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Budapest Memorandum

January 20, 2023

The Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances comprises three substantially identical political agreements signed at the OSCE conference in Budapest, Hungary, on 5 December 1994, to provide security assurances by its signatories relating to the accession of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). The three memoranda were originally signed by three nuclear powers: the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom and the United States. China and France gave somewhat weaker individual assurances in separate documents.[1]

Budapest Memorandum
on Security Assurances
Memorandum on Security Assurances in connection with the Republic of Belarus'/Republic of Kazakhstan's/Ukraine's accession to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
U.S. President Clinton, Russian President Yeltsin, and Ukrainian President Kravchuk after signing the Trilateral Statement in Moscow on 14 January 1994
Signed5 December 1994 (1994-12-05)
LocationBudapest, Hungary
Original
signatories
Languages
Full text at Wikisource
  • Ukraine. Memorandum on Security Assurances
  • Memorandum on Security Assurances in connection with the Republic of Kazakhstan's accession to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
  • Memorandum on Security Assurances in connection with the Republic of Belarus' accession to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons

The memoranda, signed in Patria Hall at the Budapest Convention Center with US Ambassador Donald M. Blinken amongst others in attendance,[2] prohibited the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom and the United States from threatening or using military force or economic coercion against Ukraine, Belarus, and Kazakhstan, "except in self-defence or otherwise in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations." As a result of other agreements and the memorandum, between 1993 and 1996, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine gave up their nuclear weapons.[3][4]

Content

According to the three memoranda,[5] Russia, the US and the UK confirmed their recognition of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine becoming parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and effectively abandoning their nuclear arsenal to Russia and that they agreed to the following:

  1. Respect the signatory's independence and sovereignty in the existing borders.[6]
  2. Refrain from the threat or the use of force against the signatory.
  3. Refrain from economic coercion designed to subordinate to their own interest the exercise by the signatory of the rights inherent in its sovereignty and thus to secure advantages of any kind.
  4. Seek immediate Security Council action to provide assistance to the signatory if they "should become a victim of an act of aggression or an object of a threat of aggression in which nuclear weapons are used".
  5. Refrain from the use of nuclear arms against the signatory.
  6. Consult with one another if questions arise regarding those commitments.[7][8]

History

Until Ukraine gave up the Soviet nuclear weapons stationed on its soil, it had the world's third-largest nuclear weapons stockpile,[9][10] of which Ukraine had physical but no operational control. Russia controlled the codes needed to operate the nuclear weapons through electronic Permissive Action Links and the Russian command and control system, although this could not be sufficient guarantee against Ukrainian access.[11][12] Formally, these weapons were controlled by the Commonwealth of Independent States.[13][14] Belarus only had mobile missile launchers, and Kazakhstan had chosen to quickly give up its nuclear warheads and missiles to Russia. Ukraine went through a period of internal debate on their approach.[3][15]

Preliminaries

On 23 May 1992, Russia, the U.S., Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine signed the Lisbon Protocol to the START I treaty, ahead of ratifying the treaty later. The protocol committed Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine to adhere to the NPT as non-nuclear weapons states as soon as possible. However, the terms for the transfer of the nuclear warheads were not agreed, and some Ukrainian officials and parliamentarians started to discuss the possibility of retaining some of the modern Ukrainian built RT-23 (SS-24) missiles and Soviet built warheads.[15][16]

In 1993, two regiments of UR-100N (SS-19) missiles in Ukraine were withdrawn to storage because warhead components were past their operational life, and Ukraine's political leadership realised that Ukraine could not become a credible nuclear military force as they could not maintain the warheads and ensure long term nuclear safety. Later in 1993, the Ukrainian and Russian governments signed a series of bilateral agreements giving up Ukrainian claims to the nuclear weapons and the Black Sea Fleet, in return for $2.5 billion of gas and oil debt cancellation and future supplies of fuel for its nuclear power reactors. Ukraine agreed to ratify the START I and NPT treaties promptly. This caused severe public criticism leading to the resignation of Ukrainian Defence Minister Morozov.[3] On 18 November 1993, the Rada passed a motion agreeing to START I but renouncing the Lisbon Protocol, suggesting Ukraine would only decommission 36% of missile launchers and 42% of the warheads on its territory, and demanded financial compensation for the tactical nuclear weapons removed in 1992. This caused U.S. diplomatic consternation, and the following day Ukrainian President Kravchuk said "we must get rid of [these nuclear weapons]. This is my viewpoint from which I have not and will not deviate." He then brought a new proposal to the Rada.[15][16]

Yeltsin and Clinton news conference, 14 January 1994

On 15 December 1993, U.S. Vice President Al Gore visited Moscow for a meeting. Following side discussions, a U.S and Russian delegation, including U.S. Deputy Secretary of Defense William J. Perry, flew to Ukraine to agree to the outlines of a trilateral agreement including U.S. assistance in dismantling the nuclear systems in Ukraine and compensation for the uranium in nuclear warheads. Participants were invited to Washington on 3–4 January to finalise the agreement. A Trilateral Statement with a detailed annex was agreed, based on the previously agreed terms but with detailed financial arrangements and a firm commitment to an early start to the transfer of at least 200 warheads to Russia and the production in Russia of nuclear reactor fuel for Ukraine. Warheads would be removed from all RT-23s (SS-24) within 10 months. However Ukraine did not want a commitment to transfer all warheads by 1 June 1996 to be made public for domestic political reasons, and Russia did not want the financial compensation for uranium made public concerned that Belarus and Kazakhstan would also demand this. It was decided to exclude these two matters from the published agreement, but cover them in private letters between the countries' presidents.

Another key point was that U.S. State Department lawyers made a distinction between "security guarantee" and "security assurance", referring to the security guarantees that were desired by Ukraine in exchange for non-proliferation. "Security guarantee" would have implied the use of military force in assisting its non-nuclear parties attacked by an aggressor (such as Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty for NATO members) while "security assurance" would simply specify the non-violation of these parties' territorial integrity. In the end, a statement was read into the negotiation record that the (according to the U.S. lawyers) lesser sense of the English word "assurance" would be the sole implied translation for all appearances of both terms in all three language versions of the statement.[15]

President Clinton made a courtesy stop at Kyiv on his way to Moscow for the Trilateral Statement signing, only to discover Ukraine was having second thoughts about signing. Clinton told Kravchuk not signing would risk major damage to U.S.-Ukraine relations. After some minor rewording, the Trilateral Statement was signed by the three presidents in Moscow in front of the media on 14 January 1994.[15][17]

The Budapest Memoranda

 
On 5 December 1994 to sign the three documents the leaders of the seven nations gathered at the Budapest Congress Center, shown here in a photograph dated October 2015
External video
  "President Clinton arrived back at the White House by helicopter from a one-day trip to Budapest, Hungary", C-SPAN

The fabled "Budapest Memorandum" is actually three documents signed individually on 5 December 1994 by the three leaders of the ex-Soviet nations, together with the guarantor nations: United States, United Kingdom and Russia. So the UNTERM portal notes for one: "To distinguish this from the other two Budapest Memorandums of the same date, this one could be referred to as the 'Budapest Memorandum regarding Kazakhstan'".[18]

Sequels

 
Wikisource has original works on the topic: Remarks at the Denuclearization Agreements Signing Ceremony in Budapest

After this was agreed, the U.S. used its Nunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction programme to provide financial assistance over $300 million (equivalent to $548 million in 2021), and technical assistance in decommissioning the nuclear weapons and delivery systems, which took to 2008 to fully complete.[3] The U.S. also doubled other economic aid to Ukraine to $310 million (equivalent to $567 million in 2021) for 1994.[19]

In 2009, Russia and the United States released a joint statement that the memorandum's security assurances would still be respected after the expiration of the START Treaty.[20]

2013 Belarus sanctions

In 2013, the government of Belarus complained that American sanctions against it were in breach of Article 3 of the Memorandum. The US government responded that its sanctions were targeted at combating human rights violations and other illicit activities of the government of Belarus and not the population of Belarus.[21]

2014 Russian annexation of Crimea

Further information: Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation

In February 2014, Russian forces seized or blockaded various airports and other strategic sites throughout Crimea.[22] The troops were attached to the Russian Black Sea Fleet stationed in Crimea,[23] which placed Russia in violation of the Budapest Memorandum. The Russian Foreign Ministry had confirmed the movement of armoured units attached to the Black Sea Fleet in Crimea but asserted that they were acting within the scope of the various agreements between the two countries.[citation needed] Russia responded by supporting a referendum on whether the Crimea should join it. Crimea parliament announces referendum on the Autonomous republic's future in accordance with the law "On the Autonomous Republic of Crimea". On 16 March the referendum was held, on 17 March Crimea declared independence and on 21 March it was incorporated into the Russian Federation. Ukraine vigorously protested the action as a violation of Article 1 of the Budapest Memorandum.

After the annexation of Crimea by Russia in 2014, Canada,[24] France, Germany, Italy, Japan,[25] the UK,[26] and US[27][28] stated that Russian involvement was a breach of its Budapest Memorandum obligations to Ukraine and in violation of Ukrainian sovereignty and territorial integrity.

On 1 March the Address of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine to the Guarantor States in accordance with the Budapest Memorandum of 1994 on Security Assurances in connection with Ukraine's accession to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons was published.[29][30]

On 4 March the Russian president Vladimir Putin replied to a question on the violation of the Budapest Memorandum, describing the current Ukrainian situation as a revolution: "a new state arises, but with this state and in respect to this state, we have not signed any obligatory documents".[31] Russia stated that it had never been under obligation to "force any part of Ukraine's civilian population to stay in Ukraine against its will". Russia suggested that the US was in violation of the Budapest Memorandum and described the Euromaidan as a US-instigated coup.[32]

 
US Secretary of State John Kerry speaks with British Foreign Secretary William Hague and Ukrainian Foreign Minister Andrii Deshchytsia after hosting the Budapest Memorandum Ministerial on the Ukraine crisis in Paris, France, on 5 March 2014.

On 24 March 2014, Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper led the G7 partners in an ad hoc meeting during the Nuclear Security Summit, at The Hague, for a partial suspension of Russian membership from the G8 due to Russia's breach of the Budapest Memorandum. He said that Ukraine had given up its nuclear weapons "on the basis of an explicit Russian assurance of its territorial integrity. By breaching that assurance, President Putin has provided a rationale for those elsewhere who needed little more than that already furnished by pride or grievance to arm themselves to the teeth." Harper also indicated support for Ukraine by saying he would work with the new Ukrainian government towards a free trade agreement.[33]

In February 2016, Sergey Lavrov claimed, "Russia never violated Budapest memorandum. It contained only one obligation, not to attack Ukraine with nukes."[34] However, Canadian journalist Michael Colborne pointed out that "there are actually six obligations in the Budapest Memorandum, and the first of them is 'to respect the independence and sovereignty and the existing borders of Ukraine'". Colborne also pointed out that a broadcast of Lavrov's claim on the Twitter account of Russia's embassy in the United Kingdom actually "provided a link to the text of the Budapest Memorandum itself with all six obligations, including the ones Russia has clearly violated – right there for everyone to see." Steven Pifer, an American diplomat who was involved in drafting the Budapest Memorandum, later commented on "the mendacity of Russian diplomacy and its contempt for international opinion when the foreign minister says something that can be proven wrong with less than 30 seconds of Google fact-checking?"[35] Russia argued that the United States broke the third point of the agreement by introducing and threatening further sanctions against the Yanukovych government.

On 20 April 2016, Ukraine established the Ministry of Reintegration of Temporarily Occupied Territories,[36] to manage occupied parts of the Donetsk, Luhansk and Crimea regions, which are affected by Russian military intervention of 2014.

Kerch Strait incident

Main article: Kerch Strait incident

On 25 November 2018, the Russian Federal Security Service (FSB) coast guard fired upon and captured three Ukrainian Navy vessels after they attempted to transit from the Black Sea into the Sea of Azov through the Kerch Strait on their way to the port of Mariupol.[37][38] On 27 November 2018, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine appealed to the signatory states of the Budapest Memorandum to hold urgent consultations to ensure full compliance with the memorandum's commitments and the immediate cessation of Russian aggression against Ukraine.[39][40][41]

2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

Main articles: 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine and Legality of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy has publicly commented on the Budapest Memorandum by arguing that it provides no true guarantee of safety due to Russia's coercive power. On 19 February 2022, Zelenskyy made a speech at the Munich Security Conference in which he said "Since 2014, Ukraine has tried three times to convene consultations with the guarantor states of the Budapest Memorandum [i.e. United States and United Kingdom]. Three times without success. Today Ukraine will do it for the fourth time. ... If they do not happen again or their results do not guarantee security for our country, Ukraine will have every right to believe that the Budapest Memorandum is not working and all the package decisions of 1994 are in doubt."[42] Putin used Zelenskyy's comments as part of his claims that Ukraine could develop nuclear weapons. Critics have disputed Putin's claims.[43] This treaty has since been violated by Russia at the outbreak of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[44]

Analysis

Under the agreement, the signatories offered Ukraine "security assurances" in exchange for its adherence to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. The memorandum bundled together a set of assurances that Ukraine had already held from the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) Final Act, the United Nations Charter and the Non-Proliferation Treaty[1] but the Ukrainian government found it valuable to have these assurances in a Ukraine-specific document.[45][46]

The Budapest Memorandum was negotiated at political level, but it is not entirely clear whether the instrument is devoid entirely of legal provisions. It refers to assurances, but unlike guarantees, it does not impose a legal obligation of military assistance on its parties.[1][46] According to Stephen MacFarlane, a professor of international relations, "It gives signatories justification if they take action, but it does not force anyone to act in Ukraine."[45] In the US, neither the George H. W. Bush administration nor the Clinton administration was prepared to give a military commitment to Ukraine, and they did not believe the US Senate would ratify an international treaty and so the memorandum was adopted in more limited terms.[46] The memorandum has a requirement of consultation among the parties "in the event a situation arises that raises a question concerning the ... commitments" set out in the memorandum.[47] Whether or not the memorandum sets out legal obligations, the difficulties that Ukraine has encountered since early 2014 may cast doubt on the credibility of future security assurances that are offered in exchange for nonproliferation commitments.[48] Regardless, the United States publicly maintains that "the Memorandum is not legally binding", calling it a "political commitment".[21]

Ukrainian international law scholars such as Olexander Zadorozhny maintain that the Memorandum is an international treaty because it satisfies the criteria for one, as fixed by the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT) and is "an international agreement concluded between States in written form and governed by international law".[49]

China and France gave security assurances for Ukraine in separate documents. China's governmental statement of 4 December 1994 did not call for mandatory consultations if questions arose but only for "fair consultations". France's declaration of 5 December 1994 did not mention consultations.[1]

Scholars assumed at the time that Ukraine's decision to sign the Budapest Memorandum was proof of Ukraine's development as a democracy and its desire to step away from the post-Soviet world and make first steps toward a European future. For 20 years, until the 2014 Russian military occupation of regions of Ukraine,[50] the Ukrainian nuclear disarmament was an exemplary case of nuclear non-proliferation.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d Vasylenko, Volodymyr (15 December 2009). "On assurances without guarantees in a 'shelved document'". The Day. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
  2. ^ "1994 Public Papers 2146 - Remarks at the Denuclearization Agreements Signing Ceremony in Budapest". Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: William J. Clinton (1994, Book II). 5 December 1994.
  3. ^ a b c d Harahan, Joseph P. (2014). (PDF). DTRA History Series. Defense Threat Reduction Agency. pp. 101–134, 186. ASIN B01LYEJ56H. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 February 2022. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
  4. ^ "Memorandum on security assurances in connection with Ukraine's accession to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons". treaties.un.org. 5 December 1994.
  5. ^ . Cfr.org. 5 December 1994. Archived from the original on 12 March 2017. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
  6. ^ "Joint Declaration of the Leaders of Ukraine, Russia, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the United States of America, as well as a Memorandum on Security Assurances in Connection with Ukraine's Accession to the Non-Proliferation Treaty, signed in Budapest on 5 December 1994". undocs.org. United Nations. 21 December 1994. CD/1285. Retrieved 19 March 2017.
  7. ^ (PDF). United Nations. 19 December 1994. hdl:11176/44537. A/49/765; S/1994/1399. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 27 February 2017.
  8. ^ Philipp Bleek (29 April 2014). . Arms Control Wonk. Archived from the original on 19 August 2014. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
  9. ^ Kuzio, Taras (November 2010). (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 March 2014.
  10. ^ . Council on Foreign Relations. 5 December 1994. Archived from the original on 17 March 2014. Retrieved 2 March 2014.
  11. ^ Martel, William C. (1998). "Why Ukraine gave up nuclear weapons: non-proliferation incentives and disincentives". In Barry R. Schneider; William L. Dowdy (eds.). Pulling Back from the Nuclear Brink: Reducing and Countering Nuclear Threats. Psychology Press. pp. 88–104. ISBN 9780714648569. Retrieved 6 August 2014. There are some reports that Ukraine had established effective custody, but not operational control, of the cruise missiles and gravity bombs. ... By early 1994 the only barrier to Ukraine's ability to exercise full operational control over the nuclear weapons on missiles and bombers deployed on its soil was its inability to circumvent Russian permissive action links (PALs).
  12. ^ Pikayev, Alexander A. (Spring–Summer 1994). "Post-Soviet Russia and Ukraine: Who can push the Button?" (PDF). The Nonproliferation Review. 1 (3): 31, 40–45. doi:10.1080/10736709408436550. Retrieved 6 August 2014. Ukrainian officials always underline that they provide purely administrative control over the strategic weapons, while the Russians provide 'operational' control. ... technical features themselves could not be considered a sufficient guarantee against Ukraine gaining unauthorized access to weapons.
  13. ^ Hanley, Jeremy (22 June 1993). "Nuclear Weapons". Hansard. UK Parliament. Column 154. Retrieved 9 September 2018. The Minister of State for the Armed Forces (Mr. Jeremy Hanley): ... Some weapons are also possessed by Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Belarus, but these are controlled by the Commonwealth of Independent States.
  14. ^ Lewis, Jeffrey; Stein, Aaron (24 February 2022). Deterrence in Ukraine. Arms Control Wonk. Event occurs at 3m13s-, 11m37s-. Retrieved 28 February 2022. Jeffrey Lewis: Ukraine did not possess nuclear weapons after the collapse of the Soviet Union. They were not the third largest nuclear power. They did not give up those weapons because they did not possess them. ... The Rocket Forces pushed back and instead of taking the Ukrainian oath were able to arrange to take an oath to the Commonwealth of Independent States.
  15. ^ a b c d e Pifer, Steven (May 2011). "The Trilateral Process: The United States, Ukraine, Russia and Nuclear Weapons" (PDF). Brookings Institution. pp. 5, 7, 10–13, 21–24. Arms Control Series Paper 6. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
  16. ^ a b Reif, Kingston (December 2020). "The Lisbon Protocol At a Glance". Arms Control Association. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
  17. ^ "Trilateral Statement by the Presidents of the United States, Russia, Ukraine". Harvard Ukrainian Studies. 20: 313–316. 1996. JSTOR 41036699. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
  18. ^ "Memorandum on Security Assurances in Connection with the Republic of Kazakhstan's Accession to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons". UNTERM portal.
  19. ^ Nelson, Jack (11 January 1994). "Ukraine Agrees to Give Up Its Nuclear Arsenal, Clinton Says: Summit: President hails the accord as a breakthrough, but it faces parliamentary opposition. NATO endorses the U.S. 'Partnership for Peace' plan to broaden alliance". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
  20. ^ "Ukraine, Nuclear Weapons, and Security Assurances at a Glance". ArmsControl.org. Arms Control Association. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  21. ^ a b . United States Embassy – Minsk (Press release). U.S. Department of State. 12 April 2013. Archived from the original on 19 April 2014.
  22. ^ . Diplomatic Courier. 8 May 2014. Archived from the original on 12 May 2014. Retrieved 9 May 2014.
  23. ^ Booth, William; DeYoung, Karen (28 February 2014). "Reports of Russian military activity in Crimea prompts stern warning from Obama". The Washington Post. Retrieved 1 March 2014.
  24. ^ That, Corinne Ton; Commisso, Christina (22 March 2014). "In Kyiv, Harper calls for 'complete reversal' of Crimea annexation". CTV News.
  25. ^ Fisher, Matthew (24 March 2014). "Russia suspended from G8 over annexation of Crimea, Group of Seven nations says". National Post. Retrieved 27 February 2017.
  26. ^ Stevenson, Chris; Williams, Oscar (1 March 2014). "Ukraine crisis: David Cameron joins Angela Merkel in expressing anxiety and warns that 'the world is watching'". The Independent.
  27. ^ "Readout of President Obama's Call with President Putin". whitehouse.gov (Press release). 1 March 2014. Retrieved 26 March 2014 – via National Archives.
  28. ^ "Condemnation isn't enough for Russian actions in Crimea". The Washington Post. 28 February 2014.
  29. ^ "Address of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine to the Guarantor States in accordance with the Budapest Memorandum of 1994 on Security Assurances in connection with Ukraine's accession to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine. 1 March 2014.
  30. ^ "Ukrainian parliament appeals to Budapest Memorandum signatories". Interfax Ukraine. 28 February 2014. Retrieved 1 March 2014.
  31. ^ "Putin at a press conference, 4 March 2014 (in Russian)". YouTube. 4 March 2014. Archived from the original on 20 December 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
  32. ^ Медведев: Россия не гарантирует целостность Украины [Medvedev: Russia does not guarantee the integrity of Ukraine] (in Russian). bbc.com. 20 May 2014. Retrieved 27 February 2017.
  33. ^ Chase, Steven; MacKinnon, Mark (24 March 2014). "Harper leads charge to expel Russia from G8, ramp up sanctions". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 27 February 2017.
  34. ^ "Lavrov: Russia never violated Budapest memorandum". Russian Embassy in United Kingdom. 27 January 2016. Retrieved 27 January 2016.
  35. ^ Colborne, Michael (4 February 2016). "Russia's bald-faced lies". National Post.
  36. ^ "У Гройсмана створили нове міністерство" [Groisman created a new ministry]. Ukrayinska Pravda (in Ukrainian). 20 April 2016.
  37. ^ "Tension escalates after Russia seizes Ukraine naval ships". BBC News. 26 November 2018. from the original on 26 November 2018. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  38. ^ Osborn, Andrew; Polityuk, Pavel (25 November 2018). "Russia seizes Ukrainian ships near annexed Crimea after firing on them". Reuters. from the original on 26 November 2018. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  39. ^ "Україна скликає зустріч ядерних держав" [Ukraine convenes a meeting of nuclear states]. uprom.info. 5 December 2018. Retrieved 5 December 2018.
  40. ^ "Україна скликає зустріч ядерних держав за механізмом Будапештського меморандуму" [Ukraine convenes a meeting of nuclear states under the mechanism of the Budapest Memorandum]. www.eurointegration.com.ua. Ukrayinska Pravda. 5 December 2018.
  41. ^ "Заява МЗС України у зв'язку зі скликанням консультацій відповідно до Будапештського меморандуму" [Statement of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine in connection with the convening of consultations in accordance with the Budapest Memorandum]. mfa.gov.ua. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine. 5 December 2018.
  42. ^ "Zelensky's full speech at Munich Security Conference". Kyiv Post. 19 February 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
  43. ^ Sanger, David (23 February 2022). "Putin Spins a Conspiracy Theory That Ukraine Is on a Path to Nuclear Weapons". The New York Times. New York. from the original on 23 February 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
  44. ^ What is the Budapest Memorandum and how does it impact the current crisis in Ukraine?, CTV News (3 March 2022)
  45. ^ a b "Are the US and the UK bound to intervene in Ukraine?" 19 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine, france24, 3 March 2014
  46. ^ a b c Steven Pifer (4 March 2014). "Ukraine crisis' impact on nuclear weapons". CNN. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
  47. ^ Budapest Memorandum, paragraph 6.
  48. ^ "The Budapest Memorandum and Beyond: Have the Western Parties Breached a Legal Obligation?". EJIL: Talk!. 18 February 2015.
  49. ^ Zadorozhny, Olexander (2015). "Russian Aggression against Ukraine, the annexation of the Crimean peninsula and the 1994 Budapest Memorandum". European Political and Law Discourse.
  50. ^ Shymanska, Alina (1 March 2018). "The 'Double Standard' of Nonproliferation: Regime Type and the U.S. Response to Nuclear Weapons Program". International Journal of Nuclear Security.

External links

  • in the United Nations Treaty Series (in Belarusian, English, Russian, and French)
  • Text of Budapest Memorandum (Kazakhstan)[dead link]
  • Text of the Budapest Memorandum regarding Ukraine in the United Nations Treaty Series (in English, Russian, Ukrainian, and French)
  •   English Wikisource has original text related to this article: Text of the Budapest Memorandum (Ukraine)
  •   Ukrainian Wikisource has original text related to this article: Text of Budapest Memorandum
  • (in Ukrainian)
  • Pavlo Hai-Nyzhnyk – К.: «МП Леся», 2017. – 332 с. ISBN 978-617-7530-02-1

January 20, 2023
budapest, memorandum, security, assurances, comprises, three, substantially, identical, political, agreements, signed, osce, conference, budapest, hungary, december, 1994, provide, security, assurances, signatories, relating, accession, belarus, kazakhstan, uk. The Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances comprises three substantially identical political agreements signed at the OSCE conference in Budapest Hungary on 5 December 1994 to provide security assurances by its signatories relating to the accession of Belarus Kazakhstan and Ukraine to the Treaty on the Non Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons NPT The three memoranda were originally signed by three nuclear powers the Russian Federation the United Kingdom and the United States China and France gave somewhat weaker individual assurances in separate documents 1 Budapest Memorandumon Security AssurancesMemorandum on Security Assurances in connection with the Republic of Belarus Republic of Kazakhstan s Ukraine s accession to the Treaty on the Non Proliferation of Nuclear WeaponsU S President Clinton Russian President Yeltsin and Ukrainian President Kravchuk after signing the Trilateral Statement in Moscow on 14 January 1994Signed5 December 1994 1994 12 05 LocationBudapest HungaryOriginalsignatories Belarus Kazakhstan Ukraine Russia United States United KingdomLanguagesEnglish language Russian language Ukrainian language Ukraine Memorandum Belarusian language Belarus Memorandum Kazakh language Kazakhstan Memorandum Full text at WikisourceUkraine Memorandum on Security Assurances Memorandum on Security Assurances in connection with the Republic of Kazakhstan s accession to the Treaty on the Non Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons Memorandum on Security Assurances in connection with the Republic of Belarus accession to the Treaty on the Non Proliferation of Nuclear WeaponsThe memoranda signed in Patria Hall at the Budapest Convention Center with US Ambassador Donald M Blinken amongst others in attendance 2 prohibited the Russian Federation the United Kingdom and the United States from threatening or using military force or economic coercion against Ukraine Belarus and Kazakhstan except in self defence or otherwise in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations As a result of other agreements and the memorandum between 1993 and 1996 Belarus Kazakhstan and Ukraine gave up their nuclear weapons 3 4 Contents 1 Content 2 History 2 1 Preliminaries 2 2 The Budapest Memoranda 2 3 Sequels 2 3 1 2013 Belarus sanctions 2 3 2 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea 2 3 3 Kerch Strait incident 2 3 4 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 3 Analysis 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksContent EditAccording to the three memoranda 5 Russia the US and the UK confirmed their recognition of Belarus Kazakhstan and Ukraine becoming parties to the Treaty on the Non Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and effectively abandoning their nuclear arsenal to Russia and that they agreed to the following Respect the signatory s independence and sovereignty in the existing borders 6 Refrain from the threat or the use of force against the signatory Refrain from economic coercion designed to subordinate to their own interest the exercise by the signatory of the rights inherent in its sovereignty and thus to secure advantages of any kind Seek immediate Security Council action to provide assistance to the signatory if they should become a victim of an act of aggression or an object of a threat of aggression in which nuclear weapons are used Refrain from the use of nuclear arms against the signatory Consult with one another if questions arise regarding those commitments 7 8 History EditUntil Ukraine gave up the Soviet nuclear weapons stationed on its soil it had the world s third largest nuclear weapons stockpile 9 10 of which Ukraine had physical but no operational control Russia controlled the codes needed to operate the nuclear weapons through electronic Permissive Action Links and the Russian command and control system although this could not be sufficient guarantee against Ukrainian access 11 12 Formally these weapons were controlled by the Commonwealth of Independent States 13 14 Belarus only had mobile missile launchers and Kazakhstan had chosen to quickly give up its nuclear warheads and missiles to Russia Ukraine went through a period of internal debate on their approach 3 15 Preliminaries Edit On 23 May 1992 Russia the U S Belarus Kazakhstan and Ukraine signed the Lisbon Protocol to the START I treaty ahead of ratifying the treaty later The protocol committed Belarus Kazakhstan and Ukraine to adhere to the NPT as non nuclear weapons states as soon as possible However the terms for the transfer of the nuclear warheads were not agreed and some Ukrainian officials and parliamentarians started to discuss the possibility of retaining some of the modern Ukrainian built RT 23 SS 24 missiles and Soviet built warheads 15 16 In 1993 two regiments of UR 100N SS 19 missiles in Ukraine were withdrawn to storage because warhead components were past their operational life and Ukraine s political leadership realised that Ukraine could not become a credible nuclear military force as they could not maintain the warheads and ensure long term nuclear safety Later in 1993 the Ukrainian and Russian governments signed a series of bilateral agreements giving up Ukrainian claims to the nuclear weapons and the Black Sea Fleet in return for 2 5 billion of gas and oil debt cancellation and future supplies of fuel for its nuclear power reactors Ukraine agreed to ratify the START I and NPT treaties promptly This caused severe public criticism leading to the resignation of Ukrainian Defence Minister Morozov 3 On 18 November 1993 the Rada passed a motion agreeing to START I but renouncing the Lisbon Protocol suggesting Ukraine would only decommission 36 of missile launchers and 42 of the warheads on its territory and demanded financial compensation for the tactical nuclear weapons removed in 1992 This caused U S diplomatic consternation and the following day Ukrainian President Kravchuk said we must get rid of these nuclear weapons This is my viewpoint from which I have not and will not deviate He then brought a new proposal to the Rada 15 16 source source source source source source source source source source Yeltsin and Clinton news conference 14 January 1994 On 15 December 1993 U S Vice President Al Gore visited Moscow for a meeting Following side discussions a U S and Russian delegation including U S Deputy Secretary of Defense William J Perry flew to Ukraine to agree to the outlines of a trilateral agreement including U S assistance in dismantling the nuclear systems in Ukraine and compensation for the uranium in nuclear warheads Participants were invited to Washington on 3 4 January to finalise the agreement A Trilateral Statement with a detailed annex was agreed based on the previously agreed terms but with detailed financial arrangements and a firm commitment to an early start to the transfer of at least 200 warheads to Russia and the production in Russia of nuclear reactor fuel for Ukraine Warheads would be removed from all RT 23s SS 24 within 10 months However Ukraine did not want a commitment to transfer all warheads by 1 June 1996 to be made public for domestic political reasons and Russia did not want the financial compensation for uranium made public concerned that Belarus and Kazakhstan would also demand this It was decided to exclude these two matters from the published agreement but cover them in private letters between the countries presidents Another key point was that U S State Department lawyers made a distinction between security guarantee and security assurance referring to the security guarantees that were desired by Ukraine in exchange for non proliferation Security guarantee would have implied the use of military force in assisting its non nuclear parties attacked by an aggressor such as Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty for NATO members while security assurance would simply specify the non violation of these parties territorial integrity In the end a statement was read into the negotiation record that the according to the U S lawyers lesser sense of the English word assurance would be the sole implied translation for all appearances of both terms in all three language versions of the statement 15 President Clinton made a courtesy stop at Kyiv on his way to Moscow for the Trilateral Statement signing only to discover Ukraine was having second thoughts about signing Clinton told Kravchuk not signing would risk major damage to U S Ukraine relations After some minor rewording the Trilateral Statement was signed by the three presidents in Moscow in front of the media on 14 January 1994 15 17 The Budapest Memoranda Edit On 5 December 1994 to sign the three documents the leaders of the seven nations gathered at the Budapest Congress Center shown here in a photograph dated October 2015 External video President Clinton arrived back at the White House by helicopter from a one day trip to Budapest Hungary C SPANThe fabled Budapest Memorandum is actually three documents signed individually on 5 December 1994 by the three leaders of the ex Soviet nations together with the guarantor nations United States United Kingdom and Russia So the UNTERM portal notes for one To distinguish this from the other two Budapest Memorandums of the same date this one could be referred to as the Budapest Memorandum regarding Kazakhstan 18 Sequels Edit Wikisource has original works on the topic Remarks at the Denuclearization Agreements Signing Ceremony in Budapest After this was agreed the U S used its Nunn Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction programme to provide financial assistance over 300 million equivalent to 548 million in 2021 and technical assistance in decommissioning the nuclear weapons and delivery systems which took to 2008 to fully complete 3 The U S also doubled other economic aid to Ukraine to 310 million equivalent to 567 million in 2021 for 1994 19 In 2009 Russia and the United States released a joint statement that the memorandum s security assurances would still be respected after the expiration of the START Treaty 20 2013 Belarus sanctions Edit In 2013 the government of Belarus complained that American sanctions against it were in breach of Article 3 of the Memorandum The US government responded that its sanctions were targeted at combating human rights violations and other illicit activities of the government of Belarus and not the population of Belarus 21 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea Edit Further information Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation In February 2014 Russian forces seized or blockaded various airports and other strategic sites throughout Crimea 22 The troops were attached to the Russian Black Sea Fleet stationed in Crimea 23 which placed Russia in violation of the Budapest Memorandum The Russian Foreign Ministry had confirmed the movement of armoured units attached to the Black Sea Fleet in Crimea but asserted that they were acting within the scope of the various agreements between the two countries citation needed Russia responded by supporting a referendum on whether the Crimea should join it Crimea parliament announces referendum on the Autonomous republic s future in accordance with the law On the Autonomous Republic of Crimea On 16 March the referendum was held on 17 March Crimea declared independence and on 21 March it was incorporated into the Russian Federation Ukraine vigorously protested the action as a violation of Article 1 of the Budapest Memorandum After the annexation of Crimea by Russia in 2014 Canada 24 France Germany Italy Japan 25 the UK 26 and US 27 28 stated that Russian involvement was a breach of its Budapest Memorandum obligations to Ukraine and in violation of Ukrainian sovereignty and territorial integrity On 1 March the Address of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine to the Guarantor States in accordance with the Budapest Memorandum of 1994 on Security Assurances in connection with Ukraine s accession to the Treaty on the Non Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons was published 29 30 On 4 March the Russian president Vladimir Putin replied to a question on the violation of the Budapest Memorandum describing the current Ukrainian situation as a revolution a new state arises but with this state and in respect to this state we have not signed any obligatory documents 31 Russia stated that it had never been under obligation to force any part of Ukraine s civilian population to stay in Ukraine against its will Russia suggested that the US was in violation of the Budapest Memorandum and described the Euromaidan as a US instigated coup 32 US Secretary of State John Kerry speaks with British Foreign Secretary William Hague and Ukrainian Foreign Minister Andrii Deshchytsia after hosting the Budapest Memorandum Ministerial on the Ukraine crisis in Paris France on 5 March 2014 On 24 March 2014 Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper led the G7 partners in an ad hoc meeting during the Nuclear Security Summit at The Hague for a partial suspension of Russian membership from the G8 due to Russia s breach of the Budapest Memorandum He said that Ukraine had given up its nuclear weapons on the basis of an explicit Russian assurance of its territorial integrity By breaching that assurance President Putin has provided a rationale for those elsewhere who needed little more than that already furnished by pride or grievance to arm themselves to the teeth Harper also indicated support for Ukraine by saying he would work with the new Ukrainian government towards a free trade agreement 33 In February 2016 Sergey Lavrov claimed Russia never violated Budapest memorandum It contained only one obligation not to attack Ukraine with nukes 34 However Canadian journalist Michael Colborne pointed out that there are actually six obligations in the Budapest Memorandum and the first of them is to respect the independence and sovereignty and the existing borders of Ukraine Colborne also pointed out that a broadcast of Lavrov s claim on the Twitter account of Russia s embassy in the United Kingdom actually provided a link to the text of the Budapest Memorandum itself with all six obligations including the ones Russia has clearly violated right there for everyone to see Steven Pifer an American diplomat who was involved in drafting the Budapest Memorandum later commented on the mendacity of Russian diplomacy and its contempt for international opinion when the foreign minister says something that can be proven wrong with less than 30 seconds of Google fact checking 35 Russia argued that the United States broke the third point of the agreement by introducing and threatening further sanctions against the Yanukovych government On 20 April 2016 Ukraine established the Ministry of Reintegration of Temporarily Occupied Territories 36 to manage occupied parts of the Donetsk Luhansk and Crimea regions which are affected by Russian military intervention of 2014 Kerch Strait incident Edit Main article Kerch Strait incident On 25 November 2018 the Russian Federal Security Service FSB coast guard fired upon and captured three Ukrainian Navy vessels after they attempted to transit from the Black Sea into the Sea of Azov through the Kerch Strait on their way to the port of Mariupol 37 38 On 27 November 2018 the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine appealed to the signatory states of the Budapest Memorandum to hold urgent consultations to ensure full compliance with the memorandum s commitments and the immediate cessation of Russian aggression against Ukraine 39 40 41 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Edit Main articles 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine and Legality of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy has publicly commented on the Budapest Memorandum by arguing that it provides no true guarantee of safety due to Russia s coercive power On 19 February 2022 Zelenskyy made a speech at the Munich Security Conference in which he said Since 2014 Ukraine has tried three times to convene consultations with the guarantor states of the Budapest Memorandum i e United States and United Kingdom Three times without success Today Ukraine will do it for the fourth time If they do not happen again or their results do not guarantee security for our country Ukraine will have every right to believe that the Budapest Memorandum is not working and all the package decisions of 1994 are in doubt 42 Putin used Zelenskyy s comments as part of his claims that Ukraine could develop nuclear weapons Critics have disputed Putin s claims 43 This treaty has since been violated by Russia at the outbreak of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 44 Analysis EditUnder the agreement the signatories offered Ukraine security assurances in exchange for its adherence to the Treaty on the Non Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons The memorandum bundled together a set of assurances that Ukraine had already held from the Conference on Security and Co operation in Europe CSCE Final Act the United Nations Charter and the Non Proliferation Treaty 1 but the Ukrainian government found it valuable to have these assurances in a Ukraine specific document 45 46 The Budapest Memorandum was negotiated at political level but it is not entirely clear whether the instrument is devoid entirely of legal provisions It refers to assurances but unlike guarantees it does not impose a legal obligation of military assistance on its parties 1 46 According to Stephen MacFarlane a professor of international relations It gives signatories justification if they take action but it does not force anyone to act in Ukraine 45 In the US neither the George H W Bush administration nor the Clinton administration was prepared to give a military commitment to Ukraine and they did not believe the US Senate would ratify an international treaty and so the memorandum was adopted in more limited terms 46 The memorandum has a requirement of consultation among the parties in the event a situation arises that raises a question concerning the commitments set out in the memorandum 47 Whether or not the memorandum sets out legal obligations the difficulties that Ukraine has encountered since early 2014 may cast doubt on the credibility of future security assurances that are offered in exchange for nonproliferation commitments 48 Regardless the United States publicly maintains that the Memorandum is not legally binding calling it a political commitment 21 Ukrainian international law scholars such as Olexander Zadorozhny maintain that the Memorandum is an international treaty because it satisfies the criteria for one as fixed by the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties VCLT and is an international agreement concluded between States in written form and governed by international law 49 China and France gave security assurances for Ukraine in separate documents China s governmental statement of 4 December 1994 did not call for mandatory consultations if questions arose but only for fair consultations France s declaration of 5 December 1994 did not mention consultations 1 Scholars assumed at the time that Ukraine s decision to sign the Budapest Memorandum was proof of Ukraine s development as a democracy and its desire to step away from the post Soviet world and make first steps toward a European future For 20 years until the 2014 Russian military occupation of regions of Ukraine 50 the Ukrainian nuclear disarmament was an exemplary case of nuclear non proliferation See also Edit2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Minsk Agreement Normandy Format Nuclear weapons and Ukraine Russian military intervention in Ukraine 2014 present Russian Ukrainian Friendship TreatyReferences Edit a b c d Vasylenko Volodymyr 15 December 2009 On assurances without guarantees in a shelved document The Day Retrieved 7 March 2022 1994 Public Papers 2146 Remarks at the Denuclearization Agreements Signing Ceremony in Budapest Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States William J Clinton 1994 Book II 5 December 1994 a b c d Harahan Joseph P 2014 With Courage and Persistence Eliminating and Securing Weapons of Mass Destruction with the Nunn Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction Programs PDF DTRA History Series Defense Threat Reduction Agency pp 101 134 186 ASIN B01LYEJ56H Archived from the original PDF on 28 February 2022 Retrieved 7 March 2022 Memorandum on security assurances in connection with Ukraine s accession to the Treaty on the Non Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons treaties un org 5 December 1994 Budapest Memorandums on Security Assurances 1994 Council on Foreign Relations Cfr org 5 December 1994 Archived from the original on 12 March 2017 Retrieved 7 March 2017 Joint Declaration of the Leaders of Ukraine Russia the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the United States of America as well as a Memorandum on Security Assurances in Connection with Ukraine s Accession to the Non Proliferation Treaty signed in Budapest on 5 December 1994 undocs org United Nations 21 December 1994 CD 1285 Retrieved 19 March 2017 Letter dated 94 12 07 from the Permanent Representative of the Russian Federation Ukraine the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the United States of America to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary General PDF United Nations 19 December 1994 hdl 11176 44537 A 49 765 S 1994 1399 Archived from the original PDF on 19 October 2017 Retrieved 27 February 2017 Philipp Bleek 29 April 2014 Why Ukraine wasn t a nuclear power in the early 1990s and the West has no legal obligation to come to its aid now Arms Control Wonk Archived from the original on 19 August 2014 Retrieved 16 August 2014 Kuzio Taras November 2010 The Crimea Europe s Next Flashpoint PDF Archived from the original PDF on 9 March 2014 Budapest Memorandums on Security Assurances 1994 Council on Foreign Relations 5 December 1994 Archived from the original on 17 March 2014 Retrieved 2 March 2014 Martel William C 1998 Why Ukraine gave up nuclear weapons non proliferation incentives and disincentives In Barry R Schneider William L Dowdy eds Pulling Back from the Nuclear Brink Reducing and Countering Nuclear Threats Psychology Press pp 88 104 ISBN 9780714648569 Retrieved 6 August 2014 There are some reports that Ukraine had established effective custody but not operational control of the cruise missiles and gravity bombs By early 1994 the only barrier to Ukraine s ability to exercise full operational control over the nuclear weapons on missiles and bombers deployed on its soil was its inability to circumvent Russian permissive action links PALs Pikayev Alexander A Spring Summer 1994 Post Soviet Russia and Ukraine Who can push the Button PDF The Nonproliferation Review 1 3 31 40 45 doi 10 1080 10736709408436550 Retrieved 6 August 2014 Ukrainian officials always underline that they provide purely administrative control over the strategic weapons while the Russians provide operational control technical features themselves could not be considered a sufficient guarantee against Ukraine gaining unauthorized access to weapons Hanley Jeremy 22 June 1993 Nuclear Weapons Hansard UK Parliament Column 154 Retrieved 9 September 2018 The Minister of State for the Armed Forces Mr Jeremy Hanley Some weapons are also possessed by Ukraine Kazakhstan and Belarus but these are controlled by the Commonwealth of Independent States Lewis Jeffrey Stein Aaron 24 February 2022 Deterrence in Ukraine Arms Control Wonk Event occurs at 3m13s 11m37s Retrieved 28 February 2022 Jeffrey Lewis Ukraine did not possess nuclear weapons after the collapse of the Soviet Union They were not the third largest nuclear power They did not give up those weapons because they did not possess them The Rocket Forces pushed back and instead of taking the Ukrainian oath were able to arrange to take an oath to the Commonwealth of Independent States a b c d e Pifer Steven May 2011 The Trilateral Process The United States Ukraine Russia and Nuclear Weapons PDF Brookings Institution pp 5 7 10 13 21 24 Arms Control Series Paper 6 Retrieved 1 March 2022 a b Reif Kingston December 2020 The Lisbon Protocol At a Glance Arms Control Association Retrieved 1 March 2022 Trilateral Statement by the Presidents of the United States Russia Ukraine Harvard Ukrainian Studies 20 313 316 1996 JSTOR 41036699 Retrieved 1 March 2022 Memorandum on Security Assurances in Connection with the Republic of Kazakhstan s Accession to the Treaty on the Non Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons UNTERM portal Nelson Jack 11 January 1994 Ukraine Agrees to Give Up Its Nuclear Arsenal Clinton Says Summit President hails the accord as a breakthrough but it faces parliamentary opposition NATO endorses the U S Partnership for Peace plan to broaden alliance Los Angeles Times Retrieved 1 March 2022 Ukraine Nuclear Weapons and Security Assurances at a Glance ArmsControl org Arms Control Association Retrieved 14 March 2019 a b Belarus Budapest Memorandum United States Embassy Minsk Press release U S Department of State 12 April 2013 Archived from the original on 19 April 2014 Political Legitimacy and International Law in Crimea Pushing the U S and Russia Apart Diplomatic Courier 8 May 2014 Archived from the original on 12 May 2014 Retrieved 9 May 2014 Booth William DeYoung Karen 28 February 2014 Reports of Russian military activity in Crimea prompts stern warning from Obama The Washington Post Retrieved 1 March 2014 That Corinne Ton Commisso Christina 22 March 2014 In Kyiv Harper calls for complete reversal of Crimea annexation CTV News Fisher Matthew 24 March 2014 Russia suspended from G8 over annexation of Crimea Group of Seven nations says National Post Retrieved 27 February 2017 Stevenson Chris Williams Oscar 1 March 2014 Ukraine crisis David Cameron joins Angela Merkel in expressing anxiety and warns that the world is watching The Independent Readout of President Obama s Call with President Putin whitehouse gov Press release 1 March 2014 Retrieved 26 March 2014 via National Archives Condemnation isn t enough for Russian actions in Crimea The Washington Post 28 February 2014 Address of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine to the Guarantor States in accordance with the Budapest Memorandum of 1994 on Security Assurances in connection with Ukraine s accession to the Treaty on the Non Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine 1 March 2014 Ukrainian parliament appeals to Budapest Memorandum signatories Interfax Ukraine 28 February 2014 Retrieved 1 March 2014 Putin at a press conference 4 March 2014 in Russian YouTube 4 March 2014 Archived from the original on 20 December 2021 Retrieved 15 December 2016 Medvedev Rossiya ne garantiruet celostnost Ukrainy Medvedev Russia does not guarantee the integrity of Ukraine in Russian bbc com 20 May 2014 Retrieved 27 February 2017 Chase Steven MacKinnon Mark 24 March 2014 Harper leads charge to expel Russia from G8 ramp up sanctions The Globe and Mail Retrieved 27 February 2017 Lavrov Russia never violated Budapest memorandum Russian Embassy in United Kingdom 27 January 2016 Retrieved 27 January 2016 Colborne Michael 4 February 2016 Russia s bald faced lies National Post U Grojsmana stvorili nove ministerstvo Groisman created a new ministry Ukrayinska Pravda in Ukrainian 20 April 2016 Tension escalates after Russia seizes Ukraine naval ships BBC News 26 November 2018 Archived from the original on 26 November 2018 Retrieved 26 November 2018 Osborn Andrew Polityuk Pavel 25 November 2018 Russia seizes Ukrainian ships near annexed Crimea after firing on them Reuters Archived from the original on 26 November 2018 Retrieved 26 November 2018 Ukrayina sklikaye zustrich yadernih derzhav Ukraine convenes a meeting of nuclear states uprom info 5 December 2018 Retrieved 5 December 2018 Ukrayina sklikaye zustrich yadernih derzhav za mehanizmom Budapeshtskogo memorandumu Ukraine convenes a meeting of nuclear states under the mechanism of the Budapest Memorandum www eurointegration com ua Ukrayinska Pravda 5 December 2018 Zayava MZS Ukrayini u zv yazku zi sklikannyam konsultacij vidpovidno do Budapeshtskogo memorandumu Statement of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine in connection with the convening of consultations in accordance with the Budapest Memorandum mfa gov ua Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine 5 December 2018 Zelensky s full speech at Munich Security Conference Kyiv Post 19 February 2022 Retrieved 3 March 2022 Sanger David 23 February 2022 Putin Spins a Conspiracy Theory That Ukraine Is on a Path to Nuclear Weapons The New York Times New York Archived from the original on 23 February 2022 Retrieved 23 February 2022 What is the Budapest Memorandum and how does it impact the current crisis in Ukraine CTV News 3 March 2022 a b Are the US and the UK bound to intervene in Ukraine Archived 19 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine france24 3 March 2014 a b c Steven Pifer 4 March 2014 Ukraine crisis impact on nuclear weapons CNN Retrieved 6 March 2014 Budapest Memorandum paragraph 6 The Budapest Memorandum and Beyond Have the Western Parties Breached a Legal Obligation EJIL Talk 18 February 2015 Zadorozhny Olexander 2015 Russian Aggression against Ukraine the annexation of the Crimean peninsula and the 1994 Budapest Memorandum European Political and Law Discourse Shymanska Alina 1 March 2018 The Double Standard of Nonproliferation Regime Type and the U S Response to Nuclear Weapons Program International Journal of Nuclear Security External links EditText of the Budapest Memorandum regarding Belarus in the United Nations Treaty Series in Belarusian English Russian and French Text of Budapest Memorandum Kazakhstan dead link Text of the Budapest Memorandum regarding Ukraine in the United Nations Treaty Series in English Russian Ukrainian and French English Wikisource has original text related to this article Text of the Budapest Memorandum Ukraine Ukrainian Wikisource has original text related to this article Text of Budapest Memorandum Text of Budapest Memorandum in Ukrainian Pavlo Hai Nyzhnyk Rosiya proti Ukrayini 1990 2016 rr vid politiki shantazhu i primusu do vijni na poglinannya ta sprobi znishennya K MP Lesya 2017 332 s ISBN 978 617 7530 02 1 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Budapest Memorandum amp oldid 1129151626, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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