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Industry City

October 25, 2023

Not to be confused with City of Industry or Industrial city.

Industry City (also Bush Terminal)[a] is a historic intermodal shipping, warehousing, and manufacturing complex on the Upper New York Bay waterfront in the Sunset Park neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York City. The northern portion, commonly called "Industry City" on its own, hosts commercial light manufacturing tenants across 6,000,000 square feet (560,000 m2) of space between 32nd and 41st Streets, and is operated by a private consortium. The southern portion, known as "Bush Terminal", is located between 40th and 51st Streets and is operated by the New York City Economic Development Corporation (NYCEDC) as a garment manufacturing complex.

Bush Terminal in 1958, looking north, with Lower Manhattan in the distance
Location in New York City

Founded by Bush Terminal Company head Irving T. Bush in the early 20th century, Bush Terminal was the first facility of its kind in New York City and the largest multi-tenant industrial property in the United States. The warehouses were built circa 1892–1910, the railroad from 1896 to 1915, and the factory lofts between 1905 and 1925.[2] During World War I, Bush Terminal was used as a United States Navy base, though it returned to private ownership after the war. At its peak, Bush Terminal covered 200 acres (81 hectares), bounded by Gowanus Bay to the west and north, Third Avenue to the east, 27th Street to the north, and 50th Street to the south.[3]: 171 

The surrounding area entered a period of decline after World War II, and by the 1970s, the ports in Bush Terminal had been filled. The entire complex was rebranded as Industry City during the post-war years, though the Bush Terminal name remained in popular use. In the 1970s and 1980s, sections of Bush Terminal were demolished or converted into other uses, including a shopping mall, a federal prison, a privately operated manufacturing and commercial complex, and a garment manufacturing district operated by the NYCEDC.

Today, the Bush Terminal site collectively comprises roughly 71 acres (29 ha), including sixteen former factory buildings and eleven warehouses between built in the early 20th century. Starting in the 2010s, the complex has been undergoing renovations and expansions. A major expansion of Industry City, which would add 3,000,000 square feet (280,000 m2) of space to the complex, was announced in 2017. The section of Bush Terminal operated by the NYCEDC is also undergoing a renovation into the "Made in NY" campus, a film, TV, and fashion manufacturing complex that is set to open in 2020.

Description Edit

 
Industry City streetscape

The privately owned Industry City complex covers sixteen structures and 35 acres (14 ha) of land on the Brooklyn waterfront, adjacent to New York Harbor.[4][5] It is subdivided into eight former factory buildings between Second Avenue, 33rd Street, Third Avenue, and 37th Street, numbered 8 to 1 from north to south. An additional two buildings, numbered 19 and 20, occupy the block bounded by First Avenue, Second Avenue, 39th Street, and 41st Street.[6] The structures contain a combined 6,000,000 square feet (560,000 m2) of floor space.[4] All of the buildings were part of the Bush Terminal Company's "Industrial Colony", which was built in the late 1900s and early 1910s.[7]

Directly south of Industry City, between First Avenue, 40th Street, Second Avenue, and 51st Street, is a collection of eleven former warehouses operated by the NYCEDC as part of the Bush Terminal manufacturing complex. These structures were developed by the South Brooklyn Industrial Development Corporation starting in 1989.[8] The campus comprises 36 acres (15 ha) of land and 1,400,000 square feet (130,000 m2) of renovated floor space.[9]

The entire complex was originally called Bush Terminal and formerly stretched further north to 28th Street.[10] The section north of 32nd Street, comprising the former Naval Fleet Supply Base, is no longer part of Bush Terminal. One of the buildings between 29th and 31st Street, called Federal Building No. 2, are a privately owned shopping complex called Liberty View Industrial Plaza.[11] It was bought by Salman Properties in 2011,[12] and before that, it had been vacant since 2000.[13] The site of the other structure, Federal Building No. 1, is occupied by Metropolitan Detention Center, Brooklyn (MDC Brooklyn), which was built in the 1990s.[14][15] Federal Building No. 1 was demolished in 1993 to make way for MDC Brooklyn.[16]

The South Brooklyn Marine Terminal, also owned by the NYCEDC, occupies the waterfront to the north and west, from 39th to 29th Streets.[17]

Factory lofts Edit

By 1918, the Bush Terminal Company owned 3,100 feet (940 m) of waterfront in Brooklyn, and the terminal covered 20 waterfront blocks.[18][19] The complex ultimately encompassed sixteen factory buildings between 28th and 37th Streets, and between 39th and 41st Streets.[10][20] The buildings were outfitted with the most modern amenities available in the 1900s and 1910s, such as fireproof metal facades and a fire sprinkler system.[21][22] The floors of each loft building could carry loads of up to 200 pounds per square foot (980 kg/m2).[20]

The loft buildings had a combined 150 freight elevators.[23] They were mostly U-shaped to facilitate loading at the rail sidings located in between the two wings of each building. By the 1970s, the facility's buildings had 263,740 window panes in their walls and 138 miles (222 km) of fire sprinklers running within them.[24]

 
Female railroad workers at Bush Terminal during World War I

Bush Terminal Company Building Edit

Industry City includes the Bush Terminal Company Building (now Buildings 19 and 20[25]), a loft structure located on Second Avenue between 39th and 40th Streets.[26] Construction on the building started around 1911,[25] It was eight stories tall with three distinct buildings connected in U-shaped manner. The primary structure possessed a common courtyard with wings. The structure had a frontage of 460 feet on the west side of Second Avenue. Its wings ran westward from Second Avenue along 39th Street and 40th Street. It extended 335 feet each to a private street located off the bulkheads. The court measured 210 feet by 55 feet.[7]

The property on which the edifice was erected was purchased in part from the New York Dock Company for $30 million.[27] The building's completion was part of a plan long contemplated by the Bush Terminal Company's president, Irving T. Bush. Its construction coincided with an improvement in the industrial region between First and Second Avenues. The Bush Terminal Company erected structures like this on both sides of Second Avenue.[26]

Railroad Edit

The Bush Terminal Railroad Company owned about twenty miles (32 km) of track within the terminal by 1917,[18] which had grown to 43 miles (69 km) of track by 1950.[28] The terminal's railroad greatly reduced shippers' cost to haul freight from their facilities to a rail yard.[2] The rail yard could hold about 1,000 freight cars and was six blocks long.[2][28] The terminal also owned two miles (3.2 km) of double-tracked electric railroad that ran on the streets along Brooklyn's waterfront.[22] The tracks ran along Second Avenue from 28th to 41st Streets and along First Avenue from 41st to 64th Streets, with spurs into every factory building and into the Brooklyn Army Terminal at 58th Street.[22][29] Eventually, Bush Terminal could handle 50,000 freight railcars at a time.[3]: 171 

The tracks connected with the Pennsylvania Railroad's New York Connecting Railroad at 65th Street, south of the Brooklyn Army Terminal.[21][29][30] There was also a direct connection to the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company's trackage at 39th Street, which is now operated by the South Brooklyn Railway.[21] Around 1913, there were plans to extend the railroad northward along the Brooklyn waterfront via the "Marginal Elevated Railway". The railroad would have used an elevated viaduct, similar to the High Line in Manhattan, between Bush Terminal and the piers at Fulton Ferry Landing (now Brooklyn Bridge Park) in Brooklyn Heights.[31][32] However, this marginal railroad was never built.[33]

In addition, the Bush Terminal Company ran a car float operation in which freight cars were loaded aboard car-float barges with railroad tracks, which traveled across New York Harbor to and from car float piers in New Jersey. The company had a fleet of tugboats specifically for car floats, each with three crews. Each tug pulled three or four car-float barges, which each measured 277 by 41 feet (84 by 12 m) and could hold up to 17 freight cars at a time.[34] By 1957, two tugboats were still operating, both of which dated to 1905 and 1906.[35]

Piers and storage Edit

 
One of seven covered piers at Bush Terminal, seen in a dilapidated state some time after the mid-1980s

In its most active years, the Bush Terminal/Industry City complex contained seven covered piers, which each extended over 1,200 feet (370 m) into New York Harbor.[18][21][22] Each pier measured 1,400 by 150 feet (427 by 46 m), and contained a railroad track for loading freight onto ships. Adjacent to each pier were slips that measured 270 feet (82 m) wide by 40 feet (12 m) deep, large enough to accommodate container ships at the time.[21][22][29] Twenty-five steamship lines used these piers,[3]: 171  and by 1910, Bush Terminal handled 10 percent of all steamships arriving in New York.[30]

Once freight was offloaded from vessels or ready for shipment, it could be stored within one of the warehouses at Bush Terminal. Estimates varied as to the number of warehouses at Bush Terminal. According to The New York Times, the complex had 118 warehouses by 1918, ranging in height from one to eight stories, which could store a combined 25,000,000 cubic feet (710,000 m3) of goods.[18] However, The Wall Street Journal described the terminal later that year as having 121 warehouses with 38,000,000 cubic feet (1,100,000 m3) of total storage space,[19] and a 1920 article in the Bush Company's magazine mentioned that the complex had 122 warehouses.[36]: 32  The warehouses were used to store both raw and manufactured goods from Manhattan, in addition to materials offloaded from incoming ships and merchandise headed for distribution.[22] The Bush Terminal Company also maintained a fleet of four steam lighters and seven tugboats that carried goods between the terminal and piers in Manhattan.[21][22]

By 1920, distribution was controlled from an 8-story steel-and-concrete service building at 39th Street west of Second Avenue. The building had two levels of railroad tracks, one for incoming freight and one for outgoing freight, and each level could accommodate six freight cars.[36]: 34–35 

 
Warehouse section of the Bush Terminal complex between 39th and 44th Streets, and the remaining traces of the covered piers in 2021

Historic operations Edit

 
The sidewalks at Industry City double as loading docks

When the complex was known as Bush Terminal, it offered economies of scale for its tenants, so that even the smallest interests could use facilities normally only available to large, well-capitalized firms.[2] An article published in the Brooklyn Daily Eagle in 1940 mentioned that tenants took up anywhere between 5,000 to 130,000 square feet (460 to 12,080 m2) of space.[37] During the 1910s, advertisements for Bush Terminal were posted in newspapers such as the Brooklyn Daily Eagle, claiming that companies could have private railroad tracks, a "free waterfront," and "a million-dollar factory at your present rental or less", and that the complex covered over 200 acres (81 ha) of land.[38] Other advertisements depicted companies moving to Bush Terminal in large numbers, "boosting" Brooklyn.[39]

Bush Terminal employed 35,000 by 1928, and even had a private court system for self-policing.[40][41][42] There were four tribunals; one each for marine employees, railroad workers, trucking employees, and mechanical employees. These handled both civil cases, such as those for job demotions seen as unfair, and criminal cases, such as those for fraud. There was also a "supreme court" that handled disputes between departments, and employees were allowed to appeal cases directly to Irving Bush. The terminal also had a "Pivot Club", which was composed of longshoremen who met twice a week to draft legislation.[41][42]

Bush Terminal had two coal-and-oil power plants for steam and light.[37] There was a hall for longshoremen, a bank, restaurants, and a trolley system to provide transportation for workers. An administration building was constructed circa 1895–1902,[2] There was a police force and fire department,[3]: 171 [28] as well as a mailbox for airmail.[43] A chamber of commerce for Bush Terminal, created in June 1916, successfully advocated for improvements to the area, such as infrastructure and quality of life cleanup.[44] Other amenities provided at Bush Terminal included social clubs, schools, and community centers.[45]

History Edit

Concept and beginnings Edit

Industry City was originally known as Bush Terminal, which was named after Irving T. Bush. His family name came from Jan Bosch, who was born in the Netherlands and immigrated to New Amsterdam (now New York) in 1662;[30] it is unrelated to the Bush political family.[46] Bush Terminal was unique from other rail-marine terminals in New York due to its distance from Manhattan, the magnitude of its warehousing and manufacturing operations, and its fully integrated nature. Wholesalers in Manhattan faced expensive time, transportation, and labor costs when importing and then re-sending goods. In 1895, Irving T. Bush—working under his family's company, the Bush Company—organized six warehouses and one pier on the waterfront of South Brooklyn as a freight-handling terminal.[30]

There had only been one warehouse on the Bush Terminal site in 1890.[3]: 171  Before that, the land contained an oil refinery belonging to the Bush & Denslow company of Rufus T. Bush, Irving T. Bush's father. Standard Oil bought this refinery in the 1880s and dismantled it, but after Rufus T. Bush's death in 1890, Irving T. Bush later bought the land back using his father's inheritance.[47] In 1891, the Bush Company completed a one-story office building at the intersection of First Avenue and 42nd Street.[48] Irving Bush built six warehouses on the site between 1895 and 1897, but soon observed their inefficiency: "The ships were on one shore, the railroads on another, and the factories were scattered about the city on any old street without any relation to either kind of transportation. I thought: 'Why not bring them to one place, and tie the ship, the railroad, the warehouse, and the factory together with ties of railroad tracks?'"[49]: 14 

The terminal in its early days was derided as "Bush's Folly".[50][45] Railroad officials would not ship directly to Brooklyn unless the customers first had orders of freight, as it required the extra cost of loading freight cars on car floats for the trip across New York Harbor to the ferry slips at the terminal.[30][47] Railroad officials also feared that the harbor might freeze during the winter, making a car float unsustainable.[34] Irving T. Bush resorted to sending an agent to Michigan with instructions to buy 100 carloads of hay, then to attempt to have the hay sent in its original railcar to Bush's terminal in Brooklyn. Railroad companies in the eastern U.S. declined their western agents' request to send the hay until the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad agreed to accept the offer and negotiate directly with the new terminal, after which other railways followed.[30][47] To demonstrate that ocean vessels could dock at the piers, Irving T. Bush leased ships and entered the banana business, and in doing so, made a profit. Likewise, to induce businesses to store goods at his terminal's warehouses, he warehoused coffee and cotton himself.[47] Once Bush Terminal succeeded and expanded, sources credited Bush's "keen foresight" for undertaking such a "quixotic" business venture.[30]

Expansion Edit

 
Bush Terminal, c.1910

1900s and 1910s Edit

The Bush Company purchased an additional plot of land from the Hunt family in 1901, spanning between 41st and 50th Streets. At the time, the company already operated properties at the western ends of 41st and 42nd Streets, facing the waterfront.[51] The Bush Company terminal business became the Bush Terminal Company in 1902 when Irving T. Bush bought the land from the Standard Oil Co.[2][18] The same year, the Bush Terminal Company started grading land on the former Hunt estate. It was ultimately planning to construct 18 factory loft buildings and 73 warehouses, as well as seven piers.[52][29] The first pier opened in May 1903.[53]

Significant progress had been made by 1905: five of the piers were complete, and the Bush Terminal Company owned ten of the twelve blocks of waterfront between 39th and 51st Streets, as well as the plot bounded by Second Avenue, Third Avenue, 37th Street, and 28th Street.[29] A sixth pier was completed within two years.[21] By this time, the shipping industry in Manhattan was becoming congested.[22] By early 1909, three of the factory structures had been completed, and a fourth was under construction. Each building was six stories tall, measured 600 by 75 feet (183 by 23 m), and had 270,000 square feet (25,000 m2) of floor area. The complex was convenient enough for industries that the first two buildings had been fully rented before they had even been completed.[54] The Bush Terminal Company also arranged to lease a tenement structure at Third Avenue and 29th Street to house workers employed at Bush Terminal. It was expected that by the time fifteen to twenty of the factories were completed, Bush Terminal would employ 10,000 to 15,000 workers.[55] Plans for a fifth and sixth factory building were announced in mid-1909, with the same dimensions as the existing factory structures.[56] Early tenants included those in the printing and paper industries, and many of these tenants would remain through the 1950s.[57]

In 1912, Irving Bush proposed that the city buy the Bush Terminal Company's piers, since the city had desired to purchase the company's waterfront land.[58] Later that year, the New York City Board of Estimate received a proposal for the city to establish a freight terminal on the Brooklyn waterfront between 36th and 43rd Streets, and purchase that stretch of land from the Bush Terminal Company, as well as the Bush Terminal railroad and the entirety of Bush Terminal at the time. Under the plan, the existing Bush Terminal, the railroad, and the new city-owned terminal would continue to be operated by the Bush Terminal Company. That September, a special committee for the Board of Estimate approved the plan.[59][60] However, the New York Merchants Association opposed the city's proposal to purchase Bush Terminal, because the Bush Terminal Company would then have a monopoly on the railroads along the Brooklyn waterfront.[61] The city's commissioner of docks, Calvin Tomkins, also opposed the proposal because of concerns over a private monopoly, and because the Board of Estimate's special committee had ignored his original proposals.[62][63]

By 1917, Bush Terminal had 26,500,000 cubic feet (750,000 m3) of storage spread across 102 warehouses. The Bush Terminal Company had built 16 factory loft buildings with a combined floor area of 4,500,000 square feet (420,000 m2).[20]

Use by Navy during World War I Edit

 
Bush Terminal relationship within the Army's Port of Embarkation Hoboken (1917–1918).

On December 31, 1917, the United States Navy announced that it would take over the piers and warehouses of the Bush Terminal Company. Major General George Goethals, acting Quartermaster General of the U.S. Army, praised Bush Terminal as being among the best shipping facilities in the United States.[18][64] The Navy proposed to build 6,000,000 square feet (560,000 m2) of storage space and four piers adjoining Bush Terminal.[65] The United States Army also occupied warehouses within part of Bush Terminal, but it proposed to vacate that space so the Navy could use it.[66] The U.S. Navy wanted to outright purchase Bush Terminal, and it was soon in negotiations with the Bush Terminal Company over the terminal's valuation.[19]

In June 1918, Assistant Secretary of the Navy, and eventual President of the United States, Franklin D. Roosevelt wrote to Irving Bush to tell him that the navy would also be commandeering four of Bush Terminal's twelve manufacturing buildings. As a result, 64 manufacturers employing 4,500 people were ordered to vacate their spaces by the end of 1918.[67][66] The eviction notice covered 276 total tenants in buildings 3, 4, 5, and 6.[68] Although Bush reluctantly complied with the takeover,[18] the Merchants' Association protested because the takeover would eliminate the jobs of a large workforce.[69] Many companies at Bush Terminal also pushed back against the eviction order, citing the amenities at the terminal.[70] The Bush Terminal Company recorded material losses the next year.[71]

The U.S. Navy tied its rail lines into those of the Bush Terminal.[72] Irving Bush helped to design Bush Terminal's southern neighbor, the Brooklyn Army Terminal, which was completed in 1919.[50][24] Because of the railroad connection between Bush Terminal and the Brooklyn Army Terminal, and then to the mainland U.S. via the New York Connecting Railroad, the U.S. Navy wanted to operate the Bush Terminal for the duration of the war, paying a fee for the takeover.[73] The piers of the terminal became part of the United States Army's New York Port of Embarkation.[74] At the war's end the New York Port of Embarkation included eight piers in Brooklyn, including six Bush Terminal piers and two Army Supply Base piers; 120 Bush Terminal warehouses; twelve piers and seven warehouses in Hoboken, New Jersey; and three piers in the North River, Manhattan.[75] A 1929 article in the Brooklyn Daily Eagle mentioned that during World War I, Bush Terminal handled about 70% of the ammunition, clothing, and food that went to American soldiers abroad.[34]

The federal government quietly returned Bush Terminal to private ownership after the war. It paid out claims to the Bush Terminal Company for the use of the terminal space, though the last of the funds was not allocated until 1943, twenty-five years after takeover.[76] In October 1919, the Bush Terminal Company announced the creation of a department for sporting-goods manufacturers at Bush Terminal.[77] The company was designated with selling off excess cloth from the Army and Navy, which were considered war surplus.[78]

Zenith Edit

 
Bush Terminal Buildings 19 and 20, seen in 1920

1920s Edit

The twelve factory loft buildings that had been built by 1918 housed about 300 companies.[18] By the end of World War I, Bush Terminal was an integral part of the economy of what is now Sunset Park.[3]: 1143–1144  The terminal's fortunes rose with those of the borough of Brooklyn, which had over 2.5 million residents by 1930.[3]: 152  Bush Terminal employed thousands directly and many thousands more worked for firms within Bush Terminal.[3]: 171  By 1928, Bush Terminal had 35,000 workers, and it was so large that the terminal employed its own court system,[41] as well as a police force and fire department.[3]: 171 

World War I had halted expansion projects at Bush Terminal, and construction on these projects did not resume until 1926.[79] In March 1927, the Bush Terminal Company completed 600,000 square feet (56,000 m2) of new industrial space at Bush Terminal, bringing the amount of factory loft space to 5,600,000 square feet (520,000 m2).[80] By that time, the company was constructing two additional loft buildings, which would increase the factory loft space by 10%, as well as power plant at Bush Terminal.[81] A branch of National City Bank (now Citibank) inside the terminal was opened the same year,[82] as did a playground near the terminal.[83]

Other Bush Terminal Company buildings Edit

Early in the 20th century, the Bush Terminal Company commissioned architects Kirby, Petit & Green to design its headquarters building in Manhattan's Financial District at 100 Broad Street, near the intersection with Pearl and Bridge Streets. The relatively small yet notable five-story office building was located on the site of Manhattan's first church, built in 1633,[84] and one book described the structure as having a "Gothic design with a strong flavor of Dutch."[85]

The company also funded construction of Bush Tower, a 30-story skyscraper near Times Square in Manhattan, where tenants of Bush Terminal were offered display space to showcase their goods, above a club for buyers visiting New York.[24] The Bush Terminal Company attempted a similar melding of commercial displays and social space at Bush House in London, built in three phases during the 1920s, but the concept was not fully carried through at that project.[86]

Great Depression and World War II Edit

Despite the onset of the Great Depression in 1929, the Bush Terminal Company was initially unaffected. In early 1930, Irving Bush created a new subsidiary, the Bush Services Corporation, which would allow small manufacturers in Bush Terminal to sell directly to manufacturers, thus eliminating the need for wholesalers as middlemen.[87] Later that year, a direct seaplane route was established between Bush Terminal and Philadelphia.[88][89] In 1931, in advance of a projected increase in business, the Bush Terminal Company planned to purchase $500,000 million worth of equipment, including eight electric train locomotives.[90] To help potential tenants and customers find Bush Terminal more easily, wayfinding signs for the terminal were installed in the 36th Street subway station.[91] A park at the site of an abandoned dumping ground was announced in 1934,[92] and the Bush Terminal Company bought a fleet of new trucks for Bush Terminal the same year.[93]

In mid-March 1933, seven members of the Bush Terminal Company's board suddenly quit, citing past mismanagement.[94] The Bush Terminal Company went into receivership two weeks afterward, on April 1, 1933, due to an inability to repay its outstanding bonds.[95] A new 11-person board of directors was appointed for the duration of receivership.[96] The receivers started cutting costs, and by May, had eliminated $100,000 in expenses.[97] In May 1935, the receivers removed Bush as the president of the Bush Terminal Company and subsidiaries.[98] Shortly afterward, Bush unsuccessfully sued in Brooklyn federal court to have the receivers removed based on an accusation of incompetence.[99][100] That November, stockholders filed a petition in Brooklyn federal court to reorganize the Bush Terminal Company, since the company was bankrupt.[101] The reorganization was granted by Brooklyn federal judge Robert Alexander Inch.[102] The company exited receivership on May 1, 1936.[103] However, equity proceedings against the Bush Terminal Company were still pending,[104] and in April 1937, the Bush Terminal Buildings Company filed for reorganization under a court order from Inch.[105] Legal disputes between Bush and the trustees continued, including a libel suit filed by the trustees against Bush that later had to be re-litigated.[106]

 
Preferred share of the Bush Terminal Company, issued January 19, 1920

Operations at the terminal itself continued relatively unaltered through the 1930s.[2] However, vacancy rates reached as high as 35% during the Depression.[24] The United States Postal Service decided to relocate the area's post office out of Bush Terminal in 1934 because the rent was too high.[107] At some point, the Drug Enforcement Administration; the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives; the Internal Revenue Service, and the United States Coast Guard also occupied space in Bush Terminal.[16]

In 1938, after lithographers signed leases for nine buildings in Bush Terminal, the Bush Terminal Company announced that the leased buildings would receive extensive renovations.[108] The federal government, whose Works Progress Administration stored supplies such as clothing in warehouses at Bush Terminal, was another large tenant.[109] Other large tenants included the Monarch Wine Company, which leased three buildings at Bush Terminal in 1939,[110] and spice companies such as the Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company (now A&P), whose Bush Terminal tea-packing plant was once the world's largest.[111] By 1941, ninety percent of the rentable space at Bush Terminal had been leased, and 69 of 70 one-story buildings had been rented.[112]

During World War II, some buildings in Bush Terminal were again used by the federal government, which used 1,500,000 square feet (140,000 m2) of storage space at the terminal.[74] In mid-1941, the U.S. Army moved some civilian workers into more than 500,000 square feet (46,000 m2) at Bush Terminal, spread across three buildings along First Avenue, because there was no more space at Brooklyn Army Terminal.[113] Franklin D. Roosevelt's 1944 presidential campaign tour around New York City, which occurred in October 1944, started at the Brooklyn Army Terminal and Bush Terminal.[114]

After World War II Edit

Sunset Park began to suffer economic decline during the Great Depression, which worsened with the demolition of the Fifth Avenue Elevated. Bush Terminal and the Sunset Park waterfront were disconnected from the rest of the neighborhood by the 1941 construction and subsequent widening of the Gowanus Expressway (Interstate 278) above Third Avenue. After the war, "white flight", the maritime industry's move to New Jersey, and the 1966 deactivation of the Brooklyn Army Terminal also hurt the neighborhood until it was reopened as an industrial park in the 1980s.[3]: 1143–1144  However, Bush Terminal still remained active around this time, although it was smaller compared to before World War II.[24] The opening of the Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel in 1950 gave Bush Terminal and the surrounding area a direct link to Manhattan, which was seen as a benefit to the area's economy.[28]

Late 1940s and early 1950s Edit

In 1946, the administration of Mayor William O'Dwyer proposed building a food-produce market at Bush Terminal. The existing Brooklyn Terminal Market in Canarsie, Brooklyn, was too far away from convenient railroad connections, and the Bush Terminal market would compete with the Bronx Terminal Market in the Bronx, which was close to rail connections. However, the proposal to build a market at Bush Terminal was controversial among merchants because it would take profits away from the Brooklyn Terminal and Bronx Terminal Markets, as well as from the Washington Terminal Market in Manhattan, and it was ultimately not built.[115]

 
Aerial view of Pier 5

Irving T. Bush died in 1948.[50] In his will, he stipulated that all Bush Terminal profits that went to him would go to a trust fund for one of his nieces.[28] Bush was succeeded by A.P. Timmerman as chairman of Bush Terminal Company, and by J.L. Hanigan as president of the company.[116] A statue to him was dedicated in 1950 at Bush Terminal's administration building.[117] By that year, the Bush Terminal Company only employed about 700 people, though about 40,000 people either were directly supported by jobs at Bush Terminal or lived nearby. The company had 300 manufacturing tenants spread across 120 buildings.[28]

In 1951, the Bush Terminal Company's real-estate, shipping, and industrial divisions were merged with the real-estate company Webb and Knapp, though the Bush Terminal Buildings Company remained separate. As part of the merger, $5 million in improvements was proposed for Bush Terminal, and the management of the Bush Terminal Company was allowed to continue operating as normal.[118][119] It was around this time that the president of the Bush Terminal Buildings Company, R.A.P. Walker, started advertising the terminal's buildings in newspapers as "Industry City".[1] The Industry City name was a reference to Bush Terminal becoming one of the first industrial parks in the United States following World War II.[120]

After the Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel opened, the area around Industry City became so congested with traffic that, in 1953, the vice president of the Bush Terminal Merchants' and Manufacturers' Association proposed traffic improvements in the area.[121] By Industry City's 50th anniversary in 1955, it employed 25,000 workers working for over 100 companies, and 25 tenants occupied 41% of the 6 million square feet at the complex.[122][57] More than three-quarters of the tenants, 78%, had been at Bush Terminal for more than ten years, and 10% had occupied space there for more than 40 years. Major tenants included A&P, which roasted much of its coffee at industry City; Beech-Nut, which made candy and chewing gum; Virginia Dare, which made wine and flavoring extract; and two of the largest olive-oil producers in the U.S., according to The New York Times.[57]

On December 3, 1956, Industry City was the site of what might have been the largest explosion in New York City history. Dockworkers were using an oxyacetylene torch to perform routine maintenance work when, at about 3:15 p.m. that day, sparks ignited 26,365 pounds (11,959 kg) of ground foam rubber scrap. Employees abandoned initial efforts to control the blaze;[123] twenty-six minutes later, the fire reached 37,000 pounds (17,000 kg) of Cordeau Detonant Fuse, setting off an explosion. Earlier in the day, the burlap bags holding an additional 11,415 pounds (5,178 kg) of rubber scrap had broken, and investigators believed that pieces of the highly inflammable scrap had been strewn across the dock.[124] The blast resulted in 10 deaths, including that of a man standing 1,000 feet (300 m) away; 274 injuries; and "major destruction" in a 1,000-foot (300 m) radius, including broken windows in buildings up to 1 mile (1.6 km) away. People reported hearing the explosion as far as 35 miles (56 km) away.[124][125] However, none of the firefighters on land or water were injured because the shrapnel went over their heads.[126][125] The follow-up report suggested several changes in policy to prevent similar future accidents, such as fire-risk training for all dock workers, and special markings for explosives.[123] Damage from the explosion is still apparent at Industry City; iron on the fire escapes is mangled, and several windows contain embedded shrapnel.[124]

 
Mural at Industry City

From the early 1950s through the 1960s, the Topps company, which primarily made chewing gum and baseball cards, manufactured baseball cards at Industry City. Topps moved production to Pennsylvania in 1965,[127] though its offices remained in Bush Terminal until 1994, when it moved to Manhattan.[128] A major tenant—the Norton Lilly & Company, among the city's largest shipping companies—moved out of the terminal in 1957, having occupied Bush Terminal since 1902.[129]

Late 1950s renovations and 1960s Edit

In 1957, the city announced that a marine terminal for the Mitsui Steamship Company would be built near Industry City between 36th and 39th Streets. In conjunction with the construction of the Mitsui terminal, the pier at 35th Street, which had been wrecked in the Bush Terminal explosion the previous year, was rebuilt.[130] The Mitsui terminal opened in 1960.[131] As part of the modernization of Bush Terminal/Industry City, the Bush Terminal Company also renovated two railroad car float bridges in 1960 and 1963.[132] The construction of a containership pier between 19th and 36th Streets, along the northern section of Industry City, was approved in 1967. This later became the South Brooklyn Marine Terminal.[133]

Since its early years, the Bush Terminal Company had funded its Bush Terminal operations with investments in various companies. After Irving Bush's death, the company began buying larger interests in various companies.[134] In 1961, the Bush Terminal Company had sold its 37% stake in the General Cigar Company, in which it had held stock for seven years,[135] and used these funds to purchase stock in the Hamilton Watch Company and the New Jersey Zinc Company.[134] The same year, the Bush Terminal Company sold its lower Manhattan headquarters building, which was soon demolished, and consolidated its offices at Industry City.[84] A real estate group led by billionaire real estate figure Harry Helmsley bought Industry City in 1963.[23] In turn, the Bush Terminal Company was acquired by Universal Consolidated Industries in 1968, and the combined company became the Bush Universal Corporation.[136]

Decline of port Edit

Shipping activity at Bush Terminal had gradually declined after World War II due to the introduction of containerized shipping and the construction of the Port Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal in New Jersey.[137][138] In February 1969, the Bush Universal Corporation announced that pier operations between 39th and 52nd Streets would cease by the end of the year.[139] That October, the company also applied to the Interstate Commerce Commission to discontinue the Bush Terminal Railroad due to a continuing decline in profits.[140] In June 1970, the city government bought 100 acres (0.40 km2) of land in Bush Terminal, between 39th and 50th Streets for $8.5 million,[141] and leased the land to private companies.[142] The city planned to make a containership facility at Bush Terminal, and so it was expected that this would create 500 to 1,000 jobs for longshoremen.[141]

 
Distant view of a portion of Bush Terminal's industrial lofts from Sunset Park

The Bush Terminal Railroad was officially abandoned in December 1971, despite protests from railroad workers. The last remaining tugboat in the car-float operation, the Irving T. Bush, was also retired at the same time.[140] Car float and cargo transloading activities moved to the nearby 65th Street Yard and, along with the Bush Terminal Rail Yard, were taken over by New York New Jersey Rail, LLC, now owned by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (PANYNJ).[137][138] The New York Dock Railroad was given a temporary permit to operate on the former Bush Terminal tracks until the city took title to the railroad in August 1973.[143] New York Dock subsequently started leasing the tracks,[24][144] and a direct track connection through the Brooklyn Army Terminal to the Bay Ridge Branch was established.[144] Improvements to the tracks at and leading to Bush Terminal were announced in 1977, by which time the tracks had deteriorated.[145] The tracks were later extended to the South Brooklyn Marine Terminal, adjacent to Industry City.[146] They are now used occasionally to transport New York City Subway rolling stock via the South Brooklyn Railway.[147] By 2016, the PANYNJ intended to reopen the adjacent 51st Street Yard.[148]

In 1974, the City of New York Department of Ports and Terminals hired a private company to fill the spaces between Piers 1 through 4 to make space for parking shipping containers.[2] Filling continued through the 1975 New York City fiscal crisis, and builders paid the city for the right to infill the piers.[149] However, the filling operations were halted in 1978 after reports of environmental violations. New York City officials later learned that toxic wastes including oils, oil sludge, and waste water had been dumped at the site, making the four piers a polluted brownfield.[150] In 2006, Mayor Michael Bloomberg and Governor George Pataki announced a $36 million plan to clean up and redevelop the Bush Terminal piers. The plan included a $17.8 million grant from the state of New York, the largest single grant the state had ever awarded to clean up a brownfield site.[151]

As part of a reduction in military operations, in 1976 the federal government proposed moving its Navy resale systems office from Bush Terminal to Illinois. The office ultimately stayed at Bush Terminal after the rent was lowered.[152]

Redevelopment Edit

1980s and 1990s Edit

The privately operated portion of Industry City maintained 95 percent occupancy through the mid-1970s and was 98 percent occupied by 1980.[24][153] By 1976, its tenants included 125 companies that employed 20,000 people,[24] growing to 135 companies by 1980.[153] However, there were also fewer tenants than in its peak years between World Wars I and II, partially because much of the space was being used for storage.[24][154] These companies took up 89 percent of the 6 million square feet of factory loft space by 1985.[154] The city-operated section of Bush Terminal employed 7,000 people by 1977, and the improvements to the tracks were slated to add 3,000 more jobs.[145]

During the 1980s, Industry City housed the highest concentration of garment manufacturers in New York City outside of Manhattan.[127] By 1985, thirty percent of the factory loft space at Industry City (1,800,000 square feet [170,000 m2]) was rented by garment manufacturers, mainly because of high rents in Manhattan's Garment District as rents per square foot at Industry City were about half those in the Garment District.[155][156] A new structure, the first to be built in the complex in several decades, was also under construction at Industry City, replacing another structure destroyed by fire.[155][154] Industry City Associates bought the 35-acre (14 ha) complex from Helmsley's syndicate in March 1986.[127][157] Shortly afterward, Industry City Associates filed plans to convert 650,000 square feet (60,000 m2) of space in Industry City into industrial condominiums for small and medium-sized tenants.[158] However, this conversion was never carried out.[159]

 
Metropolitan Detention Center, Brooklyn, which occupies the former site of a Bush Terminal building

The Federal Bureau of Prisons proposed converting two buildings at Industry City into a federal jail in 1988, due to overcrowding at the Manhattan Detention Complex.[160] There was large opposition from members of the local community, who feared that traffic congestion in the area would rise.[161][162] The prison, now Metropolitan Detention Center, Brooklyn, was approved in 1993 in spite of the community's objections.[15] To make room for MDC Brooklyn, Federal Building No. 1 was destroyed in a controlled explosion in August 1993.[16]

In 1991, the New York City government proposed placing a sludge disposal plant at Bush Terminal. The $225 million plant would have been located on the west side of First Avenue between 47th and 51st Streets.[163] It would have been one of five total sludge plants placed in each of the city's boroughs.[164] The plan was withdrawn in 1993 due to large opposition from the surrounding community, which brought up issues about the pollution and loss of jobs that would be caused by the sludge plant.[165][166]

NYCEDC's Bush Terminal redevelopment Edit

By the 1980s, the section of Bush Terminal between 41st and 50th Streets was derelict with large populations of squatters and prostitutes, and it was reportedly used for dumping dead bodies. The city allowed the Southwest Brooklyn Industrial Development Corporation (SBIDC) to develop 1,500,000 square feet (140,000 m2) of space, spread across eleven warehouses, in this part of Bush Terminal in 1989.[8] The New York City Economic Development Corporation (NYCEDC) started leasing three of the city-owned buildings at Bush Terminal in the 1990s.[167][168] The SBIDC, in conjunction with the NYCEDC, cleaned up and renovated the Bush Terminal structures. By 1998, the eleven warehouses were at 100% occupancy and they collectively housed 150 tenants.[8] In 1997, the city also provided some funding to repurpose parts of one building in Bush Terminal as a business incubator for the garment industry.[169]

In 2006, the NYCEDC proposed the sale, to developers, of the three warehouse buildings that it leased.[168] Following the 2009 rezoning of Sunset Park, the NYCEDC started soliciting requests for proposals to redevelop the three buildings with a collective area of 130,000 square feet (12,000 m2).[170][171] The requests for proposals were re-issued in 2011 to allow for a longer lease.[172][173]

In 2017, the architecture firm WXY announced a $136 million renovation of the Bush Terminal plot between 41st and 51st Streets. WXY's master plan for the site, which would be renamed the "Made in NY" campus, would be carried out in conjunction with other firms. The Made in NY campus would include a 100,000-square-foot (9,300 m2) studio complex for film and TV, as well as a 200,000-square-foot (19,000 m2) area within two existing buildings, which would be refurbished into a hub for fashion manufacturing. The renovations would include a public plaza outdoors, as well as an entrance to the nearby Bush Terminal Piers Park.[174][167][175] The proposed Made in NY campus was controversial, since it would displace existing small garment manufacturers.[167] The NYCEDC started soliciting proposals for tenants at the Made in NY campus in August 2018.[176] In 2020, Steiner Studios signed a deal to build a new studio at the city-owned portion of Bush Terminal, where it would erect a studio of 525,000 square feet (48,800 m2).[177][178] Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City, the project's completion was delayed from 2020 to 2022.[179]

Industry City redevelopment Edit

 
Stealth Communications constructing new underground Gigabit fiber system at Industry City in 2016

In 2000, during the dot-com boom, the New York City government planned to turn part of Industry City into a technology campus as part of its Digital NYC program, in conjunction with SBIDC and Industry City Associates.[120][180] The project called for installing high-speed optical fiber cables at Industry City, which would be funded by a $250,000 grant to SBIDC. Upon the completion of the project, Industry City would be integrated into the then-new Sunset Park Technology District.[180] As part of the project, two buildings at Industry City would be dedicated specifically to housing electronic machinery, and backup generators would be installed in the spaces between buildings.[181] A third building, the Brooklyn Information Technology Center (BITC), was opened for use by technology companies in September 2000.[182]

Industry City began attracting artists in 2009 by building 30,000 sq ft (2,800 m2) of artists' studios and conducting creative events such as film screenings and art installations, such as the Marion Spore project.[183] Industry City hosted Brooklyn's Fashion Weekend, a biannual exposition showcasing the work of local and international fashion designers, in 2013.[184]

By 2012, Industry City was only 66% occupied and its tenants employed 2,500 workers.[185] A consortium composed of Belvedere Capital Real Estate Partners, Jamestown Properties, and Angelo, Gordon & Co. purchased Industry City in 2013.[186][187] The new owners intended to renovate the complex into a manufacturing and office hub.[188] The Industry City ownership consortium also pushed to lease the vacant space at Industry City.[189] In 2014, the NBA's Brooklyn Nets announced their intention to move their training center to Industry City. The new facility, the Hospital for Special Surgery Training Center (HSS Center), was to be built on the roof of Building 19 of the complex, at the time an empty warehouse, occupying 70,000 square feet (6,500 m2) of space in total. The renovation project will cost roughly $50 million.[190] The center opened in February 2016.[191][192] A job training center for Sunset Park residents, called the Innovation Lab, opened at Industry City that April.[193] By December 2016, the tenants at Industry City had a combined 6,000 employees.[189]

 
Building 19, used as the HSS Training Center by the Brooklyn Nets.

Industry City's owners announced a $1 billion renovation plan in March 2015.[194][195] The plan originally involved adding dormitories for college students, but the dormitories were canceled in 2016 after public opposition.[196] A 500,000-square-foot (46,000 m2) area in Building 19 was also to be renovated into a space for technology tenants.[197][189] As part of the renovation plans, the Industry City ownership consortium proposed an expansion plan in October 2017, which would rezone the campus and add 3,300,000 square feet (310,000 m2) of commercial space to Industry City.[186] Organizations such as UPROSE brought up concerns about the expansion because it might possibly accelerate the gentrification of Sunset Park.[5][198] In March 2019, Industry City postponed its rezoning application because politicians objected that the community had not been given sufficient time to provide input.[199][200] The project was officially canceled in September 2020 because of opposition from city council member Carlos Menchaca and local community groups.[201][202]

A Japanese-themed food court was announced for Industry City in October 2017;[203][204] it opened in November 2018.[205][206][207] The New York City government also proposed adding a film studio in Industry City in August 2018.[208] During the early 2020s, Industry City gained additional tenants including New York University's Martin Scorsese Virtual Production Center,[209] a 100-seat theater,[210] and several design firms.[211] In addition, the complex began hosting Brooklyn Night Market events.[212]

Legacy Edit

 
Recess between two loft buildings, repurposed into an outdoor plaza

Bush Terminal was not only one of the first and largest integrated cargo and manufacturing sites in the world, but also served as a model for other industrial parks and offered employment to tens of thousands of workers. Besides funding other important buildings such as the Bush Tower and Bush House, it served during both World Wars, influenced the design of the Brooklyn Army Terminal, and affected the growth of Brooklyn and New York City.[3]: 171 

By the mid-2010s, Industry City had been inhabited by a diverse mix of businesses encompassing artisans, garment manufacturing, data centers, and warehousing.[4]

Bush Terminal Piers Park Edit

Bush Terminal Piers Park is a 24-acre (9.7 ha) green space between 43rd and 50th Streets that contains a pedestrian and bike path as well as baseball and soccer fields,[213] tidal ponds, a wooded area, and access to a pier.[214] The planning and design process for the park, encompassing piers 1 through 5, began in 2001,[215] and construction on the park began in 2012.[216] Bush Terminal Piers Park opened in November 2014 with one entrance at 43rd Street.[217][218] A second entrance to the park at 50th Street started construction in November 2016[219] and opened in July 2017.[220]

 
Bush Terminal Piers Park

Bush Terminal Piers Park is part of the Brooklyn Waterfront Greenway, a 14-mile (23 km) off-street path. The greenway is planned to connect neighborhoods along Brooklyn's waterfront, running through the Industry City complex to Owls Head Park in Bay Ridge, which is also served by the Sunset Park Greenway.[221]

Transportation Edit

MTA Regional Bus Operations' B35 and B70 routes terminate near Industry City, while the B37 route stops along Third Avenue, close to the complex.[222] The closest New York City Subway station to Industry City is at 36th Street and Fourth Avenue, served by the D​, ​N​, and ​R trains. The 45th Street subway station, served by the R train, is closest to the NYCEDC section of Bush Terminal.[223][222]

Formerly, a Staten Island Ferry route ran from a ferry slip at 39th Street within Bush Terminal, now the site of the South Brooklyn Marine Terminal, to the St. George Terminal in Staten Island. The ferry route was discontinued in 1946 after a fire at St. George Terminal.[224][225] In January 2020, the New York City Economic Development Corporation announced that NYC Ferry would construct a new stop at 42nd Street near Industry City/Bush Terminal, which would open in 2021. The South Brooklyn route, which at the time ran between Pier 11/Wall Street in Manhattan and Bay Ridge in Brooklyn, would have its Brooklyn terminus truncated to Industry City/Bush Terminal if that stop was added.[226] More recent NYC Ferry expansion plans from 2022 do not mention a Bush Terminal ferry stop.[227]

See also Edit

References Edit

Informational notes

  1. ^ The complex was originally known as "Bush Terminal" but in the 1950s also became known as "Industry City".[1] The term "Industry City" also refers to the privately owned complex between 32nd and 41st Streets, while the term "Bush Terminal" also refers to the publicly operated complex between 40th and 51st Streets.

Citations

  1. ^ a b "Industry City: Ships Goods to Four Corners of the World". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. January 5, 1951. p. 19. Retrieved November 28, 2018 – via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com  .
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Raber, Michael S.; Flagg, Thomas R. (1988). "Bush Terminal Company (Bush Terminal)" (PDF). Historic American Engineering Record. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. Retrieved May 28, 2023.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Jackson, Kenneth T., ed. (1995). The Encyclopedia of New York City. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0300055366.
  4. ^ a b c "Industry City, the SoHo of Sunset Park". The New York Times. January 19, 2014. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 25, 2016.
  5. ^ a b Baird-Remba, Rebecca (February 28, 2018). "Inside Industry City's Big, Controversial Industrial Expansion Plan". Commercial Observer. Retrieved November 21, 2018.
  6. ^ "Campus Map" (PDF). Industry City. August 13, 2017. Retrieved November 21, 2018.
  7. ^ a b "BUSH TERMINAL LOFTS.; Contract Awarded for New $1,500,000 Building in South Brooklyn". The New York Times. July 17, 1910. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 21, 2018.
  8. ^ a b c Farrell, Bill (September 2, 1998). "New day in Sunset Park". New York Daily News. p. 101. Retrieved December 1, 2018 – via newspapers.com  .
  9. ^ "The Made in NY Campus at Bush Terminal". NYCEDC. May 21, 2018. Retrieved December 3, 2018.
  10. ^ a b Moody Manual Co (1919). Moody's Manual of Railroads and Corporation Securities. Moody Publishing Company. p. 2261. Retrieved November 21, 2018.
  11. ^ "Postcards From the Edge of Sunset Park: Drink and shop at Liberty View Industrial Plaza". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. November 20, 2018. Retrieved November 21, 2018.
  12. ^ "Salmar Properties begins transformation of Sunset Park's Federal Building #2". The Real Deal New York. October 20, 2011. Retrieved November 21, 2018.
  13. ^ Sederstrom, Jotham (March 30, 2010). "Job Hopes Pinned on a Hulking Brooklyn Warehouse". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 21, 2018.
  14. ^ United States. Bureau of Prisons (1991). Metropolitan Detention Center, Brooklyn: Environmental Impact Statement. Metropolitan Detention Center, Brooklyn: Environmental Impact Statement. p. 21. Retrieved November 21, 2018.
  15. ^ a b Lambert, Bruce (December 19, 1993). "NEIGHBORHOOD REPORT: SUNSET PARK; U.S. to Open Jail, Despite Snags". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 29, 2018.
  16. ^ a b c Allen, Michael O. (August 16, 1993). "Wrecking crew clears way for detention ctr". New York Daily News. p. 341. Retrieved December 1, 2018 – via newspapers.com  .
  17. ^ "". The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Archived from the original on September 30, 2009.
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  23. ^ a b "Syndicate Buys Bush Terminal; 22 Million Is Paid for Huge Brooklyn Industrial Area". The New York Times. May 14, 1963. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 19, 2018.
  24. ^ a b c d e f g h i Horsley, Carter B. (September 12, 1976). "Bush Terminal Shouldn't Be A Success But It Is". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 19, 2018.
  25. ^ a b "ANOTHER BUSH LOFT.; Ground to be Broken To-morrow and Work Rushed to Completion". The New York Times. July 30, 1911. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 21, 2018.
  26. ^ a b Bush Terminal Co. Putting Up A Great Loft Building, The New York Times, April 12, 1911, p. 6.
  27. ^ "City's Plan To Buy Brooklyn Bay Front; Bush and New York Dock Co. Piers Could Be Acquired Easily, Says Tomkins". The New York Times. March 27, 1911. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 21, 2018.
  28. ^ a b c d e f "TUNNEL HELD BOON TO BUSH TERMINAL; Whole of Brooklyn's Maritime Industry Also to Benefit, Hanigan Predicts". The New York Times. May 2, 1950. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 28, 2018.
  29. ^ a b c d e "Great Water Front of South Brooklyn to Make Borough Big Industrial Center". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. October 22, 1905. pp. 9, 10.
  30. ^ a b c d e f g "Bush, Irving Ter". The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography: Being the History of the United States as Illustrated in the Lives of the Founders, Builders, and Defenders of the Republic, and of the Men and Women who are Doing the Work and Moulding the Thought of the Present Time. Vol. 14 (Supp. 1). New York: J. T. White Company. 1910. pp. 102–103. Retrieved November 23, 2008.
  31. ^ "$10,000,000 MARGINAL RAILWAY START OF BIG DOCK PLAN; Proposed to Build It Along the Shore Line of South Brooklyn and Transform a District Largely Neglected – Will Multiply Efficiency of Developments Already Made". The New York Times. July 19, 1914. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 23, 2018.
  32. ^ Brooklyn Daily Eagle Almanac (in Welsh). Brooklyn Daily Eagle. 1915. p. 495. Retrieved November 23, 2018.
  33. ^ "South Brooklyn Terminal Railroad / Brooklyn Marginal Railroad". TrainWeb. May 14, 2012. Retrieved November 23, 2018.
  34. ^ a b c "Tugs Pushing Freight Cars Are Commercial Nerves of All New York Harbor". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. August 26, 1929. p. 17. Retrieved November 22, 2018 – via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com  .
  35. ^ Bamberger, Werner (February 24, 1957). "7 Rail Dwarfs Whistle as They Work in Port; Short-Haul Freight Lines Cover Less Than 100 Miles". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 29, 2018.
  36. ^ a b The Bush Magazine. 1920. Retrieved November 23, 2018.
  37. ^ a b "Bush Terminal Activity is Boro Trade Gauge". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. December 9, 1940. p. 18. Retrieved November 26, 2018 – via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com  .
  38. ^ "Manufacturers Wholesalers (full page advertisement)". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. March 13, 1911. p. 8. Retrieved November 22, 2018 – via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com  .
  39. ^ "How We Boost Brooklyn (full page advertisement)". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. May 20, 1911. p. 59. Retrieved November 22, 2018 – via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com  .
  40. ^ "Workers Have Their Courts in New York". The New York Times. January 13, 1929. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 19, 2018.
  41. ^ a b c "Bush Terminal, a City Itself, Governs 35,000 People by Own Courts and Lawmakers". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. December 16, 1928. p. 7. Retrieved November 22, 2018 – via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com  .
  42. ^ a b "WORKERS HAVE THEIR COURTS IN NEW YORK; Bush Terminal's Novel Waterfront Terminal Settles Employes' Every Dispute Tried by Their Fellows. Originated in an Injustice. CHEESE 150 YEARS OLD". The New York Times. January 13, 1929. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 25, 2018.
  43. ^ "Terminal Gets Air Mail Box". The New York Times. August 6, 1929. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 25, 2018.
  44. ^ "More Industries Urged for Bush Terminal Area". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. October 9, 1929. p. 14. Retrieved November 22, 2018 – via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com  .
  45. ^ a b Faber, Edna M. (October 12, 1931). "Pioneer Who Built a City Within a City". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. p. 71. Retrieved November 22, 2018 – via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com  .
  46. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions About BBC World Service". London: BBC World Service. Retrieved November 29, 2008.
  47. ^ a b c d Copley, F. B. (Oct. 1913). "Interesting People: Irving T. Bush." The American Magazine, 76 (4), p. 57-59
  48. ^ "New Buildings and Real Estate". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. December 22, 1891. p. 2. Retrieved November 21, 2018 – via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com  .
  49. ^ "Sunset Park South Historic District" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. June 18, 2019. Retrieved August 6, 2019.
  50. ^ a b c "Irving T. Bush Dies; Terminal Founder". The New York Times. October 22, 1948. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 19, 2018.
  51. ^ "Bush Company to Buy Valuable Water Front". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. August 10, 1901. p. 1. Retrieved November 21, 2018 – via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com  .
  52. ^ "Leveling Bay Ridge Hills; A Steam Shovel on a Movable Track Making New Flatland". The New York Times. August 24, 1902. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 22, 2018.
  53. ^ "Great Pier Is Completed.; Largest Vessels Can Be Comfortably Docked in a Big Structure on the Brooklyn Water Front". The New York Times. May 24, 1903. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 22, 2018.
  54. ^ "To Enlarge Bush Terminal.; Another Huge Loft Structure Soon to be Built In South Brooklyn". The New York Times. February 21, 1909. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 22, 2018.
  55. ^ "Building New Community.; Big Terminal Structures Bringing Thousands to South Brooklyn". The New York Times. October 24, 1909. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 22, 2018.
  56. ^ "In the Real Estate Field; Fifth Avenue Deal, Near Forty-seventh Street – Sale of 125th Street Building – New Apartments for Riverside Drive". The New York Times. June 16, 1909. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 22, 2018.
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  58. ^ "Plan to Sell Bush Piers.; Terminal Officials Would Then Release Them from the City". The New York Times. May 24, 1912. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 23, 2018.
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  61. ^ "Merchants Oppose Bush Terminal Plan; Lay Objections to South Brooklyn Improvement Before Estimate Board". The New York Times. September 23, 1912. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 23, 2018.
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  64. ^ "Bush Terminals Taken Over By U.S. as a Supply Base". New-York Tribune. January 1, 1918. p. 1. Retrieved November 22, 2018 – via newspapers.com  .
  65. ^ "$25,000,000 Will Be Spent for More Warehouses Here". New-York Tribune. April 25, 1918. p. 8. Retrieved November 22, 2018 – via newspapers.com  .
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  69. ^ "Protests Seizure of Bush Terminal; Merchants' Association Appeals to Government for Factories Ousted by Navy. 8,500 WORKMEN AFFECTED Concerns, Employed on War Work Forced to Close or Move-- Factory Space Scarce". The New York Times. September 9, 1918. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 23, 2018.
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Further reading

  • Bush, Irving T. (1928). Working with the World. Garden City, New York, Doubleday, Doran & Co.
  • New Bush Terminal Pier (International Marine Engineering, August 1914, pp. 330–332)
  • (December 9, 1929) Time
  • "Sunset Park: Irving's Place". NYC Department of Records & Information Services. January 5, 2017.

External links Edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bush Terminal.
  • Industry City website
  • NYCEDC website
  • Aerial view of Bush Terminal, Brooklyn, in 1920 at the New York Public Library Digital Gallery
  • Photo of Bush Terminal Co. headquarters at 100 Broad St. in 1905, from Architecture magazine of the same year, at the New York Public Library Digital Gallery
  • Bush Terminal Company (1917). Bush Terminal International Exhibit Building & Buyers' Club. New York, Redfield-Kendrick-Odell Co. (Full-text. Mostly about Bush Tower, but at the end, includes four pages of illustrations and descriptions of Bush Terminal's Brooklyn services and a photo of the company's Manhattan executive offices.)
  • Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) documentation, filed under Brooklyn, Kings County, NY:
    • HAER No. NY-201, "Bush Terminal Company, Between Second and Third Avenues from Thirty-ninth to Fiftieth Streets", 3 photos, 22 data pages, 2 photo caption pages
    • HAER No. NY-201-A, "Bush Terminal Company, Pier 5, Opposite end of Forty-fourth Street on Upper New York Bay", 12 photos, 10 data pages, 2 photo caption pages
    • HAER No. NY-201-B, "Bush Terminal Company, Pier 7, Opposite end of Forty-first Street on Upper New York Bay", 9 photos, 13 data pages, 2 photo caption pages

40°39′21″N 74°00′29″W / 40.65583°N 74.00806°W / 40.65583; -74.00806

October 25, 2023
industry, city, confused, with, city, industry, industrial, city, also, bush, terminal, historic, intermodal, shipping, warehousing, manufacturing, complex, upper, york, waterfront, sunset, park, neighborhood, brooklyn, york, city, northern, portion, commonly,. Not to be confused with City of Industry or Industrial city Industry City also Bush Terminal a is a historic intermodal shipping warehousing and manufacturing complex on the Upper New York Bay waterfront in the Sunset Park neighborhood of Brooklyn New York City The northern portion commonly called Industry City on its own hosts commercial light manufacturing tenants across 6 000 000 square feet 560 000 m2 of space between 32nd and 41st Streets and is operated by a private consortium The southern portion known as Bush Terminal is located between 40th and 51st Streets and is operated by the New York City Economic Development Corporation NYCEDC as a garment manufacturing complex Bush Terminal in 1958 looking north with Lower Manhattan in the distanceLocation in New York City Founded by Bush Terminal Company head Irving T Bush in the early 20th century Bush Terminal was the first facility of its kind in New York City and the largest multi tenant industrial property in the United States The warehouses were built circa 1892 1910 the railroad from 1896 to 1915 and the factory lofts between 1905 and 1925 2 During World War I Bush Terminal was used as a United States Navy base though it returned to private ownership after the war At its peak Bush Terminal covered 200 acres 81 hectares bounded by Gowanus Bay to the west and north Third Avenue to the east 27th Street to the north and 50th Street to the south 3 171 The surrounding area entered a period of decline after World War II and by the 1970s the ports in Bush Terminal had been filled The entire complex was rebranded as Industry City during the post war years though the Bush Terminal name remained in popular use In the 1970s and 1980s sections of Bush Terminal were demolished or converted into other uses including a shopping mall a federal prison a privately operated manufacturing and commercial complex and a garment manufacturing district operated by the NYCEDC Today the Bush Terminal site collectively comprises roughly 71 acres 29 ha including sixteen former factory buildings and eleven warehouses between built in the early 20th century Starting in the 2010s the complex has been undergoing renovations and expansions A major expansion of Industry City which would add 3 000 000 square feet 280 000 m2 of space to the complex was announced in 2017 The section of Bush Terminal operated by the NYCEDC is also undergoing a renovation into the Made in NY campus a film TV and fashion manufacturing complex that is set to open in 2020 Contents 1 Description 1 1 Factory lofts 1 1 1 Bush Terminal Company Building 1 2 Railroad 1 3 Piers and storage 1 4 Historic operations 2 History 2 1 Concept and beginnings 2 2 Expansion 2 2 1 1900s and 1910s 2 2 2 Use by Navy during World War I 2 3 Zenith 2 3 1 1920s 2 3 2 Other Bush Terminal Company buildings 2 3 3 Great Depression and World War II 2 4 After World War II 2 4 1 Late 1940s and early 1950s 2 4 2 Late 1950s renovations and 1960s 2 4 3 Decline of port 2 5 Redevelopment 2 5 1 1980s and 1990s 2 5 2 NYCEDC s Bush Terminal redevelopment 2 5 3 Industry City redevelopment 3 Legacy 3 1 Bush Terminal Piers Park 4 Transportation 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksDescription Edit nbsp Industry City streetscapeThe privately owned Industry City complex covers sixteen structures and 35 acres 14 ha of land on the Brooklyn waterfront adjacent to New York Harbor 4 5 It is subdivided into eight former factory buildings between Second Avenue 33rd Street Third Avenue and 37th Street numbered 8 to 1 from north to south An additional two buildings numbered 19 and 20 occupy the block bounded by First Avenue Second Avenue 39th Street and 41st Street 6 The structures contain a combined 6 000 000 square feet 560 000 m2 of floor space 4 All of the buildings were part of the Bush Terminal Company s Industrial Colony which was built in the late 1900s and early 1910s 7 Directly south of Industry City between First Avenue 40th Street Second Avenue and 51st Street is a collection of eleven former warehouses operated by the NYCEDC as part of the Bush Terminal manufacturing complex These structures were developed by the South Brooklyn Industrial Development Corporation starting in 1989 8 The campus comprises 36 acres 15 ha of land and 1 400 000 square feet 130 000 m2 of renovated floor space 9 The entire complex was originally called Bush Terminal and formerly stretched further north to 28th Street 10 The section north of 32nd Street comprising the former Naval Fleet Supply Base is no longer part of Bush Terminal One of the buildings between 29th and 31st Street called Federal Building No 2 are a privately owned shopping complex called Liberty View Industrial Plaza 11 It was bought by Salman Properties in 2011 12 and before that it had been vacant since 2000 13 The site of the other structure Federal Building No 1 is occupied by Metropolitan Detention Center Brooklyn MDC Brooklyn which was built in the 1990s 14 15 Federal Building No 1 was demolished in 1993 to make way for MDC Brooklyn 16 The South Brooklyn Marine Terminal also owned by the NYCEDC occupies the waterfront to the north and west from 39th to 29th Streets 17 Factory lofts Edit By 1918 the Bush Terminal Company owned 3 100 feet 940 m of waterfront in Brooklyn and the terminal covered 20 waterfront blocks 18 19 The complex ultimately encompassed sixteen factory buildings between 28th and 37th Streets and between 39th and 41st Streets 10 20 The buildings were outfitted with the most modern amenities available in the 1900s and 1910s such as fireproof metal facades and a fire sprinkler system 21 22 The floors of each loft building could carry loads of up to 200 pounds per square foot 980 kg m2 20 The loft buildings had a combined 150 freight elevators 23 They were mostly U shaped to facilitate loading at the rail sidings located in between the two wings of each building By the 1970s the facility s buildings had 263 740 window panes in their walls and 138 miles 222 km of fire sprinklers running within them 24 nbsp Female railroad workers at Bush Terminal during World War IBush Terminal Company Building Edit Industry City includes the Bush Terminal Company Building now Buildings 19 and 20 25 a loft structure located on Second Avenue between 39th and 40th Streets 26 Construction on the building started around 1911 25 It was eight stories tall with three distinct buildings connected in U shaped manner The primary structure possessed a common courtyard with wings The structure had a frontage of 460 feet on the west side of Second Avenue Its wings ran westward from Second Avenue along 39th Street and 40th Street It extended 335 feet each to a private street located off the bulkheads The court measured 210 feet by 55 feet 7 The property on which the edifice was erected was purchased in part from the New York Dock Company for 30 million 27 The building s completion was part of a plan long contemplated by the Bush Terminal Company s president Irving T Bush Its construction coincided with an improvement in the industrial region between First and Second Avenues The Bush Terminal Company erected structures like this on both sides of Second Avenue 26 Railroad Edit The Bush Terminal Railroad Company owned about twenty miles 32 km of track within the terminal by 1917 18 which had grown to 43 miles 69 km of track by 1950 28 The terminal s railroad greatly reduced shippers cost to haul freight from their facilities to a rail yard 2 The rail yard could hold about 1 000 freight cars and was six blocks long 2 28 The terminal also owned two miles 3 2 km of double tracked electric railroad that ran on the streets along Brooklyn s waterfront 22 The tracks ran along Second Avenue from 28th to 41st Streets and along First Avenue from 41st to 64th Streets with spurs into every factory building and into the Brooklyn Army Terminal at 58th Street 22 29 Eventually Bush Terminal could handle 50 000 freight railcars at a time 3 171 The tracks connected with the Pennsylvania Railroad s New York Connecting Railroad at 65th Street south of the Brooklyn Army Terminal 21 29 30 There was also a direct connection to the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company s trackage at 39th Street which is now operated by the South Brooklyn Railway 21 Around 1913 there were plans to extend the railroad northward along the Brooklyn waterfront via the Marginal Elevated Railway The railroad would have used an elevated viaduct similar to the High Line in Manhattan between Bush Terminal and the piers at Fulton Ferry Landing now Brooklyn Bridge Park in Brooklyn Heights 31 32 However this marginal railroad was never built 33 In addition the Bush Terminal Company ran a car float operation in which freight cars were loaded aboard car float barges with railroad tracks which traveled across New York Harbor to and from car float piers in New Jersey The company had a fleet of tugboats specifically for car floats each with three crews Each tug pulled three or four car float barges which each measured 277 by 41 feet 84 by 12 m and could hold up to 17 freight cars at a time 34 By 1957 two tugboats were still operating both of which dated to 1905 and 1906 35 Piers and storage Edit nbsp One of seven covered piers at Bush Terminal seen in a dilapidated state some time after the mid 1980s In its most active years the Bush Terminal Industry City complex contained seven covered piers which each extended over 1 200 feet 370 m into New York Harbor 18 21 22 Each pier measured 1 400 by 150 feet 427 by 46 m and contained a railroad track for loading freight onto ships Adjacent to each pier were slips that measured 270 feet 82 m wide by 40 feet 12 m deep large enough to accommodate container ships at the time 21 22 29 Twenty five steamship lines used these piers 3 171 and by 1910 Bush Terminal handled 10 percent of all steamships arriving in New York 30 Once freight was offloaded from vessels or ready for shipment it could be stored within one of the warehouses at Bush Terminal Estimates varied as to the number of warehouses at Bush Terminal According to The New York Times the complex had 118 warehouses by 1918 ranging in height from one to eight stories which could store a combined 25 000 000 cubic feet 710 000 m3 of goods 18 However The Wall Street Journal described the terminal later that year as having 121 warehouses with 38 000 000 cubic feet 1 100 000 m3 of total storage space 19 and a 1920 article in the Bush Company s magazine mentioned that the complex had 122 warehouses 36 32 The warehouses were used to store both raw and manufactured goods from Manhattan in addition to materials offloaded from incoming ships and merchandise headed for distribution 22 The Bush Terminal Company also maintained a fleet of four steam lighters and seven tugboats that carried goods between the terminal and piers in Manhattan 21 22 By 1920 distribution was controlled from an 8 story steel and concrete service building at 39th Street west of Second Avenue The building had two levels of railroad tracks one for incoming freight and one for outgoing freight and each level could accommodate six freight cars 36 34 35 nbsp Warehouse section of the Bush Terminal complex between 39th and 44th Streets and the remaining traces of the covered piers in 2021 Historic operations Edit nbsp The sidewalks at Industry City double as loading docksWhen the complex was known as Bush Terminal it offered economies of scale for its tenants so that even the smallest interests could use facilities normally only available to large well capitalized firms 2 An article published in the Brooklyn Daily Eagle in 1940 mentioned that tenants took up anywhere between 5 000 to 130 000 square feet 460 to 12 080 m2 of space 37 During the 1910s advertisements for Bush Terminal were posted in newspapers such as the Brooklyn Daily Eagle claiming that companies could have private railroad tracks a free waterfront and a million dollar factory at your present rental or less and that the complex covered over 200 acres 81 ha of land 38 Other advertisements depicted companies moving to Bush Terminal in large numbers boosting Brooklyn 39 Bush Terminal employed 35 000 by 1928 and even had a private court system for self policing 40 41 42 There were four tribunals one each for marine employees railroad workers trucking employees and mechanical employees These handled both civil cases such as those for job demotions seen as unfair and criminal cases such as those for fraud There was also a supreme court that handled disputes between departments and employees were allowed to appeal cases directly to Irving Bush The terminal also had a Pivot Club which was composed of longshoremen who met twice a week to draft legislation 41 42 Bush Terminal had two coal and oil power plants for steam and light 37 There was a hall for longshoremen a bank restaurants and a trolley system to provide transportation for workers An administration building was constructed circa 1895 1902 2 There was a police force and fire department 3 171 28 as well as a mailbox for airmail 43 A chamber of commerce for Bush Terminal created in June 1916 successfully advocated for improvements to the area such as infrastructure and quality of life cleanup 44 Other amenities provided at Bush Terminal included social clubs schools and community centers 45 History EditConcept and beginnings Edit Industry City was originally known as Bush Terminal which was named after Irving T Bush His family name came from Jan Bosch who was born in the Netherlands and immigrated to New Amsterdam now New York in 1662 30 it is unrelated to the Bush political family 46 Bush Terminal was unique from other rail marine terminals in New York due to its distance from Manhattan the magnitude of its warehousing and manufacturing operations and its fully integrated nature Wholesalers in Manhattan faced expensive time transportation and labor costs when importing and then re sending goods In 1895 Irving T Bush working under his family s company the Bush Company organized six warehouses and one pier on the waterfront of South Brooklyn as a freight handling terminal 30 There had only been one warehouse on the Bush Terminal site in 1890 3 171 Before that the land contained an oil refinery belonging to the Bush amp Denslow company of Rufus T Bush Irving T Bush s father Standard Oil bought this refinery in the 1880s and dismantled it but after Rufus T Bush s death in 1890 Irving T Bush later bought the land back using his father s inheritance 47 In 1891 the Bush Company completed a one story office building at the intersection of First Avenue and 42nd Street 48 Irving Bush built six warehouses on the site between 1895 and 1897 but soon observed their inefficiency The ships were on one shore the railroads on another and the factories were scattered about the city on any old street without any relation to either kind of transportation I thought Why not bring them to one place and tie the ship the railroad the warehouse and the factory together with ties of railroad tracks 49 14 The terminal in its early days was derided as Bush s Folly 50 45 Railroad officials would not ship directly to Brooklyn unless the customers first had orders of freight as it required the extra cost of loading freight cars on car floats for the trip across New York Harbor to the ferry slips at the terminal 30 47 Railroad officials also feared that the harbor might freeze during the winter making a car float unsustainable 34 Irving T Bush resorted to sending an agent to Michigan with instructions to buy 100 carloads of hay then to attempt to have the hay sent in its original railcar to Bush s terminal in Brooklyn Railroad companies in the eastern U S declined their western agents request to send the hay until the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad agreed to accept the offer and negotiate directly with the new terminal after which other railways followed 30 47 To demonstrate that ocean vessels could dock at the piers Irving T Bush leased ships and entered the banana business and in doing so made a profit Likewise to induce businesses to store goods at his terminal s warehouses he warehoused coffee and cotton himself 47 Once Bush Terminal succeeded and expanded sources credited Bush s keen foresight for undertaking such a quixotic business venture 30 Expansion Edit nbsp Bush Terminal c 19101900s and 1910s Edit The Bush Company purchased an additional plot of land from the Hunt family in 1901 spanning between 41st and 50th Streets At the time the company already operated properties at the western ends of 41st and 42nd Streets facing the waterfront 51 The Bush Company terminal business became the Bush Terminal Company in 1902 when Irving T Bush bought the land from the Standard Oil Co 2 18 The same year the Bush Terminal Company started grading land on the former Hunt estate It was ultimately planning to construct 18 factory loft buildings and 73 warehouses as well as seven piers 52 29 The first pier opened in May 1903 53 Significant progress had been made by 1905 five of the piers were complete and the Bush Terminal Company owned ten of the twelve blocks of waterfront between 39th and 51st Streets as well as the plot bounded by Second Avenue Third Avenue 37th Street and 28th Street 29 A sixth pier was completed within two years 21 By this time the shipping industry in Manhattan was becoming congested 22 By early 1909 three of the factory structures had been completed and a fourth was under construction Each building was six stories tall measured 600 by 75 feet 183 by 23 m and had 270 000 square feet 25 000 m2 of floor area The complex was convenient enough for industries that the first two buildings had been fully rented before they had even been completed 54 The Bush Terminal Company also arranged to lease a tenement structure at Third Avenue and 29th Street to house workers employed at Bush Terminal It was expected that by the time fifteen to twenty of the factories were completed Bush Terminal would employ 10 000 to 15 000 workers 55 Plans for a fifth and sixth factory building were announced in mid 1909 with the same dimensions as the existing factory structures 56 Early tenants included those in the printing and paper industries and many of these tenants would remain through the 1950s 57 In 1912 Irving Bush proposed that the city buy the Bush Terminal Company s piers since the city had desired to purchase the company s waterfront land 58 Later that year the New York City Board of Estimate received a proposal for the city to establish a freight terminal on the Brooklyn waterfront between 36th and 43rd Streets and purchase that stretch of land from the Bush Terminal Company as well as the Bush Terminal railroad and the entirety of Bush Terminal at the time Under the plan the existing Bush Terminal the railroad and the new city owned terminal would continue to be operated by the Bush Terminal Company That September a special committee for the Board of Estimate approved the plan 59 60 However the New York Merchants Association opposed the city s proposal to purchase Bush Terminal because the Bush Terminal Company would then have a monopoly on the railroads along the Brooklyn waterfront 61 The city s commissioner of docks Calvin Tomkins also opposed the proposal because of concerns over a private monopoly and because the Board of Estimate s special committee had ignored his original proposals 62 63 By 1917 Bush Terminal had 26 500 000 cubic feet 750 000 m3 of storage spread across 102 warehouses The Bush Terminal Company had built 16 factory loft buildings with a combined floor area of 4 500 000 square feet 420 000 m2 20 Use by Navy during World War I Edit nbsp Bush Terminal relationship within the Army s Port of Embarkation Hoboken 1917 1918 On December 31 1917 the United States Navy announced that it would take over the piers and warehouses of the Bush Terminal Company Major General George Goethals acting Quartermaster General of the U S Army praised Bush Terminal as being among the best shipping facilities in the United States 18 64 The Navy proposed to build 6 000 000 square feet 560 000 m2 of storage space and four piers adjoining Bush Terminal 65 The United States Army also occupied warehouses within part of Bush Terminal but it proposed to vacate that space so the Navy could use it 66 The U S Navy wanted to outright purchase Bush Terminal and it was soon in negotiations with the Bush Terminal Company over the terminal s valuation 19 In June 1918 Assistant Secretary of the Navy and eventual President of the United States Franklin D Roosevelt wrote to Irving Bush to tell him that the navy would also be commandeering four of Bush Terminal s twelve manufacturing buildings As a result 64 manufacturers employing 4 500 people were ordered to vacate their spaces by the end of 1918 67 66 The eviction notice covered 276 total tenants in buildings 3 4 5 and 6 68 Although Bush reluctantly complied with the takeover 18 the Merchants Association protested because the takeover would eliminate the jobs of a large workforce 69 Many companies at Bush Terminal also pushed back against the eviction order citing the amenities at the terminal 70 The Bush Terminal Company recorded material losses the next year 71 The U S Navy tied its rail lines into those of the Bush Terminal 72 Irving Bush helped to design Bush Terminal s southern neighbor the Brooklyn Army Terminal which was completed in 1919 50 24 Because of the railroad connection between Bush Terminal and the Brooklyn Army Terminal and then to the mainland U S via the New York Connecting Railroad the U S Navy wanted to operate the Bush Terminal for the duration of the war paying a fee for the takeover 73 The piers of the terminal became part of the United States Army s New York Port of Embarkation 74 At the war s end the New York Port of Embarkation included eight piers in Brooklyn including six Bush Terminal piers and two Army Supply Base piers 120 Bush Terminal warehouses twelve piers and seven warehouses in Hoboken New Jersey and three piers in the North River Manhattan 75 A 1929 article in the Brooklyn Daily Eagle mentioned that during World War I Bush Terminal handled about 70 of the ammunition clothing and food that went to American soldiers abroad 34 The federal government quietly returned Bush Terminal to private ownership after the war It paid out claims to the Bush Terminal Company for the use of the terminal space though the last of the funds was not allocated until 1943 twenty five years after takeover 76 In October 1919 the Bush Terminal Company announced the creation of a department for sporting goods manufacturers at Bush Terminal 77 The company was designated with selling off excess cloth from the Army and Navy which were considered war surplus 78 Zenith Edit nbsp Bush Terminal Buildings 19 and 20 seen in 19201920s Edit The twelve factory loft buildings that had been built by 1918 housed about 300 companies 18 By the end of World War I Bush Terminal was an integral part of the economy of what is now Sunset Park 3 1143 1144 The terminal s fortunes rose with those of the borough of Brooklyn which had over 2 5 million residents by 1930 3 152 Bush Terminal employed thousands directly and many thousands more worked for firms within Bush Terminal 3 171 By 1928 Bush Terminal had 35 000 workers and it was so large that the terminal employed its own court system 41 as well as a police force and fire department 3 171 World War I had halted expansion projects at Bush Terminal and construction on these projects did not resume until 1926 79 In March 1927 the Bush Terminal Company completed 600 000 square feet 56 000 m2 of new industrial space at Bush Terminal bringing the amount of factory loft space to 5 600 000 square feet 520 000 m2 80 By that time the company was constructing two additional loft buildings which would increase the factory loft space by 10 as well as power plant at Bush Terminal 81 A branch of National City Bank now Citibank inside the terminal was opened the same year 82 as did a playground near the terminal 83 Other Bush Terminal Company buildings Edit Early in the 20th century the Bush Terminal Company commissioned architects Kirby Petit amp Green to design its headquarters building in Manhattan s Financial District at 100 Broad Street near the intersection with Pearl and Bridge Streets The relatively small yet notable five story office building was located on the site of Manhattan s first church built in 1633 84 and one book described the structure as having a Gothic design with a strong flavor of Dutch 85 The company also funded construction of Bush Tower a 30 story skyscraper near Times Square in Manhattan where tenants of Bush Terminal were offered display space to showcase their goods above a club for buyers visiting New York 24 The Bush Terminal Company attempted a similar melding of commercial displays and social space at Bush House in London built in three phases during the 1920s but the concept was not fully carried through at that project 86 Great Depression and World War II Edit Despite the onset of the Great Depression in 1929 the Bush Terminal Company was initially unaffected In early 1930 Irving Bush created a new subsidiary the Bush Services Corporation which would allow small manufacturers in Bush Terminal to sell directly to manufacturers thus eliminating the need for wholesalers as middlemen 87 Later that year a direct seaplane route was established between Bush Terminal and Philadelphia 88 89 In 1931 in advance of a projected increase in business the Bush Terminal Company planned to purchase 500 000 million worth of equipment including eight electric train locomotives 90 To help potential tenants and customers find Bush Terminal more easily wayfinding signs for the terminal were installed in the 36th Street subway station 91 A park at the site of an abandoned dumping ground was announced in 1934 92 and the Bush Terminal Company bought a fleet of new trucks for Bush Terminal the same year 93 In mid March 1933 seven members of the Bush Terminal Company s board suddenly quit citing past mismanagement 94 The Bush Terminal Company went into receivership two weeks afterward on April 1 1933 due to an inability to repay its outstanding bonds 95 A new 11 person board of directors was appointed for the duration of receivership 96 The receivers started cutting costs and by May had eliminated 100 000 in expenses 97 In May 1935 the receivers removed Bush as the president of the Bush Terminal Company and subsidiaries 98 Shortly afterward Bush unsuccessfully sued in Brooklyn federal court to have the receivers removed based on an accusation of incompetence 99 100 That November stockholders filed a petition in Brooklyn federal court to reorganize the Bush Terminal Company since the company was bankrupt 101 The reorganization was granted by Brooklyn federal judge Robert Alexander Inch 102 The company exited receivership on May 1 1936 103 However equity proceedings against the Bush Terminal Company were still pending 104 and in April 1937 the Bush Terminal Buildings Company filed for reorganization under a court order from Inch 105 Legal disputes between Bush and the trustees continued including a libel suit filed by the trustees against Bush that later had to be re litigated 106 nbsp Preferred share of the Bush Terminal Company issued January 19 1920Operations at the terminal itself continued relatively unaltered through the 1930s 2 However vacancy rates reached as high as 35 during the Depression 24 The United States Postal Service decided to relocate the area s post office out of Bush Terminal in 1934 because the rent was too high 107 At some point the Drug Enforcement Administration the Bureau of Alcohol Tobacco Firearms and Explosives the Internal Revenue Service and the United States Coast Guard also occupied space in Bush Terminal 16 In 1938 after lithographers signed leases for nine buildings in Bush Terminal the Bush Terminal Company announced that the leased buildings would receive extensive renovations 108 The federal government whose Works Progress Administration stored supplies such as clothing in warehouses at Bush Terminal was another large tenant 109 Other large tenants included the Monarch Wine Company which leased three buildings at Bush Terminal in 1939 110 and spice companies such as the Great Atlantic amp Pacific Tea Company now A amp P whose Bush Terminal tea packing plant was once the world s largest 111 By 1941 ninety percent of the rentable space at Bush Terminal had been leased and 69 of 70 one story buildings had been rented 112 During World War II some buildings in Bush Terminal were again used by the federal government which used 1 500 000 square feet 140 000 m2 of storage space at the terminal 74 In mid 1941 the U S Army moved some civilian workers into more than 500 000 square feet 46 000 m2 at Bush Terminal spread across three buildings along First Avenue because there was no more space at Brooklyn Army Terminal 113 Franklin D Roosevelt s 1944 presidential campaign tour around New York City which occurred in October 1944 started at the Brooklyn Army Terminal and Bush Terminal 114 After World War II Edit Sunset Park began to suffer economic decline during the Great Depression which worsened with the demolition of the Fifth Avenue Elevated Bush Terminal and the Sunset Park waterfront were disconnected from the rest of the neighborhood by the 1941 construction and subsequent widening of the Gowanus Expressway Interstate 278 above Third Avenue After the war white flight the maritime industry s move to New Jersey and the 1966 deactivation of the Brooklyn Army Terminal also hurt the neighborhood until it was reopened as an industrial park in the 1980s 3 1143 1144 However Bush Terminal still remained active around this time although it was smaller compared to before World War II 24 The opening of the Brooklyn Battery Tunnel in 1950 gave Bush Terminal and the surrounding area a direct link to Manhattan which was seen as a benefit to the area s economy 28 Late 1940s and early 1950s Edit In 1946 the administration of Mayor William O Dwyer proposed building a food produce market at Bush Terminal The existing Brooklyn Terminal Market in Canarsie Brooklyn was too far away from convenient railroad connections and the Bush Terminal market would compete with the Bronx Terminal Market in the Bronx which was close to rail connections However the proposal to build a market at Bush Terminal was controversial among merchants because it would take profits away from the Brooklyn Terminal and Bronx Terminal Markets as well as from the Washington Terminal Market in Manhattan and it was ultimately not built 115 nbsp Aerial view of Pier 5Irving T Bush died in 1948 50 In his will he stipulated that all Bush Terminal profits that went to him would go to a trust fund for one of his nieces 28 Bush was succeeded by A P Timmerman as chairman of Bush Terminal Company and by J L Hanigan as president of the company 116 A statue to him was dedicated in 1950 at Bush Terminal s administration building 117 By that year the Bush Terminal Company only employed about 700 people though about 40 000 people either were directly supported by jobs at Bush Terminal or lived nearby The company had 300 manufacturing tenants spread across 120 buildings 28 In 1951 the Bush Terminal Company s real estate shipping and industrial divisions were merged with the real estate company Webb and Knapp though the Bush Terminal Buildings Company remained separate As part of the merger 5 million in improvements was proposed for Bush Terminal and the management of the Bush Terminal Company was allowed to continue operating as normal 118 119 It was around this time that the president of the Bush Terminal Buildings Company R A P Walker started advertising the terminal s buildings in newspapers as Industry City 1 The Industry City name was a reference to Bush Terminal becoming one of the first industrial parks in the United States following World War II 120 After the Brooklyn Battery Tunnel opened the area around Industry City became so congested with traffic that in 1953 the vice president of the Bush Terminal Merchants and Manufacturers Association proposed traffic improvements in the area 121 By Industry City s 50th anniversary in 1955 it employed 25 000 workers working for over 100 companies and 25 tenants occupied 41 of the 6 million square feet at the complex 122 57 More than three quarters of the tenants 78 had been at Bush Terminal for more than ten years and 10 had occupied space there for more than 40 years Major tenants included A amp P which roasted much of its coffee at industry City Beech Nut which made candy and chewing gum Virginia Dare which made wine and flavoring extract and two of the largest olive oil producers in the U S according to The New York Times 57 On December 3 1956 Industry City was the site of what might have been the largest explosion in New York City history Dockworkers were using an oxyacetylene torch to perform routine maintenance work when at about 3 15 p m that day sparks ignited 26 365 pounds 11 959 kg of ground foam rubber scrap Employees abandoned initial efforts to control the blaze 123 twenty six minutes later the fire reached 37 000 pounds 17 000 kg of Cordeau Detonant Fuse setting off an explosion Earlier in the day the burlap bags holding an additional 11 415 pounds 5 178 kg of rubber scrap had broken and investigators believed that pieces of the highly inflammable scrap had been strewn across the dock 124 The blast resulted in 10 deaths including that of a man standing 1 000 feet 300 m away 274 injuries and major destruction in a 1 000 foot 300 m radius including broken windows in buildings up to 1 mile 1 6 km away People reported hearing the explosion as far as 35 miles 56 km away 124 125 However none of the firefighters on land or water were injured because the shrapnel went over their heads 126 125 The follow up report suggested several changes in policy to prevent similar future accidents such as fire risk training for all dock workers and special markings for explosives 123 Damage from the explosion is still apparent at Industry City iron on the fire escapes is mangled and several windows contain embedded shrapnel 124 nbsp Mural at Industry CityFrom the early 1950s through the 1960s the Topps company which primarily made chewing gum and baseball cards manufactured baseball cards at Industry City Topps moved production to Pennsylvania in 1965 127 though its offices remained in Bush Terminal until 1994 when it moved to Manhattan 128 A major tenant the Norton Lilly amp Company among the city s largest shipping companies moved out of the terminal in 1957 having occupied Bush Terminal since 1902 129 Late 1950s renovations and 1960s Edit In 1957 the city announced that a marine terminal for the Mitsui Steamship Company would be built near Industry City between 36th and 39th Streets In conjunction with the construction of the Mitsui terminal the pier at 35th Street which had been wrecked in the Bush Terminal explosion the previous year was rebuilt 130 The Mitsui terminal opened in 1960 131 As part of the modernization of Bush Terminal Industry City the Bush Terminal Company also renovated two railroad car float bridges in 1960 and 1963 132 The construction of a containership pier between 19th and 36th Streets along the northern section of Industry City was approved in 1967 This later became the South Brooklyn Marine Terminal 133 Since its early years the Bush Terminal Company had funded its Bush Terminal operations with investments in various companies After Irving Bush s death the company began buying larger interests in various companies 134 In 1961 the Bush Terminal Company had sold its 37 stake in the General Cigar Company in which it had held stock for seven years 135 and used these funds to purchase stock in the Hamilton Watch Company and the New Jersey Zinc Company 134 The same year the Bush Terminal Company sold its lower Manhattan headquarters building which was soon demolished and consolidated its offices at Industry City 84 A real estate group led by billionaire real estate figure Harry Helmsley bought Industry City in 1963 23 In turn the Bush Terminal Company was acquired by Universal Consolidated Industries in 1968 and the combined company became the Bush Universal Corporation 136 Decline of port Edit Shipping activity at Bush Terminal had gradually declined after World War II due to the introduction of containerized shipping and the construction of the Port Newark Elizabeth Marine Terminal in New Jersey 137 138 In February 1969 the Bush Universal Corporation announced that pier operations between 39th and 52nd Streets would cease by the end of the year 139 That October the company also applied to the Interstate Commerce Commission to discontinue the Bush Terminal Railroad due to a continuing decline in profits 140 In June 1970 the city government bought 100 acres 0 40 km2 of land in Bush Terminal between 39th and 50th Streets for 8 5 million 141 and leased the land to private companies 142 The city planned to make a containership facility at Bush Terminal and so it was expected that this would create 500 to 1 000 jobs for longshoremen 141 nbsp Distant view of a portion of Bush Terminal s industrial lofts from Sunset ParkThe Bush Terminal Railroad was officially abandoned in December 1971 despite protests from railroad workers The last remaining tugboat in the car float operation the Irving T Bush was also retired at the same time 140 Car float and cargo transloading activities moved to the nearby 65th Street Yard and along with the Bush Terminal Rail Yard were taken over by New York New Jersey Rail LLC now owned by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey PANYNJ 137 138 The New York Dock Railroad was given a temporary permit to operate on the former Bush Terminal tracks until the city took title to the railroad in August 1973 143 New York Dock subsequently started leasing the tracks 24 144 and a direct track connection through the Brooklyn Army Terminal to the Bay Ridge Branch was established 144 Improvements to the tracks at and leading to Bush Terminal were announced in 1977 by which time the tracks had deteriorated 145 The tracks were later extended to the South Brooklyn Marine Terminal adjacent to Industry City 146 They are now used occasionally to transport New York City Subway rolling stock via the South Brooklyn Railway 147 By 2016 the PANYNJ intended to reopen the adjacent 51st Street Yard 148 In 1974 the City of New York Department of Ports and Terminals hired a private company to fill the spaces between Piers 1 through 4 to make space for parking shipping containers 2 Filling continued through the 1975 New York City fiscal crisis and builders paid the city for the right to infill the piers 149 However the filling operations were halted in 1978 after reports of environmental violations New York City officials later learned that toxic wastes including oils oil sludge and waste water had been dumped at the site making the four piers a polluted brownfield 150 In 2006 Mayor Michael Bloomberg and Governor George Pataki announced a 36 million plan to clean up and redevelop the Bush Terminal piers The plan included a 17 8 million grant from the state of New York the largest single grant the state had ever awarded to clean up a brownfield site 151 As part of a reduction in military operations in 1976 the federal government proposed moving its Navy resale systems office from Bush Terminal to Illinois The office ultimately stayed at Bush Terminal after the rent was lowered 152 Redevelopment Edit 1980s and 1990s Edit The privately operated portion of Industry City maintained 95 percent occupancy through the mid 1970s and was 98 percent occupied by 1980 24 153 By 1976 its tenants included 125 companies that employed 20 000 people 24 growing to 135 companies by 1980 153 However there were also fewer tenants than in its peak years between World Wars I and II partially because much of the space was being used for storage 24 154 These companies took up 89 percent of the 6 million square feet of factory loft space by 1985 154 The city operated section of Bush Terminal employed 7 000 people by 1977 and the improvements to the tracks were slated to add 3 000 more jobs 145 During the 1980s Industry City housed the highest concentration of garment manufacturers in New York City outside of Manhattan 127 By 1985 thirty percent of the factory loft space at Industry City 1 800 000 square feet 170 000 m2 was rented by garment manufacturers mainly because of high rents in Manhattan s Garment District as rents per square foot at Industry City were about half those in the Garment District 155 156 A new structure the first to be built in the complex in several decades was also under construction at Industry City replacing another structure destroyed by fire 155 154 Industry City Associates bought the 35 acre 14 ha complex from Helmsley s syndicate in March 1986 127 157 Shortly afterward Industry City Associates filed plans to convert 650 000 square feet 60 000 m2 of space in Industry City into industrial condominiums for small and medium sized tenants 158 However this conversion was never carried out 159 nbsp Metropolitan Detention Center Brooklyn which occupies the former site of a Bush Terminal buildingThe Federal Bureau of Prisons proposed converting two buildings at Industry City into a federal jail in 1988 due to overcrowding at the Manhattan Detention Complex 160 There was large opposition from members of the local community who feared that traffic congestion in the area would rise 161 162 The prison now Metropolitan Detention Center Brooklyn was approved in 1993 in spite of the community s objections 15 To make room for MDC Brooklyn Federal Building No 1 was destroyed in a controlled explosion in August 1993 16 In 1991 the New York City government proposed placing a sludge disposal plant at Bush Terminal The 225 million plant would have been located on the west side of First Avenue between 47th and 51st Streets 163 It would have been one of five total sludge plants placed in each of the city s boroughs 164 The plan was withdrawn in 1993 due to large opposition from the surrounding community which brought up issues about the pollution and loss of jobs that would be caused by the sludge plant 165 166 NYCEDC s Bush Terminal redevelopment Edit By the 1980s the section of Bush Terminal between 41st and 50th Streets was derelict with large populations of squatters and prostitutes and it was reportedly used for dumping dead bodies The city allowed the Southwest Brooklyn Industrial Development Corporation SBIDC to develop 1 500 000 square feet 140 000 m2 of space spread across eleven warehouses in this part of Bush Terminal in 1989 8 The New York City Economic Development Corporation NYCEDC started leasing three of the city owned buildings at Bush Terminal in the 1990s 167 168 The SBIDC in conjunction with the NYCEDC cleaned up and renovated the Bush Terminal structures By 1998 the eleven warehouses were at 100 occupancy and they collectively housed 150 tenants 8 In 1997 the city also provided some funding to repurpose parts of one building in Bush Terminal as a business incubator for the garment industry 169 In 2006 the NYCEDC proposed the sale to developers of the three warehouse buildings that it leased 168 Following the 2009 rezoning of Sunset Park the NYCEDC started soliciting requests for proposals to redevelop the three buildings with a collective area of 130 000 square feet 12 000 m2 170 171 The requests for proposals were re issued in 2011 to allow for a longer lease 172 173 In 2017 the architecture firm WXY announced a 136 million renovation of the Bush Terminal plot between 41st and 51st Streets WXY s master plan for the site which would be renamed the Made in NY campus would be carried out in conjunction with other firms The Made in NY campus would include a 100 000 square foot 9 300 m2 studio complex for film and TV as well as a 200 000 square foot 19 000 m2 area within two existing buildings which would be refurbished into a hub for fashion manufacturing The renovations would include a public plaza outdoors as well as an entrance to the nearby Bush Terminal Piers Park 174 167 175 The proposed Made in NY campus was controversial since it would displace existing small garment manufacturers 167 The NYCEDC started soliciting proposals for tenants at the Made in NY campus in August 2018 176 In 2020 Steiner Studios signed a deal to build a new studio at the city owned portion of Bush Terminal where it would erect a studio of 525 000 square feet 48 800 m2 177 178 Due to the COVID 19 pandemic in New York City the project s completion was delayed from 2020 to 2022 179 Industry City redevelopment Edit nbsp Stealth Communications constructing new underground Gigabit fiber system at Industry City in 2016In 2000 during the dot com boom the New York City government planned to turn part of Industry City into a technology campus as part of its Digital NYC program in conjunction with SBIDC and Industry City Associates 120 180 The project called for installing high speed optical fiber cables at Industry City which would be funded by a 250 000 grant to SBIDC Upon the completion of the project Industry City would be integrated into the then new Sunset Park Technology District 180 As part of the project two buildings at Industry City would be dedicated specifically to housing electronic machinery and backup generators would be installed in the spaces between buildings 181 A third building the Brooklyn Information Technology Center BITC was opened for use by technology companies in September 2000 182 Industry City began attracting artists in 2009 by building 30 000 sq ft 2 800 m2 of artists studios and conducting creative events such as film screenings and art installations such as the Marion Spore project 183 Industry City hosted Brooklyn s Fashion Weekend a biannual exposition showcasing the work of local and international fashion designers in 2013 184 By 2012 Industry City was only 66 occupied and its tenants employed 2 500 workers 185 A consortium composed of Belvedere Capital Real Estate Partners Jamestown Properties and Angelo Gordon amp Co purchased Industry City in 2013 186 187 The new owners intended to renovate the complex into a manufacturing and office hub 188 The Industry City ownership consortium also pushed to lease the vacant space at Industry City 189 In 2014 the NBA s Brooklyn Nets announced their intention to move their training center to Industry City The new facility the Hospital for Special Surgery Training Center HSS Center was to be built on the roof of Building 19 of the complex at the time an empty warehouse occupying 70 000 square feet 6 500 m2 of space in total The renovation project will cost roughly 50 million 190 The center opened in February 2016 191 192 A job training center for Sunset Park residents called the Innovation Lab opened at Industry City that April 193 By December 2016 the tenants at Industry City had a combined 6 000 employees 189 nbsp Building 19 used as the HSS Training Center by the Brooklyn Nets Industry City s owners announced a 1 billion renovation plan in March 2015 194 195 The plan originally involved adding dormitories for college students but the dormitories were canceled in 2016 after public opposition 196 A 500 000 square foot 46 000 m2 area in Building 19 was also to be renovated into a space for technology tenants 197 189 As part of the renovation plans the Industry City ownership consortium proposed an expansion plan in October 2017 which would rezone the campus and add 3 300 000 square feet 310 000 m2 of commercial space to Industry City 186 Organizations such as UPROSE brought up concerns about the expansion because it might possibly accelerate the gentrification of Sunset Park 5 198 In March 2019 Industry City postponed its rezoning application because politicians objected that the community had not been given sufficient time to provide input 199 200 The project was officially canceled in September 2020 because of opposition from city council member Carlos Menchaca and local community groups 201 202 A Japanese themed food court was announced for Industry City in October 2017 203 204 it opened in November 2018 205 206 207 The New York City government also proposed adding a film studio in Industry City in August 2018 208 During the early 2020s Industry City gained additional tenants including New York University s Martin Scorsese Virtual Production Center 209 a 100 seat theater 210 and several design firms 211 In addition the complex began hosting Brooklyn Night Market events 212 Legacy Edit nbsp Recess between two loft buildings repurposed into an outdoor plazaBush Terminal was not only one of the first and largest integrated cargo and manufacturing sites in the world but also served as a model for other industrial parks and offered employment to tens of thousands of workers Besides funding other important buildings such as the Bush Tower and Bush House it served during both World Wars influenced the design of the Brooklyn Army Terminal and affected the growth of Brooklyn and New York City 3 171 By the mid 2010s Industry City had been inhabited by a diverse mix of businesses encompassing artisans garment manufacturing data centers and warehousing 4 Bush Terminal Piers Park Edit Bush Terminal Piers Park is a 24 acre 9 7 ha green space between 43rd and 50th Streets that contains a pedestrian and bike path as well as baseball and soccer fields 213 tidal ponds a wooded area and access to a pier 214 The planning and design process for the park encompassing piers 1 through 5 began in 2001 215 and construction on the park began in 2012 216 Bush Terminal Piers Park opened in November 2014 with one entrance at 43rd Street 217 218 A second entrance to the park at 50th Street started construction in November 2016 219 and opened in July 2017 220 nbsp Bush Terminal Piers ParkBush Terminal Piers Park is part of the Brooklyn Waterfront Greenway a 14 mile 23 km off street path The greenway is planned to connect neighborhoods along Brooklyn s waterfront running through the Industry City complex to Owls Head Park in Bay Ridge which is also served by the Sunset Park Greenway 221 Transportation EditMTA Regional Bus Operations B35 and B70 routes terminate near Industry City while the B37 route stops along Third Avenue close to the complex 222 The closest New York City Subway station to Industry City is at 36th Street and Fourth Avenue served by the D N and R trains The 45th Street subway station served by the R train is closest to the NYCEDC section of Bush Terminal 223 222 Formerly a Staten Island Ferry route ran from a ferry slip at 39th Street within Bush Terminal now the site of the South Brooklyn Marine Terminal to the St George Terminal in Staten Island The ferry route was discontinued in 1946 after a fire at St George Terminal 224 225 In January 2020 the New York City Economic Development Corporation announced that NYC Ferry would construct a new stop at 42nd Street near Industry City Bush Terminal which would open in 2021 The South Brooklyn route which at the time ran between Pier 11 Wall Street in Manhattan and Bay Ridge in Brooklyn would have its Brooklyn terminus truncated to Industry City Bush Terminal if that stop was added 226 More recent NYC Ferry expansion plans from 2022 do not mention a Bush Terminal ferry stop 227 See also EditRail freight transportation in New York City and Long IslandReferences EditInformational notes The complex was originally known as Bush Terminal but in the 1950s also became known as Industry City 1 The term Industry City also refers to the privately owned complex between 32nd and 41st Streets while the term Bush Terminal also refers to the publicly operated complex between 40th and 51st Streets Citations a b Industry City Ships Goods to Four Corners of the World Brooklyn Daily Eagle January 5 1951 p 19 Retrieved November 28 2018 via Brooklyn Public Library newspapers com nbsp a b c d e f g h Raber Michael S Flagg Thomas R 1988 Bush Terminal Company Bush Terminal PDF Historic American Engineering Record Washington D C Library of Congress Retrieved May 28 2023 a b c d e f g h i j k Jackson Kenneth T ed 1995 The Encyclopedia of New York City New Haven Yale University Press ISBN 0300055366 a b c Industry City the SoHo of Sunset Park The New York Times January 19 2014 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved April 25 2016 a b Baird Remba Rebecca February 28 2018 Inside Industry City s Big Controversial Industrial Expansion Plan Commercial Observer Retrieved November 21 2018 Campus Map PDF Industry City August 13 2017 Retrieved November 21 2018 a b BUSH TERMINAL LOFTS Contract Awarded for New 1 500 000 Building in South Brooklyn The New York Times July 17 1910 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 21 2018 a b c Farrell Bill September 2 1998 New day in Sunset Park New York Daily News p 101 Retrieved December 1 2018 via newspapers com nbsp The Made in NY Campus at Bush Terminal NYCEDC May 21 2018 Retrieved December 3 2018 a b Moody Manual Co 1919 Moody s Manual of Railroads and Corporation Securities Moody Publishing Company p 2261 Retrieved November 21 2018 Postcards From the Edge of Sunset Park Drink and shop at Liberty View Industrial Plaza Brooklyn Daily Eagle November 20 2018 Retrieved November 21 2018 Salmar Properties begins transformation of Sunset Park s Federal Building 2 The Real Deal New York October 20 2011 Retrieved November 21 2018 Sederstrom Jotham March 30 2010 Job Hopes Pinned on a Hulking Brooklyn Warehouse The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 21 2018 United States Bureau of Prisons 1991 Metropolitan Detention Center Brooklyn Environmental Impact Statement Metropolitan Detention Center Brooklyn Environmental Impact Statement p 21 Retrieved November 21 2018 a b Lambert Bruce December 19 1993 NEIGHBORHOOD REPORT SUNSET PARK U S to Open Jail Despite Snags The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 29 2018 a b c Allen Michael O August 16 1993 Wrecking crew clears way for detention ctr New York Daily News p 341 Retrieved December 1 2018 via newspapers com nbsp South Brooklyn Marine Terminal The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey Archived from the original on September 30 2009 a b c d e f g h Bush Terminal Plant Largest of Its Kind Warehouses in Brooklyn Number 118 with Capacity of 25 000 000 Cubic Feet and 8 Piers The New York Times December 1 1917 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 19 2018 a b c Bush Terminal Negotiations Wall Street Journal May 10 1918 p 8 Retrieved November 22 2018 via newspapers com nbsp a b c Great Strides in Brooklyn s Commerce Due to Big Waterfront Enterprises Brooklyn Daily Eagle March 18 1917 p 57 Retrieved November 22 2018 via Brooklyn Public Library newspapers com nbsp a b c d e f g Bush Terminal Company Brooklyn Daily Eagle January 2 1907 p 37 Retrieved November 21 2018 via Brooklyn Public Library newspapers com nbsp a b c d e f g h Relief for Manhattan New York Tribune January 2 1907 p 18 Retrieved November 22 2018 via newspapers com nbsp a b Syndicate Buys Bush Terminal 22 Million Is Paid for Huge Brooklyn Industrial Area The New York Times May 14 1963 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 19 2018 a b c d e f g h i Horsley Carter B September 12 1976 Bush Terminal Shouldn t Be A Success But It Is The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 19 2018 a b ANOTHER BUSH LOFT Ground to be Broken To morrow and Work Rushed to Completion The New York Times July 30 1911 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 21 2018 a b Bush Terminal Co Putting Up A Great Loft Building The New York Times April 12 1911 p 6 City s Plan To Buy Brooklyn Bay Front Bush and New York Dock Co Piers Could Be Acquired Easily Says Tomkins The New York Times March 27 1911 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 21 2018 a b c d e f TUNNEL HELD BOON TO BUSH TERMINAL Whole of Brooklyn s Maritime Industry Also to Benefit Hanigan Predicts The New York Times May 2 1950 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 28 2018 a b c d e Great Water Front of South Brooklyn to Make Borough Big Industrial Center Brooklyn Daily Eagle October 22 1905 pp 9 10 a b c d e f g Bush Irving Ter The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography Being the History of the United States as Illustrated in the Lives of the Founders Builders and Defenders of the Republic and of the Men and Women who are Doing the Work and Moulding the Thought of the Present Time Vol 14 Supp 1 New York J T White Company 1910 pp 102 103 Retrieved November 23 2008 10 000 000 MARGINAL RAILWAY START OF BIG DOCK PLAN Proposed to Build It Along the Shore Line of South Brooklyn and Transform a District Largely Neglected Will Multiply Efficiency of Developments Already Made The New York Times July 19 1914 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 23 2018 Brooklyn Daily Eagle Almanac in Welsh Brooklyn Daily Eagle 1915 p 495 Retrieved November 23 2018 South Brooklyn Terminal Railroad Brooklyn Marginal Railroad TrainWeb May 14 2012 Retrieved November 23 2018 a b c Tugs Pushing Freight Cars Are Commercial Nerves of All New York Harbor Brooklyn Daily Eagle August 26 1929 p 17 Retrieved November 22 2018 via Brooklyn Public Library newspapers com nbsp Bamberger Werner February 24 1957 7 Rail Dwarfs Whistle as They Work in Port Short Haul Freight Lines Cover Less Than 100 Miles The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 29 2018 a b The Bush Magazine 1920 Retrieved November 23 2018 a b Bush Terminal Activity is Boro Trade Gauge Brooklyn Daily Eagle December 9 1940 p 18 Retrieved November 26 2018 via Brooklyn Public Library newspapers com nbsp Manufacturers Wholesalers full page advertisement Brooklyn Daily Eagle March 13 1911 p 8 Retrieved November 22 2018 via Brooklyn Public Library newspapers com nbsp How We Boost Brooklyn full page advertisement Brooklyn Daily Eagle May 20 1911 p 59 Retrieved November 22 2018 via Brooklyn Public Library newspapers com nbsp Workers Have Their Courts in New York The New York Times January 13 1929 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 19 2018 a b c Bush Terminal a City Itself Governs 35 000 People by Own Courts and Lawmakers Brooklyn Daily Eagle December 16 1928 p 7 Retrieved November 22 2018 via Brooklyn Public Library newspapers com nbsp a b WORKERS HAVE THEIR COURTS IN NEW YORK Bush Terminal s Novel Waterfront Terminal Settles Employes Every Dispute Tried by Their Fellows Originated in an Injustice CHEESE 150 YEARS OLD The New York Times January 13 1929 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 25 2018 Terminal Gets Air Mail Box The New York Times August 6 1929 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 25 2018 More Industries Urged for Bush Terminal Area Brooklyn Daily Eagle October 9 1929 p 14 Retrieved November 22 2018 via Brooklyn Public Library newspapers com nbsp a b Faber Edna M October 12 1931 Pioneer Who Built a City Within a City Brooklyn Daily Eagle p 71 Retrieved November 22 2018 via Brooklyn Public Library newspapers com nbsp Frequently Asked Questions About BBC World Service London BBC World Service Retrieved November 29 2008 a b c d Copley F B Oct 1913 Interesting People Irving T Bush The American Magazine 76 4 p 57 59 New Buildings and Real Estate Brooklyn Daily Eagle December 22 1891 p 2 Retrieved November 21 2018 via Brooklyn Public Library newspapers com nbsp Sunset Park South Historic District PDF New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission June 18 2019 Retrieved August 6 2019 a b c Irving T Bush Dies Terminal Founder The New York Times October 22 1948 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 19 2018 Bush Company to Buy Valuable Water Front Brooklyn Daily Eagle August 10 1901 p 1 Retrieved November 21 2018 via Brooklyn Public Library newspapers com nbsp Leveling Bay Ridge Hills A Steam Shovel on a Movable Track Making New Flatland The New York Times August 24 1902 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 22 2018 Great Pier Is Completed Largest Vessels Can Be Comfortably Docked in a Big Structure on the Brooklyn Water Front The New York Times May 24 1903 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 22 2018 To Enlarge Bush Terminal Another Huge Loft Structure Soon to be Built In South Brooklyn The New York Times February 21 1909 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 22 2018 Building New Community Big Terminal Structures Bringing Thousands to South Brooklyn The New York Times October 24 1909 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 22 2018 In the Real Estate Field Fifth Avenue Deal Near Forty seventh Street Sale of 125th Street Building New Apartments for Riverside Drive The New York Times June 16 1909 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 22 2018 a b c Stuart John March 13 1955 1955 JUBILEE YEAR AT BUSH TERMINAL Manufacturing Warehousing and Shipping Facility Now Serves 100 Tenants The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 29 2018 Plan to Sell Bush Piers Terminal Officials Would Then Release Them from the City The New York Times May 24 1912 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 23 2018 Adopts 20 000 000 Brooklyn Terminal Board of Estimate s Committee Includes Bush Terminal in Purchase Recommended The New York Times September 20 1912 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 23 2018 Tomkins Plan Gets Committee s OK Brooklyn Daily Eagle September 19 1912 pp 1 2 Merchants Oppose Bush Terminal Plan Lay Objections to South Brooklyn Improvement Before Estimate Board The New York Times September 23 1912 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 23 2018 Tomkins to Fight Bush Terminal Plan Commissioner Tells Mayor That the Board of Estimate Committee Ignored Him The New York Times September 30 1912 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 23 2018 Opposes Purchase of Bush s Property Brooklyn Daily Eagle October 10 1912 p 27 Retrieved November 22 2018 via Brooklyn Public Library newspapers com nbsp Bush Terminals Taken Over By U S as a Supply Base New York Tribune January 1 1918 p 1 Retrieved November 22 2018 via newspapers com nbsp 25 000 000 Will Be Spent for More Warehouses Here New York Tribune April 25 1918 p 8 Retrieved November 22 2018 via newspapers com nbsp a b Navy After More Room in Brooklyn Brooklyn Daily Eagle July 2 1918 p 1 Retrieved November 22 2018 via Brooklyn Public Library newspapers com nbsp Navy Commandeers 4 Bush Buildings 64 Manufacturers Now in Terminal Structures Must Move by Dec 1 The New York Times June 22 1918 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 19 2018 276 Bush Tenants Ordered to Move Brooklyn Daily Eagle June 22 1918 p 18 Retrieved November 22 2018 via Brooklyn Public Library newspapers com nbsp Protests Seizure of Bush Terminal Merchants Association Appeals to Government for Factories Ousted by Navy 8 500 WORKMEN AFFECTED Concerns Employed on War Work Forced to Close or Move Factory Space Scarce The New York Times September 9 1918 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 23 2018 Bush Terminal Concerns Ousted Hope to Remain Here Praise Location Brooklyn Daily Eagle July 7 1918 p 37 Retrieved November 22 2018 via Brooklyn Public Library newspapers com nbsp Bush Terminal Report War Caused the Company Material Loss the President Says The New York Times May 21 1919 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 23 2018 Historic Federal Buildings Power Plant Brooklyn Navy Yard U S General Services Administration Archived from the original on September 28 2006 Retrieved January 3 2009 Bush Valuation Committee Reports Brooklyn Daily Eagle December 11 1918 p 23 Retrieved November 22 2018 via Brooklyn Public Library newspapers com nbsp a b An Atlantic Coast Port Brooklyn Daily Eagle December 9 1945 p 48 49 Huston James A 1966 The Sinews of War Army Logistics 1775 1953 Army Historical Series Washington DC Center Of Military History United States Army p 346 ISBN 9780160899140 LCCN 66060015 Retrieved October 23 2014 Bush Terminal Claims Paid The New York Times February 20 1943 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 27 2018 Catering for Sports New Department to Open In Bush Terminal Sales Building The New York Times October 26 1919 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 24 2018 Big Cartridge Cloth Sale Bush Terminal Company in Purchase of 10 923 558 Yard Army Stock The New York Times October 26 1919 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 25 2018 Bush Terminal to Resume Building The New York Times September 28 1926 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 25 2018 Bush Terminal Enlarged Expansion of Space to 3 600 000 Square Feet Completed The New York Times March 22 1927 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 25 2018 Bush Terminal Expands To Complete Two Loft Buildings and a Power Plant in Brooklyn The New York Times September 11 1927 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 25 2018 City Bank Opens New Branch The New York Times May 2 1927 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 25 2018 New Brooklyn Playground Recreation Centre Near Bush Terminal to Be Opened Today The New York Times August 25 1927 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 25 2018 a b Bush Terminal Sells a Landmark The New York Times June 24 1961 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 19 2018 Stern Robert A M Gilmartin Gregory Massengale John Montague 1983 New York 1900 Metropolitan Architecture and Urbanism 1890 1915 New York Rizzoli p 181 ISBN 0 8478 0511 5 OCLC 9829395 Saint Andrew 1984 Americans in London Raymond Hood and the National Radiator Building AA Files 7 37 38 Industry Must Cut Cost of Distribution Brooklyn Daily Eagle March 11 1930 p 8 Retrieved November 22 2018 via Brooklyn Public Library newspapers com nbsp 38 Min Flight Joins Brooklyn to Philadelphia Brooklyn Daily Eagle September 16 1930 p 3 Retrieved November 22 2018 via Brooklyn Public Library newspapers com nbsp Bush Terminal Airport Brooklyn Merchants Aim New York Daily News September 15 1930 p 8 Retrieved November 26 2018 via newspapers com nbsp Plans to Buy Equipment Bush Terminal Company Prepares for Business Revival The New York Times April 27 1931 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 26 2018 Menden OK s Bush Terminal Sign in Subway Brooklyn Daily Eagle March 25 1931 p 26 Retrieved November 26 2018 via Brooklyn Public Library newspapers com nbsp City Property To Be Improved Brooklyn Daily Eagle June 8 1934 p 36 Retrieved November 26 2018 via Brooklyn Public Library newspapers com nbsp Bush Terminal Buys Truck Fleet Brooklyn Daily Eagle December 3 1934 p 22 Retrieved November 26 2018 via Brooklyn Public Library newspapers com nbsp Four More Quit Bush Terminal Board Investigation of Past Management Advised The New York Times March 18 1933 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 26 2018 Bush Terminal Receivers J C Van Siclen and C W Randall Named for Brooklyn Company The New York Times April 2 1933 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 26 2018 Board of 11 Elected by Bush Terminal Directors Will Act During the Company s Receivership Bush Likely to Be Chairman The New York Times May 4 1933 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 26 2018 Over 100 000 in Costs Reported by Bush Terminal Brooklyn Daily Eagle May 20 1933 p 3 Retrieved November 26 2018 via Brooklyn Public Library newspapers com nbsp I T Bush Ousted from Subsidiaries Receivers Voting Stock of the Parent Concern Drop Him as President and Director HAD REFUSED TO RESIGN Removed Official Saw Effort to Buy Silence E T Bedford Heads Building Company The New York Times April 3 1934 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 26 2018 Bush Fails in Suit to Oust Receivers Court Rejects Charge That Men Running Terminal Are Incompetent and Wasteful The New York Times June 13 1934 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 26 2018 Bush Will Ask Court Terminate Receivership New York Daily News June 15 1934 p 421 Retrieved November 26 2018 via newspapers com nbsp Stockholders File Plea to Reorganize Bush Terminal Co Brooklyn Daily Eagle November 8 1934 p 12 Retrieved November 26 2018 via Brooklyn Public Library newspapers com nbsp Bankruptcy Action Approved for Bush Terminal Concerns Petition for Reorganization Granted Van Siclen Randall Trustees The New York Times November 18 1934 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 26 2018 Trusteeship Ends for Bush Terminal Court Dismisses Reorganization Proceeding and Equity Suit Against Company BUSH AFFIDAVIT EXPUNGED Charge That Trustees and Stockholders Had Improper Agreement Held False The New York Times April 1 1936 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 26 2018 Bush Equity Case Restored to Court Appeals Circuit Ruling Puts Terminal Company s Claims Up to District Tribunal 5 751 090 IS IN DISPUTE Decision Cites the Danger of Unlawful Preference in Full Payments Now The New York Times July 7 1936 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 26 2018 Bush Terminal Program Is Confirmed by Court The New York Times April 22 1937 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 26 2018 Bush Libel Verdict Upset on Appeal Retrial Ordered Unless Cut in Judgment Is Accepted The New York Times June 26 1938 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 27 2018 Bush Terminal Loses Fight to Hold Post Office New York Daily News March 29 1934 p 463 Retrieved November 26 2018 via newspapers com nbsp 9 BUSH BUILDINGS LEASED LithographersTake 70 000 Feet in Brooklyn Terminal The New York Times May 25 1938 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 26 2018 Purchase Is Begun of WPA Clothing Suits and Overcoats for Men and Boys on Relief Taken From Surplus Stocks 11 000 000 Bids Received 10 000 000 Fund Provided to Buy About 1 000 000 Garments for Winter Distribution The New York Times July 14 1938 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 27 2018 Wine Co Goes to Bush Terminal The New York Times August 2 1939 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 27 2018 Brooklyn Today is Spice Center Brooklyn Daily Eagle October 26 1941 p 133 Retrieved November 26 2018 via Brooklyn Public Library newspapers com nbsp Loss Turns to Gain for Bush Terminal Chairman and President Says Space Is 90 Rented With Exception of Warehouses OTHER ANNUAL MEETINGS Standard Oil Company Ohio Plans 6 500 000 Program for 1941 Sales Improve The New York Times April 8 1941 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 27 2018 Army Base Expands Thousands Shifted Brooklyn Daily Eagle July 9 1941 p 1 Retrieved November 26 2018 via Brooklyn Public Library newspapers com nbsp Feinberg Alexander October 22 1944 Vast Throngs See Roosevelt on Tour The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 19 2018 Bush Terminal Market Plan Upheld Opposed Brooklyn Daily Eagle February 1 1946 p 1 11 Two Succeed I T Bush A P Timmerman and J L Hanigan Head Bush Terminal Co The New York Times November 29 1948 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 27 2018 A Memorial to Founder of Bush Terminal The New York Times June 21 1950 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 19 2018 Port Speedup Envisioned By Bush Terminal Brooklyn Daily Eagle January 28 1951 p 3 Retrieved November 28 2018 via Brooklyn Public Library newspapers com nbsp Webb amp Knapp to Acquire Control of Push Terminal Improve Piers 5 000 000 Rehabilitation Program Planned With Merger by Stock Deal of Real Estate Industrial and Shipping Operations PIER IMPROVEMENT FOLLOWS MERGER The New York Times January 27 1951 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 28 2018 a b Holusha John July 9 2000 Commercial Property Web Gives White Elephants a New Life The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved December 3 2018 Sees Growing Traffic Congestion Slowly Strangling Bush Terminal Brooklyn Daily Eagle April 29 1953 p 6 Retrieved November 28 2018 via Brooklyn Public Library newspapers com nbsp Bush Terminal Celebrates 50th Year Brooklyn Daily Eagle January 6 1955 p 44 Retrieved November 28 2018 via Brooklyn Public Library newspapers com nbsp a b Brooklyn N Y waterfront fire and explosion The New York Board of Fire Underwriters Bureau et al 1957 OCLC 498733198 a b c Williams Keith May 15 2013 The great Brooklyn explosion of 1956 The Weekly Nabe Archived from the original on December 22 2014 Retrieved May 15 2013 a b Williams Keith November 1 2016 Carnage and Heroism Memories of 1956 Bush Terminal Explosion The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 22 2018 Miracle on 35th Street MARINE 1 F D N Y Retrieved May 15 2013 a b c Kennedy Shawn G April 30 1986 Industrial Condominiums at the Old Bush Terminal The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 19 2018 Postings Topps Turns to Whitehall Street Cementing a Deal For Space Downtown The New York Times March 6 1994 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 19 2018 Shipping News and Notes Norton Lilly Moving to Newark After 52 Years at Bush Terminal in Brooklyn New British Life Raft Keel Laid for Big Liner Locomotives for India The New York Times September 24 1957 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 28 2018 Article 4 No Title Construction to Begin Early Next Year on 10 600 000 Waterfront Project Wrecked Pier to Be Rebuilt The New York Times September 5 1957 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 29 2018 Bamberger Werner January 9 1960 Pier in Brooklyn Returns to Duty Japanese Ship Is the First Unloaded at 35th St Fire Razed Old Dock The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 29 2018 Bush Terminal Has New Span New York Daily News July 18 1963 p 535 Retrieved November 29 2018 via newspapers com nbsp Containership Piers Get OK New York Daily News February 22 1967 p 816 Retrieved November 29 2018 via newspapers com nbsp a b Smith Kenneth S April 2 1962 Bush Terminal a Changed Concern Holds Meeting on the Waterfront INTERESTS VARIED BY BUSH TERMINAL Gains Shown by Q I T The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 29 2018 Bush Terminal Sells General Cigar Stock The New York Times October 16 1961 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 29 2018 Acquisition Is Due for Bush Terminal The New York Times March 1 1968 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 29 2018 a b NYNJR nynjr com a b Floating Railroad Continues a Proud Tradition The Seafarers International Union Atlantic Gulf Lakes and Inland Waters District NMU AFL CIO November 2006 Retrieved December 5 2008 Bush Terminal to Close Piers Declining Income Is Blamed by Brooklyn Facility The New York Times February 1 1969 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 29 2018 a b Kline Polly December 15 1971 Bush Terminal RR Quits Patrons Workers Stranded New York Daily News p 420 Retrieved November 29 2018 via newspapers com nbsp a b Bamberger Werner June 30 1970 City Buys Bush Terminal As Containership Facility The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 29 2018 Waterfront Acreage In Brooklyn Leased By City for 10 Years The New York Times April 4 1971 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 29 2018 Kline Polly April 25 1973 City To Buy Pier Rail Yard To Aid Direct Freight Link New York Daily News p 331 Retrieved November 29 2018 via newspapers com nbsp a b Kihss Peter February 1 1975 Brooklyn Docks Rail Link Only a One Day Wonder The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved August 28 2018 a b Tocano John December 29 1977 Waterfront Gets Buoy in Rail Grant of 30M New York Daily News p 332 Retrieved November 29 2018 via newspapers com nbsp South Brooklyn Marine Terminal NYCEDC South Brooklyn Railway TrainWeb November 20 2018 Retrieved November 24 2018 Braden Dustin July 6 2016 US ports set to receive millions to improve freight fluidity JOC com Retrieved November 24 2018 Fowler Glenn November 16 1975 Brooklyn and Queens Projects Felled by Budget Ax The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 29 2018 New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Division of Environmental Remediation March 2004 Environmental Restoration Record of Decision Bush Terminal Landfill Piers 1 4 Brooklyn Kings County New York Site Number B00031 2 p 2 3 A 66 page PDF linked to from New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Bush Terminal Landfill Piers 1 4 accessed January 3 2009 Mayor Bloomberg And Governor Pataki Announce 36 Million For Environmental Cleanup And Redevelopment Of Bush Piers Office of the Mayor City of New York April 20 2006 Retrieved January 3 2009 Vanzi Cass September 2 1976 Navy Decision to Stay Buoys 800 Jobs New York Daily News p 622 Retrieved November 29 2018 via newspapers com nbsp a b Kappstatter Bob December 3 1980 Bush Terminal is 78 and blooming New York Daily News p 239 Retrieved November 29 2018 via newspapers com nbsp a b c Oser Alan S May 13 1984 BUSH TERMINAL S TENANTS ARE TAKING ON MORE SPACE The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 29 2018 a b Depalma Anthony March 13 1985 ABOUT REAL ESTATE BROOKLYN S INDUSTRY CITY VS THE GARMENT DISTRICT The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 29 2018 Fulman Ricki October 4 1987 Firms seek new homes amid old worries over jobs New York Daily News p 137 Retrieved November 29 2018 via newspapers com nbsp Farrell Bill March 31 1986 Industrial condos slated New York Daily News p 80 Retrieved November 29 2018 via newspapers com nbsp Farrell Bill October 17 1986 Industrial condos in firm s plan New York Daily News p 100 Retrieved November 29 2018 via newspapers com nbsp Kennedy Shawn G May 24 1989 Real Estate New Jersey Condo Units For Industry The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 1 2018 Farrell Bill March 25 1988 Feds need more space to house the bad eggs New York Daily News p 70 Retrieved November 29 2018 via newspapers com nbsp Prial Frank J February 6 1991 Jail Is Planned For Brooklyn And Foes Rise The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 21 2018 McMorris Frances May 22 1991 Sunset Park rains on jail New York Daily News p 361 Retrieved November 29 2018 via newspapers com nbsp Oestreicher David J October 10 1991 Sunset Park sludge Who says New York Daily News p 209 Retrieved December 1 2018 via newspapers com nbsp Lambert Bruce January 30 1994 Neighborhood Report Maspeth An Alternative to Sludge Plants Move It Out The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 1 2018 Thomas Jo September 21 1994 Brooklyn Sludge Plant Proposed The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 1 2018 Young Joyce February 23 1993 Nabe breathes easier as sludge bid dumped New York Daily News p 747 Retrieved December 1 2018 via newspapers com nbsp a b c Kensinger Nathan March 30 2017 Bush Terminal tenants decry possible displacement under Made In NY Curbed NY Retrieved November 26 2018 a b Pristin Terry March 9 2015 A Pro Business City Policy Backfires on a Few The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 1 2018 Chen David W July 24 1997 Help for Garment Industry The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 1 2018 NYCEDC Seeks Developer For Bush Terminal Site in Brooklyn NYCEDC November 11 2011 Retrieved November 26 2018 Cole Marine January 20 2011 Bush Terminal owner defaults on 300M in loans Crain s New York Business Retrieved November 26 2018 NYCEDC Seeks Developer For Bush Terminal Site in Brooklyn NYCEDC November 11 2011 Retrieved November 26 2018 Fung Amanda March 2 2011 City seeks new bidders for Bush Terminal site Crain s New York Business Retrieved November 26 2018 Wachs Audrey February 15 2017 Made in New York campus will host film and fashion industries Archpaper com Retrieved November 26 2018 Spivack Caroline February 17 2017 Changes looming City will lease Bush Terminal to clothing makers Brooklyn Paper Retrieved November 26 2018 Katinas Paula November 21 2018 NYC looks to open film production center at Sunset Park s Bush Terminal Brooklyn Daily Eagle Brooklyn Daily Eagle Archived from the original on November 21 2018 Retrieved November 26 2018 King Kate August 13 2020 Steiner Studios to Open Second Film and TV Production Facility in Brooklyn Wall Street Journal ISSN 0099 9660 Retrieved August 14 2020 Manrodt Alexis August 13 2020 Steiner Studios to Build Production Facility in Sunset Park The Real Deal New York Retrieved August 14 2020 EDC Reveals Plans 136M investment in Bush Terminal Brooklyn Eagle June 24 2021 Retrieved October 15 2023 a b Farrell Bill April 9 2000 Eager to make the up grade New York Daily News p 237 Retrieved December 1 2018 via newspapers com nbsp Holusha John September 3 2000 E Business Alters ABC s of Real Estate The New York Times Retrieved December 3 2018 Farrell Bill September 18 2000 Dot com dynamo debuts in Sunset Park New York Daily News p 509 Retrieved December 1 2018 via newspapers com nbsp Ralph Gardner Jr December 2 2010 Urban Gardner Primordial Fear and Politics WSJ WSJ Stumpf Melisa February 21 2013 Brooklyn Fashion Weekend BKFW is here The Brooklyn Home Reporter Retrieved November 28 2018 Kaysen Ronda September 26 2012 Manufacturing Space in Brooklyn Retools for the Modern Tenant The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 29 2018 a b Warerkar Tanay October 23 2017 Rezoning of Sunset Park s Industry City complex is on the horizon Curbed NY Retrieved November 21 2018 Anderson Nicole August 20 2013 Developer of Chelsea Market to Buy Massive Industry City Complex in Brooklyn Archpaper com Retrieved November 21 2018 Geiger Daniel August 23 2013 Bid for Industry City boosts south Brooklyn Crain s New York Business Retrieved November 29 2018 a b c Croghan Lore December 28 2016 Full speed ahead for leasing efforts at Industry City Brooklyn Daily Eagle Retrieved November 29 2018 Bondy Stefan June 26 2014 Nets will be all Brooklyn by 2015 16 Team unveils 50M Industry City training center New York Daily News Retrieved July 31 2014 Brooklyn Nets Open Hospital for Special Surgery Training Center in Brooklyn Brooklyn Nets Brooklyn Nets February 17 2016 Retrieved November 21 2018 Raskin Alex February 18 2016 Nets Have a New Practice Facility but Still No GM Wall Street Journal Retrieved November 21 2018 Venugopal Nikhita April 8 2016 Innovation Lab Job Placement Center Opens in Industry City DNAinfo New York Archived from the original on November 22 2018 Retrieved November 21 2018 Hawkins Andrew J March 9 2015 Developers unveil 1B Brooklyn hipster mega project Crain s New York Business Retrieved November 21 2018 Levitt David M March 9 2015 Brooklyn s Industry City To Get 1 Billion Modernization Bloomberg com Retrieved November 21 2018 Geiger Daniel March 10 2016 Owners of Industry City in Brooklyn ditches plan for dorms after feedback from community Crain s New York Business Retrieved November 21 2018 Warerkar Tanay April 27 2016 With New Look for Building 19 Industry City Hopes to Attract More Creative Tenants Curbed NY Retrieved November 29 2018 Kensinger Nathan November 8 2018 As Industry City gears up for rezoning locals question who will benefit Curbed NY Retrieved November 21 2018 DeJesus Jaime March 12 2019 Industry City rezoning application delayed in response to pols objections Brooklyn Eagle Retrieved April 3 2019 Spivack Caroline March 11 2019 Industry City delays rezoning after pressure from lawmakers Curbed NY Retrieved April 3 2019 Fitzsimmons Emma G September 23 2020 Progressives Defeat Brooklyn Project That Promised 20 000 Jobs The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved September 26 2020 Industry City Rezoning Plan Scrapped After Opposition Spectrum News NY1 New York City September 22 2020 Retrieved September 26 2020 Geiger Daniel October 19 2017 Japanese version of Eataly coming to Industry City Crain s New York Business Retrieved November 22 2018 Tuder Stefanie October 20 2017 Industry City Adds Japanese Mega Mart and Food Hall Akin to Eataly Eater NY Retrieved November 22 2018 Vianna Carla November 20 2018 Big Eataly Like Japanese Food Hall Opens in Brooklyn This Weekend Eater NY Retrieved November 22 2018 Passy Charles November 17 2018 Brooklyn Gets a Japanese Answer to Manhattan s Eataly WSJ Retrieved November 22 2018 Fabricant Florence November 26 2018 A New Japanese Marketplace Opens in Brooklyn The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 29 2018 Katinas Paula November 20 2018 NYC looks to open film production center at Sunset Park s Bush Terminal Brooklyn Daily Eagle Retrieved November 21 2018 Young Celia March 9 2023 NYU s Martin Scorsese Production Center Headed to Industry City Commercial Observer Retrieved October 15 2023 Brendlen Kirstyn March 13 2023 NYU to open state of the art Martin Scorsese Virtual Production Center at Industry City Brooklyn Paper Retrieved October 15 2023 Cerro Ximena Del May 19 2023 Arts company BkOne opens new 100 seat theater in Industry City Brooklyn Paper Retrieved October 15 2023 Industry City s Design District expands with new retail leases New York Business Journal May 11 2023 Retrieved October 15 2023 Lynch Scott June 1 2023 Brooklyn Night Market brings the party back to Industry City Brooklyn Magazine Retrieved October 15 2023 Bush Terminal Park NYC Parks New York City Department of Parks amp Recreation June 26 1939 Retrieved November 1 2018 Jaeger Max November 12 2014 Now Open The Other Sunset Park Brooklyn Paper Retrieved May 28 2020 Bahrampour Tara May 22 2001 Metro Business Briefing Progress In Park Project The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved December 3 2018 Sunset Park Vision Plan NYCEDC Venugopal Nikhita November 6 2014 Bush Terminal Piers Park Opens to the Public on Sunset Park Waterfront DNAinfo New York Archived from the original on November 19 2018 Retrieved November 19 2018 Mixson Colin August 28 2015 Site unseen Bush Terminal Park is Brooklyn s best kept secret Brooklyn Paper Retrieved November 19 2018 Spivack Caroline October 14 2016 Bush Terminal Park finally getting a second entrance Brooklyn Paper Retrieved November 19 2018 Sperling Jonathan July 25 2017 New entrance opened for Bush Terminal Park The Brooklyn Home Reporter Retrieved November 19 2018 Brooklyn Greenway Initiative a b Brooklyn Bus Map PDF Metropolitan Transportation Authority October 2020 Retrieved December 1 2020 Subway Map PDF Metropolitan Transportation Authority September 2021 Retrieved September 17 2021 Merchants of Bush Terminal Lead Fight To Restore 39th St Kings Richmond Ferry PDF The New York Times June 21 1947 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved September 21 2017 Leigh Irvin Matus Paul January 2002 Staten Island Rapid Transit The Essential History thethirdrail net The Third Rail Online Archived from the original on May 30 2015 Retrieved June 27 2015 Michel Clifford January 30 2020 NYC Ferry s a No Go at the Staten Island Ferry Terminal The City Retrieved February 14 2020 2022 Expansion New York City Ferry Service NYC Ferry Retrieved September 5 2022 Further reading Bush Irving T 1928 Working with the World Garden City New York Doubleday Doran amp Co New Bush Terminal Pier International Marine Engineering August 1914 pp 330 332 Bullish Bush December 9 1929 Time Sunset Park Irving s Place NYC Department of Records amp Information Services January 5 2017 External links Edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bush Terminal Industry City website NYCEDC website Aerial view of Bush Terminal Brooklyn in 1920 at the New York Public Library Digital Gallery Photo of Bush Terminal Co headquarters at 100 Broad St in 1905 from Architecture magazine of the same year at the New York Public Library Digital Gallery Bush Terminal Company 1917 Bush Terminal International Exhibit Building amp Buyers Club New York Redfield Kendrick Odell Co Full text Mostly about Bush Tower but at the end includes four pages of illustrations and descriptions of Bush Terminal s Brooklyn services and a photo of the company s Manhattan executive offices Historic American Engineering Record HAER documentation filed under Brooklyn Kings County NY HAER No NY 201 Bush Terminal Company Between Second and Third Avenues from Thirty ninth to Fiftieth Streets 3 photos 22 data pages 2 photo caption pages HAER No NY 201 A Bush Terminal Company Pier 5 Opposite end of Forty fourth Street on Upper New York Bay 12 photos 10 data pages 2 photo caption pages HAER No NY 201 B Bush Terminal Company Pier 7 Opposite end of Forty first Street on Upper New York Bay 9 photos 13 data pages 2 photo caption pages40 39 21 N 74 00 29 W 40 65583 N 74 00806 W 40 65583 74 00806 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Industry City amp oldid 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