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Bismarck Archipelago

February 16, 2024

The Bismarck Archipelago (German: Bismarck-Archipel, pronounced ['bɪsmɑrk ˌaʁçiˈpeːl]) is a group of islands off the northeastern coast of New Guinea in the western Pacific Ocean and is part of the Islands Region of Papua New Guinea. Its area is about 50,000 square km.

Bismarck Archipelago
Satellite view of the islands of New Britain and New Ireland, the two largest in the Bismarck Archipelago
Geography
LocationPapua New Guinea
Coordinates5°00′S 150°00′E / 5.000°S 150.000°E / -5.000; 150.000
Major islandsNew Britain, New Ireland
Area49,700 km2 (19,200 sq mi)
Highest elevation2,340 m (7680 ft)
Highest pointMount Taron
Administration
Papua New Guinea
RegionIslands Region

History edit

The first inhabitants of the archipelago arrived around 30,000–40,000 years ago.[1] They may have traveled from New Guinea, by boat across the Bismarck Sea or via a temporary land bridge, created by an uplift in the Earth's crust.[citation needed] Later arrivals included the Lapita people.

The first European to visit these islands was Dutch explorer Willem Schouten in 1616.[2][3] The islands remained unsettled by western Europeans until they were annexed as part of the German protectorate of German New Guinea in 1884. The area was named in honour of the Chancellor Otto von Bismarck.

On 13 March 1888, a volcano erupted on Ritter Island causing a megatsunami. Almost the entire volcano fell into the ocean, leaving a small crater lake.[4]

 
The first wave of US troops lands on Los Negros, Admiralty Islands, 29 February 1944.

Following the outbreak of World War I, the Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force seized the islands in 1914 and Australia later received a League of Nations mandate for the islands. They remained under Australian administration—interrupted only by Japanese occupation during World War II—until Papua New Guinea became independent in September 1975.

Geography edit

The Bismarck Archipelago includes mostly volcanic islands with a total land area of 49,700 km2 (19,189 sq mi). The archipelago encompasses the Bismarck Sea and sits upon the North Bismarck Plate, the Manus Plate and the South Bismarck Plate.

Islands are grouped here according to administrative province:

 
Islands of the Bismarck Archipelago (shown in red) within the Provinces of Papua New Guinea.

The passage of water between the islands of New Britain and New Ireland is called St. George's Channel after St. George's Channel in the British Isles between Wales and Ireland.

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Leavesley, Matthew G. and Chappell, John. "Buang Merabak: additional early radiocarbon evidence of the colonisation of the Bismarck Archipelago, Papua New Guinea". Antiquity. Durham University. Retrieved 4 March 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ Sigmond, J. P. and Zuiderbann, L. H. (1976) Dutch Discoveries of Australia, Rigby, Australia. ISBN 0-7270-0800-5
  3. ^ Spate, O. H. K. (1979) The Spanish Lake, Australian National University, Second Edition, 2004. ISBN 1-920942-17-3
  4. ^ Ward, Steven N.; Day, Simon (September 2003). "Ritter Island Volcano —Lateral Collapse and the Tsunami of 1888". Geophysical Journal International. Blackwell Publishing. 154 (3): 891. Bibcode:2003GeoJI.154..891W. doi:10.1046/j.1365-246X.2003.02016.x. In the early morning of 1888 March 13, roughly 5 km3 of Ritter Island Volcano fell violently into the sea northeast of New Guinea. This event, the largest lateral collapse of an island volcano to be recorded in historical time, flung devastating tsunami tens of metres high on to adjacent shores. Several hundred kilometres away, observers on New Guinea chronicled 3-min period waves up to 8 m high, that lasted for as long as 3 h. These accounts represent the best available first-hand information on tsunami generated by a major volcano lateral collapse. In this article, we simulate the Ritter Island landslide as constrained by a 1985 sonar survey of its debris field and compare predicted tsunami with historical observations. The best agreement occurs for landslides travelling at 40 m/s, but velocities up to 80 m/s cannot be excluded. The Ritter Island debris dropped little more than 800 m vertically and moved slowly compared with landslides that descend into deeper water. Basal friction block models predict that slides with shorter falls should attain lower peak velocities and that 40+ m/s is perfectly compatible with the geometry and runout extent of the Ritter Island landslide. The consensus between theory and observation for the Ritter Island waves increases our confidence in the existence of mega-tsunami produced by oceanic volcano collapses two to three orders of magnitude larger in scale.

Bibliography edit

  • Firth, Stewart (1983). New Guinea Under the Germans. Carlton, Australia: Melbourne University Press. ISBN 0-522-84220-8.
  • Howe, K. R., Robert C. Kiste, Brij V. Lal, eds. (1994). Tides of History: The Pacific Islands in the Twentieth Century. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-1597-1.
  • King, David et al. (1982). Papua New Guinea Atlas: A Nation in Transition. Bathurst, Australia: R. Brown and the University of Papua New Guinea. ISBN 0-909197-14-8.
  • Moore, Clive (2003). New Guinea: Crossing Boundaries and History. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-2485-7.
  • Ryan, Peter, ed. (1972). Encyclopedia of Papua New Guinea. 3 volumes; Vol I: A – K, maps, black and white illustrations, xv + 588pp. Vol II: l – Z, maps, black and white illustrations, 589–1231pp. Vol III: Index, folding colour map in rear pocket, map, colour illustration, v + 83pp. Carlton, Australia: Melbourne University Press. ISBN 978-0-522-84025-4.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bismarck Archipelago.
  • "Bismarck Archipelago" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
  • "Bismarck Archipelago" . The New Student's Reference Work . 1914.

February 16, 2024
bismarck, archipelago, german, bismarck, archipel, pronounced, bɪsmɑrk, ˌaʁçiˈpeːl, group, islands, northeastern, coast, guinea, western, pacific, ocean, part, islands, region, papua, guinea, area, about, square, satellite, view, islands, britain, ireland, lar. The Bismarck Archipelago German Bismarck Archipel pronounced bɪsmɑrk ˌaʁciˈpeːl is a group of islands off the northeastern coast of New Guinea in the western Pacific Ocean and is part of the Islands Region of Papua New Guinea Its area is about 50 000 square km Bismarck ArchipelagoSatellite view of the islands of New Britain and New Ireland the two largest in the Bismarck ArchipelagoGeographyLocationPapua New GuineaCoordinates5 00 S 150 00 E 5 000 S 150 000 E 5 000 150 000Major islandsNew Britain New IrelandArea49 700 km2 19 200 sq mi Highest elevation2 340 m 7680 ft Highest pointMount TaronAdministrationPapua New GuineaRegionIslands Region Contents 1 History 2 Geography 3 See also 4 Notes 5 Bibliography 6 External linksHistory editThe first inhabitants of the archipelago arrived around 30 000 40 000 years ago 1 They may have traveled from New Guinea by boat across the Bismarck Sea or via a temporary land bridge created by an uplift in the Earth s crust citation needed Later arrivals included the Lapita people The first European to visit these islands was Dutch explorer Willem Schouten in 1616 2 3 The islands remained unsettled by western Europeans until they were annexed as part of the German protectorate of German New Guinea in 1884 The area was named in honour of the Chancellor Otto von Bismarck On 13 March 1888 a volcano erupted on Ritter Island causing a megatsunami Almost the entire volcano fell into the ocean leaving a small crater lake 4 nbsp The first wave of US troops lands on Los Negros Admiralty Islands 29 February 1944 Following the outbreak of World War I the Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force seized the islands in 1914 and Australia later received a League of Nations mandate for the islands They remained under Australian administration interrupted only by Japanese occupation during World War II until Papua New Guinea became independent in September 1975 Geography editThe Bismarck Archipelago includes mostly volcanic islands with a total land area of 49 700 km2 19 189 sq mi The archipelago encompasses the Bismarck Sea and sits upon the North Bismarck Plate the Manus Plate and the South Bismarck Plate Islands are grouped here according to administrative province nbsp Islands of the Bismarck Archipelago shown in red within the Provinces of Papua New Guinea Manus Province see 9 on the map Admiralty Islands group of 18 islands including Manus Island main island Los Negros Island Lou Island Ndrova Island Tong Island Baluan Island Pak Island Purdy Islands Rambutyo Island St Andrews Islands Western Islands with Aua Island Hermit Islands Kaniet Islands Anchorite Sae Island Ninigo Islands Wuvulu Island New Ireland Province 12 New Ireland or also Niu Ailan main island New Hanover or Lavongai St Matthias Islands Tabar Group Lihir Group Tanga Group Feni Islands Dyaul Island nbsp Rabaul caldera New Britain East New Britain Province 4 New Britain or also Niu Briten main island Duke of York Islands Kabakon Ulu West New Britain Province 18 New Britain or also Niu Briten main island Vitu Islands Morobe Province 11 Umboi Island Tolokiwa Island Sakar Island Ritter Island Malai Island Tuam Island Madang Province 8 Long Island Crown Island Karkar Island Bagabag Island Manam East Sepik Province 5 Schouten IslandsThe passage of water between the islands of New Britain and New Ireland is called St George s Channel after St George s Channel in the British Isles between Wales and Ireland See also edit nbsp New Guinea portalList of islands of Papua New GuineaNotes edit Leavesley Matthew G and Chappell John Buang Merabak additional early radiocarbon evidence of the colonisation of the Bismarck Archipelago Papua New Guinea Antiquity Durham University Retrieved 4 March 2018 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Sigmond J P and Zuiderbann L H 1976 Dutch Discoveries of Australia Rigby Australia ISBN 0 7270 0800 5 Spate O H K 1979 The Spanish Lake Australian National University Second Edition 2004 ISBN 1 920942 17 3 Ward Steven N Day Simon September 2003 Ritter Island Volcano Lateral Collapse and the Tsunami of 1888 Geophysical Journal International Blackwell Publishing 154 3 891 Bibcode 2003GeoJI 154 891W doi 10 1046 j 1365 246X 2003 02016 x In the early morning of 1888 March 13 roughly 5 km3 of Ritter Island Volcano fell violently into the sea northeast of New Guinea This event the largest lateral collapse of an island volcano to be recorded in historical time flung devastating tsunami tens of metres high on to adjacent shores Several hundred kilometres away observers on New Guinea chronicled 3 min period waves up to 8 m high that lasted for as long as 3 h These accounts represent the best available first hand information on tsunami generated by a major volcano lateral collapse In this article we simulate the Ritter Island landslide as constrained by a 1985 sonar survey of its debris field and compare predicted tsunami with historical observations The best agreement occurs for landslides travelling at 40 m s but velocities up to 80 m s cannot be excluded The Ritter Island debris dropped little more than 800 m vertically and moved slowly compared with landslides that descend into deeper water Basal friction block models predict that slides with shorter falls should attain lower peak velocities and that 40 m s is perfectly compatible with the geometry and runout extent of the Ritter Island landslide The consensus between theory and observation for the Ritter Island waves increases our confidence in the existence of mega tsunami produced by oceanic volcano collapses two to three orders of magnitude larger in scale Bibliography editFirth Stewart 1983 New Guinea Under the Germans Carlton Australia Melbourne University Press ISBN 0 522 84220 8 Howe K R Robert C Kiste Brij V Lal eds 1994 Tides of History The Pacific Islands in the Twentieth Century Honolulu University of Hawaii Press ISBN 0 8248 1597 1 King David et al 1982 Papua New Guinea Atlas A Nation in Transition Bathurst Australia R Brown and the University of Papua New Guinea ISBN 0 909197 14 8 Moore Clive 2003 New Guinea Crossing Boundaries and History Honolulu University of Hawaii Press ISBN 0 8248 2485 7 Ryan Peter ed 1972 Encyclopedia of Papua New Guinea 3 volumes Vol I A K maps black and white illustrations xv 588pp Vol II l Z maps black and white illustrations 589 1231pp Vol III Index folding colour map in rear pocket map colour illustration v 83pp Carlton Australia Melbourne University Press ISBN 978 0 522 84025 4 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bismarck Archipelago Bismarck Archipelago Encyclopaedia Britannica 11th ed 1911 Bismarck Archipelago The New Student s Reference Work 1914 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Bismarck Archipelago amp oldid 1180237373, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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