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Carl Nägeli

April 06, 2023

For the 19th-century composer, see Hans Georg Nägeli.

Carl Wilhelm von Nägeli[2][3][4] (26 or 27 March 1817 – 10 May 1891)[4][5][6] was a Swiss botanist. He studied cell division and pollination but became known as the man who discouraged Gregor Mendel from further work on genetics. He rejected natural selection as a mechanism of evolution, favouring orthogenesis driven by a supposed "inner perfecting principle".

Carl Wilhelm von Nägeli
Born26 or (1817-03-27)27 March 1817
Kilchberg
Died10 May 1891(1891-05-10) (aged 74)
Munich
NationalitySwiss
Known forresearch on plant anatomy
Scientific career
FieldsBotanist
InfluencedGeorg Baur[1]

Birth and education

Nägeli was born in Kilchberg near Zürich, where he studied medicine at the University of Zürich. From 1839, he studied botany under A. P. de Candolle at Geneva, and graduated with a botanical thesis at Zürich in 1840. His attention having been directed by Matthias Jakob Schleiden, then professor of botany at Jena, to the microscopical study of plants, he engaged more particularly in that branch of research. He also coined the term "meristematic tissue" in 1858.

Academic career

Soon after graduation he became Privatdozent and subsequently professor extraordinary, in the University of Zürich; later he was called to fill the chair of botany at the University of Freiburg; and in 1857 he was promoted to Munich, where he remained as professor until his death.

Contributions

It was thought that Nägeli had first observed cell division during the formation of pollen, in 1842.[7] However, this is disputed by Henry Harris, who writes: "What Nägeli saw and did not see in plant material at about the same time [as Robert Remak] is somewhat obscure... I conclude... that, unlike Remak, he did not observe nuclear division... it is clear that Nägeli did not in 1844 have any idea of the importance of the nucleus in the life of the cell."[8]

In 1857, Nägeli first described microsporidia, the causative agent of pebrine disease in silkworms, which has historically devastated the silk industry in Europe.[9]

Among his other contributions to science were a series of papers in the Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Botanik[10] (1844–1846); Die neueren Algensysteme (1847); Gattungen einzelliger Algen (1849); Pflanzenphysiologische Untersuchungen (1855–1858), with Carl Eduard Cramer; Beiträge zur wissenschaftlichen Botanik[11] (1858–1868); a number of papers contributed to the Royal Bavarian Academy of Sciences, forming three volumes of Botanische Mitteilungen (1861–1881); and, finally, his volume, Mechanisch-physiologische Theorie der Abstammungslehre,[12] published in 1884. However, perhaps Nägeli is best known nowadays for his unproductive correspondence (1866–1873) with Gregor Mendel concerning the latter's celebrated work on Pisum sativum, the garden pea.

The writer Simon Mawer, in his book Gregor Mendel: planting the seeds of genetics (2006), gives us an interesting and detailed account of Nägeli's correspondence with Mendel. Mawer underlines that, at the time Nägeli was writing to the friar from Moravia, Nägeli "must have been preparing his great work entitled A mechanico-physiological theory of organic evolution (published in 1884, the year of Mendel's death) in which he proposes the concept of the 'idioplasm' as the hypothetical transmitter of inherited characters". Mawer notes that, in this Nägeli book, there is not a single mention of the work of Gregor Mendel. That prompted him to write: "We can forgive von Nägeli for being obtuse and supercilious. We can forgive him for being ignorant, a scientist of his time who did not really have the equipment to understand the significance of what Mendel had done despite the fact that he (von Nägeli) speculated extensively about inheritance. But omitting an account of Mendel's work from his book is, perhaps, unforgivable." (Mawer 2006, p. 81)

Nägeli and Hugo von Mohl were the first scientists to distinguish the plant cell wall from the inner contents, which was named the protoplasm in 1846. Nägeli believed that cells receive their hereditary characters from a part of the protoplasm which he called the idioplasma.[13] Nägeli was an advocate of orthogenesis and an opponent of Darwinism. He developed an "inner perfecting principle" which he believed directed evolution. He wrote that many evolutionary developments were nonadaptive and variation was internally programmed.[14]

Nägeli also coined the terms 'Meristem', 'Xylem' and 'Phloem' (all in 1858) while he and Hofmeister gave the 'Apical Cell Theory' (1846) which aimed to explain origin and functioning of the shoot apex meristem in plants.

The standard author abbreviation Nägeli is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.[15]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "Baur, George Herman Carl Ludwig (1859–1898)". Retrieved 10 September 2018. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  2. ^ Naegeli, Carl Wilhelm von (20 September 1884). Mechanisch-physiologische Theorie der Abstammungslehre – via Max Planck Institute for the History of Science: Virtual Laboratory Library.
  3. ^ "IPNI Author Details". www.ipni.org.
  4. ^ a b Neuenschwander, Erwin. "Nägeli, Carl Wilhelm von". HLS-DHS-DSS.CH.
  5. ^ "VL People [per346]". vlp.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de.
  6. ^ "Nägeli, Carl von – Deutsche Biographie".
  7. ^ W. T. Sedgwick and H. W. Tyler (1917). A short history of science. New York. p. 429.
  8. ^ Henry Harris. (1997). The Cells of the Body: A History of Somatic Cell Genetics. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Plainview N.Y. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-87969-460-9
  9. ^ Texier, Catherine; Vidau, Cyril; Viguès, Bernard; El Alaoui, Hicham; Delbac, Frédéric (August 2010). "Microsporidia: a model for minimal parasite–host interactions". Current Opinion in Microbiology. 13 (4): 443–449. doi:10.1016/j.mib.2010.05.005. PMID 20542726.
  10. ^ Zuerich, ETH-Bibliothek. "Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Botanik (1844-1846)". E-Periodica (in German). Retrieved 27 March 2022.
  11. ^ Beiträge zur wissenschaftlichen Botanik. 4 Bände. Engelmann.
  12. ^ Naegeli, Carl Wilhelm von (7 August 1884). Mechanisch-physiologische Theorie der Abstammungslehre – via Max Planck Institute for the History of Science: Virtual Laboratory Library.
  13. ^ Kara Rogers. (2011). The Cell. Rosen Educational Services. pp. 136–137. ISBN 978-1-61530-314-4
  14. ^ Peter J. Bowler. (1989). Evolution: The History of an Idea. University of California Press. p. 248. ISBN 978-0-520-26128-0
  15. ^ International Plant Names Index.  Nägeli.

References

  •   This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Naegeli, Karl Wilhelm von". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

External links

April 06, 2023
carl, nägeli, 19th, century, composer, hans, georg, nägeli, carl, wilhelm, nägeli, march, 1817, 1891, swiss, botanist, studied, cell, division, pollination, became, known, discouraged, gregor, mendel, from, further, work, genetics, rejected, natural, selection. For the 19th century composer see Hans Georg Nageli Carl Wilhelm von Nageli 2 3 4 26 or 27 March 1817 10 May 1891 4 5 6 was a Swiss botanist He studied cell division and pollination but became known as the man who discouraged Gregor Mendel from further work on genetics He rejected natural selection as a mechanism of evolution favouring orthogenesis driven by a supposed inner perfecting principle Carl Wilhelm von NageliBorn26 or 1817 03 27 27 March 1817KilchbergDied10 May 1891 1891 05 10 aged 74 MunichNationalitySwissKnown forresearch on plant anatomyScientific careerFieldsBotanistInfluencedGeorg Baur 1 Contents 1 Birth and education 2 Academic career 3 Contributions 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External linksBirth and education EditNageli was born in Kilchberg near Zurich where he studied medicine at the University of Zurich From 1839 he studied botany under A P de Candolle at Geneva and graduated with a botanical thesis at Zurich in 1840 His attention having been directed by Matthias Jakob Schleiden then professor of botany at Jena to the microscopical study of plants he engaged more particularly in that branch of research He also coined the term meristematic tissue in 1858 Academic career EditSoon after graduation he became Privatdozent and subsequently professor extraordinary in the University of Zurich later he was called to fill the chair of botany at the University of Freiburg and in 1857 he was promoted to Munich where he remained as professor until his death Contributions EditIt was thought that Nageli had first observed cell division during the formation of pollen in 1842 7 However this is disputed by Henry Harris who writes What Nageli saw and did not see in plant material at about the same time as Robert Remak is somewhat obscure I conclude that unlike Remak he did not observe nuclear division it is clear that Nageli did not in 1844 have any idea of the importance of the nucleus in the life of the cell 8 In 1857 Nageli first described microsporidia the causative agent of pebrine disease in silkworms which has historically devastated the silk industry in Europe 9 Among his other contributions to science were a series of papers in the Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftliche Botanik 10 1844 1846 Die neueren Algensysteme 1847 Gattungen einzelliger Algen 1849 Pflanzenphysiologische Untersuchungen 1855 1858 with Carl Eduard Cramer Beitrage zur wissenschaftlichen Botanik 11 1858 1868 a number of papers contributed to the Royal Bavarian Academy of Sciences forming three volumes of Botanische Mitteilungen 1861 1881 and finally his volume Mechanisch physiologische Theorie der Abstammungslehre 12 published in 1884 However perhaps Nageli is best known nowadays for his unproductive correspondence 1866 1873 with Gregor Mendel concerning the latter s celebrated work on Pisum sativum the garden pea The writer Simon Mawer in his book Gregor Mendel planting the seeds of genetics 2006 gives us an interesting and detailed account of Nageli s correspondence with Mendel Mawer underlines that at the time Nageli was writing to the friar from Moravia Nageli must have been preparing his great work entitled A mechanico physiological theory of organic evolution published in 1884 the year of Mendel s death in which he proposes the concept of the idioplasm as the hypothetical transmitter of inherited characters Mawer notes that in this Nageli book there is not a single mention of the work of Gregor Mendel That prompted him to write We can forgive von Nageli for being obtuse and supercilious We can forgive him for being ignorant a scientist of his time who did not really have the equipment to understand the significance of what Mendel had done despite the fact that he von Nageli speculated extensively about inheritance But omitting an account of Mendel s work from his book is perhaps unforgivable Mawer 2006 p 81 Nageli and Hugo von Mohl were the first scientists to distinguish the plant cell wall from the inner contents which was named the protoplasm in 1846 Nageli believed that cells receive their hereditary characters from a part of the protoplasm which he called the idioplasma 13 Nageli was an advocate of orthogenesis and an opponent of Darwinism He developed an inner perfecting principle which he believed directed evolution He wrote that many evolutionary developments were nonadaptive and variation was internally programmed 14 Nageli also coined the terms Meristem Xylem and Phloem all in 1858 while he and Hofmeister gave the Apical Cell Theory 1846 which aimed to explain origin and functioning of the shoot apex meristem in plants The standard author abbreviation Nageli is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name 15 See also EditUniversity of Freiburg Faculty of BiologyNotes Edit Baur George Herman Carl Ludwig 1859 1898 Retrieved 10 September 2018 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Naegeli Carl Wilhelm von 20 September 1884 Mechanisch physiologische Theorie der Abstammungslehre via Max Planck Institute for the History of Science Virtual Laboratory Library IPNI Author Details www ipni org a b Neuenschwander Erwin Nageli Carl Wilhelm von HLS DHS DSS CH VL People per346 vlp mpiwg berlin mpg de Nageli Carl von Deutsche Biographie W T Sedgwick and H W Tyler 1917 A short history of science New York p 429 Henry Harris 1997 The Cells of the Body A History of Somatic Cell Genetics Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Plainview N Y p 15 ISBN 978 0 87969 460 9 Texier Catherine Vidau Cyril Vigues Bernard El Alaoui Hicham Delbac Frederic August 2010 Microsporidia a model for minimal parasite host interactions Current Opinion in Microbiology 13 4 443 449 doi 10 1016 j mib 2010 05 005 PMID 20542726 Zuerich ETH Bibliothek Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftliche Botanik 1844 1846 E Periodica in German Retrieved 27 March 2022 Beitrage zur wissenschaftlichen Botanik 4 Bande Engelmann Naegeli Carl Wilhelm von 7 August 1884 Mechanisch physiologische Theorie der Abstammungslehre via Max Planck Institute for the History of Science Virtual Laboratory Library Kara Rogers 2011 The Cell Rosen Educational Services pp 136 137 ISBN 978 1 61530 314 4 Peter J Bowler 1989 Evolution The History of an Idea University of California Press p 248 ISBN 978 0 520 26128 0 International Plant Names Index Nageli References Edit This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Naegeli Karl Wilhelm von Encyclopaedia Britannica 11th ed Cambridge University Press External links Edit Media related to Karl Wilhelm von Nageli at Wikimedia Commons Short biography and bibliography in the Virtual Laboratory of the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science Biography and work in German Entire facsimile text of Mechanisch physiologische Theorie der Abstammungslehre Works by Carl Nageli at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Carl Nageli at Internet Archive Nageli Karl Wilhelm Encyclopedia Americana 1920 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Carl Nageli amp oldid 1133272649, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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