Pichia kudriavzevii (formerly Candida krusei[1][2]) is a budding yeast (a species of fungus) involved in chocolate production. P. kudriavzevii is an emerging fungal nosocomialpathogen[3] primarily found in the immunocompromised and those with hematological malignancies. It has natural resistance to fluconazole, a standard antifungal agent. It is most often found in patients who have had prior fluconazole exposure, sparking debate and conflicting evidence as to whether fluconazole should be used prophylactically. Mortality due to P. kudriavzeviifungemia is much higher than the more common C. albicans. Other Candida species that also fit this profile are C. parapsilosis, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, C. guillermondii and C. rugosa.
Cacao beans have to be fermented to remove the bitter taste and break them down. This takes place with two fungi: P. kudriavzevii and Geotrichum. Most of the time, the two fungi are already present on the seed pods and seeds of the cacao plant, but specific strains are used in modern chocolate making. Each chocolate company uses its own strains, which have been selected to provide optimum flavor and aroma to the chocolate. The yeasts produce enzymes to break down the pulp on the outside of the beans and generate acetic acid, killing the cacao embryo inside the seed, developing a chocolatey aroma and eliminating the bitterness in the beans.[citation needed]
Growth and Metabolismedit
Chromogenic agar can help in indicating P. kudriavzevii infection versus some similar fungi. (CHROMAgar shown)
P. kudriavzevii grows at a maximum temperature of 43–45 °C. Candida species are a major differential diagnosis and these generally require biotin for growth and some have additional vitamin requirements, but P. kudriavzevii can grow in vitamin-free media. Also, P. kudriavzevii grows on Sabouraud's dextrose agar as spreading colonies with a matte or a rough whitish-yellow surface, in contrast to the convex colonies of Candida spp. This characteristic, together with its "long grain rice" appearance on microscopy, helps the definitive identification of the species.
Referencesedit
^ abBorman AM, Johnson EM (2021). "Name Changes for Fungi of Medical Importance, 2018 to 2019". J Clin Microbiol. 59 (2). doi:10.1128/JCM.01811-20. PMC8111128. PMID 33028600.
^ abKidd SE, Abdolrasouli A, Hagen F (2023). "Fungal Nomenclature: Managing Change is the Name of the Game". Open Forum Infect Dis. 10 (1): ofac559. doi:10.1093/ofid/ofac559. PMC9825814. PMID 36632423.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Mastromarino P, Vitali B, Mosca L (July 2013). "Bacterial vaginosis: a review on clinical trials with probiotics" (PDF). The New Microbiologica. 36 (3): 229–238. PMID 23912864.
Further readingedit
Hautala T, Ikäheimo I, Husu H, Säily M, Siitonen T, Koistinen P, et al. (August 2007). "A cluster of Candida krusei infections in a haematological unit". BMC Infectious Diseases. 7: 97. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-7-97. PMC1988815. PMID 17711592.
Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ, Gibbs DL, Newell VA, Nagy E, Dobiasova S, et al. (February 2008). "Candida krusei, a multidrug-resistant opportunistic fungal pathogen: geographic and temporal trends from the ARTEMIS DISK Antifungal Surveillance Program, 2001 to 2005". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 46 (2): 515–521. doi:10.1128/JCM.01915-07. PMC2238087. PMID 18077633.
External linksedit
Volk T (February 2006). "Candida krusei, Geotrichum, and Acaulospora scrobiculata, a trio of fungi needed for making chocolate for Valentine's day". University of Wisconsin-La Crosse.
This yeast-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
pichia, kudriavzevii, formerly, candida, krusei, budding, yeast, species, fungus, involved, chocolate, production, kudriavzevii, emerging, fungal, nosocomial, pathogen, primarily, found, immunocompromised, those, with, hematological, malignancies, natural, res. Pichia kudriavzevii formerly Candida krusei 1 2 is a budding yeast a species of fungus involved in chocolate production P kudriavzevii is an emerging fungal nosocomial pathogen 3 primarily found in the immunocompromised and those with hematological malignancies It has natural resistance to fluconazole a standard antifungal agent It is most often found in patients who have had prior fluconazole exposure sparking debate and conflicting evidence as to whether fluconazole should be used prophylactically Mortality due to P kudriavzevii fungemia is much higher than the more common C albicans Other Candida species that also fit this profile are C parapsilosis C glabrata C tropicalis C guillermondii and C rugosa Pichia kudriavzeviiScientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom FungiDivision AscomycotaClass SaccharomycetesOrder SaccharomycetalesFamily PichiaceaeGenus PichiaSpecies P kudriavzeviiBinomial namePichia kudriavzeviiBoidin Pignal amp Besson 1965 SynonymsCandida brassicae Amano Formerly 1 2 named Candida krusei Castell Berkhout 1923 P kudriavzevii can be successfully treated with voriconazole amphotericin B and echinocandins micafungin caspofungin and anidulafungin citation needed Contents 1 Role in chocolate production 2 Growth and Metabolism 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External linksRole in chocolate production editCacao beans have to be fermented to remove the bitter taste and break them down This takes place with two fungi P kudriavzevii and Geotrichum Most of the time the two fungi are already present on the seed pods and seeds of the cacao plant but specific strains are used in modern chocolate making Each chocolate company uses its own strains which have been selected to provide optimum flavor and aroma to the chocolate The yeasts produce enzymes to break down the pulp on the outside of the beans and generate acetic acid killing the cacao embryo inside the seed developing a chocolatey aroma and eliminating the bitterness in the beans citation needed Growth and Metabolism edit nbsp Chromogenic agar can help in indicating P kudriavzevii infection versus some similar fungi CHROMAgar shown P kudriavzevii grows at a maximum temperature of 43 45 C Candida species are a major differential diagnosis and these generally require biotin for growth and some have additional vitamin requirements but P kudriavzevii can grow in vitamin free media Also P kudriavzevii grows on Sabouraud s dextrose agar as spreading colonies with a matte or a rough whitish yellow surface in contrast to the convex colonies of Candida spp This characteristic together with its long grain rice appearance on microscopy helps the definitive identification of the species References edit a b Borman AM Johnson EM 2021 Name Changes for Fungi of Medical Importance 2018 to 2019 J Clin Microbiol 59 2 doi 10 1128 JCM 01811 20 PMC 8111128 PMID 33028600 a b Kidd SE Abdolrasouli A Hagen F 2023 Fungal Nomenclature Managing Change is the Name of the Game Open Forum Infect Dis 10 1 ofac559 doi 10 1093 ofid ofac559 PMC 9825814 PMID 36632423 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Mastromarino P Vitali B Mosca L July 2013 Bacterial vaginosis a review on clinical trials with probiotics PDF The New Microbiologica 36 3 229 238 PMID 23912864 Further reading editHautala T Ikaheimo I Husu H Saily M Siitonen T Koistinen P et al August 2007 A cluster of Candida krusei infections in a haematological unit BMC Infectious Diseases 7 97 doi 10 1186 1471 2334 7 97 PMC 1988815 PMID 17711592 Pfaller MA Diekema DJ Gibbs DL Newell VA Nagy E Dobiasova S et al February 2008 Candida krusei a multidrug resistant opportunistic fungal pathogen geographic and temporal trends from the ARTEMIS DISK Antifungal Surveillance Program 2001 to 2005 Journal of Clinical Microbiology 46 2 515 521 doi 10 1128 JCM 01915 07 PMC 2238087 PMID 18077633 External links editVolk T February 2006 Candida krusei Geotrichum and Acaulospora scrobiculata a trio of fungi needed for making chocolate for Valentine s day University of Wisconsin La Crosse nbsp This yeast related article is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Pichia kudriavzevii amp oldid 1201869548, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
