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Candida (fungus)

Candida is a genus of yeasts. It is the most common cause of fungal infections worldwide and the largest genus of medically important yeast.[1][2]

Candida
Candida albicans at 200× magnification
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Saccharomycetes
Order: Saccharomycetales
Family: Saccharomycetaceae
Genus: Candida
Berkh. (1923)
Type species
Candida vulgaris
Berkh. (1923)

The genus Candida encompasses about 200 species.[2] Many species are harmless commensals or endosymbionts of hosts including humans; however, when mucosal barriers are disrupted or the immune system is compromised they can invade and cause disease, known as an opportunistic infection.[3] Candida is located on most mucosal surfaces and mainly the gastrointestinal tract, along with the skin.[3] Candida albicans is one of the most commonly isolated species and can cause infections (candidiasis or thrush) in humans and other animals. In winemaking, some species of Candida can potentially spoil wines.[4]

Many species are found in gut flora, including C. albicans in mammalian hosts, whereas others live as endosymbionts in insect hosts.[5][6][7] Systemic infections of the bloodstream and major organs (candidemia or invasive candidiasis), particularly in patients with an impaired immune system (immunocompromised), affect over 90,000 people a year in the US.[8]

The genome of several Candida species has been sequenced.[8]

Antibiotics promote yeast (fungal) infections, including gastrointestinal (GI) Candida overgrowth and penetration of the GI mucosa.[9] While women are more susceptible to genital yeast infections, men can also be infected. Certain factors, such as prolonged antibiotic use, increase the risk for both men and women. People with diabetes or the immunocompromised, such as those infected with HIV, are more susceptible to yeast infections.[10][11]

Candida antarctica and Candida rugosa are a source of industrially important lipases, while Candida krusei is prominently used to ferment cacao during chocolate production. Lipases from Candida rugosa are also used to digest fats in laboratory essays because of their broad range of activity.[12]

Biology edit

 
Agar plate culture of C. albicans

When grown in a laboratory, Candida appears as large, round, white or cream (albicans means "whitish" in Latin) colonies, which emit a yeasty odor on agar plates at room temperature.[13] C. albicans ferments glucose and maltose to acid and gas, sucrose to acid, and does not ferment lactose, which helps to distinguish it from other Candida species.[14]

Recent molecular phylogenetic studies show that the genus Candida, as currently defined, is extremely polyphyletic (encompassing distantly-related species that do not form a natural group).[15] Before the advent of inexpensive molecular methods, yeasts that were isolated from infected patients were often called Candida without clear evidence of relationship to other Candida species. For example, Candida glabrata, Candida guilliermondii, and Candida lusitaniae are clearly misclassified[15] and will be placed in other genera once phylogenetic reorganization is complete (for example, see Khunnamwong et al. 2015).[16]

Some species of Candida use a non-standard genetic code in the translation of their nuclear genes into the amino acid sequences of polypeptides.[17] The difference in the genetic code between species possessing this alternative code is that the codon CUG (normally encoding the amino acid leucine) is translated by the yeast as a different amino acid, serine. The alternative translation of the CUG codon in these species is due to a novel nucleic acid sequence in the serine-tRNA (ser-tRNACAG), which has a guanosine located at position 33, 5' to the anticodon. In all other tRNAs, this position is normally occupied by a pyrimidine (often uridine). This genetic code change is the only such known alteration in cytoplasmic mRNA, in both the prokaryotes, and the eukaryotes, involving the reassignment of a sense codon.[18] This novel genetic code may be a mechanism for more rapid adaptation to the organism's environment, as well as playing an important role in the evolution of the genus Candida by creating genetic barriers that encouraged speciation.[18]

Pathogen edit

 
Candida spores in a vaginal swab. (Gram stain)

Candida are almost universal in low numbers on healthy adult skin[14] and C. albicans is part of the normal flora of the mucous membranes of the respiratory, gastrointestinal and female genital tracts. The dryness of skin compared to other tissues prevents the growth of the fungus, but damaged skin or skin in intertriginous regions is more amenable to rapid growth.[19]

Overgrowth of several species, including C. albicans, can cause infections ranging from superficial, such as oropharyngeal candidiasis (thrush) or vulvovaginal candidiasis (vaginal candidiasis) and subpreputial candidiasis, which may cause balanitis, to systemic, such as fungemia and invasive candidiasis. Oral candidiasis is common in elderly denture-wearers.[20] In otherwise healthy individuals, these superficial infections can be cured with topical or systemic antifungal medications[21] (commonly over-the-counter antifungal treatments like miconazole or clotrimazole). In debilitated or immunocompromised patients, or if introduced intravenously (into the bloodstream), candidiasis may become a systemic disease producing abscesses, thrombophlebitis, endocarditis, or infections of the eyes or other organs.[8][14] Typically, relatively severe neutropenia (low neutrophils) is a prerequisite for Candida to pass through the defenses of the skin and cause disease in deeper tissues; in such cases, mechanical disruption of the infected skin sites is typically a factor in the fungal invasion of the deeper tissues.[19] The most common way to treat invasive candida infections is with the use of amphotericin or fluconazole; other methods would include surgery.[22]

Applications edit

C. albicans has been used in combination with carbon nanotubes (CNT) to produce stable electrically conductive bio-nano-composite tissue materials that have been used as temperature-sensing elements.[23]

Species edit

Among Candida species, C. albicans, which is a normal constituent of the human flora, a commensal of the skin and the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts, is responsible for the majority of Candida bloodstream infections (candidemia).[24] Yet, there is an increasing incidence of infections caused by C. glabrata and C. rugosa, which could be because they are frequently less susceptible to the currently used azole-group of antifungals.[25] Other medically important species include C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, C. dubliniensis.[8] and the more recently emerging pathogen C. auris.[26]

Other Candida species, such as C. oleophila, have been used as biological control agents in fruit.[27]

References edit

  1. ^ Manolakaki, D.; Velmahos, G.; Kourkoumpetis, T.; Chang, Y.; Alam, H. B.; De Moya, M. M.; Mylonakis, E. (2010). "Candida infection and colonization among trauma patients". Virulence. 1 (5): 367–75. doi:10.4161/viru.1.5.12796. PMID 21178472.
  2. ^ a b Brandt, Mary E.; Lockhart, Shawn R. (2012-09-01). "Recent Taxonomic Developments with Candida and Other Opportunistic Yeasts". Current Fungal Infection Reports. 6 (3): 170–177. doi:10.1007/s12281-012-0094-x. ISSN 1936-377X. PMC 4626447. PMID 26526658.
  3. ^ a b Kourkoumpetis TK, Velmahos GC, Ziakas PD, Tampakakis E, Manolakaki D, Coleman JJ, Mylonakis E (2011). "The effect of cumulative length of hospital stay on the antifungal resistance of Candida strains isolated from critically ill surgical patients". Mycopathologia. 171 (2): 85–91. doi:10.1007/s11046-010-9369-3. PMC 4093797. PMID 20927595.
  4. ^ Fugelsang, K.; Edwards, C. (2010). Wine Microbiology (2nd ed.). Springer. pp. 3–28. ISBN 978-0387333496.
  5. ^ Spanakis EK, Kourkoumpetis TK, Livanis G, Peleg AY, Mylonakis E (2010). "Statin therapy and decreased incidence of positive Candida cultures among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus undergoing gastrointestinal surgery". Mayo Clin. Proc. 85 (12): 1073–9. doi:10.4065/mcp.2010.0447. PMC 2996154. PMID 21123633.
  6. ^ Nguyen NH, Suh SO, Blackwell M (2007). "Five novel Candida species in insect-associated yeast clades isolated from Neuroptera and other insects". Mycologia. 99 (6): 842–858. doi:10.3852/mycologia.99.6.842. PMID 18333508.
  7. ^ Suh SO, Nguyen NH, Blackwell M (2008). "Yeasts isolated from plant-associated beetles and other insects: seven novel Candida species near Candida albicans". FEMS Yeast Res. 8 (1): 88–102. doi:10.1111/j.1567-1364.2007.00320.x. PMID 17986254.
  8. ^ a b c d d'Enfert, Christophe; Hube, Bernhard, eds. (2007). Candida: Comparative and Functional Genomics. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-13-4.
  9. ^ Kennedy MJ, Volz PA, Edwards CA, Yancey RJ (1987). "Mechanisms of association of Candida albicans with intestinal mucosa". J. Med. Microbiol. 24 (4): 333–41. doi:10.1099/00222615-24-4-333. PMID 3320372.
  10. ^ Steckelberg, James M. (2012-09-18). "Male yeast infection: Can I get it from my girlfriend?". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 2014-03-23.
  11. ^ "Yeast Infections". MedlinePlus. Retrieved 2014-03-23.
  12. ^ Menden, Ariane; Hall, Davane; Paris, Daniel; Mathura, Venkatarian; Crawford, Fiona; Mullan, Michael; Crynen, Stefan; Ait-Ghezala, Ghania (15 August 2019). "A fast, miniaturised in-vitro assay developed for quantification of lipase enzyme activity". Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry. 34 (1): 1474–1480. doi:10.1080/14756366.2019.1651312. PMC 6713963. PMID 31414611.
  13. ^ . DoctorFungus.org. Archived from the original on 2007-02-08. Retrieved 2007-02-09.
  14. ^ a b c Meyers, Frederick H.; Jawetz, Ernest; Goldfien, Alan (1978). Review of Medical Pharmacology (6th ed.). Lange Medical Publications. ISBN 978-0-87041-151-9.
  15. ^ a b Fitzpatrick, David A; Logue, Mary E; Stajich, Jason E; Butler, Geraldine (2006). "A fungal phylogeny based on 42 complete genomes derived from supertree and combined gene analysis". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 6: 99. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-6-99. PMC 1679813. PMID 17121679.
  16. ^ Khunnamwong P, Lertwattanasakul N, Jindamorakot S, Limtong S, Lachance MA (2015). "Description of Diutina gen. nov., Diutina siamensis, f.a. sp. nov., and reassignment of Candida catenulata, Candida mesorugosa, Candida neorugosa, Candida pseudorugosa, Candida ranongensis, Candida rugosa and Candida scorzettiae to the genus Diutina". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 65 (12): 4701–9. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.000634. PMID 26410375.
  17. ^ "CGD Help: Non-standard Genetic Codes". Candida Genome Database. Retrieved 1 May 2015.
  18. ^ a b Santos, Manuel A. S.; Ueda, Takuya; Watanabe, Kimitsuna; Tuite, Mick F. (31 October 2003). "The non-standard genetic code of Candida spp.: an evolving genetic code or a novel mechanism for adaptation?". Molecular Microbiology. 26 (3): 423–431. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2958.1997.5891961.x. PMID 9402014. S2CID 13575999.
  19. ^ a b Goehring, Richard V. (2008). Mims' Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Mosby Elsevier. p. 656. ISBN 9780323044752.
  20. ^ Darwazeh A, Lamey P, Samaranayake L, MacFarlane T, Fisher B, Macrury S, MacCuish A (1990). "The relationship between colonisation, secretor status and in-vitro adhesion of Candida albicans to buccal epithelial cells from diabetics". Journal of Medical Microbiology. 33 (1): 43–49. doi:10.1099/00222615-33-1-43. PMID 2231671.
  21. ^ "Yeast Infections (Candidiasis) in Men and Women". WebMD. 2012-11-12. Retrieved 2014-03-23.
  22. ^ Gamaletsou, Maria N.; Rammaert, Blandine; Bueno, Marimelle A.; Sipsas, Nikolaos V.; Moriyama, Brad; Kontoyiannis, Dimitrios P.; Roilides, Emmanuel; Zeller, Valerie; Taj-Aldeen, Saad J. (January 2016). "Candida Arthritis: Analysis of 112 Pediatric and Adult Cases". Open Forum Infectious Diseases. 3 (1): ofv207. doi:10.1093/ofid/ofv207. ISSN 2328-8957. PMC 4742637. PMID 26858961.
  23. ^ Di Giacomo, R (2013-03-07). "Candida albicans/MWCNTs: A Stable Conductive Bio-Nanocomposite and Its Temperature-Sensing Properties". IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology. 12 (2): 111–114. Bibcode:2013ITNan..12..111D. doi:10.1109/TNANO.2013.2239308. ISSN 1536-125X. S2CID 26949825.
  24. ^ Gow, Neil A. R.; Yadav, Bhawna (2017). "Microbe Profile: Candida albicans: a shape-changing, opportunistic pathogenic fungus of humans". Microbiology. 163 (8): 1145–1147. doi:10.1099/mic.0.000499. hdl:2164/12360. PMID 28809155.
  25. ^ Pfaller, M. A.; Diekema, D. J.; Colombo, A. L.; Kibbler, C.; Ng, K. P.; Gibbs, D. L.; Newell, V. A. (2006). "Candida rugosa, an emerging fungal pathogen with resistance to azoles: geographic and temporal trends from the ARTEMIS DISK antifungal surveillance program". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 44 (10): 3578–3582. doi:10.1128/JCM.00863-06. PMC 1594768. PMID 17021085.
  26. ^ Spivak, Emily S.; Hanson, Kimberly E. (2017). "Candida auris: an Emerging Fungal Pathogen". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 56 (2). doi:10.1128/JCM.01588-17. PMC 5786713. PMID 29167291.
  27. ^ . Acta Horticulturae. 485: 141–148. 1999. Archived from the original on 2018-11-06. Retrieved 2006-11-17.
  28. ^ James, S. A.; Carvajal Barriga, E. J.; Bond, C. J.; Cross, K.; Núñez, N. C.; Portero, P. B.; Roberts, I. N. (2009). "Candida carvajalissp. Nov., an ascomycetous yeast species from the Ecuadorian Amazon jungle". FEMS Yeast Research. 9 (5): 784–788. doi:10.1111/j.1567-1364.2009.00518.x. PMID 19459983.
  29. ^ Simonetti, Omar; Zerbato, Verena; Sincovich, Sara; Cosimi, Lavinia; Zorat, Francesca; Costantino, Venera; Di Santolo, Manuela; Busetti, Marina; Di Bella, Stefano; Principe, Luigi; Luzzati, Roberto (2023-04-01). "Candida lipolytica Bloodstream Infection in an Adult Patient with COVID-19 and Alcohol Use Disorder: A Unique Case and a Systematic Review of the Literature". Antibiotics. 12 (4): 691. doi:10.3390/antibiotics12040691. ISSN 2079-6382. PMC 10135169. PMID 37107053.
  30. ^ Chang, C. F.; Lin, Y. C.; Chen, S. F.; Carvajal Barriga, E. J.; Barahona, P. P.; James, S. A.; Bond, C. J.; Roberts, I. N.; Lee, C. F. (2012). "Candida theae sp. nov., a new anamorphic beverage-associated member of the Lodderomyces clade". International Journal of Food Microbiology. 153 (1–2): 10–14. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.09.012. PMID 22088606.

External links edit

  • Labs working on Candida
  •   The dictionary definition of Candida at Wiktionary

candida, fungus, this, article, missing, information, about, list, teleomorph, genera, kluyveromyces, consider, pmid, 26526658, pmid, 33028600, please, expand, article, include, this, information, further, details, exist, talk, page, february, 2022, candida, g. This article is missing information about list of teleomorph genera e g Kluyveromyces consider PMID 26526658 amp PMID 33028600 Please expand the article to include this information Further details may exist on the talk page February 2022 Candida is a genus of yeasts It is the most common cause of fungal infections worldwide and the largest genus of medically important yeast 1 2 CandidaCandida albicans at 200 magnificationScientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom FungiDivision AscomycotaClass SaccharomycetesOrder SaccharomycetalesFamily SaccharomycetaceaeGenus CandidaBerkh 1923 Type speciesCandida vulgarisBerkh 1923 The genus Candida encompasses about 200 species 2 Many species are harmless commensals or endosymbionts of hosts including humans however when mucosal barriers are disrupted or the immune system is compromised they can invade and cause disease known as an opportunistic infection 3 Candida is located on most mucosal surfaces and mainly the gastrointestinal tract along with the skin 3 Candida albicans is one of the most commonly isolated species and can cause infections candidiasis or thrush in humans and other animals In winemaking some species of Candida can potentially spoil wines 4 Many species are found in gut flora including C albicans in mammalian hosts whereas others live as endosymbionts in insect hosts 5 6 7 Systemic infections of the bloodstream and major organs candidemia or invasive candidiasis particularly in patients with an impaired immune system immunocompromised affect over 90 000 people a year in the US 8 The genome of several Candida species has been sequenced 8 Antibiotics promote yeast fungal infections including gastrointestinal GI Candida overgrowth and penetration of the GI mucosa 9 While women are more susceptible to genital yeast infections men can also be infected Certain factors such as prolonged antibiotic use increase the risk for both men and women People with diabetes or the immunocompromised such as those infected with HIV are more susceptible to yeast infections 10 11 Candida antarctica and Candida rugosa are a source of industrially important lipases while Candida krusei is prominently used to ferment cacao during chocolate production Lipases from Candida rugosa are also used to digest fats in laboratory essays because of their broad range of activity 12 Contents 1 Biology 2 Pathogen 3 Applications 4 Species 5 References 6 External linksBiology edit nbsp Agar plate culture of C albicansWhen grown in a laboratory Candida appears as large round white or cream albicans means whitish in Latin colonies which emit a yeasty odor on agar plates at room temperature 13 C albicans ferments glucose and maltose to acid and gas sucrose to acid and does not ferment lactose which helps to distinguish it from other Candida species 14 Recent molecular phylogenetic studies show that the genus Candida as currently defined is extremely polyphyletic encompassing distantly related species that do not form a natural group 15 Before the advent of inexpensive molecular methods yeasts that were isolated from infected patients were often called Candida without clear evidence of relationship to other Candida species For example Candida glabrata Candida guilliermondii and Candida lusitaniae are clearly misclassified 15 and will be placed in other genera once phylogenetic reorganization is complete for example see Khunnamwong et al 2015 16 Some species of Candida use a non standard genetic code in the translation of their nuclear genes into the amino acid sequences of polypeptides 17 The difference in the genetic code between species possessing this alternative code is that the codon CUG normally encoding the amino acid leucine is translated by the yeast as a different amino acid serine The alternative translation of the CUG codon in these species is due to a novel nucleic acid sequence in the serine tRNA ser tRNACAG which has a guanosine located at position 33 5 to the anticodon In all other tRNAs this position is normally occupied by a pyrimidine often uridine This genetic code change is the only such known alteration in cytoplasmic mRNA in both the prokaryotes and the eukaryotes involving the reassignment of a sense codon 18 This novel genetic code may be a mechanism for more rapid adaptation to the organism s environment as well as playing an important role in the evolution of the genus Candida by creating genetic barriers that encouraged speciation 18 Pathogen editMain article Candidiasis nbsp Candida spores in a vaginal swab Gram stain Candida are almost universal in low numbers on healthy adult skin 14 and C albicans is part of the normal flora of the mucous membranes of the respiratory gastrointestinal and female genital tracts The dryness of skin compared to other tissues prevents the growth of the fungus but damaged skin or skin in intertriginous regions is more amenable to rapid growth 19 Overgrowth of several species including C albicans can cause infections ranging from superficial such as oropharyngeal candidiasis thrush or vulvovaginal candidiasis vaginal candidiasis and subpreputial candidiasis which may cause balanitis to systemic such as fungemia and invasive candidiasis Oral candidiasis is common in elderly denture wearers 20 In otherwise healthy individuals these superficial infections can be cured with topical or systemic antifungal medications 21 commonly over the counter antifungal treatments like miconazole or clotrimazole In debilitated or immunocompromised patients or if introduced intravenously into the bloodstream candidiasis may become a systemic disease producing abscesses thrombophlebitis endocarditis or infections of the eyes or other organs 8 14 Typically relatively severe neutropenia low neutrophils is a prerequisite for Candida to pass through the defenses of the skin and cause disease in deeper tissues in such cases mechanical disruption of the infected skin sites is typically a factor in the fungal invasion of the deeper tissues 19 The most common way to treat invasive candida infections is with the use of amphotericin or fluconazole other methods would include surgery 22 Applications editC albicans has been used in combination with carbon nanotubes CNT to produce stable electrically conductive bio nano composite tissue materials that have been used as temperature sensing elements 23 Species editMain article List of Candida species Among Candida species C albicans which is a normal constituent of the human flora a commensal of the skin and the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts is responsible for the majority of Candida bloodstream infections candidemia 24 Yet there is an increasing incidence of infections caused by C glabrata and C rugosa which could be because they are frequently less susceptible to the currently used azole group of antifungals 25 Other medically important species include C parapsilosis C tropicalis C dubliniensis 8 and the more recently emerging pathogen C auris 26 Other Candida species such as C oleophila have been used as biological control agents in fruit 27 C albicans C ascalaphidarum C amphixiae C antarctica C argentea C atlantica C atmosphaerica C auris C blankii C blattae C bracarensis C bromeliacearum C carpophila C carvajalis 28 C catenulata C cerambycidarum C chauliodes C corydali C crusei C dosseyi C dubliniensis C ergatensis C fructus C glabrata C fermentati C guilliermondii C haemulonii C humilis C insectamens C insectorum C intermedia C jeffresii C kefyr C keroseneae C krusei C lipolytica 29 C lusitaniae C lyxosophila C maltosa C marina C membranifaciens C mogii C oleophila C oregonensis C parapsilosis C quercitrusa C rhizophoriensis C rugosa C sake C sharkiensis C shehatea C temnochilae C tenuis C theae 30 C tolerans C tropicalis C tsuchiyae C sinolaborantium C sojae C subhashii C viswanathii C ubatubensis C utilis C zemplininaReferences edit Manolakaki D Velmahos G Kourkoumpetis T Chang Y Alam H B De Moya M M Mylonakis E 2010 Candida infection and colonization among trauma patients Virulence 1 5 367 75 doi 10 4161 viru 1 5 12796 PMID 21178472 a b Brandt Mary E Lockhart Shawn R 2012 09 01 Recent Taxonomic Developments with Candida and Other Opportunistic Yeasts Current Fungal Infection Reports 6 3 170 177 doi 10 1007 s12281 012 0094 x ISSN 1936 377X PMC 4626447 PMID 26526658 a b Kourkoumpetis TK Velmahos GC Ziakas PD Tampakakis E Manolakaki D Coleman JJ Mylonakis E 2011 The effect of cumulative length of hospital stay on the antifungal resistance of Candida strains isolated from critically ill surgical patients Mycopathologia 171 2 85 91 doi 10 1007 s11046 010 9369 3 PMC 4093797 PMID 20927595 Fugelsang K Edwards C 2010 Wine Microbiology 2nd ed Springer pp 3 28 ISBN 978 0387333496 Spanakis EK Kourkoumpetis TK Livanis G Peleg AY Mylonakis E 2010 Statin therapy and decreased incidence of positive Candida cultures among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus undergoing gastrointestinal surgery Mayo Clin Proc 85 12 1073 9 doi 10 4065 mcp 2010 0447 PMC 2996154 PMID 21123633 Nguyen NH Suh SO Blackwell M 2007 Five novel Candida species in insect associated yeast clades isolated from Neuroptera and other insects Mycologia 99 6 842 858 doi 10 3852 mycologia 99 6 842 PMID 18333508 Suh SO Nguyen NH Blackwell M 2008 Yeasts isolated from plant associated beetles and other insects seven novel Candida species near Candida albicans FEMS Yeast Res 8 1 88 102 doi 10 1111 j 1567 1364 2007 00320 x PMID 17986254 a b c d d Enfert Christophe Hube Bernhard eds 2007 Candida Comparative and Functional Genomics Caister Academic Press ISBN 978 1 904455 13 4 Kennedy MJ Volz PA Edwards CA Yancey RJ 1987 Mechanisms of association of Candida albicans with intestinal mucosa J Med Microbiol 24 4 333 41 doi 10 1099 00222615 24 4 333 PMID 3320372 Steckelberg James M 2012 09 18 Male yeast infection Can I get it from my girlfriend Mayo Clinic Retrieved 2014 03 23 Yeast Infections MedlinePlus Retrieved 2014 03 23 Menden Ariane Hall Davane Paris Daniel Mathura Venkatarian Crawford Fiona Mullan Michael Crynen Stefan Ait Ghezala Ghania 15 August 2019 A fast miniaturised in vitro assay developed for quantification of lipase enzyme activity Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry 34 1 1474 1480 doi 10 1080 14756366 2019 1651312 PMC 6713963 PMID 31414611 Candida species DoctorFungus org Archived from the original on 2007 02 08 Retrieved 2007 02 09 a b c Meyers Frederick H Jawetz Ernest Goldfien Alan 1978 Review of Medical Pharmacology 6th ed Lange Medical Publications ISBN 978 0 87041 151 9 a b Fitzpatrick David A Logue Mary E Stajich Jason E Butler Geraldine 2006 A fungal phylogeny based on 42 complete genomes derived from supertree and combined gene analysis BMC Evolutionary Biology 6 99 doi 10 1186 1471 2148 6 99 PMC 1679813 PMID 17121679 Khunnamwong P Lertwattanasakul N Jindamorakot S Limtong S Lachance MA 2015 Description of Diutina gen nov Diutina siamensis f a sp nov and reassignment of Candida catenulata Candida mesorugosa Candida neorugosa Candida pseudorugosa Candida ranongensis Candida rugosa and Candida scorzettiae to the genus Diutina International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 65 12 4701 9 doi 10 1099 ijsem 0 000634 PMID 26410375 CGD Help Non standard Genetic Codes Candida Genome Database Retrieved 1 May 2015 a b Santos Manuel A S Ueda Takuya Watanabe Kimitsuna Tuite Mick F 31 October 2003 The non standard genetic code of Candida spp an evolving genetic code or a novel mechanism for adaptation Molecular Microbiology 26 3 423 431 doi 10 1046 j 1365 2958 1997 5891961 x PMID 9402014 S2CID 13575999 a b Goehring Richard V 2008 Mims Medical Microbiology 4th ed Philadelphia Pennsylvania Mosby Elsevier p 656 ISBN 9780323044752 Darwazeh A Lamey P Samaranayake L MacFarlane T Fisher B Macrury S MacCuish A 1990 The relationship between colonisation secretor status and in vitro adhesion of Candida albicans to buccal epithelial cells from diabetics Journal of Medical Microbiology 33 1 43 49 doi 10 1099 00222615 33 1 43 PMID 2231671 Yeast Infections Candidiasis in Men and Women WebMD 2012 11 12 Retrieved 2014 03 23 Gamaletsou Maria N Rammaert Blandine Bueno Marimelle A Sipsas Nikolaos V Moriyama Brad Kontoyiannis Dimitrios P Roilides Emmanuel Zeller Valerie Taj Aldeen Saad J January 2016 Candida Arthritis Analysis of 112 Pediatric and Adult Cases Open Forum Infectious Diseases 3 1 ofv207 doi 10 1093 ofid ofv207 ISSN 2328 8957 PMC 4742637 PMID 26858961 Di Giacomo R 2013 03 07 Candida albicans MWCNTs A Stable Conductive Bio Nanocomposite and Its Temperature Sensing Properties IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology 12 2 111 114 Bibcode 2013ITNan 12 111D doi 10 1109 TNANO 2013 2239308 ISSN 1536 125X S2CID 26949825 Gow Neil A R Yadav Bhawna 2017 Microbe Profile Candida albicans a shape changing opportunistic pathogenic fungus of humans Microbiology 163 8 1145 1147 doi 10 1099 mic 0 000499 hdl 2164 12360 PMID 28809155 Pfaller M A Diekema D J Colombo A L Kibbler C Ng K P Gibbs D L Newell V A 2006 Candida rugosa an emerging fungal pathogen with resistance to azoles geographic and temporal trends from the ARTEMIS DISK antifungal surveillance program Journal of Clinical Microbiology 44 10 3578 3582 doi 10 1128 JCM 00863 06 PMC 1594768 PMID 17021085 Spivak Emily S Hanson Kimberly E 2017 Candida auris an Emerging Fungal Pathogen Journal of Clinical Microbiology 56 2 doi 10 1128 JCM 01588 17 PMC 5786713 PMID 29167291 Efficacy of Candida oleophila strain 128 in preventing Penicillium Expansum infection in apricot fruit Acta Horticulturae 485 141 148 1999 Archived from the original on 2018 11 06 Retrieved 2006 11 17 James S A Carvajal Barriga E J Bond C J Cross K Nunez N C Portero P B Roberts I N 2009 Candida carvajalissp Nov an ascomycetous yeast species from the Ecuadorian Amazon jungle FEMS Yeast Research 9 5 784 788 doi 10 1111 j 1567 1364 2009 00518 x PMID 19459983 Simonetti Omar Zerbato Verena Sincovich Sara Cosimi Lavinia Zorat Francesca Costantino Venera Di Santolo Manuela Busetti Marina Di Bella Stefano Principe Luigi Luzzati Roberto 2023 04 01 Candida lipolytica Bloodstream Infection in an Adult Patient with COVID 19 and Alcohol Use Disorder A Unique Case and a Systematic Review of the Literature Antibiotics 12 4 691 doi 10 3390 antibiotics12040691 ISSN 2079 6382 PMC 10135169 PMID 37107053 Chang C F Lin Y C Chen S F Carvajal Barriga E J Barahona P P James S A Bond C J Roberts I N Lee C F 2012 Candida theae sp nov a new anamorphic beverage associated member of the Lodderomyces clade International Journal of Food Microbiology 153 1 2 10 14 doi 10 1016 j ijfoodmicro 2011 09 012 PMID 22088606 External links editLabs working on Candida nbsp The dictionary definition of Candida at Wiktionary Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Candida fungus amp oldid 1193609875, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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