Capital Cities/ABC
Capital Cities/ABC Inc. was an American media company. It was founded in 1985 when Capital Cities Communications purchased the much larger American Broadcasting Company. It was eventually acquired by The Walt Disney Company and re-branded itself as Disney–ABC Television Group (now Disney General Entertainment Content) in 1996.
| Formerly |
|
|---|---|
| Company type | Public |
| NYSE: CBB[1] | |
| Industry | Radio broadcasting, television broadcasting, publishing, recording |
| Predecessor | American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres |
| Founded | April 5, 1946 |
| Founders | Hyman Rosenblum Lowell Thomas Frank Smith |
| Defunct | September 5, 1996 |
| Fate | Acquired by and merged with The Walt Disney Company |
| Successor | |
| Headquarters | , U.S. |
Key people |
|
History edit
Origins edit
Capital Cities/ABC Inc. origins trace back in 1946, when Hyman Rosenblum (1911–1996), a local Albany businessman, and several investors, including future Congressman Leo William O'Brien and local advertising executive Harry L. Goldman decided to bid for a new radio station license in Albany. Rosenblum was also instrumental in help co-founding Hudson Valley Community College in Troy several years later, when he was on the Board of Trustees from 1953 to 1957 and then became the board's secretary in 1957, holding that position until his death in 1996. The company was incorporated as Hudson Valley Broadcasting Company on April 5, 1946[2] when the company received the license for WROW radio in Albany, New York. In October 1953, it opened the Albany-Schenectady-Troy area's second television station, WROW-TV on channel 41. In the late fall of 1954, a group of New York City-based investors, led by famous radio broadcaster and author Lowell Thomas, bought majority control of Hudson Valley Broadcasting from Rosenblum and associates. Thomas' manager/investing partner, Frank Smith became the President of the company.
The Capital Cities era edit
In 1956, WROW-TV moved from channel 41 to channel 10 and became WCDA. In 1957, Hudson Valley Broadcasting merged with Durham Broadcasting Enterprises, the owners of WTVD television in Durham, North Carolina.[3] The new company took the name Capital Cities Television Corporation in November 1957,[2] as both WROW/WCDA (now WTEN) and WTVD served the capital regions of their respective states. Capital Cities then began purchasing stations, starting with WPRO-AM-FM-TV in Providence, Rhode Island (another capital city) in 1959.[4] In December 1959, the company's name was changed to Capital Cities Broadcasting.[2]
During the 1960s, Capital Cities' holdings grew with the separate 1961 purchases of WPAT-AM-FM in Paterson, New Jersey, and WKBW radio and WKBW-TV in Buffalo, New York;[5] and of the Goodwill Stations, which included WJR-AM-FM in Detroit, WJRT-TV in Flint, Michigan, and WSAZ-AM-TV in Huntington, West Virginia (serving the Charleston capital region), in 1964.[6] CapCities entered the Los Angeles market in 1966 with its purchase of KPOL (later KZLA and now the present-day KMPC) and KPOL-FM (later KZLA-FM and now KLLI).[7] As a result of the Goodwill Stations purchase, and to adhere to Federal Communications Commission rules limiting ownership of VHF television stations to five per company, Capital Cities spun off WJRT-TV to Poole Broadcasting, a company owned by former CapCities shareholder John B. Poole.[8] Poole's own Poole Broadcasting firm would later purchase two other television stations from CapCities: the second was WPRO-TV (now WPRI-TV) in 1967, coinciding with CapCities' purchase of KTRK-TV in Houston from the Houston Chronicle in June of that year.[9][10][11]
In 1968, Capital Cities entered the publishing business by acquiring Fairchild Publications, publisher of several magazines including Women's Wear Daily.[12] The following year the firm purchased its first newspaper, The Oakland Press of Pontiac, Michigan.
The following year, the company made another big purchase—acquiring WFIL-AM-FM-TV in Philadelphia, WNHC-AM-FM-TV in New Haven, Connecticut (in another capital region), and KFRE-AM-FM-TV in Fresno, California from Triangle Publications, as well as its syndicated television unit Triangle Program Sales.[13][14] Capital Cities would immediately sell the radio stations to new owners, and, so as to comply with an FCC rule in place then that prohibited TV and radio stations in the same market, but different ownership from sharing the same callsigns, changed the television stations' calls to WPVI-TV, WTNH-TV, and KFSN-TV respectively. The acquisitions of WPVI and WTNH gave them seven VHF stations, two stations over the FCC limit at the time, and WTEN and WSAZ-TV were respectively spun off by CapCities to Poole Broadcasting and Lee Enterprises not long after the Triangle purchase was finalized.[15][16][17] After the sale was consummated, its syndicated unit was renamed to Capital Cities Television Productions (aka Capital Cities TV Productions and Capital Cities Productions). Charles Keller was named general manager of the unit.[18] WSAZ radio in Huntington was divested to Stoner Broadcasting (it is now WRVC), also as a result of the Triangle deal.[19] To reflect the diversity of their holdings, the company changed its name to Capital Cities Communications on May 4, 1973.[2]
In 1974, Capital Cities bought WBAP and KSCS-FM in Fort Worth, Texas, along with its purchase of the Fort Worth Star-Telegram.[20] The firm also increased its newspaper and publishing holdings during the middle-1970s. In 1974, Capital Cities acquired the Oregon-based Jackson Newspapers chain, which included the Albany Democrat-Herald, the Ashland Daily Tidings, and several other local newspapers and magazines. [citation needed] The Kansas City (Missouri) Star was acquired in 1977, and the following year CapCities bought Times Leader of Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania.[citation needed]
In 1977, the company was a lead plaintiff in a lawsuit by the owners of Buffalo-based TV stations against the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission over that country's simultaneous substitution rules. The Supreme Court of Canada ruled against the broadcasters. From 1978 to 1985, just before it bought ABC, Capital Cities Communications produced a series of family specials distributed through its syndicated unit.[21]
Returning to broadcasting, WBIE-FM (now WKHX-FM) in Marietta, Georgia (near Atlanta, another capital city), was bought in 1981.[22] WROW radio in Albany, the company's first station, and its FM counterpart (which is now WYJB) were sold in 1983,[23] and in 1984 the company made its last pre-ABC-merger purchases with independent station WFTS-TV in Tampa, Florida[24] and KLAC radio in Los Angeles (concurrent with the sale of KZLA).[25]
Capital Cities/ABC edit
On March 19, 1985, Capital Cities announced that it would purchase ABC for $3.5 billion, which shocked the media industry, as ABC was some four times bigger than Capital Cities was at the time. Berkshire Hathaway chairman Warren Buffett helped to finance the deal in exchange for a 25 percent share in the combined company.[26][27] The deal was, at the time, the largest non-oil merger in world business history.[28] However, this record would be surpassed by year's end by the merger of General Electric and RCA (the latter company then being the parent company of rival network NBC).[29]
The newly merged company, known as Capital Cities/ABC[2] (or CapCities/ABC), was forced to sell off some stations due to FCC ownership limits. Between them, ABC and CapCities owned more television stations than FCC rules allowed at the time. Also, the two companies owned several radio stations in the same markets.[30] Of the former Capital Cities television stations, the new company opted to keep the outlets in Philadelphia, Houston, Durham, and Fresno. WFTS and ABC's WXYZ-TV in Detroit were divested as a pair to the E. W. Scripps Company's broadcasting division (then known as Scripps-Howard Broadcasting). WTNH and WKBW-TV were sold separately to minority-owned companies;[31] WKBW-TV would eventually be acquired by E.W. Scripps by 2014. WTNH would have been sold in any event due to a significant signal overlap with ABC flagship WABC-TV in New York City. At the time, the FCC normally did not allow companies to own two television stations with common coverage areas (known commonly as the "one-to-a-market" rule), and would not even consider granting a waiver for a city-grade overlap.
The merged company could have been forced to sell off WPVI as well due to a large Grade B signal overlap with WABC-TV. Citing CBS' ownership of television stations in New York City (WCBS-TV) and Philadelphia (at the time WCAU-TV) under grandfathered status, Capital Cities/ABC requested, and was granted a permanent waiver from the FCC allowing it to keep WPVI-TV. Had the waiver request been denied, WXYZ-TV would have been retained.
WPVI-TV and KTRK-TV had long been ABC affiliates (in fact, two of ABC's strongest affiliates), while WTVD and KFSN-TV, longtime CBS affiliates, respectively switched to ABC in August and September 1985.
On the radio side, new owners were found for CapCities' WPAT stations (Park Communications was the buyer), WKBW (Price Communications, the new owner, changed its call letters to WWKB, which was necessitated due to an FCC regulation in effect then that forbade TV and radio stations in the same city, but with different owners from sharing the same call letters) and KLAC and KZLA-FM (to Malrite Communications), and ABC's WRIF-FM in Detroit (to a minority-owned concern), among others.[32]
The merger was completed on January 3, 1986. Capital Cities/ABC retained ABC's radio and television combinations in New York City (WABC, WABC-TV and WPLJ), Los Angeles (KABC, KABC-TV and KLOS), Chicago (WLS, WLS-FM and WLS-TV), and San Francisco (KGO and KGO-TV), along with WMAL and WRQX-FM in Washington, D.C.; CapCities' aforementioned television outlets and the Detroit, Providence, Marietta and Fort Worth radio stations; Fairchild Publications; the Fort Worth Star-Telegram and the Kansas City Star; and other broadcasting and publishing properties.[12] Orbis Communications immediately purchased the syndication rights to the Capital Cities production library.[33] The library was then leased to pay cable channel HBO for two years for its Family Specials library of 26 titles.[34]
In May 1991, Capital Cities/ABC's Farm Progress Cos. closed its purchase of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Inc.'s 12-magazine farm publishing group.[35] In 1992, Capital Cities/ABC sold Word Inc.'s music and book publishing to Thomas Nelson.[36] In 1992, ABC launched its new home video unit ABC Video, which was headed by former Vestron Video employee Jon Peisinger.[37] In February 1993, the company formed a television production joint venture with Brillstein-Grey Entertainment to tap into their managed talent and to take advantage of relaxed production regulations.[38][39] In July, CC/ABC purchased a majority ownership in animation studio DIC Animation City, forming a joint venture called DIC Entertainment L.P.[40] Later in July, CC/ABC reorganized into 4 groups, ABC TV Network Group, CC/ABC Publishing Group, the CC/ABC Broadcast Group, and a newly formed CC/ABC Multimedia Group overseeing the network, magazines & newspapers, stations and new technology & miscellaneous operations respectively. Network Group president Bob Iger was also promoted to executive president of CC/ABC.[41] Also in 1993, ABC launched a new video line Signet Video,[42] which were designed to release feature films for theatrical release or telemovies.[43] It was subsequently changed its name to Summa Video, and signed a deal with Paramount Home Video to handle distribution of the titles.[44]
In 1994, CC/ABC agreed to a $200 million seven-year television production joint venture with the original DreamWorks live-action studio.[45] Also that year, CC/ABC formed a partnership with Brillstein/Grey Entertainment to launch Brillstein/Grey Communications.[46]
The Walt Disney Company announced that it would merge with Capital Cities/ABC in 1995.[47] This merger of equals led to the formation of a new subsidiary, ABC, Inc., on September 19, 1996.
Structure at Disney acquisition edit
- ABC Television Network Group
- ABC News
- ABC Sports
- ABC Entertainment
- ABC Daytime
- ABC Children's Programming
- CC/ABC Broadcasting Group
- ABC Radio Network
- eight TV stations
- 21 radio stations
- ABC Cable and International Broadcast Group
- ESPN Inc. (80%)
- Eurosport (33.3%, England)
- TV Sport (10%, France; Eurosport affiliate)
- The Japan Sports Channel (20%)
- A&E Television Networks (37.5%)
- Lifetime Television (50%)
- Tele-Muchen (50%, Germany)
- RTL2 20%
- Hamster Productions (33%, France)
- ESPN Inc. (80%)
- DIC Entertainment (Limited Partnerships with Andy Heyward)
- DIC Entertainment, L.P. (100%)
- DIC Productions, L.P. (95%)
- Scandinavian Broadcasting System (23%, Luxembourg)
- CC/ABC Publishing Group
- Fairchild Publications
- Chilton Publications
- multiple newspapers from a dozen dailies and more weeklies
- dozens more publications in the fields of business and law trade journals
- Farm Progress
- Los Angeles Magazine
- Institutional Investor
- CC/ABC Multimedia Group[50]
- Creative Wonders (Joint-venture with Electronic Arts)
Former Capital Cities-owned stations edit
Stations are listed alphabetically by state and city of license.
Notes:
- (**) – indicates a station built and signed on by a predecessor company of Capital Cities.
Television stations edit
| City of license / Market | Station |
| Current ownership status | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fresno, CA-Visalia, CA | KFSN-TV | 30 (30) | 1971–1986 | ABC owned-and-operated (O&O) |
| New Haven–Hartford, CT | WTNH-TV | 8 (10) | 1971–1986 | ABC affiliate owned by Nexstar Media Group |
| Tampa–St. Petersburg, FL | WFTS-TV | 28 (29) | 1984–1986 | ABC affiliate owned by the E. W. Scripps Company |
| Flint–Saginaw–Bay City, MI | WJRT-TV | 12 (12) | 1964 | ABC affiliate owned by Allen Media Broadcasting |
| Albany–Schenectady–Troy, NY | WROW-TV/WCDA/WTEN** | 10 (26) | 1953–1971 | ABC affiliate owned by Nexstar Media Group |
| Buffalo, NY | WKBW-TV | 7 (38) | 1961–1986 | ABC affiliate owned by the E. W. Scripps Company |
| Durham–Raleigh–Fayetteville, NC | WTVD** | 11 (11) | 1957–1986 | ABC owned-and-operated (O&O) |
| Philadelphia, PA | WPVI-TV | 6 (6) | 1971–1986 | ABC owned-and-operated (O&O) |
| Providence, RI–New Bedford, MA | WPRO-TV | 12 (13) | 1959–1967 | CBS affiliate, WPRI-TV, owned by Nexstar Media Group |
| Houston, TX | KTRK-TV | 13 (13) | 1967–1986 | ABC owned-and-operated (O&O) |
| Huntington–Charleston, WV | WSAZ-TV | 3 (23) | 1964–1971 | NBC affiliate owned by Gray Television |
- This list does not include WTVG in Toledo, Ohio. That station, which switched its affiliation from NBC to ABC, was purchased by Capital Cities/ABC in 1995, and was completed just before Disney's acquisition of the combined group was finalized. In addition, WJRT-TV was reacquired in the same deal.
Radio stations edit
| AM Station | FM Station |
|---|
| City of license / Market | Station | Years owned | Current ownership |
|---|---|---|---|
| Los Angeles, CA | KPOL/KZLA 1540 | 1966–1984 | KMPC, owned by P&Y Broadcasting Licensee, LLC |
| KLAC 570 | 1984–1986 | Owned by iHeartMedia | |
| KPOL-FM/KZLA-FM 93.9 | 1966–1986 | KXOS, owned by 93.9 Holdings | |
| Atlanta–Marietta, GA | WKHX 590 | 1985–1986 | WDWD, owned by Salem Media Group |
| WKHX-FM 101.5 | 1981–1986 | Owned by Cumulus Media | |
| Detroit, MI | WJR 760 | 1964–1986 | Owned by Cumulus Media |
| WJR-FM/WHYT 96.3 | 1964–1986 | WDVD, owned by Cumulus Media | |
| Paterson, NJ–New York City, NY | WPAT 930 | 1961–1985 | Owned by Multicultural Broadcasting |
| WPAT-FM 93.1 | 1961–1985 | Owned by Spanish Broadcasting System | |
| Albany–Schenectady–Troy, NY | WROW 590 | 1947–1983 | Owned by Pamal Broadcasting |
| WROW-FM 95.5** | 1966–1983 | WYJB, owned by Pamal Broadcasting | |
| Buffalo, NY | WKBW 1520 | 1961–1986 | WWKB, owned by Audacy, Inc. |
| Providence–Warwick, RI | WPRO 630 | 1959–1986 | Owned by Cumulus Media |
| WPRO-FM 92.3 | 1959–1986 | Owned by Cumulus Media | |
| Fort Worth–Dallas, TX | WBAP 820 | 1974–1986 | Owned by Cumulus Media |
| KSCS 96.3 | 1974–1986 | Owned by Cumulus Media | |
| Huntington, WV–Ashland, KY | WSAZ 930 | 1964–1970 | WRVC, owned by Fifth Avenue Broadcasting Company |
- All stations currently under ownership of Cumulus Media were previously owned by Citadel Broadcasting before Cumulus acquired the company on September 16, 2011. Most of these same stations were owned by the Walt Disney Company until Citadel's purchase of ABC Radio Networks and these stations on June 12, 2007 (except for WPRO-AM-FM, which were sold by Capital Cities/ABC in 1993 and acquired by Citadel in 1997).
Financial results edit
| Year | Revenues | Net income | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TV/Radio | Press | Total | TV/Radio | Press | Total | |
| 1983[51] | 302,785 | 459,510 | 762,295 | 124,696 | 104,034 | 228,730 |
| 1984[51] | 348,106 | 591,616 | 939,722 | 144,182 | 133,179 | 277,361 |
| 1985[51] | 378,297 | 642,583 | 1,020,880 | 150,970 | 138,512 | 289,482 |
| 1986[51] | 3,153,619[CA 1] | 970,755 | 4,124,374 | 474,535 | 158,999 | 602,678 |
| 1987[51] | 3,433,749 | 1,006,597 | 4,440,346 | 632,910 | 146,717 | 745,990 |
| 1988[51] | 3,749,557 | 1,023,896 | 4,773,453 | 722,171 | 129,720 | 816,029 |
| 1989[51] | 3,899,898 | 1,057,405 | 4,957,394 | 836,149 | 130,444 | 922,512 |
| 1990[51] | 4,283,633 | 1,101,969 | 5,385,602 | 830,457 | 132,371 | 923,215 |
| 1991[51] | 4,329,743 | 1,052,246 | 5,381,989 | 669,708 | 122,905 | 761,233 |
| 1992[51][52] | 4,265,561 | 1,078,566 | 5,344,127 | 619,317 | 136,389 | 755,706 |
| 1993[51] | 4,663,215 | 1,010,438 | 5,673,653 | 778,077 | 125,647 | 903,724 |
| 1994[53] | 5,277 | 1,102.1 | 6,379.7 | 1,127 | 155 | 1,239 |
| 1995[54] | 5,727.5 | 1,151.1 | 6,878.5 | 1,164.8 | 139 | 1,238.8 |
| Since 1996, Capital Cities/ABC's financial results are included in those of Disney Media Networks. | ||||||
References edit
- ^ "SEC on acquisition of Capital Cities/ABC Inc. by The Walt Disney Company".
- ^ a b c d e ABC, INC. Selected Entity Name: CAPITAL CITIES COMMUNICATIONS, INC. Entity Information. NYS Department of State: Division of Corporations.
- ^ "This week's receipts: $26 million." Broadcasting - Telecasting, April 8, 1957, pp. 31-32. [1] [2]
- ^ "Providence stations sold" (PDF). Broadcasting. December 22, 1958. p. 9.
- ^ "FCC okays $30 million in station sales" (PDF). Broadcasting. August 7, 1961. p. 90.
- ^ "Another group gets bigger" (PDF). Broadcasting. March 2, 1964. p. 64.
- ^ "Capital Cities Corp. agrees to purchase station KPOL." The New York Times, March 5, 1966, pg. 51.
- ^ "Big sales get FCC approval." Broadcasting, August 3, 1964, pp. 52-53. [3] [4]
- ^ "Capital Cities buys KTRK-TV in Houston" (PDF). Broadcasting. November 21, 1966. p. 9.
- ^ "Poole buying WPRO-TV for $16.5 million" (PDF). Broadcasting. February 27, 1967. p. 9.
- ^ "Capital Cities buy-sale OK'd" (PDF). Broadcasting. June 19, 1967. p. 58.
- ^ a b Godfrey, Donald G.; Leigh, Frederic A. (January 1, 1998). Historical Dictionary of American Radio. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 62. ISBN 0313296367. Retrieved April 13, 2015.
- ^ "Capcities buys 9 Triangle outlets" (PDF). Broadcasting. February 16, 1970. p. 9.
- ^ "Last-minute clearance for Capcities." Broadcasting, March 1, 1971, pp. 19-20. [5] [6]
- ^ "Another spin-off by Capcities: WSAZ-TV goes next, to Lee Enterprises for $18 million" (PDF). Broadcasting. April 13, 1970. p. 46.
- ^ "Another spin-off by Capcities: WTEN(TV) goes to Poole Broadcasting for $19 million" (PDF). Broadcasting. April 27, 1970. p. 36.
- ^ "Part of Capcities package comes in" (PDF). Broadcasting. July 13, 1970. p. 36.
- ^ "Fates & Fortunes" (PDF). Broadcasting. 1972-01-31. Retrieved 2021-10-12.
- ^ "Capcities sells its AM in Huntington, W. Va" (PDF). Broadcasting. May 25, 1970. p. 50.
- ^ "Fort Worth media deal hits $100 million mark" (PDF). Broadcasting. January 8, 1973. p. 10.
- ^ "Teens are focus of latest CapCities documentary series" (PDF). Broadcasting Magazine. September 4, 1978. p. 37. Retrieved October 18, 2023.
- ^ [7][permanent dead link] Changing Hands."] Broadcasting, June 8, 1981, pg. 91.
- ^ "Changing Hands."[permanent dead link] Broadcasting, December 5, 1983, pg. 72.
- ^ "Changing Hands."[permanent dead link] Broadcasting, April 23, 1984, pg. 150.
- ^ "Changing Hands."[permanent dead link] Broadcasting, August 20, 1984, pp. 65-66[permanent dead link].
- ^ Kleinfield, N.R. "ABC is being sold for $3.5 billion; 1st network sale." The New York Times, March 19, 1985.
- ^ "Capcities + ABC." Broadcasting, March 25, 1985, pp. 31-32.
- ^ Lowry, Brian (December 28, 1999). . Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on February 2, 2016. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
In 1985, after 32 years running ABC, he [Leonard Goldenson] agreed to sell the network to Capital Cities for $3.5 billion, at that time the biggest non-oil merger in history.
- ^ "General Electric Co., in the largest non-oil merger in..." United Press International. December 11, 1985. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
- ^ "FCC approval of CapCities/ABC deal likely." Broadcasting, March 25, 1985, pg. 33.
- ^ "ABC/CCC sells four TV's for $485 million; Detroit, Tampa to Scripps Howard." Broadcasting, July 29, 1985, pg. 30.
- ^ "Breaking up and breaking records." Broadcasting, August 12, 1985, pg. 29.
- ^ "Syndication Marketplace" (PDF). Broadcasting. 1986-01-13. Retrieved 2021-10-12.
- ^ "Cablecastings" (PDF). Broadcasting. August 4, 1986. p. 14. Retrieved October 18, 2023.
- ^ Strother, Susan G. (May 8, 1991). "Hbj Sells Off 12 Magazines In Farm Group". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved May 11, 2015.
- ^ (unsigned) (November 1992). "In the News: EMI Buys Sparrow, Thomas Nelson Buys Word". CCM Magazine. 15 (5): 4. ISSN 1524-7848.
- ^ Goldstein, Seth (1992-11-21). "CapCities/ABC Makes Video Foray" (PDF). Billboard. Retrieved 2021-10-20.
- ^ Lippman, John. Cap Cities/ABC Forms Joint Venture With Brillstein-Grey. February 3, 1994. Los Angeles Times.
- ^ BILL Carter, Bill. ABC in Unusual Venture With Talent Firm. February 3, 1994. The New York Times.
- ^ Lowry, Brian (July 26, 1993). "DIC Ent. formed for kids TV fare". Variety. Retrieved 2009-08-15.
- ^ Lowry, Brian (July 27, 1993). "ABC ups Iger, regroups divisions". Variety. Retrieved May 19, 2015.
- ^ Goldstein, Seth (1993-12-11). "ABC Lines Up Busy Schedule for 1st Quarter" (PDF). Billboard. Retrieved 2021-10-20.
- ^ Goldstein, Seth (1993-12-11). "ABC First Quarter" (PDF). Billboard. Retrieved 2021-10-20.
- ^ "Paramount Gains Cap Cities/ABC Video Publishing" (PDF). Billboard. 1994-06-11. Retrieved 2021-10-20.
- ^ McClellan, Steve. (December 5, 1994). Broadcasting & Cable. 1994.
- ^ Lowry, Brian (1994-02-03). "ABC inks prod'n duo". Variety. Retrieved 2021-08-17.
- ^ Geraldine Fabrikant (5 January 1996). "THE MEDIA BUSINESS;Disney and ABC Shareholders Solidly Approve Merger Deal". The New York Times. Retrieved July 8, 2013.
- ^ "Madison Wisconsin State Journal Archives, Sep 10, 1997, p. 49". NewspaperArchive.com. 1997-09-10. Retrieved 2019-11-11.
- ^ "WEEK IN REVIEW: JUNE 23-29". Crain's Detroit Business. 1997-06-30. Retrieved 2019-11-11.
- ^ "DISNEY, CAPITAL CITIES/ABC AGREE TO MERGE; $19 Billion Transaction Will Enhance Shareholder Values By Creating World's Leading Entertainment And Communications Company. - Free Online Library". Press Release. The Walt Disney Company. Retrieved 7 March 2013.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Annual report, Section 13 and 15(d), not S-K Item 405 Acc-no: 0000950130-94-000530 Size: 406 KB". Securities and Exchange Commission.
- ^ Hagstrom 1994–1997, p. 131.
- ^ Annual report [Section 13 and 15(d), not S-K Item 405 Acc-no: 0000950130-95-000586 Size: 327 KB
- ^ Current report, items 1, 5, and 7 Acc-no: 0000950157-96-000044 Size: 16 KB
Bibliography edit
- Hagstrom, Robert G. (1994–1997). The Warren Buffett Way: Investment Strategies of the World's Greatest Investor. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-17750-4.