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Candida blankii

May 02, 2024

Candida blankii is a species of budding yeast (Saccharomycotina) in the family Saccharomycetaceae.[3][4] The yeast may be a dangerous pathogen and resistant to treatment in human hosts. Research on the fungi has therapeutic, medical and industrial implications.

Candida blankii
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Saccharomycetes
Order: Saccharomycetales
Family: Saccharomycetaceae
Genus: Candida
Species:
C. blankii
Binomial name
Candida blankii
H.R. Buckley & Uden, 1968
Synonyms[1][2]

Candida hydrocarbofumarica K. Yamada, T. Furuk. & Nakahara, 1974

Taxonomy edit

Candida blankii was discovered in the 1960s, after the analysis of the organs of infected mink in Canada by F. Blank. These mink were infected with the unknown yeast, and all died from mycosis.[5][6][7] It was described in 1968 by H. R. Buckley and N. van Uden, who named it in honour of Blank.[5][8] The description was published in the journal Mycopathologia et Mycologia Applicata, along with descriptions of four other new species.[6]

Identification edit

On Sabouraud dextrose agar, C. blankii isolates present as typical yeast, i.e., cream-colored colonies, which then tend toward pink and later dark blue. Blood sample DNA sequencing of the 26S ribosomal subunit can definitively identify C. blankii.[3]

Ecology edit

In nature, Candida blankii forms symbiotic relationships with other organisms. An Indian study of seven bee species and 9 plant species found 45 yeast species from 16 genera colonise the nectaries of flowers and honey stomachs of bees. Most were members of the genus Candida; the most common species in honey bee stomachs was Dekkera intermedia, while the most common species colonising flower nectaries was C. blankii. Although the mechanics are not fully understood, it was found that Azadirachta indica flowers more if C. blankii are present.[7]

Human pathology edit

Main article: Yeast § Pathogenic yeasts

A few human infections of Candida blankii have been found. Their existence suggests that the condition may have been under-reported.[3] In 2015, the yeast was found in the airways of a patient with cystic fibrosis; this was the first recorded case of C. blankii infection in humans.[5] A second case was reported in 2018. The fungus proved resistant to treatment with antifungals. The yeast was characterized as "an opportunist pathogen for lung transplant and/or CF patients".[3] Because of its resistance, it was said to warrant further study.[3][9] Different strains, it was suggested, should also be studied "to increase knowledge of genetic diversity and antifungal susceptibility profile".[3]

Fungal blood-stream infections (fungaemia) have been newly associated with C blankii.[9] Polyene antifungals have been identified as a possible treatment.[3]

The species has been detected in meat intended for human consumption, including Iberian ham.[10]

Biotechnology edit

Main articles: Yeast § Industrial ethanol production, Bioethanol, and Zymology

Like many yeasts, Candida blankii has been the subject of various biotechnological studies,[11][12] including for use as a BOD biosensor.[13][14] The metabolic process of C. blankii is aerobic. Consequently, it oxidizes many forms of alcohol, amino acid, carbohydrates, and other organic compounds. As a BOD biosensor, practical applications may be limited due to short term effectiveness.[note 1]

A diploid isolate of C. blankii had an observed "potential for use in single cell protein production from hemicellulose hydrolysates", which is related to Cellulosic ethanol (i.e., ethanol production).[15]

This yeast is one of several studied extensively for use in xylose fermentation.[16][17]

Candida blankii has been tested as an aid for the degradation of hemicellulose hydrolysates.[18] C. blankii "cultivated on a mixture of n-paraffins (6% vol/vol) has been shown to produce fumaric acid", which could be important in ethanol production, once the process is worked out.[19][20]

Notes edit

  1. ^ It has been tested as a water quality indicator in comparison to a pair of other Candida species. Its growth phase (hours 14 through 38) and lag phase (hours 0 through 14) were exceptional. However, maximum oxidative activity is typically about 18 hours throughout its lifespan, and biosensor activity declines by half in a little over a week.[14]

References edit

  1. ^ "Synonymy: Candida blankii". Species Fungorum. Retrieved 24 March 2019.
  2. ^ "Candida blankii". MycoBank. Retrieved 24 March 2019.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g João Nobrega de Almeida, Jr; Silvia V. Campos; Danilo Y. Thomaz; Luciana Thomaz; Renato K. G. de Almeida; Gilda M. B. Del Negro; Viviane F. Gimenes; Rafaella C. Grenfell; Adriana L. Motta; Flávia Rossi; Gil Benard (2018). "Candida blankii: an emergent opportunistic yeast with reduced susceptibility to antifungals". Emerging Microbes & Infections. 7 (1): 24. doi:10.1038/s41426-017-0015-8. PMC 5841406. PMID 29515103.
  4. ^
    • Kreger-van Rij, N. J. W., ed. (1984) [1967]. The Yeasts: A Taxonomic Study (3rd ed.). Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. p. 633. ISBN 0-444-80421-8. Retrieved 2023-06-10.
    • "Yeast Species Database". Retrieved 2010-12-24.
  5. ^ a b c Zaragoza S, Galanternik L, Vazquez M, Teper A, Córdoba S, Finquelievich J (2015). "Candida blankii: New agent in cystic fibrosis airways?". Journal of Cystic Fibrosis. 14: S140. doi:10.1016/S1569-1993(15)30492-6.
  6. ^ a b Buckley, H. R.; van Uden, N. (1968). "Five new Candida species". Mycopathologia et Mycologia Applicata. 36 (3–4). Kluwer Academic Publishers: 257–266. doi:10.1007/BF02050372. ISSN 0027-5530. PMID 5750670. S2CID 42208175. Online.
  7. ^ a b Sandhu DK, Waraich MK (1985). "Yeasts associated with pollinating bees and flower nectar". Microbial Ecology. 11 (1): 51–58. doi:10.1007/BF02015108. JSTOR 4250820. PMID 24221239. S2CID 1776642.
  8. ^ Page image list, Index of Fungi 3: 506 (1961–1970) Libri fungorum
  9. ^ a b Al-Haqqan A, Al-Sweih N, Ahmad S, Khan S, Joseph L, Varghese S, Khan Z (2018). "New resistant microbes in humans: Azole-resistant Candida blankii as a newly recognized cause of bloodstream infection". New Microbes and New Infections. 26: 25–29. doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2018.06.008. PMC 6141729. PMID 30245830.
  10. ^ Toldrá, Fidel (October 2014). Toldrá, Fidel; Hui, Y. H.; Astiasaran, Iciar; Sebranek, Joseph; Talon, Regine (eds.). Handbook of Fermented Meat and Poultry (2nd ed.). Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 140. ISBN 978-1-118-52267-7.
  11. ^ Hristozovaa T, Gotchevab V, Tzvetkovaa B, Paskalevaa D, Angelov A (September 2008). "Enzyme and Microbial Technology: Effect of furfural on nitrogen assimilating enzymes of lactose utilizing yeasts Candida blankii 35 and Candida pseudotropicalis". Enzyme and Microbial Technology. 43 (3, 5): 284–288. doi:10.1016/j.enzmictec.2008.03.014.
  12. ^ Ying Zhao; Jasper Fuk-Woo Chan; Chi-Ching Tsang; He Wang; Dawen Guo; Yuhong Pan; Yuling Xiao; Na Yue; Jonathan Hon-Kwan Chen; Susanna Kar-Pui Lau; Yingchun Xu; Patrick Chiu-Yat Woo (2015). D. W. Warnock (ed.). "Clinical Characteristics, Laboratory Identification, and In Vitro Antifungal Susceptibility of Yarrowia (Candida) lipolytica Isolates Causing Fungemia: a Multicenter, Prospective Surveillance Study". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 53 (11). American Society for Microbiology: 3639–3645. doi:10.1128/JCM.01985-15. PMC 4609733. PMID 26311865.
  13. ^ Meyer, P. S.; Du Preez, J. C.; Kilian, S. G. (1992). "Chemostat cultivation of Candida blankii on sugar cane bagasse hemicellulose hydrolysate". Biotechnology and Bioengineering. 40 (3): 353–358. doi:10.1002/bit.260400304. PMID 18601125. S2CID 32148823.
  14. ^ a b Arlyapova, Viacheslav; Kamanina, Stanislav; Ponamorevaa, Olga; Reshetilov, Anatoly (2012). "Biosensor analyzer for BOD index express control on the basis of the yeast microorganisms Candida maltosa, Candida blankii, and Debaryomyces hansenii". Enzyme and Microbial Technology. 50 (4–5): 215–20. doi:10.1016/j.enzmictec.2012.01.002. PMID 22418260.
  15. ^ Meyer PS, du Preez JC, Wingfield BD, Kilian SG (June 1993). "Evaluation of Candida blankii hybrids for biomass production". Journal of Biotechnology. 29 (3): 267–275. doi:10.1016/0168-1656(93)90058-U.
  16. ^ Singh, Om V.; Harvey, Steven P., eds. (November 25, 2009). Sustainable Biotechnology: Sources of Renewable Energy. Dordrecht London: Springer. pp. 71, 77. ISBN 9789048132959.
  17. ^ Walker, Graeme M. (April 1, 1998). Yeast Physiology and Biotechnology (1st ed.). Chichester New York: John Wiley & Son. p. 230. ISBN 0471964476.
  18. ^ Meyer PS, Du Preez JC, Kilian SG (1992). "Effect of temperature and pH on Candida blankii in chemostat culture". World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology. 8 (4): 434–438. doi:10.1007/BF01198761. ISSN 0959-3993. PMID 24425519. S2CID 689861.
  19. ^ Hui, Y. H. (1995). Khachatourians, George G. (ed.). Food Biotechnology: Microorganisms. John Wiley & Sons. p. 341. ISBN 0471185701.
  20. ^ Tsekova K, Kaimaktchiev A, Krumov A (1999). "Production of Fumaric Acid from n-Alcanes by Candida Blankii NA-83". Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment. 13 (2): 24–26. doi:10.1080/13102818.1999.10819032.

External links edit

May 02, 2024
candida, blankii, species, budding, yeast, saccharomycotina, family, saccharomycetaceae, yeast, dangerous, pathogen, resistant, treatment, human, hosts, research, fungi, therapeutic, medical, industrial, implications, scientific, classification, domain, eukary. Candida blankii is a species of budding yeast Saccharomycotina in the family Saccharomycetaceae 3 4 The yeast may be a dangerous pathogen and resistant to treatment in human hosts Research on the fungi has therapeutic medical and industrial implications Candida blankii Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Fungi Division Ascomycota Class Saccharomycetes Order Saccharomycetales Family Saccharomycetaceae Genus Candida Species C blankii Binomial name Candida blankiiH R Buckley amp Uden 1968 Synonyms 1 2 Candida hydrocarbofumarica K Yamada T Furuk amp Nakahara 1974 Contents 1 Taxonomy 2 Identification 3 Ecology 3 1 Human pathology 4 Biotechnology 5 Notes 6 References 7 External linksTaxonomy editCandida blankii was discovered in the 1960s after the analysis of the organs of infected mink in Canada by F Blank These mink were infected with the unknown yeast and all died from mycosis 5 6 7 It was described in 1968 by H R Buckley and N van Uden who named it in honour of Blank 5 8 The description was published in the journal Mycopathologia et Mycologia Applicata along with descriptions of four other new species 6 Identification editOn Sabouraud dextrose agar C blankii isolates present as typical yeast i e cream colored colonies which then tend toward pink and later dark blue Blood sample DNA sequencing of the 26S ribosomal subunit can definitively identify C blankii 3 Ecology editIn nature Candida blankii forms symbiotic relationships with other organisms An Indian study of seven bee species and 9 plant species found 45 yeast species from 16 genera colonise the nectaries of flowers and honey stomachs of bees Most were members of the genus Candida the most common species in honey bee stomachs was Dekkera intermedia while the most common species colonising flower nectaries was C blankii Although the mechanics are not fully understood it was found that Azadirachta indica flowers more if C blankii are present 7 Human pathology edit Main article Yeast Pathogenic yeasts A few human infections of Candida blankii have been found Their existence suggests that the condition may have been under reported 3 In 2015 the yeast was found in the airways of a patient with cystic fibrosis this was the first recorded case of C blankii infection in humans 5 A second case was reported in 2018 The fungus proved resistant to treatment with antifungals The yeast was characterized as an opportunist pathogen for lung transplant and or CF patients 3 Because of its resistance it was said to warrant further study 3 9 Different strains it was suggested should also be studied to increase knowledge of genetic diversity and antifungal susceptibility profile 3 Fungal blood stream infections fungaemia have been newly associated with C blankii 9 Polyene antifungals have been identified as a possible treatment 3 The species has been detected in meat intended for human consumption including Iberian ham 10 Biotechnology editMain articles Yeast Industrial ethanol production Bioethanol and Zymology Like many yeasts Candida blankii has been the subject of various biotechnological studies 11 12 including for use as a BOD biosensor 13 14 The metabolic process of C blankii is aerobic Consequently it oxidizes many forms of alcohol amino acid carbohydrates and other organic compounds As a BOD biosensor practical applications may be limited due to short term effectiveness note 1 A diploid isolate of C blankii had an observed potential for use in single cell protein production from hemicellulose hydrolysates which is related to Cellulosic ethanol i e ethanol production 15 This yeast is one of several studied extensively for use in xylose fermentation 16 17 Candida blankii has been tested as an aid for the degradation of hemicellulose hydrolysates 18 C blankii cultivated on a mixture of n paraffins 6 vol vol has been shown to produce fumaric acid which could be important in ethanol production once the process is worked out 19 20 Notes edit It has been tested as a water quality indicator in comparison to a pair of other Candida species Its growth phase hours 14 through 38 and lag phase hours 0 through 14 were exceptional However maximum oxidative activity is typically about 18 hours throughout its lifespan and biosensor activity declines by half in a little over a week 14 References edit Synonymy Candida blankii Species Fungorum Retrieved 24 March 2019 Candida blankii MycoBank Retrieved 24 March 2019 a b c d e f g Joao Nobrega de Almeida Jr Silvia V Campos Danilo Y Thomaz Luciana Thomaz Renato K G de Almeida Gilda M B Del Negro Viviane F Gimenes Rafaella C Grenfell Adriana L Motta Flavia Rossi Gil Benard 2018 Candida blankii an emergent opportunistic yeast with reduced susceptibility to antifungals Emerging Microbes amp Infections 7 1 24 doi 10 1038 s41426 017 0015 8 PMC 5841406 PMID 29515103 Kreger van Rij N J W ed 1984 1967 The Yeasts A Taxonomic Study 3rd ed Elsevier Science Publishers B V p 633 ISBN 0 444 80421 8 Retrieved 2023 06 10 Yeast Species Database Retrieved 2010 12 24 a b c Zaragoza S Galanternik L Vazquez M Teper A Cordoba S Finquelievich J 2015 Candida blankii New agent in cystic fibrosis airways Journal of Cystic Fibrosis 14 S140 doi 10 1016 S1569 1993 15 30492 6 a b Buckley H R van Uden N 1968 Five new Candida species Mycopathologia et Mycologia Applicata 36 3 4 Kluwer Academic Publishers 257 266 doi 10 1007 BF02050372 ISSN 0027 5530 PMID 5750670 S2CID 42208175 Online a b Sandhu DK Waraich MK 1985 Yeasts associated with pollinating bees and flower nectar Microbial Ecology 11 1 51 58 doi 10 1007 BF02015108 JSTOR 4250820 PMID 24221239 S2CID 1776642 Page image list Index of Fungi 3 506 1961 1970 Libri fungorum a b Al Haqqan A Al Sweih N Ahmad S Khan S Joseph L Varghese S Khan Z 2018 New resistant microbes in humans Azole resistant Candida blankii as a newly recognized cause of bloodstream infection New Microbes and New Infections 26 25 29 doi 10 1016 j nmni 2018 06 008 PMC 6141729 PMID 30245830 Toldra Fidel October 2014 Toldra Fidel Hui Y H Astiasaran Iciar Sebranek Joseph Talon Regine eds Handbook of Fermented Meat and Poultry 2nd ed Chichester West Sussex UK Wiley Blackwell p 140 ISBN 978 1 118 52267 7 Hristozovaa T Gotchevab V Tzvetkovaa B Paskalevaa D Angelov A September 2008 Enzyme and Microbial Technology Effect of furfural on nitrogen assimilating enzymes of lactose utilizing yeasts Candida blankii 35 and Candida pseudotropicalis Enzyme and Microbial Technology 43 3 5 284 288 doi 10 1016 j enzmictec 2008 03 014 Ying Zhao Jasper Fuk Woo Chan Chi Ching Tsang He Wang Dawen Guo Yuhong Pan Yuling Xiao Na Yue Jonathan Hon Kwan Chen Susanna Kar Pui Lau Yingchun Xu Patrick Chiu Yat Woo 2015 D W Warnock ed Clinical Characteristics Laboratory Identification and In Vitro Antifungal Susceptibility of Yarrowia Candida lipolytica Isolates Causing Fungemia a Multicenter Prospective Surveillance Study Journal of Clinical Microbiology 53 11 American Society for Microbiology 3639 3645 doi 10 1128 JCM 01985 15 PMC 4609733 PMID 26311865 Meyer P S Du Preez J C Kilian S G 1992 Chemostat cultivation of Candida blankii on sugar cane bagasse hemicellulose hydrolysate Biotechnology and Bioengineering 40 3 353 358 doi 10 1002 bit 260400304 PMID 18601125 S2CID 32148823 a b Arlyapova Viacheslav Kamanina Stanislav Ponamorevaa Olga Reshetilov Anatoly 2012 Biosensor analyzer for BOD index express control on the basis of the yeast microorganisms Candida maltosa Candida blankii and Debaryomyces hansenii Enzyme and Microbial Technology 50 4 5 215 20 doi 10 1016 j enzmictec 2012 01 002 PMID 22418260 Meyer PS du Preez JC Wingfield BD Kilian SG June 1993 Evaluation of Candida blankii hybrids for biomass production Journal of Biotechnology 29 3 267 275 doi 10 1016 0168 1656 93 90058 U Singh Om V Harvey Steven P eds November 25 2009 Sustainable Biotechnology Sources of Renewable Energy Dordrecht London Springer pp 71 77 ISBN 9789048132959 Walker Graeme M April 1 1998 Yeast Physiology and Biotechnology 1st ed Chichester New York John Wiley amp Son p 230 ISBN 0471964476 Meyer PS Du Preez JC Kilian SG 1992 Effect of temperature and pH on Candida blankii in chemostat culture World Journal of Microbiology amp Biotechnology 8 4 434 438 doi 10 1007 BF01198761 ISSN 0959 3993 PMID 24425519 S2CID 689861 Hui Y H 1995 Khachatourians George G ed Food Biotechnology Microorganisms John Wiley amp Sons p 341 ISBN 0471185701 Tsekova K Kaimaktchiev A Krumov A 1999 Production of Fumaric Acid from n Alcanes by Candida Blankii NA 83 Biotechnology amp Biotechnological Equipment 13 2 24 26 doi 10 1080 13102818 1999 10819032 External links editCandida blankii on MycoBank Candida blankii on Index Fungorum Candida blankii MicrobeWiki Boston University Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Candida blankii amp oldid 1213089345, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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