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Cannabaceae

January 01, 1970

Not to be confused with Cannaceae.

Cannabaceae is a small family of flowering plants, known as the hemp family. As now circumscribed, the family includes about 170 species grouped in about 11 genera, including Cannabis (hemp), Humulus (hops) and Celtis (hackberries). Celtis is by far the largest genus, containing about 100 species.[2]

Cannabaceae
Temporal range: Turonian - recent[1]
Cannabis sativa
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Cannabaceae
Martinov[2][3]
Genera

See text

Synonyms[3]
  • Celtidaceae Endl.

Cannabaceae is a member of the Rosales. Members of the family are erect or climbing plants with petalless flowers and dry, one-seeded fruits. Hemp (Cannabis) and hop (Humulus) are the most economically important species.[4]

Other than a shared evolutionary origin, members of the family have few common characteristics; some are trees (e.g. Celtis), others are herbaceous plants (e.g. Cannabis).

Description edit

Members of this family can be trees (e.g. Celtis), erect herbs (e.g. Cannabis), or twining herbs (e.g. Humulus).[2]

Leaves are often more or less palmately lobed or palmately compound and always bear stipules. Cystoliths are always present and some members of this family possess laticifers.

Cannabaceae are often dioecious (distinct male and female plants). The flowers are actinomorphic (radially symmetrical) and not showy, as these plants are pollinated by the wind. As an adaptation to this kind of pollination, the calyx and corolla are radically reduced to only vestigial remnants found as an adherent perianth coating the seed. A reduced and monophyllous cuplike perigonal bract, properly known as the bracteole, immediately surrounds and protects the seed and is often misnamed as a "calyx". Flowers are grouped to form cymes. In the dioecious plants the male inflorescences are long and look like panicles, while the female ones are shorter and bear fewer flowers. The pistil is made of two connate carpels, the usually superior ovary is unilocular; there is no fixed number of stamens.

The fruit can be an achene or a drupe.

Taxonomy edit

Classification edit

Classification systems developed prior to the 1990s, such as those of Cronquist (1981) and Dahlgren (1989), typically recognized the order Urticales, which included the families Cannabaceae, Cecropiaceae, Celtidaceae, Moraceae, Ulmaceae and Urticaceae, as then circumscribed. Molecular data from 1990s onwards showed that these families were actually embedded within the order Rosales, so that from the first classification by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group in 1998, they were placed in an expanded Rosales, forming a group which has been called 'urticalean rosids'.[3]

 
Humulus lupulus with nearly mature flowers (hops)

Cannabaceae comprises the following genera:[5][6][7]

Phylogeny edit

Cannabaceae likely originated in East Asia during the Late Cretaceous. The oldest known pollen typical of members of Cannabaceae is from the Late Cretaceous (Turonian ~94–90 million years ago) of Sarawak, Borneo. Fossils show Cannabaceae were widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere during the early Cenozoic, though their distribution shifted towards tropical regions in the later Cenozoic due to changing climates.[8]

Modern molecular phylogenetics suggest the following relationships:[3][9][10][5]

Cladogram of Cannabaceae genera

Uses edit

Carbon dating has revealed that these plants may have been used for ritual/medicinal purposes in Xinjiang, China as early as 494 B.C.[11]

Humulus lupulus, the common hop, has been the predominant bittering agent of beer for hundreds of years. The flowers' resins are responsible for beer's bitterness and their ability to extend shelf life due to some antimicrobial qualities. The young shoots are used as vegetable.[citation needed]

Some plants in the genus Cannabis are cultivated as hemp for the production of fiber, as a source of cheap oil, for their nutritious seeds, or their edible leaves. Others are cultivated for medical or recreational use as dried flowers, extracts, or infused food products. Induced parthenocarpy in pistilate flowers, and selective breeding are used to produce either higher or lower yields of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), other cannabinoids, as well as terpenes with desired flavors or aromas, such as blueberry, strawberry, or even citrus.

Many trees in the genus Celtis are grown for landscaping and ornamental purposes, and the bark of Pteroceltis is used to produce high-end Chinese rice paper.

References edit

  1. ^ "Rosales". www.mobot.org. Retrieved 2023-06-16.
  2. ^ a b c Stevens, P.F. (2001 onwards) "Cannabaceae", Angiosperm Phylogeny Website, retrieved 2014-02-25
  3. ^ a b c d Sytsma, Kenneth J.; Morawetz, Jeffery; Pires, J. Chris; Nepokroeff, Molly; Conti, Elena; Zjhra, Michelle; Hall, Jocelyn C. & Chase, Mark W. (2002), "Urticalean rosids: Circumscription, rosid ancestry, and phylogenetics based on rbcL, trnL–F, and ndhF sequences", Am J Bot, 89 (9): 1531–1546, doi:10.3732/ajb.89.9.1531, PMID 21665755, S2CID 207690258
  4. ^ "Cannabaceae | plant family".
  5. ^ a b Yang MQ, van Velzen R, Bakker FT, Sattarian A, Li DZ, Yi TS (2013). "Molecular phylogenetics and character evolution of Cannabaceae". Taxon. 62 (3): 473–485. doi:10.12705/623.9.
  6. ^ Stevens PF. (2017). "Cannabaceae Genera". Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Retrieved 4 April 2017.
  7. ^ "!!Cannabaceae Martinov". Tropicos. 2017. Retrieved 4 April 2017.
  8. ^ Jin, Jian-Jun; Yang, Mei-Qing; Fritsch, Peter W.; Velzen, Robin; Li, De-Zhu; Yi, Ting-Shuang (July 2020). "Born migrators: Historical biogeography of the cosmopolitan family Cannabaceae". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 58 (4): 461–473. doi:10.1111/jse.12552. ISSN 1674-4918. S2CID 214188503.
  9. ^ Zavada MS, Kim M (1996). "Phylogenetic analysis of Ulmaceae". Plant Syst Evol. 200 (1): 13–20. Bibcode:1996PSyEv.200...13Z. doi:10.1007/BF00984745. S2CID 44056978.
  10. ^ Yesson C, Russell SJ, Parrish T, Dalling JW, Garwood NC (2004). "Phylogenetic framework for Trema (Celtidaceae)". Plant Syst Evol. 248 (1): 85–109. doi:10.1007/s00606-004-0186-3. S2CID 10298681.
  11. ^ Jiang, Hong-En; Li, Xiao; Zhao, You-Xing; Ferguson, David K.; Hueber, Francis; Bera, Subir; Wang, Yu-Fei; Zhao, Liang-Cheng; Liu, Chang-Jiang & Li, Cheng-Sin (December 2006), "A new insight into Cannabis sativa (Cannabaceae) utilization from 2500-year-old Yanghai Tombs, Xinjiang, China", Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 108 (3): 414–422, doi:10.1016/j.jep.2006.05.034, PMID 16879937

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cannabaceae.
 
Wikispecies has information related to Cannabaceae.

January 01, 1970
cannabaceae, confused, with, cannaceae, small, family, flowering, plants, known, hemp, family, circumscribed, family, includes, about, species, grouped, about, genera, including, cannabis, hemp, humulus, hops, celtis, hackberries, celtis, largest, genus, conta. Not to be confused with Cannaceae Cannabaceae is a small family of flowering plants known as the hemp family As now circumscribed the family includes about 170 species grouped in about 11 genera including Cannabis hemp Humulus hops and Celtis hackberries Celtis is by far the largest genus containing about 100 species 2 CannabaceaeTemporal range Turonian recent 1 PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Cannabis sativa Scientific classification Kingdom Plantae Clade Tracheophytes Clade Angiosperms Clade Eudicots Clade Rosids Order Rosales Family CannabaceaeMartinov 2 3 Genera See text Synonyms 3 Celtidaceae Endl Cannabaceae is a member of the Rosales Members of the family are erect or climbing plants with petalless flowers and dry one seeded fruits Hemp Cannabis and hop Humulus are the most economically important species 4 Other than a shared evolutionary origin members of the family have few common characteristics some are trees e g Celtis others are herbaceous plants e g Cannabis Contents 1 Description 2 Taxonomy 2 1 Classification 2 2 Phylogeny 3 Uses 4 References 5 External linksDescription editMembers of this family can be trees e g Celtis erect herbs e g Cannabis or twining herbs e g Humulus 2 Leaves are often more or less palmately lobed or palmately compound and always bear stipules Cystoliths are always present and some members of this family possess laticifers Cannabaceae are often dioecious distinct male and female plants The flowers are actinomorphic radially symmetrical and not showy as these plants are pollinated by the wind As an adaptation to this kind of pollination the calyx and corolla are radically reduced to only vestigial remnants found as an adherent perianth coating the seed A reduced and monophyllous cuplike perigonal bract properly known as the bracteole immediately surrounds and protects the seed and is often misnamed as a calyx Flowers are grouped to form cymes In the dioecious plants the male inflorescences are long and look like panicles while the female ones are shorter and bear fewer flowers The pistil is made of two connate carpels the usually superior ovary is unilocular there is no fixed number of stamens The fruit can be an achene or a drupe Taxonomy editClassification editClassification systems developed prior to the 1990s such as those of Cronquist 1981 and Dahlgren 1989 typically recognized the order Urticales which included the families Cannabaceae Cecropiaceae Celtidaceae Moraceae Ulmaceae and Urticaceae as then circumscribed Molecular data from 1990s onwards showed that these families were actually embedded within the order Rosales so that from the first classification by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group in 1998 they were placed in an expanded Rosales forming a group which has been called urticalean rosids 3 nbsp Humulus lupulus with nearly mature flowers hops Cannabaceae comprises the following genera 5 6 7 Aphananthe Planch 5 spp Cannabis Hemp 3 spp Celtis L 73 109 spp Chaetachme Planch 1 sp Gironniera Gaudich 6 spp Humulus L Hop 3 spp Lozanella Greenm 2 spp Parasponia Miq 5 10 spp Pteroceltis Maxim 1 sp Trema Lour 12 42 spp Phylogeny edit Cannabaceae likely originated in East Asia during the Late Cretaceous The oldest known pollen typical of members of Cannabaceae is from the Late Cretaceous Turonian 94 90 million years ago of Sarawak Borneo Fossils show Cannabaceae were widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere during the early Cenozoic though their distribution shifted towards tropical regions in the later Cenozoic due to changing climates 8 Modern molecular phylogenetics suggest the following relationships 3 9 10 5 Cladogram of Cannabaceae genera Moraceae outgroup Cannabaceae Aphananthe Gironniera Lozanella Cannabis Humulus Celtis Pteroceltis Chaetachme Trema including Parasponia Uses editCarbon dating has revealed that these plants may have been used for ritual medicinal purposes in Xinjiang China as early as 494 B C 11 Humulus lupulus the common hop has been the predominant bittering agent of beer for hundreds of years The flowers resins are responsible for beer s bitterness and their ability to extend shelf life due to some antimicrobial qualities The young shoots are used as vegetable citation needed Some plants in the genus Cannabis are cultivated as hemp for the production of fiber as a source of cheap oil for their nutritious seeds or their edible leaves Others are cultivated for medical or recreational use as dried flowers extracts or infused food products Induced parthenocarpy in pistilate flowers and selective breeding are used to produce either higher or lower yields of tetrahydrocannabinol THC other cannabinoids as well as terpenes with desired flavors or aromas such as blueberry strawberry or even citrus Many trees in the genus Celtis are grown for landscaping and ornamental purposes and the bark of Pteroceltis is used to produce high end Chinese rice paper References edit Rosales www mobot org Retrieved 2023 06 16 a b c Stevens P F 2001 onwards Cannabaceae Angiosperm Phylogeny Website retrieved 2014 02 25 a b c d Sytsma Kenneth J Morawetz Jeffery Pires J Chris Nepokroeff Molly Conti Elena Zjhra Michelle Hall Jocelyn C amp Chase Mark W 2002 Urticalean rosids Circumscription rosid ancestry and phylogenetics based on rbcL trnL F and ndhF sequences Am J Bot 89 9 1531 1546 doi 10 3732 ajb 89 9 1531 PMID 21665755 S2CID 207690258 Cannabaceae plant family a b Yang MQ van Velzen R Bakker FT Sattarian A Li DZ Yi TS 2013 Molecular phylogenetics and character evolution of Cannabaceae Taxon 62 3 473 485 doi 10 12705 623 9 Stevens PF 2017 Cannabaceae Genera Angiosperm Phylogeny Website Retrieved 4 April 2017 Cannabaceae Martinov Tropicos 2017 Retrieved 4 April 2017 Jin Jian Jun Yang Mei Qing Fritsch Peter W Velzen Robin Li De Zhu Yi Ting Shuang July 2020 Born migrators Historical biogeography of the cosmopolitan family Cannabaceae Journal of Systematics and Evolution 58 4 461 473 doi 10 1111 jse 12552 ISSN 1674 4918 S2CID 214188503 Zavada MS Kim M 1996 Phylogenetic analysis of Ulmaceae Plant Syst Evol 200 1 13 20 Bibcode 1996PSyEv 200 13Z doi 10 1007 BF00984745 S2CID 44056978 Yesson C Russell SJ Parrish T Dalling JW Garwood NC 2004 Phylogenetic framework for Trema Celtidaceae Plant Syst Evol 248 1 85 109 doi 10 1007 s00606 004 0186 3 S2CID 10298681 Jiang Hong En Li Xiao Zhao You Xing Ferguson David K Hueber Francis Bera Subir Wang Yu Fei Zhao Liang Cheng Liu Chang Jiang amp Li Cheng Sin December 2006 A new insight into Cannabis sativa Cannabaceae utilization from 2500 year old Yanghai Tombs Xinjiang China Journal of Ethnopharmacology 108 3 414 422 doi 10 1016 j jep 2006 05 034 PMID 16879937External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cannabaceae nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Cannabaceae Cannabaceae of Mongolia in FloraGREIF Archived 2016 03 04 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Cannabaceae amp oldid 1217692532, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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