes In biology this type of iridescence results from the formation of diffraction gratings on the surface such as the long rows of cells in striated muscle or the specialized abdominal scales of peacock spider Maratus robinsoni and M chrysomelas 8 Some types of flower petals can also generate a diffraction grating but the iridescence is not visible to humans and flower visiting insects as the diffraction signal is masked by the coloration due to plant pigments 9 10 11 In biological and biomimetic uses colours produced other than with pigments or dyes are called structural coloration Microstructures often multilayered are used to produce bright but sometimes non iridescent colours quite elaborate arrangements are needed to avoid reflecting different colours in different directions 12 Structural coloration has been understood in general terms since Robert Hooke s 1665 book Micrographia where Hooke correctly noted that since the iridescence of a peacock s feather was lost when it was plunged into water but reappeared when it was returned to the air pigments could not be responsible 13 14 It was later found that iridescence in the peacock is due to a complex photonic crystal 15 Pearlescence Edit The pearlescent shell of a black lip pearl oyster Pearlescence is an effect related to iridescence and has a similar cause Structures within a surface cause light to be reflected back but in the case of pearlescence some or most of the light is white giving the object a pearl like luster 16 Artificial pigments and paints showing an iridescent effect are often described as pearlescent for example when used for car paints 17 Examples EditLife Edit Invertebrates Edit Cornell drawer displaying iridescent insects The iridescent exoskeleton of a golden stag beetle Structurally coloured wings of Morpho didius The inside surface of Haliotis iris the paua shellVertebrates Edit The feathers of birds such as kingfishers 18 birds of paradise 19 hummingbirds parrots starlings 20 grackles ducks and peacocks 15 are iridescent The lateral line on the neon tetra is also iridescent 5 A single iridescent species of gecko Cnemaspis kolhapurensis was identified in India in 2009 21 The tapetum lucidum present in the eyes of many vertebrates is also iridescent 22 Iridescence is known to be present among non avian dinosaurs such as dromaeosaurids enantiornithes and lithornithids 23 Both the body and the train of the peacock are iridescent A neon tetra The rainbow boa Nicobar pigeonPlants Edit Many groups of plants have developed iridescence as an adaptation to use more light in dark environments such as the lower levels of tropical forests The leaves of Southeast Asia s Begonia pavonina or peacock begonia appear iridescent azure to human observers due to each leaf s thinly layered photosynthetic structures called iridoplasts that absorb and bend light much like a film of oil over water Iridescences based on multiple layers of cells are also found in the lycophyte Selaginella and several species of ferns 24 25 Iridescent Begonia leafNon Biological Edit Minerals Edit A bismuth crystal with a thin iridescent layer of bismuth oxide with a whitish silver bismuth cube for comparison Goethite an iron III oxide hydroxide from Polk County Arkansas Polished labradoriteMeteorological Edit Polar stratospheric clouds displaying a Nacreous iridescence Cloud iridescenceMan made Edit Pearlescent paint job on a Toyota Supra car Playing surface of a compact disc Iridescent glitter nail polish Smartphone with iridescent back panel An engine oil spillNanocellulose is sometimes iridescent 26 as are thin films of gasoline and some other hydrocarbons and alcohols when floating on water 27 To create jewelry with crystal glass that lets light refract in a rainbow spectrum Swarovski coats some of its products with special metallic chemical coatings For example its Aurora Borealis gives the surface a rainbow appearance citation needed Optically variable ink uses finely powdered iridescent glitter See also EditAnisotropy Bioluminescence irrespective of angle Dichroic filter Dichroism Iridocyte Labradorescence Adularescence Metallic color Opalescence Structural color Thin film optics Nacre OpalReferences Edit Online Etymology Dictionary etymonline com Archived from the original on 2014 04 07 a b Srinivasarao Mohan July 1999 Nano Optics in the Biological World Beetles Butterflies Birds and Moths Chemical Reviews 99 7 1935 1962 doi 10 1021 cr970080y PMID 11849015 Kinoshita S Yoshioka S Miyazaki J 1 July 2008 Physics of structural colors Reports on Progress in Physics 71 7 076401 Bibcode 2008RPPh 71g6401K doi 10 1088 0034 4885 71 7 076401 S2CID 53068819 Meadows Melissa G Butler Michael W Morehouse Nathan I Taylor Lisa A Toomey Matthew B McGraw Kevin J Rutowski Ronald L 23 February 2009 Iridescence views from many angles Journal of the Royal Society Interface 6 suppl 2 S107 13 doi 10 1098 rsif 2009 0013 focus PMC 2706472 PMID 19336343 a b Yoshioka S Matsuhana B Tanaka S Inouye Y Oshima N Kinoshita S 16 June 2010 Mechanism of variable structural colour in the neon tetra quantitative evaluation of the Venetian blind model Journal of the Royal Society Interface 8 54 56 66 doi 10 1098 rsif 2010 0253 PMC 3024824 PMID 20554565 Rutowski R L Macedonia J M Morehouse N Taylor Taft L 2 September 2005 Pterin pigments amplify iridescent ultraviolet signal in males of the orange sulphur butterfly Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences 272 1578 2329 2335 doi 10 1098 rspb 2005 3216 PMC 1560183 PMID 16191648 Ackerman Steven A Knox John A 2013 Meteorology Understanding the Atmosphere Jones amp Bartlett Learning pp 173 175 ISBN 978 1 284 03080 8 Hsiung Bor Kai Siddique Radwanul Hasan Stavenga Doekele G Otto Jurgen C Allen Michael C Liu Ying Lu Yong Feng Deheyn Dimitri D Shawkey Matthew D Blackledge Todd A 22 December 2017 Rainbow peacock spiders inspire miniature super iridescent optics Nature Communications 8 1 2278 Bibcode 2017NatCo 8 2278H doi 10 1038 s41467 017 02451 x PMC 5741626 PMID 29273708 Lee David 2007 Nature s Palette The Science of Plant Color University of Chicago Press ISBN 978 0 226 47052 8 page needed van der Kooi Casper J Wilts Bodo D Leertouwer Hein L Staal Marten Elzenga J Theo M Stavenga Doekele G July 2014 Iridescent flowers Contribution of surface structures to optical signaling PDF New Phytologist 203 2 667 673 doi 10 1111 nph 12808 PMID 24713039 van der Kooi Casper J Dyer Adrian G Stavenga Doekele G January 2015 Is floral iridescence a biologically relevant cue in plant pollinator signaling New Phytologist 205 1 18 20 doi 10 1111 nph 13066 PMID 25243861 Hsiung Bor Kai Siddique Radwanul Hasan Jiang Lijia Liu Ying Lu Yongfeng Shawkey Matthew D Blackledge Todd A January 2017 Tarantula Inspired Noniridescent Photonics with Long Range Order Advanced Optical Materials 5 2 1600599 doi 10 1002 adom 201600599 Hooke Robert Micrographia Chapter 36 Observ XXXVI Of Peacoks Ducks and Other Feathers of Changeable Colours Ball Philip 17 April 2012 Nature s Color Tricks Scientific American 306 5 74 79 Bibcode 2012SciAm 306e 74B doi 10 1038 scientificamerican0512 74 PMID 22550931 a b Zi Jian Yu Xindi Li Yizhou Hu Xinhua Xu Chun Wang Xingjun Liu Xiaohan Fu Rongtang 28 October 2003 Coloration strategies in peacock feathers Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100 22 12576 12578 Bibcode 2003PNAS 10012576Z doi 10 1073 pnas 2133313100 PMC 240659 PMID 14557541 Ruth Johnston Feller 2001 Color Science in the Examination of Museum Objects Nondestructive Procedures Getty Publications pp 169 ISBN 978 0 89236 586 9 Paint and Coating Testing Manual ASTM International pp 229 GGKEY 7W7C2G88G2J Stavenga D G Tinbergen J Leertouwer H L Wilts B D 9 November 2011 Kingfisher feathers colouration by pigments spongy nanostructures and thin films Journal of Experimental Biology 214 23 3960 3967 doi 10 1242 jeb 062620 PMID 22071186 Stavenga Doekele G Leertouwer Hein L Marshall N Justin Osorio Daniel 15 December 2010 Dramatic colour changes in a bird of paradise caused by uniquely structured breast feather barbules Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences 278 1715 2098 2104 doi 10 1098 rspb 2010 2293 PMC 3107630 PMID 21159676 Cuthill I C Bennett A T D Partridge J C Maier E J February 1999 Plumage Reflectance and the Objective Assessment of Avian Sexual Dichromatism The American Naturalist 153 2 183 200 doi 10 1086 303160 JSTOR 303160 PMID 29578758 S2CID 4386607 New lizard species found in India BBC Online 24 July 2009 Retrieved 20 February 2014 Engelking Larry 2002 Review of Veterinary Physiology Teton NewMedia p 90 ISBN 978 1 893441 69 9 Eliason Chad M Clarke Julia A 13 May 2020 Cassowary gloss and a novel form of structural color in birds Science Advances 6 20 eaba0187 Bibcode 2020SciA 6 187E doi 10 1126 sciadv aba0187 PMC 7220335 PMID 32426504 Glover Beverley J Whitney Heather M April 2010 Structural colour and iridescence in plants the poorly studied relations of pigment colour Annals of Botany 105 4 505 511 doi 10 1093 aob mcq007 PMC 2850791 PMID 20142263 Graham Rita M Lee David W Norstog Knut 1993 Physical and Ultrastructural Basis of Blue Leaf Iridescence in Two Neotropical Ferns American Journal of Botany 80 2 198 203 doi 10 2307 2445040 JSTOR 2445040 Picard G Simon D Kadiri Y LeBreux J D Ghozayel F 3 October 2012 Cellulose Nanocrystal Iridescence A New Model Langmuir 28 41 14799 14807 doi 10 1021 la302982s PMID 22988816 Zitzewitz Paul W 2011 The Handy Physics Answer Book Visible Ink Press p 215 ISBN 978 1 57859 357 6 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Iridescence A 2 2 MB GIF animation of a morpho butterfly showing iridescence Article on butterfly iridescence Archived 2015 11 07 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Iridescence amp oldid 1135521879, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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