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Combretum

January 01, 1970

"Schousboea" redirects here; this is also synonym of Alchornea.

Combretum, the bushwillows or combretums, make up the type genus of the family Combretaceae. The genus comprises about 272 species of trees and shrubs, most of which are native to tropical and southern Africa, about 5 to Madagascar, but there are others that are native to tropical Asia, New Guinea and the Bismarck Archipelago, Australia, and tropical America. Though somewhat reminiscent of willows (Salix) in their habitus, they are not particularly close relatives of these.

Combretum
Combretum collinum with fruit
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Myrtales
Family: Combretaceae
Genus: Combretum
Loefl.
Species

About 3272 see text

Synonyms[1]
  • Aetia Adans.
  • Bucholzia Stadtm. ex Willemet
  • Bureava Baill.
  • Cacoucia Aubl.
  • Calopyxis Tul.
  • Campylochiton Welw. ex Hiern
  • Campylogyne Welw. ex Hemsl.
  • Chrysostachys Pohl
  • Codonocroton E.Mey. ex Engl. & Diels
  • Cristaria Sonn.
  • Embryogonia Blume
  • Forsgardia Vell.
  • Gonocarpus Ham.
  • Grislea L.
  • Hambergera Scop.
  • Kleinia Crantz
  • Meiostemon Exell & Stace
  • Mekistus Lour. ex Gomes Mach.
  • Physopodium Desv.
  • Poivrea Comm. ex DC.
  • Quisqualis L.
  • Schousboea Willd.
  • Seguiera Rchb. ex Oliv.
  • Sheadendron G.Bertol.
  • Sphalanthus Jack
  • Thiloa Eichler
  • Udani Adans.

Ecology edit

 
Combretum albidum in Kinnerasani Wildlife Sanctuary, Andhra Pradesh, India

Bushwillow trees often are important plants in their habitat. Savannahs in Africa, in particular those growing on granitic soils, are often dominated by Combretum and its close relative Terminalia. For example, C. apiculatum is a notable tree in the Angolan mopane woodlands ecoregion in the Kunene River basin in southern Africa.[2]

Other species of this genus are a major component of Southwestern Amazonian moist forests. This genus contains several species that are pollinated by mammals other than bats, which is quite rare indeed.[3] But most species are more conventionally pollinated by insects or birds.[citation needed]

Typhlodromus combretum, a mite of the family Phytoseiidae, was discovered on a bushwillow plant and is named after this genus. Other herbivores that eat Combretum foliage include the caterpillars of the Brown Awl (Badamia exclamationis) which is found on C. albidum, C. latifolium and C. ovalifolium; those of the Orange-tailed Awl (Bibasis sena) are recorded from C. extensum and C. latifolium.[citation needed]

Use by humans edit

 
Combretum aculeatum inflorescence
 
Combretum paniculatum
 
Combretum acutum - MHNT

Several species are used in African or Indian herbal medicine.[additional citation(s) needed] Several species of this genus in Madagascar known collectively as voantamenaka or voatamenaka (from voa 'fruit' and menaka 'oil') are used in traditional Malagasy medicine as deworming remedies.[4] The class of chemical compounds known as combretastatins were first isolated from South African Bushwillow (Combretum caffrum), from which they get their name. One synthetic derivative, fosbretabulin disodium (combretastatin A4 phosphate), underwent preliminary study for the treatment of anaplastic thyroid cancer,[5] but it was not effective enough to progress to more advanced trials. C. molle is also recorded to contain antioxidants such as punicalagin,[citation needed] which is also found in pomegranates (Punica granatum), a somewhat related plant.

The botanist George Don studied this genus extensively. The Luvuvhu River in southern Africa was named after the river's bushwillows (C. erythrophyllum), locally known as muvuvhu.

Species edit

As of April 2021, there are 272 accepted species of Combretum:[1]

  • Combretum aculeatum Vent.
  • Combretum acuminatum Roxb.
  • Combretum acutifolium Exell
  • Combretum acutum M.A.Lawson
  • Combretum adenogonium Steud. ex A.Rich.
  • Combretum adrianii Jongkind
  • Combretum afzelii G.Don
  • Combretum alatum Craib
  • Combretum albiflorum (Tul.) Jongkind
  • Combretum albopunctatum Suess.
  • Combretum alfredi Hance
  • Combretum andongense Engl. & Diels
  • Combretum andradae Exell & J.G.García
  • Combretum angolense Welw. ex M.A.Lawson
  • Combretum angustipetalum Chiov.
  • Combretum annulatum Craib
  • Combretum apetalum Wall. ex Kurz
  • Combretum aphanopetalum Engl. & Diels
  • Combretum apiculatum Sond.
  • Combretum argenteum Bertol.
  • Combretum argyrotrichum Welw. ex M.A.Lawson
  • Combretum assimile Eichler
  • Combretum atropurpureum Engl. & Diels
  • Combretum aureonitens Engl. & Gilg
  • Combretum auriculatum Engl. & Diels
  • Combretum barbatum G.Don
  • Combretum batesii Exell
  • Combretum bauchiense Hutch. & Dalziel
  • Combretum baumii Engl. & Gilg
  • Combretum bipindense Engl. & Diels
  • Combretum blepharopetalum Wickens
  • Combretum boinensis Jongkind
  • Combretum bracteatum (M.A.Lawson) Engl. & Diels
  • Combretum bracteosum (Hochst.) Engl. & Diels
  • Combretum brassiciforme Exell
  • Combretum brevistylum Eichler
  • Combretum brunneum Engl. & Diels
  • Combretum butyrosum (G.Bertol.) Tul.
  • Combretum cacoucia Exell ex Sandwith
  • Combretum caffrum (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Kuntze
  • Combretum camporum Engl.
  • Combretum capitatum De Wild. & Exell
  • Combretum capituliflorum Fenzl ex Schweinf.
  • Combretum capuronii Jongkind
  • Combretum carringtonianum Exell & J.G.García
  • Combretum caudatisepalum Exell & J.G.García
  • Combretum celastroides Welw. ex M.A.Lawson
  • Combretum chinense G.Don
  • Combretum chionanthoides Engl. & Diels
  • Combretum cinereopetalum Engl. & Diels
  • Combretum cinnabarinum Engl. & Diels
  • Combretum clarense Jongkind
  • Combretum coccineum (Sonn.) Lam.
  • Combretum collinum Fresen.
  • Combretum comosum G.Don
  • Combretum conchipetalum Engl. & Diels
  • Combretum confertum (Benth.) M.A.Lawson
  • Combretum × confusum Merr. & Rolfe
  • Combretum congolanum Liben
  • Combretum constrictum (Benth.) M.A.Lawson
  • Combretum contractum Engl. & Diels
  • Combretum coriifolium Engl. & Diels
  • Combretum coursianum (H.Perrier) Jongkind
  • Combretum cuspidatum Planch. ex Benth.
  • Combretum decandrum Jacq.
  • Combretum decaryi Jongkind
  • Combretum deciduum Collett & Hemsl.
  • Combretum demeusei De Wild.
  • Combretum discolor Taub.
  • Combretum dolichopodum Gilg
  • Combretum duarteanum Cambess.
  • Combretum echirense Jongkind
  • Combretum edwardsii Exell
  • Combretum elaeagnoides Klotzsch
  • Combretum engleri Schinz, De Wild. & T.Durand
  • Combretum eriogynum (H.Perrier) Jongkind
  • Combretum erosum Jongkind
  • Combretum erythrophloeum Gilg & Ledermann ex Engl.
  • Combretum erythrophyllum (Burch.) Sond.
  • Combretum esteriense Jongkind
  • Combretum evisceratum (H.Perrier) Jongkind
  • Combretum exalatum Engl.
  • Combretum exannulatum (O.Hoffm.) Engl. & Diels
  • Combretum excelsum Keay
  • Combretum exellii Jongkind
  • Combretum falcatum (Welw. ex Hiern) Jongkind
  • Combretum farinosum Kunth
  • Combretum flammeum Welw. ex Hiern
  • Combretum foliatum Craib
  • Combretum frangulifolium Kunth
  • Combretum fruticosum (Loefl.) Stuntz
  • Combretum fulvum Keay
  • Combretum fuscum Planch. ex Benth.
  • Combretum gabonense Exell
  • Combretum germainii Liben
  • Combretum ghesquierei Liben
  • Combretum gillettianum Liben
  • Combretum glabrum DC.
  • Combretum glaucocarpum Mart.
  • Combretum glutinosum Perr. ex DC.
  • Combretum goetzei Engl. & Diels
  • Combretum goldieanum F.Muell.
  • Combretum goossensii De Wild. & Exell
  • Combretum gordonii Jongkind
  • Combretum gossweileri Exell
  • Combretum gracile Schott
  • Combretum graciliflorum Stace
  • Combretum grandidieri Drake
  • Combretum grandiflorum G.Don
  • Combretum griffithii Van Heurck & Müll.Arg.
  • Combretum harmsianum Diels
  • Combretum harrisii Wickens
  • Combretum hartmannianum Schweinf.
  • Combretum haullevilleanum De Wild.
  • Combretum hensii Engl. & Diels
  • Combretum hereroense Schinz
  • Combretum hilarianum D.Dietr.
  • Combretum holstii Engl.
  • Combretum homalioides Hutch. & Dalziel
  • Combretum igneiflorum Rendón & R.Delgad.
  • Combretum illairii Engl.
  • Combretum imberbe Wawra
  • Combretum indicum (L.) DeFilipps
  • Combretum inflatum Jongkind
  • Combretum ivanii Jongkind
  • Combretum kasaiense Liben
  • Combretum kirkii M.A.Lawson
  • Combretum klossii Ridl.
  • Combretum klotzschii Welw. ex M.A.Lawson
  • Combretum kostermansii Exell
  • Combretum kraussii Hochst.
  • Combretum lanceolatum Pohl ex Eichler
  • Combretum lanuginosum G.Don
  • Combretum latialatum Engl.
  • Combretum latifolium Blume
  • Combretum laxum Jacq.
  • Combretum lecardii Engl. & Diels
  • Combretum leprosum Mart.
  • Combretum lindense Exell & Mildbr.
  • Combretum lisowskii Jongkind
  • Combretum littoreum (Engl.) Engl.
  • Combretum llewelynii J.F.Macbr.
  • Combretum lokele Liben
  • Combretum longicollum Jongkind
  • Combretum longipilosum Engl. & Diels
  • Combretum longispicatum (Engl.) Engl. & Diels
  • Combretum longistipitatum Jongkind
  • Combretum louisii Liben
  • Combretum lukafuensis De Wild.
  • Combretum luxenii Exell
  • Combretum macrocalyx (Tul.) Jongkind
  • Combretum malabaricum (Bedd.) Sujana, Ratheesh & Anil Kumar
  • Combretum mannii G.Lawson ex Engl. & Diels
  • Combretum marginatum Engl. & Diels
  • Combretum marquesii Engl. & Diels
  • Combretum mellifluum Eichler
  • Combretum meridionalis (H.Perrier) Jongkind
  • Combretum micranthum G.Don
  • Combretum microphyllum Klotzsch
  • Combretum mkuzense J.D.Carr & Retief
  • Combretum moggii Exell
  • Combretum molle R.Br. ex G.Don
  • Combretum monetaria Mart.
  • Combretum mooreanum Exell
  • Combretum mortehanii De Wild. & Exell
  • Combretum mossambicense (Klotzsch) Engl.
  • Combretum mucronatum Schumach. & Thonn.
  • Combretum multinervium Exell
  • Combretum mussaendiflorum Engl. & Diels
  • Combretum mweroense Baker
  • Combretum nanum Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don
  • Combretum ndjoleense Jongkind
  • Combretum nigrescens King
  • Combretum nigricans Lepr. ex Guill. & Perr.
  • Combretum nioroense Aubrév. ex Keay
  • Combretum niphophilum Gilg & Ledermann ex Engl.
  • Combretum nusbaumeri Jongkind & L.Gaut.
  • Combretum oatesii Rolfe
  • Combretum obovatum F.Hoffm.
  • Combretum obscurum Tul.
  • Combretum octagonum (H.Perrier) Jongkind
  • Combretum olivaceum Engl.
  • Combretum oudenhovenii Jongkind
  • Combretum ovalifolium Roxb. ex G.Don
  • Combretum oxygonium (Tul.) Jongkind
  • Combretum oxystachyum Welw. ex M.A.Lawson
  • Combretum oyemense Exell
  • Combretum padoides Engl. & Diels
  • Combretum paniculatum Vent.
  • Combretum paradoxum Welw. ex M.A.Lawson
  • Combretum paraguariense (Eichler) Stace
  • Combretum patelliforme Engl. & Diels
  • Combretum paucinervium Engl. & Diels
  • Combretum pavonii G.Don
  • Combretum pecoense Exell
  • Combretum pellegrinianum Exell
  • Combretum pentagonum M.A.Lawson
  • Combretum petrophilum Retief
  • Combretum phaeocarpum Mart.
  • Combretum pilosum Roxb. ex G.Don
  • Combretum pisoniiflorum (Klotzsch) Engl.
  • Combretum pisonioides Taub.
  • Combretum platypterum (Welw.) Hutch. & Dalziel
  • Combretum polyanthum Jongkind
  • Combretum polystictum Hiern
  • Combretum procursum Craib
  • Combretum psidioides Welw.
  • Combretum punctatum Blume
  • Combretum purpureiflorum Engl.
  • Combretum pyramidatum Desv.
  • Combretum pyrifolium (C.Presl) Kurz
  • Combretum quadrangulare Kurz
  • Combretum quadratum Craib
  • Combretum rabiense Jongkind
  • Combretum racemosum P.Beauv.
  • Combretum razianum K.G.Bhat
  • Combretum recurvatum Sujana, Ratheesh & Anil Kumar
  • Combretum relictum Hutch. & Dalziel
  • Combretum rhodanthum Engl. & Diels
  • Combretum riggenbachianum Gilg & Ledermann ex Engl.
  • Combretum robustum Jongkind
  • Combretum robynsii Exell
  • Combretum rochetianum A.Rich. ex A.Juss.
  • Combretum rohrii Exell
  • Combretum rotundifolium Rich.
  • Combretum rovirosae Exell
  • Combretum roxburghii Spreng.
  • Combretum rupestre Jongkind & Texier
  • Combretum rupicola Ridl.
  • Combretum sanjappae Chakrab. & Lakra
  • Combretum scandens Liben
  • Combretum schumannii Engl.
  • Combretum sericeum G.Don
  • Combretum shivannae Gholave, Kambale, Lekhak & S.R.Yadav
  • Combretum sordidum Exell
  • Combretum sphaeroides (Tul.) Jongkind
  • Combretum spinosum Bonpl.
  • Combretum stenopterum Exell
  • Combretum stocksii Sprague
  • Combretum struempellianum Gilg & Ledermann ex Engl.
  • Combretum stylesii O.Maurin, Jordaan & A.E.van Wyk
  • Combretum subglabratum De Wild.
  • Combretum subumbellatum (Baker) Jongkind
  • Combretum sundaicum Miq.
  • Combretum sylvicola O.Maurin
  • Combretum tarquense Clark
  • Combretum tenuipetiolatum Wickens
  • Combretum tessmannii Gilg ex Engl.
  • Combretum tetragonocarpum Kurz
  • Combretum tetralophoides Slooten
  • Combretum tetralophum C.B.Clarke
  • Combretum teuschii O.Hoffm.
  • Combretum tibatiense Gilg & Ledermann ex Engl.
  • Combretum tomentosum G.Don
  • Combretum towaense Engl. & Diels
  • Combretum trichophyllum Baker
  • Combretum trifoliatum Vent.
  • Combretum ulei Exell
  • Combretum umbricola Engl.
  • Combretum vendae A.E.van Wyk
  • Combretum vernicosum Rusby
  • Combretum villosum (Tul.) Jongkind
  • Combretum violaceum (Tul.) Jongkind
  • Combretum virgatum Welw. ex M.A.Lawson
  • Combretum viscosum Exell
  • Combretum wallichii DC.
  • Combretum wattii Exell
  • Combretum wilksii Jongkind
  • Combretum winitii Craib
  • Combretum xanthothyrsum Engl. & Diels
  • Combretum youngii Exell
  • Combretum zenkeri Engl. & Diels
  • Combretum zeyheri Sond.

References edit

  1. ^ a b "Combretum Loefl". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
  2. ^ C.Michael Hogan. 2012. Kunene River. Topic ed. P.Saundry. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC.
  3. ^ Carthew, S (1997). "Non-flying mammals as pollinators". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 12 (3): 104–108. doi:10.1016/S0169-5347(96)10067-7. ISSN 0169-5347. PMID 21237993.
  4. ^ Boiteau, Pierre (1999). "Calopyxis". Dictionnaire des noms malgaches de végétaux (in French). Vol. I. Editions Alzieu. p. 196.
  5. ^ "Combretastatin A4 However there is the possibility that a modified version of an isomer of aombretastatin-A4 can be rendered effective. After replacing adjacent carbon atoms with nitrogen atoms, using blue light, the isomer can be switched to a form that attacks microtubules of cancer cells. So far this has been tested in vitro with breast cancer cells. Phosphate in Treating Patients With Advanced Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer". clinicaltrials.gov. 10 June 2010.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Combretum.
  • Dressler, S.; Schmidt, M. & Zizka, G. (2014). "Combretum". African plants – a Photo Guide. Frankfurt/Main: Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg.

January 01, 1970
combretum, schousboea, redirects, here, this, also, synonym, alchornea, bushwillows, combretums, make, type, genus, family, combretaceae, genus, comprises, about, species, trees, shrubs, most, which, native, tropical, southern, africa, about, madagascar, there. Schousboea redirects here this is also synonym of Alchornea Combretum the bushwillows or combretums make up the type genus of the family Combretaceae The genus comprises about 272 species of trees and shrubs most of which are native to tropical and southern Africa about 5 to Madagascar but there are others that are native to tropical Asia New Guinea and the Bismarck Archipelago Australia and tropical America Though somewhat reminiscent of willows Salix in their habitus they are not particularly close relatives of these Combretum Combretum collinum with fruit Scientific classification Kingdom Plantae Clade Tracheophytes Clade Angiosperms Clade Eudicots Clade Rosids Order Myrtales Family Combretaceae Genus CombretumLoefl Species About 3272 see text Synonyms 1 Aetia Adans Bucholzia Stadtm ex Willemet Bureava Baill Cacoucia Aubl Calopyxis Tul Campylochiton Welw ex Hiern Campylogyne Welw ex Hemsl Chrysostachys Pohl Codonocroton E Mey ex Engl amp Diels Cristaria Sonn Embryogonia Blume Forsgardia Vell Gonocarpus Ham Grislea L Hambergera Scop Kleinia Crantz Meiostemon Exell amp Stace Mekistus Lour ex Gomes Mach Physopodium Desv Poivrea Comm ex DC Quisqualis L Schousboea Willd Seguiera Rchb ex Oliv Sheadendron G Bertol Sphalanthus Jack Thiloa Eichler Udani Adans Contents 1 Ecology 2 Use by humans 3 Species 4 References 5 External linksEcology edit nbsp Combretum albidum in Kinnerasani Wildlife Sanctuary Andhra Pradesh India Bushwillow trees often are important plants in their habitat Savannahs in Africa in particular those growing on granitic soils are often dominated by Combretum and its close relative Terminalia For example C apiculatum is a notable tree in the Angolan mopane woodlands ecoregion in the Kunene River basin in southern Africa 2 Other species of this genus are a major component of Southwestern Amazonian moist forests This genus contains several species that are pollinated by mammals other than bats which is quite rare indeed 3 But most species are more conventionally pollinated by insects or birds citation needed Typhlodromus combretum a mite of the family Phytoseiidae was discovered on a bushwillow plant and is named after this genus Other herbivores that eat Combretum foliage include the caterpillars of the Brown Awl Badamia exclamationis which is found on C albidum C latifolium and C ovalifolium those of the Orange tailed Awl Bibasis sena are recorded from C extensum and C latifolium citation needed Use by humans edit nbsp Combretum aculeatum inflorescence nbsp Combretum paniculatum nbsp Combretum acutum MHNT Several species are used in African or Indian herbal medicine additional citation s needed Several species of this genus in Madagascar known collectively as voantamenaka or voatamenaka from voa fruit and menaka oil are used in traditional Malagasy medicine as deworming remedies 4 The class of chemical compounds known as combretastatins were first isolated from South African Bushwillow Combretum caffrum from which they get their name One synthetic derivative fosbretabulin disodium combretastatin A4 phosphate underwent preliminary study for the treatment of anaplastic thyroid cancer 5 but it was not effective enough to progress to more advanced trials C molle is also recorded to contain antioxidants such as punicalagin citation needed which is also found in pomegranates Punica granatum a somewhat related plant The botanist George Don studied this genus extensively The Luvuvhu River in southern Africa was named after the river s bushwillows C erythrophyllum locally known as muvuvhu Species editAs of April 2021 there are 272 accepted species of Combretum 1 Combretum aculeatum Vent Combretum acuminatum Roxb Combretum acutifolium Exell Combretum acutum M A Lawson Combretum adenogonium Steud ex A Rich Combretum adrianii Jongkind Combretum afzelii G Don Combretum alatum Craib Combretum albiflorum Tul Jongkind Combretum albopunctatum Suess Combretum alfredi Hance Combretum andongense Engl amp Diels Combretum andradae Exell amp J G Garcia Combretum angolense Welw ex M A Lawson Combretum angustipetalum Chiov Combretum annulatum Craib Combretum apetalum Wall ex Kurz Combretum aphanopetalum Engl amp Diels Combretum apiculatum Sond Combretum argenteum Bertol Combretum argyrotrichum Welw ex M A Lawson Combretum assimile Eichler Combretum atropurpureum Engl amp Diels Combretum aureonitens Engl amp Gilg Combretum auriculatum Engl amp Diels Combretum barbatum G Don Combretum batesii Exell Combretum bauchiense Hutch amp Dalziel Combretum baumii Engl amp Gilg Combretum bipindense Engl amp Diels Combretum blepharopetalum Wickens Combretum boinensis Jongkind Combretum bracteatum M A Lawson Engl amp Diels Combretum bracteosum Hochst Engl amp Diels Combretum brassiciforme Exell Combretum brevistylum Eichler Combretum brunneum Engl amp Diels Combretum butyrosum G Bertol Tul Combretum cacoucia Exell ex Sandwith Combretum caffrum Eckl amp Zeyh Kuntze Combretum camporum Engl Combretum capitatum De Wild amp Exell Combretum capituliflorum Fenzl ex Schweinf Combretum capuronii Jongkind Combretum carringtonianum Exell amp J G Garcia Combretum caudatisepalum Exell amp J G Garcia Combretum celastroides Welw ex M A Lawson Combretum chinense G Don Combretum chionanthoides Engl amp Diels Combretum cinereopetalum Engl amp Diels Combretum cinnabarinum Engl amp Diels Combretum clarense Jongkind Combretum coccineum Sonn Lam Combretum collinum Fresen Combretum comosum G Don Combretum conchipetalum Engl amp Diels Combretum confertum Benth M A Lawson Combretum confusum Merr amp Rolfe Combretum congolanum Liben Combretum constrictum Benth M A Lawson Combretum contractum Engl amp Diels Combretum coriifolium Engl amp Diels Combretum coursianum H Perrier Jongkind Combretum cuspidatum Planch ex Benth Combretum decandrum Jacq Combretum decaryi Jongkind Combretum deciduum Collett amp Hemsl Combretum demeusei De Wild Combretum discolor Taub Combretum dolichopodum Gilg Combretum duarteanum Cambess Combretum echirense Jongkind Combretum edwardsii Exell Combretum elaeagnoides Klotzsch Combretum engleri Schinz De Wild amp T Durand Combretum eriogynum H Perrier Jongkind Combretum erosum Jongkind Combretum erythrophloeum Gilg amp Ledermann ex Engl Combretum erythrophyllum Burch Sond Combretum esteriense Jongkind Combretum evisceratum H Perrier Jongkind Combretum exalatum Engl Combretum exannulatum O Hoffm Engl amp Diels Combretum excelsum Keay Combretum exellii Jongkind Combretum falcatum Welw ex Hiern Jongkind Combretum farinosum Kunth Combretum flammeum Welw ex Hiern Combretum foliatum Craib Combretum frangulifolium Kunth Combretum fruticosum Loefl Stuntz Combretum fulvum Keay Combretum fuscum Planch ex Benth Combretum gabonense Exell Combretum germainii Liben Combretum ghesquierei Liben Combretum gillettianum Liben Combretum glabrum DC Combretum glaucocarpum Mart Combretum glutinosum Perr ex DC Combretum goetzei Engl amp Diels Combretum goldieanum F Muell Combretum goossensii De Wild amp Exell Combretum gordonii Jongkind Combretum gossweileri Exell Combretum gracile Schott Combretum graciliflorum Stace Combretum grandidieri Drake Combretum grandiflorum G Don Combretum griffithii Van Heurck amp Mull Arg Combretum harmsianum Diels Combretum harrisii Wickens Combretum hartmannianum Schweinf Combretum haullevilleanum De Wild Combretum hensii Engl amp Diels Combretum hereroense Schinz Combretum hilarianum D Dietr Combretum holstii Engl Combretum homalioides Hutch amp Dalziel Combretum igneiflorum Rendon amp R Delgad Combretum illairii Engl Combretum imberbe Wawra Combretum indicum L DeFilipps Combretum inflatum Jongkind Combretum ivanii Jongkind Combretum kasaiense Liben Combretum kirkii M A Lawson Combretum klossii Ridl Combretum klotzschii Welw ex M A Lawson Combretum kostermansii Exell Combretum kraussii Hochst Combretum lanceolatum Pohl ex Eichler Combretum lanuginosum G Don Combretum latialatum Engl Combretum latifolium Blume Combretum laxum Jacq Combretum lecardii Engl amp Diels Combretum leprosum Mart Combretum lindense Exell amp Mildbr Combretum lisowskii Jongkind Combretum littoreum Engl Engl Combretum llewelynii J F Macbr Combretum lokele Liben Combretum longicollum Jongkind Combretum longipilosum Engl amp Diels Combretum longispicatum Engl Engl amp Diels Combretum longistipitatum Jongkind Combretum louisii Liben Combretum lukafuensis De Wild Combretum luxenii Exell Combretum macrocalyx Tul Jongkind Combretum malabaricum Bedd Sujana Ratheesh amp Anil Kumar Combretum mannii G Lawson ex Engl amp Diels Combretum marginatum Engl amp Diels Combretum marquesii Engl amp Diels Combretum mellifluum Eichler Combretum meridionalis H Perrier Jongkind Combretum micranthum G Don Combretum microphyllum Klotzsch Combretum mkuzense J D Carr amp Retief Combretum moggii Exell Combretum molle R Br ex G Don Combretum monetaria Mart Combretum mooreanum Exell Combretum mortehanii De Wild amp Exell Combretum mossambicense Klotzsch Engl Combretum mucronatum Schumach amp Thonn Combretum multinervium Exell Combretum mussaendiflorum Engl amp Diels Combretum mweroense Baker Combretum nanum Buch Ham ex D Don Combretum ndjoleense Jongkind Combretum nigrescens King Combretum nigricans Lepr ex Guill amp Perr Combretum nioroense Aubrev ex Keay Combretum niphophilum Gilg amp Ledermann ex Engl Combretum nusbaumeri Jongkind amp L Gaut Combretum oatesii Rolfe Combretum obovatum F Hoffm Combretum obscurum Tul Combretum octagonum H Perrier Jongkind Combretum olivaceum Engl Combretum oudenhovenii Jongkind Combretum ovalifolium Roxb ex G Don Combretum oxygonium Tul Jongkind Combretum oxystachyum Welw ex M A Lawson Combretum oyemense Exell Combretum padoides Engl amp Diels Combretum paniculatum Vent Combretum paradoxum Welw ex M A Lawson Combretum paraguariense Eichler Stace Combretum patelliforme Engl amp Diels Combretum paucinervium Engl amp Diels Combretum pavonii G Don Combretum pecoense Exell Combretum pellegrinianum Exell Combretum pentagonum M A Lawson Combretum petrophilum Retief Combretum phaeocarpum Mart Combretum pilosum Roxb ex G Don Combretum pisoniiflorum Klotzsch Engl Combretum pisonioides Taub Combretum platypterum Welw Hutch amp Dalziel Combretum polyanthum Jongkind Combretum polystictum Hiern Combretum procursum Craib Combretum psidioides Welw Combretum punctatum Blume Combretum purpureiflorum Engl Combretum pyramidatum Desv Combretum pyrifolium C Presl Kurz Combretum quadrangulare Kurz Combretum quadratum Craib Combretum rabiense Jongkind Combretum racemosum P Beauv Combretum razianum K G Bhat Combretum recurvatum Sujana Ratheesh amp Anil Kumar Combretum relictum Hutch amp Dalziel Combretum rhodanthum Engl amp Diels Combretum riggenbachianum Gilg amp Ledermann ex Engl Combretum robustum Jongkind Combretum robynsii Exell Combretum rochetianum A Rich ex A Juss Combretum rohrii Exell Combretum rotundifolium Rich Combretum rovirosae Exell Combretum roxburghii Spreng Combretum rupestre Jongkind amp Texier Combretum rupicola Ridl Combretum sanjappae Chakrab amp Lakra Combretum scandens Liben Combretum schumannii Engl Combretum sericeum G Don Combretum shivannae Gholave Kambale Lekhak amp S R Yadav Combretum sordidum Exell Combretum sphaeroides Tul Jongkind Combretum spinosum Bonpl Combretum stenopterum Exell Combretum stocksii Sprague Combretum struempellianum Gilg amp Ledermann ex Engl Combretum stylesii O Maurin Jordaan amp A E van Wyk Combretum subglabratum De Wild Combretum subumbellatum Baker Jongkind Combretum sundaicum Miq Combretum sylvicola O Maurin Combretum tarquense Clark Combretum tenuipetiolatum Wickens Combretum tessmannii Gilg ex Engl Combretum tetragonocarpum Kurz Combretum tetralophoides Slooten Combretum tetralophum C B Clarke Combretum teuschii O Hoffm Combretum tibatiense Gilg amp Ledermann ex Engl Combretum tomentosum G Don Combretum towaense Engl amp Diels Combretum trichophyllum Baker Combretum trifoliatum Vent Combretum ulei Exell Combretum umbricola Engl Combretum vendae A E van Wyk Combretum vernicosum Rusby Combretum villosum Tul Jongkind Combretum violaceum Tul Jongkind Combretum virgatum Welw ex M A Lawson Combretum viscosum Exell Combretum wallichii DC Combretum wattii Exell Combretum wilksii Jongkind Combretum winitii Craib Combretum xanthothyrsum Engl amp Diels Combretum youngii Exell Combretum zenkeri Engl amp Diels Combretum zeyheri Sond References edit a b Combretum Loefl Plants of the World Online Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Retrieved 11 April 2021 C Michael Hogan 2012 Kunene River Topic ed P Saundry Encyclopedia of Earth National Council for Science and the Environment Washington DC Carthew S 1997 Non flying mammals as pollinators Trends in Ecology amp Evolution 12 3 104 108 doi 10 1016 S0169 5347 96 10067 7 ISSN 0169 5347 PMID 21237993 Boiteau Pierre 1999 Calopyxis Dictionnaire des noms malgaches de vegetaux in French Vol I Editions Alzieu p 196 Combretastatin A4 However there is the possibility that a modified version of an isomer of aombretastatin A4 can be rendered effective After replacing adjacent carbon atoms with nitrogen atoms using blue light the isomer can be switched to a form that attacks microtubules of cancer cells So far this has been tested in vitro with breast cancer cells Phosphate in Treating Patients With Advanced Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer clinicaltrials gov 10 June 2010 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Combretum Dressler S Schmidt M amp Zizka G 2014 Combretum African plants a Photo Guide Frankfurt Main Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Combretum amp oldid 1172522289, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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