Cadmium sulfide is the inorganic compound with the formula CdS. Cadmium sulfide is a yellow solid.[4] It occurs in nature with two different crystal structures as the rare minerals greenockite and hawleyite, but is more prevalent as an impurity substituent in the similarly structured zinc ores sphalerite and wurtzite, which are the major economic sources of cadmium. As a compound that is easy to isolate and purify, it is the principal source of cadmium for all commercial applications.[4] Its vivid yellow color led to its adoption as a pigment for the yellow paint "cadmium yellow" in the 18th century.
Cadmium sulfide can be prepared by the precipitation from soluble cadmium(II) salts with sulfide ion. This reaction has been used for gravimetric analysis and qualitative inorganic analysis.[5] The preparative route and the subsequent treatment of the product, affects the polymorphic form that is produced (i.e., cubic vs hexagonal). It has been asserted that chemical precipitation methods result in the cubic zincblende form.[6]
Pigment production usually involves the precipitation of CdS, the washing of the solid precipitate to remove soluble cadmium salts followed by calcination (roasting) to convert it to the hexagonal form followed by milling to produce a powder.[7] When cadmium sulfide selenides are required the CdSe is co-precipitated with CdS and the cadmium sulfoselenide is created during the calcination step.[7]
Cadmium sulfide is sometimes associated with sulfate reducing bacteria.[8][9]
Routes to thin films of CdS
Special methods are used to produce films of CdS as components in some photoresistors and solar cells. In the chemical bath deposition method, thin films of CdS have been prepared using thiourea as the source of sulfide anions and an ammoniumbuffer solution to control pH:[10]
When solutions of sulfide containing dispersed CdS particles are irradiated with light, hydrogen gas is generated:[18]
H2S → H2 + S ΔHf = +9.4 kcal/mol
The proposed mechanism involves the electron/hole pairs created when incident light is absorbed by the cadmium sulfide[19] followed by these reacting with water and sulfide:[18]
Cadmium sulfide has, like zinc sulfide, two crystal forms. The more stable hexagonal wurtzite structure (found in the mineral Greenockite) and the cubic zinc blende structure (found in the mineral Hawleyite). In both of these forms the cadmium and sulfur atoms are four coordinate.[20] There is also a high pressure form with the NaCl rock salt structure.[20]
Cadmium sulfide is a direct band gapsemiconductor (gap 2.42 eV).[19] The proximity of its band gap to visible light wavelengths gives it a coloured appearance.[4] As well as this obvious property other properties result:
the conductivity increases when irradiated,[19] (leading to uses as a photoresistor)
when combined with a p-type semiconductor it forms the core component of a photovoltaic (solar) cell and a CdS/Cu2S solar cell was one of the first efficient cells to be reported (1954)[21][22]
In thin-film form, CdS can be combined with other layers for use in certain types of solar cells.[28] CdS was also one of the first semiconductor materials to be used for thin-film transistors (TFTs).[29] However interest in compound semiconductors for TFTs largely waned after the emergence of amorphous silicon technology in the late 1970s.
Thin films of CdS can be piezoelectric and have been used as transducers which can operate at frequencies in the GHz region.
Nanoribbons of CdS show a net cooling due annihilation of phonons, during anti-Stokes luminescence at ~510 nm. As a result, a maximum temperature drop of 40 and 15 K has been demonstrated when the nanoribbons are pumped with a 514 or 532 nm laser.[30]
Applications
Pigment
Yellow cadmium sulfide- pigment
CdS is used as pigment in plastics, showing good thermal stability, light and weather fastness, chemical resistance and high opacity.[7] As a pigment, CdS is known as cadmium yellow (CI pigment yellow 37).[4][31] About 2000 tons are produced annually as of 1982, representing about 25% of the cadmium processed commercially.[32]
Historical use in art
The general commercial availability of cadmium sulfide from the 1840s led to its adoption by artists, notably Van Gogh, Monet (in his London series and other works) and Matisse (Bathers by a River 1916–1919).[33] The presence of cadmium in paints has been used to detect forgeries in paintings alleged to have been produced prior to the 19th century.[34]
CdS-CdSe solutions
CdS and CdSe form solid solutions with each other. Increasing amounts of cadmium selenide, gives pigments verging toward red, for example CI pigment orange 20 and CI pigment red 108.[31] Such solid solutions are components of photoresistors (light dependent resistors) sensitive to visible and near infrared light.[citation needed]
Safety
Cadmium sulfide is toxic, especially dangerous when inhaled as dust, and cadmium compounds in general are classified as carcinogenic.[35] Problems of biocompatibility have been reported when CdS is used as colors in tattoos.[36] CdS has an LD50 of approximately 7,080 mg/kg in rats - which is higher than other cadmium compounds due to its low solubility.[37]
References
^Lide, David R. (1998). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87 ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. pp. 4–67, 1363. ISBN978-0-8493-0594-8.
^ abZumdahl, Steven S. (2009). Chemical Principles 6th Ed. Houghton Mifflin Company. p. A21. ISBN978-0-618-94690-7.
^Oladeji, I.O.; Chow, L. (1997). "Optimization of Chemical Bath Deposited Cadmium Sulfide". J. Electrochem. Soc. 144 (7): 7. CiteSeerX10.1.1.563.1643. doi:10.1149/1.1837815.
^Uda, H; Yonezawa, H; Ohtsubo, Y; Kosaka, M; Sonomura, H (2003). "Thin CdS films prepared by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition". Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. 75 (1–2): 219. doi:10.1016/S0927-0248(02)00163-0.
^Reisfeld, R (2002). "Nanosized semiconductor particles in glasses prepared by the sol–gel method: their optical properties and potential uses". Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 341 (1–2): 56. doi:10.1016/S0925-8388(02)00059-2.
^Moon, B; Lee, J; Jung, H (2006). "Comparative studies of the properties of CdS films deposited on different substrates by R.F. sputtering". Thin Solid Films. 511–512: 299. Bibcode:2006TSF...511..299M. doi:10.1016/j.tsf.2005.11.080.
^Goto, F; Shirai, Katsunori; Ichimura, Masaya (1998). "Defect reduction in electrochemically deposited CdS thin films by annealing in O2". Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. 50 (1–4): 147. doi:10.1016/S0927-0248(97)00136-0.
^U.S. Patent 3,208,022, High performance photoresistor, Y.T. Sihvonen, issue date: September 21, 1965
^Wanrooij, P. H. P.; Agarwal, U. S.; Meuldijk, J.; Kasteren, J. M. N. van; Lemstra, P. J. (2006). "Extraction of CdS pigment from waste polyethylene". Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 100 (2): 1024. doi:10.1002/app.22962.
^ abMario Schiavello (1985) Photoelectrochemistry, Photocatalysis, and Photoreactors: Fundamentals and Developments Springer ISBN90-277-1946-2
^ abcD. Lincot, Gary Hodes Chemical Solution Deposition of Semiconducting and Non-Metallic Films: Proceedings of the International Symposium The Electrochemical Society, 2006 ISBN1-56677-433-0
^C. Fouassier,(1994), Luminescence in Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons ISBN0-471-93620-0
^Minkus, Wilfred (1965). "Temperature Dependence of the Pyroelectric Effect in Cadmium Sulfide". Physical Review. 138 (4A): A1277–A1287. Bibcode:1965PhRv..138.1277M. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.138.A1277.
^Smith, Roland (1957). "Low-Field Electroluminescence in Insulating Crystals of Cadmium Sulfide". Physical Review. 105 (3): 900. Bibcode:1957PhRv..105..900S. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.105.900.
^Akimov, Yu A; Burov, A A; Drozhbin, Yu A; Kovalenko, V A; Kozlov, S E; Kryukova, I V; Rodichenko, G V; Stepanov, B M; Yakovlev, V A (1972). "KGP-2: An Electron-Beam-Pumped Cadmium Sulfide Laser". Soviet Journal of Quantum Electronics. 2 (3): 284. Bibcode:1972QuEle...2..284A. doi:10.1070/QE1972v002n03ABEH004443.
^Agarwal, Ritesh; Barrelet, Carl J.; Lieber, Charles M. (2005). "Lasing in Single Cadmium Sulfide Nanowire Optical Cavities". Nano Letters. 5 (5): 917–920. arXiv:cond-mat/0412144v1. Bibcode:2005NanoL...5..917A. doi:10.1021/nl050440u. PMID 15884894. S2CID 651903.
^Zhao, H.; Farah, Alvi; Morel, D.; Ferekides, C.S. (2009). "The effect of impurities on the doping and VOC of Cd Te/CDS thin film solar cells". Thin Solid Films. 517 (7): 2365–2369. Bibcode:2009TSF...517.2365Z. doi:10.1016/j.tsf.2008.11.041.
^Weimer, Paul (1962). "The TFT A New Thin-Film Transistor". Proceedings of the IRE. 50 (6): 1462–1469. doi:10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288190. S2CID 51650159.
^Zhang, Jun (24 January 2013). "Laser cooling of a semiconductor by 40 kelvin". Nature. 493 (7433): 504–508. Bibcode:2013Natur.493..504Z. doi:10.1038/nature11721. PMID 23344360. S2CID 4426843.
^ abR. M. Christie 2001 Colour Chemistry, p. 155 Royal Society of Chemistry ISBN0-85404-573-2
^Karl-Heinz Schulte-Schrepping, Magnus Piscator "Cadmium and Cadmium Compounds" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2007 Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a04_499.
^Sidney Perkowitz, 1998, Empire of Light: A History of Discovery in Science and Art Joseph Henry Press, ISBN0-309-06556-9
^W. Stanley Taft, James W. Mayer, Richard Newman, Peter Kuniholm, Dusan Stulik (2000) The Science of Paintings, Springer, ISBN0-387-98722-3
^Bjornberg, A (Sep 1963). "Reactions to light in yellow tattoos from cadmium sulfide". Arch Dermatol. 88 (3): 267–71. doi:10.1001/archderm.1963.01590210025003. PMID 14043617.
^(PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 July 2015.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cadmium sulfide.
Last access November 2005.
Report by the Academy of Medical Sciences to the Chief Scientific Adviser, Ministry of Defence on the zinc cadmium sulphide dispersion trials undertaken in the United Kingdom between 1953 and 1964.
January 31, 2023
cadmium, sulfide, inorganic, compound, with, formula, yellow, solid, occurs, nature, with, different, crystal, structures, rare, minerals, greenockite, hawleyite, more, prevalent, impurity, substituent, similarly, structured, zinc, ores, sphalerite, wurtzite, . Cadmium sulfide is the inorganic compound with the formula CdS Cadmium sulfide is a yellow solid 4 It occurs in nature with two different crystal structures as the rare minerals greenockite and hawleyite but is more prevalent as an impurity substituent in the similarly structured zinc ores sphalerite and wurtzite which are the major economic sources of cadmium As a compound that is easy to isolate and purify it is the principal source of cadmium for all commercial applications 4 Its vivid yellow color led to its adoption as a pigment for the yellow paint cadmium yellow in the 18th century Cadmium sulfide NamesOther names cadmium II sulfidegreenockitehawleyitecadmium yellowIdentifiersCAS Number 1306 23 6 Y3D model JSmol monomer Interactive imagehawleyite Interactive imagegreenockite Interactive imagegreenockite Interactive imageChEBI CHEBI 50833ChemSpider 7969586 YECHA InfoCard 100 013 771EC Number 215 147 8Gmelin Reference 13655PubChem CID 14783RTECS number EV3150000UNII 057EZR4Z7Q YUN number 2570CompTox Dashboard EPA DTXSID30893280InChI InChI 1S Cd S q 2 2 YKey FRLJSGOEGLARCA UHFFFAOYSA N YInChI 1 Cd S q 2 2Key FRLJSGOEGLARCA UHFFFAOYALSMILES monomer S 2 Cd 2 hawleyite SH 2 12 CdH2 2 SH 2 3 CdH2 2 SH 2 CdH 2 14 CdH 2 1 S 2 5 CdH 2 38 Cd 2 26 SH 2 2 CdH 2 S 2 4 SH 2 1 CdH2 2 SH 2 3 CdH 2 2 S 2 CdH 2 SH 2 6 CdH 2 SH 2 SH 2 68 SH 2 CdH2 2 6 CdH 2 35greenockite CdH2 2 1 S 2 47 CdH 2 2 S 2 CdH 2 3 S 2 8 CdH2 2 SH 2 CdH2 2 4 CdH2 2 6 CdH 2 4 S 2 CdH 2 5 S 2 6 CdH2 2 6 Cd 2 78 S 2 78 CdH 2 SH 2 69 SH 2 5 CdH2 2 SH 2 4 CdH 2 7 SH 2 3 CdH2 2 SH 2 2 CdH 2 8 SH 2 1 CdH2 2 9greenockite CdH2 2 1 SH 2 CdH2 2 6 CdH2 2 SH 2 7 CdH 2 2 S 2 Cd 2 3 S 2 CdH 2 9 S 2 5 S 2 18 Cd 2 45 S 2 CdH 2 5 SH 2 6 Cd 2 78 S 2 78 CdH2 2 SH 2 5 CdH2 2 S 2 4 CdH2 2 SH 2 9 CdH2 2 4 CdH 2 7 S 2 34 CdH2 2 SH 2 2 CdH2 2 8PropertiesChemical formula Cd SMolar mass 144 47 g mol 1Appearance Yellow orange to brown solid Density 4 826 g cm3 solid Melting point 1 750 C 3 180 F 2 020 K 10 MPaBoiling point 980 C 1 800 F 1 250 K sublimation Solubility in water insoluble 1 Solubility soluble in acid very slightly soluble in ammonium hydroxideBand gap 2 42 eVMagnetic susceptibility x 50 0 10 6 cm3 molRefractive index nD 2 529StructureCrystal structure Hexagonal CubicThermochemistryStd molarentropy S 298 65 J mol 1 K 1 2 Std enthalpy offormation DfH 298 162 kJ mol 1 2 HazardsGHS labelling PictogramsSignal word DangerHazard statements H302 H341 H350 H361 H372 H413Precautionary statements P201 P202 P260 P264 P270 P273 P281 P301 P312 P308 P313 P314 P330 P405 P501NFPA 704 fire diamond 300Flash point Non flammableLethal dose or concentration LD LC LD50 median dose 7080 mg kg rat oral NIOSH US health exposure limits PEL Permissible 1910 1027 TWA 0 005 mg m3 as Cd 3 REL Recommended Ca 3 IDLH Immediate danger Ca 9 mg m3 as Cd 3 Safety data sheet SDS ICSC 0404Related compoundsOther anions Cadmium oxideCadmium selenideOther cations Zinc sulfideMercury sulfideExcept where otherwise noted data are given for materials in their standard state at 25 C 77 F 100 kPa Y verify what is Y N Infobox references Contents 1 Production 1 1 Routes to thin films of CdS 2 Reactions 3 Structure and physical properties 4 Applications 4 1 Pigment 4 2 Historical use in art 4 3 CdS CdSe solutions 5 Safety 6 References 7 External linksProduction EditCadmium sulfide can be prepared by the precipitation from soluble cadmium II salts with sulfide ion This reaction has been used for gravimetric analysis and qualitative inorganic analysis 5 The preparative route and the subsequent treatment of the product affects the polymorphic form that is produced i e cubic vs hexagonal It has been asserted that chemical precipitation methods result in the cubic zincblende form 6 Pigment production usually involves the precipitation of CdS the washing of the solid precipitate to remove soluble cadmium salts followed by calcination roasting to convert it to the hexagonal form followed by milling to produce a powder 7 When cadmium sulfide selenides are required the CdSe is co precipitated with CdS and the cadmium sulfoselenide is created during the calcination step 7 Cadmium sulfide is sometimes associated with sulfate reducing bacteria 8 9 Routes to thin films of CdS Edit Special methods are used to produce films of CdS as components in some photoresistors and solar cells In the chemical bath deposition method thin films of CdS have been prepared using thiourea as the source of sulfide anions and an ammonium buffer solution to control pH 10 Cd2 H2O NH2 2CS 2 NH3 CdS NH2 2CO 2 NH4 Cadmium sulfide can be produced using metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy and MOCVD techniques by the reaction of dimethylcadmium with diethyl sulfide 11 Cd CH3 2 Et2S CdS CH3CH3 C4H10Other methods to produce films of CdS include Sol gel techniques 12 Sputtering 13 Electrochemical deposition 14 Spraying with precursor cadmium salt sulfur compound and dopant 15 Screen printing using a slurry containing dispersed CdS 16 Reactions EditCadmium sulfide can be dissolved in acids 17 CdS 2 HCl CdCl2 H2SWhen solutions of sulfide containing dispersed CdS particles are irradiated with light hydrogen gas is generated 18 H2S H2 S DHf 9 4 kcal molThe proposed mechanism involves the electron hole pairs created when incident light is absorbed by the cadmium sulfide 19 followed by these reacting with water and sulfide 18 Production of an electron hole pairCdS hn e h dd Reaction of electron2e 2H2O H2 2OH dd Reaction of hole2h S2 S dd Structure and physical properties EditCadmium sulfide has like zinc sulfide two crystal forms The more stable hexagonal wurtzite structure found in the mineral Greenockite and the cubic zinc blende structure found in the mineral Hawleyite In both of these forms the cadmium and sulfur atoms are four coordinate 20 There is also a high pressure form with the NaCl rock salt structure 20 Cadmium sulfide is a direct band gap semiconductor gap 2 42 eV 19 The proximity of its band gap to visible light wavelengths gives it a coloured appearance 4 As well as this obvious property other properties result the conductivity increases when irradiated 19 leading to uses as a photoresistor when combined with a p type semiconductor it forms the core component of a photovoltaic solar cell and a CdS Cu2S solar cell was one of the first efficient cells to be reported 1954 21 22 when doped with for example Cu activator and Al3 coactivator CdS luminesces under electron beam excitation cathodoluminescence and is used as phosphor 23 both polymorphs are piezoelectric and the hexagonal is also pyroelectric 24 electroluminescence 25 CdS crystals can act as a gain medium in solid state laser 26 27 In thin film form CdS can be combined with other layers for use in certain types of solar cells 28 CdS was also one of the first semiconductor materials to be used for thin film transistors TFTs 29 However interest in compound semiconductors for TFTs largely waned after the emergence of amorphous silicon technology in the late 1970s Thin films of CdS can be piezoelectric and have been used as transducers which can operate at frequencies in the GHz region Nanoribbons of CdS show a net cooling due annihilation of phonons during anti Stokes luminescence at 510 nm As a result a maximum temperature drop of 40 and 15 K has been demonstrated when the nanoribbons are pumped with a 514 or 532 nm laser 30 Applications EditPigment Edit Yellow cadmium sulfide pigment CdS is used as pigment in plastics showing good thermal stability light and weather fastness chemical resistance and high opacity 7 As a pigment CdS is known as cadmium yellow CI pigment yellow 37 4 31 About 2000 tons are produced annually as of 1982 representing about 25 of the cadmium processed commercially 32 Historical use in art Edit The general commercial availability of cadmium sulfide from the 1840s led to its adoption by artists notably Van Gogh Monet in his London series and other works and Matisse Bathers by a River 1916 1919 33 The presence of cadmium in paints has been used to detect forgeries in paintings alleged to have been produced prior to the 19th century 34 CdS CdSe solutions Edit CdS and CdSe form solid solutions with each other Increasing amounts of cadmium selenide gives pigments verging toward red for example CI pigment orange 20 and CI pigment red 108 31 Such solid solutions are components of photoresistors light dependent resistors sensitive to visible and near infrared light citation needed Safety EditCadmium sulfide is toxic especially dangerous when inhaled as dust and cadmium compounds in general are classified as carcinogenic 35 Problems of biocompatibility have been reported when CdS is used as colors in tattoos 36 CdS has an LD50 of approximately 7 080 mg kg in rats which is higher than other cadmium compounds due to its low solubility 37 References Edit Lide David R 1998 Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 87 ed Boca Raton FL CRC Press pp 4 67 1363 ISBN 978 0 8493 0594 8 a b Zumdahl Steven S 2009 Chemical Principles 6th Ed Houghton Mifflin Company p A21 ISBN 978 0 618 94690 7 a b c NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards 0087 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health NIOSH a b c d Egon Wiberg Arnold Frederick Holleman 2001 Inorganic Chemistry Elsevier ISBN 0 12 352651 5 Fred Ibbotson 2007 The Chemical Analysis of Steel Works Materials Read Books ISBN 1 4067 8113 4 Paul Klocek 1991 Handbook of Infrared Optical Materials CRC Press ISBN 0 8247 8468 5 a b c Hugh MacDonald Smith 2002 High Performance Pigments Wiley VCH ISBN 978 3 527 30204 8 Larry L Barton 1995 Sulfate reducing bacteria Springer ISBN 0 306 44857 2 Sweeney Rozamond Y Mao Chuanbin Gao Xiaoxia Burt Justin L Belcher Angela M Georgiou George Iverson Brent L 2004 Bacterial Biosynthesis of Cadmium Sulfide Nanocrystals Chemistry amp Biology 11 11 1553 9 doi 10 1016 j chembiol 2004 08 022 PMID 15556006 Oladeji I O Chow L 1997 Optimization of Chemical Bath Deposited Cadmium Sulfide J Electrochem Soc 144 7 7 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 563 1643 doi 10 1149 1 1837815 Uda H Yonezawa H Ohtsubo Y Kosaka M Sonomura H 2003 Thin CdS films prepared by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 75 1 2 219 doi 10 1016 S0927 0248 02 00163 0 Reisfeld R 2002 Nanosized semiconductor particles in glasses prepared by the sol gel method their optical properties and potential uses Journal of Alloys and Compounds 341 1 2 56 doi 10 1016 S0925 8388 02 00059 2 Moon B Lee J Jung H 2006 Comparative studies of the properties of CdS films deposited on different substrates by R F sputtering Thin Solid Films 511 512 299 Bibcode 2006TSF 511 299M doi 10 1016 j tsf 2005 11 080 Goto F Shirai Katsunori Ichimura Masaya 1998 Defect reduction in electrochemically deposited CdS thin films by annealing in O2 Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 50 1 4 147 doi 10 1016 S0927 0248 97 00136 0 U S Patent 4 086 101 Photovoltaic cells J F Jordan C M Lampkin Issue date April 25 1978 U S Patent 3 208 022 High performance photoresistor Y T Sihvonen issue date September 21 1965 Wanrooij P H P Agarwal U S Meuldijk J Kasteren J M N van Lemstra P J 2006 Extraction of CdS pigment from waste polyethylene Journal of Applied Polymer Science 100 2 1024 doi 10 1002 app 22962 a b Mario Schiavello 1985 Photoelectrochemistry Photocatalysis and Photoreactors Fundamentals and Developments Springer ISBN 90 277 1946 2 a b c D Lincot Gary Hodes Chemical Solution Deposition of Semiconducting and Non Metallic Films Proceedings of the International Symposium The Electrochemical Society 2006 ISBN 1 56677 433 0 a b Wells A F 1984 Structural Inorganic Chemistry 5th edition Oxford Science Publications ISBN 0 19 855370 6 Antonio Luque Steven Hegedus 2003 Handbook of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering John Wiley and Sons ISBN 0 471 49196 9 Reynolds D Leies G Antes L Marburger R 1954 Photovoltaic Effect in Cadmium Sulfide Physical Review 96 2 533 Bibcode 1954PhRv 96 533R doi 10 1103 PhysRev 96 533 C Fouassier 1994 Luminescence in Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry John Wiley amp Sons ISBN 0 471 93620 0 Minkus Wilfred 1965 Temperature Dependence of the Pyroelectric Effect in Cadmium Sulfide Physical Review 138 4A A1277 A1287 Bibcode 1965PhRv 138 1277M doi 10 1103 PhysRev 138 A1277 Smith Roland 1957 Low Field Electroluminescence in Insulating Crystals of Cadmium Sulfide Physical Review 105 3 900 Bibcode 1957PhRv 105 900S doi 10 1103 PhysRev 105 900 Akimov Yu A Burov A A Drozhbin Yu A Kovalenko V A Kozlov S E Kryukova I V Rodichenko G V Stepanov B M Yakovlev V A 1972 KGP 2 An Electron Beam Pumped Cadmium Sulfide Laser Soviet Journal of Quantum Electronics 2 3 284 Bibcode 1972QuEle 2 284A doi 10 1070 QE1972v002n03ABEH004443 Agarwal Ritesh Barrelet Carl J Lieber Charles M 2005 Lasing in Single Cadmium Sulfide Nanowire Optical Cavities Nano Letters 5 5 917 920 arXiv cond mat 0412144v1 Bibcode 2005NanoL 5 917A doi 10 1021 nl050440u PMID 15884894 S2CID 651903 Zhao H Farah Alvi Morel D Ferekides C S 2009 The effect of impurities on the doping and VOC of Cd Te CDS thin film solar cells Thin Solid Films 517 7 2365 2369 Bibcode 2009TSF 517 2365Z doi 10 1016 j tsf 2008 11 041 Weimer Paul 1962 The TFT A New Thin Film Transistor Proceedings of the IRE 50 6 1462 1469 doi 10 1109 JRPROC 1962 288190 S2CID 51650159 Zhang Jun 24 January 2013 Laser cooling of a semiconductor by 40 kelvin Nature 493 7433 504 508 Bibcode 2013Natur 493 504Z doi 10 1038 nature11721 PMID 23344360 S2CID 4426843 a b R M Christie 2001 Colour Chemistry p 155 Royal Society of Chemistry ISBN 0 85404 573 2 Karl Heinz Schulte Schrepping Magnus Piscator Cadmium and Cadmium Compounds in Ullmann s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2007 Wiley VCH Weinheim doi 10 1002 14356007 a04 499 Sidney Perkowitz 1998 Empire of Light A History of Discovery in Science and Art Joseph Henry Press ISBN 0 309 06556 9 W Stanley Taft James W Mayer Richard Newman Peter Kuniholm Dusan Stulik 2000 The Science of Paintings Springer ISBN 0 387 98722 3 CDC International Chemical Safety Card Cadmium Sulfide ARCHIVE COPY Bjornberg A Sep 1963 Reactions to light in yellow tattoos from cadmium sulfide Arch Dermatol 88 3 267 71 doi 10 1001 archderm 1963 01590210025003 PMID 14043617 Sicherheitsdatenblatt PDF Archived from the original PDF on 24 July 2015 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cadmium sulfide Cadmium II sulphide information at Webelements IARC Monograph Cadmium and Cadmium Compounds Last access November 2005 International Chemical Safety Card 0404 National Pollutant Inventory Cadmium and compounds 1 Report by the Academy of Medical Sciences to the Chief Scientific Adviser Ministry of Defence on the zinc cadmium sulphide dispersion trials undertaken in the United Kingdom between 1953 and 1964 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Cadmium sulfide amp oldid 1105013138, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
