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Boris Berezovsky (businessman)

May 05, 2023

For pianist, see Boris Berezovsky (pianist).
In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming conventions, the patronymic is Abramovich and the family name is Berezovsky.

Boris Abramovich Berezovsky (Russian: Борис Абрамович Березовский; 23 January 1946 – 23 March 2013),[4][5] also known as Platon Elenin,[6] was a Russian business oligarch, government official, engineer and mathematician and a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He had the federal state civilian service rank of 1st class Active State Councillor of the Russian Federation.[7]

Boris Berezovsky
Борис Березовский
Born(1946-01-23)23 January 1946
Moscow, Soviet Union
Died23 March 2013(2013-03-23) (aged 67)
Sunninghill, Berkshire, England
Resting placeBrookwood Cemetery, Brookwood, Surrey, England
51°17′58″N 0°37′33″W / 51.299574°N 0.625846°W / 51.299574; -0.625846 (grave of B. Berezovsky)
Other namesPlaton Elenin
Citizenship
  • Russia
  • United Kingdom
Occupations
  • Businessman
  • engineer
  • mathematician
  • government official
Spouses
Nina Korotkova
​
​
(m. 1970; div. 1991)​
[1]
Galina Besharova
​
​
(m. 1991; div. 2010)​
[2]
PartnerYelena Gorbunova (esp. 1996; sep. 2012)[3]

Berezovsky made his fortune in Russia in the 1990s, when the country implemented privatization of state property.[8] He profited from gaining control over assets, including the country's main television channel, Channel One. In 1997, Forbes estimated Berezovsky's wealth at US$3 billion.[9] Berezovsky helped fund Unity, the political party that would form Vladimir Putin's first parliamentary base,[10] and was elected to the Duma on Putin's slate in the 1999 Russian legislative election.[11] However, following the Russian presidential election in March 2000, Berezovsky went into opposition and resigned from the Duma.[12] Berezovsky would remain a vocal critic of Putin for the rest of his life.[13]

In late 2000, after the Russian Deputy Prosecutor General demanded that Berezovsky appear for questioning, he did not return from abroad and moved to the UK, which granted him political asylum in 2003.[14] After he moved to Britain, the Russian government took over his television assets,[15] and he divested from other Russian holdings. In Russia, Berezovsky was later convicted in absentia of fraud and embezzlement. The first charges had been brought during Primakov's government in 1999.[16] Despite an Interpol Red Notice for Berezovsky's arrest, Russia repeatedly failed to obtain the extradition of Berezovsky from Britain; the situation became a major point of diplomatic tension between the two countries.[17][18][19]

In 2012, Berezovsky lost a London High Court case he brought over the ownership of the major oil producer Sibneft, against Roman Abramovich, in which he sought over £3 billion in damages.[20] The court concluded that Berezovsky had never been a co-owner of Sibneft.[21]

Berezovsky was found dead in his home, Titness Park, at Sunninghill, near Ascot in Berkshire, on 23 March 2013.[22] A post-mortem examination found that his death was consistent with hanging and that there were no signs of a violent struggle.[23] However, the coroner at the inquest into Berezovsky's death later recorded an open verdict.[24]

Early life, scientific research and engineering experience

Boris Abramovich Berezovsky was born in 1946, in Moscow, to Abram Markovich Berezovsky (1911–1979),[25] a Jewish civil engineer in construction works,[26][27] and his wife, Anna Aleksandrovna Gelman (22 November 1923 – 3 September 2013).[28] He studied applied mathematics, receiving his doctorate in 1983.[29] After graduating from the Moscow Forestry Engineering Institute in 1968, Berezovsky worked as an engineer from 1969 until 1987, serving as assistant research officer, research officer and finally the head of a department in the Institute of Control Sciences of the USSR Academy of Sciences.[30] Berezovsky conducted research on optimization and control theory, publishing 16 books and articles between 1975 and 1989.

Political and business career in Russia

Accumulation of wealth

In 1989, Berezovsky took advantage of the opportunities presented by perestroika to found LogoVAZ with Badri Patarkatsishvili and senior managers from Russian automobile manufacturer AvtoVAZ. LogoVAZ developed software for AvtoVAZ, sold Soviet-made cars and serviced foreign cars.[31] The dealership profited from hyperinflation by taking cars on consignment and paying the producer at a later date when the money lost much of its value.[32]

One of Berezovsky's early endeavors was All-Russia Automobile Alliance (AVVA), a venture fund he formed in 1993 with Alexander Voloshin (Boris Yeltsin's future Chief of Staff) and AvtoVAZ Chairman Vladimir Kadannikov.[32] Berezovsky controlled about 30% of the company, which raised nearly US$50 million from small investors through a bonded loan to build a plant producing a "people's car". The project did not collect sufficient funds for the plant and the funds were instead invested into AvtoVAZ production, while the debt to investors was swapped for equity.[33][34] By 2000, AVVA held about one-third of AvtoVAZ.[35]

In 1994, Berezovsky was the target of a car bombing incident, but survived the assassination attempt, in which his driver was killed and he himself was injured.[36] Alexander Litvinenko led the FSB investigation into the incident and linked the crime to the resistance of the Soviet-era AvtoVaz management to Berezovsky's growing influence in the Russian automobile market.[37]

Berezovsky's involvement in the Russian media began in December 1994, when he gained control over ORT Television (see Channel One (Russia)) to replace the failing Soviet TV Channel 1. He appointed the popular anchorman and producer Vladislav Listyev as CEO of ORT. Three months later Listyev was assassinated amid a fierce struggle for control of advertising sales.[38][39] Berezovsky was questioned in the police investigation, among many others, but the killers were never found.[citation needed]

Under Berezovsky's stewardship, ORT became a major asset of the reformist camp as they prepared to face Communists and nationalists in the upcoming presidential elections.[40]

From 1995 to 1997, through the controversial loans-for-shares privatisation auctions,[41][42] Berezovsky and Patarkatsishvili assisted Roman Abramovich in acquiring control of Sibneft, the sixth-largest Russian oil company, which constituted the bulk of his wealth.[43][44] In an article in The Washington Post in 2000, Berezovsky revealed that financier George Soros declined an invitation to participate in the acquisition.[45]

In 1995, he played a key role in a management reshuffle at Aeroflot and participated in its corporatization,[31] with his close associate Nikolai Glushkov becoming Aeroflot's CFO. In January 1998, it was announced that Sibneft would merge with Mikhail Khodorkovsky's Yukos to create the third-largest oil company in the world.[46] The merger was abandoned five months later amid falling oil prices.[47]

Role in Yeltsin's reelection in 1996

See also: Boris Yeltsin presidential campaign, 1996

Berezovsky entered the Kremlin's inner circle in 1993 through arranging for the publication of Yeltsin's memoirs and befriended Valentin Yumashev, the President's ghost-writer.[48][49][50]

In January 1996, at the World Economic Forum at Davos, Berezovsky liaised with fellow oligarchs to form an alliance – which later became known as the "Davos Pact"[51] – to bankroll Boris Yeltsin's campaign in the upcoming presidential elections.[52] On his return to Moscow, Berezovsky met and befriended Tatyana Dyachenko, Yeltsin's daughter,[50] According to a later profile by The Guardian, "Berezovsky masterminded the 1996 re-election of Boris Yeltsin... He and his billionaire friends coughed up £140 million for Yeltsin's campaign".[53]

In the summer of 1996, Berezovsky had emerged as a key advisor to Yeltsin, allied with Anatoly Chubais, opposing a group of hardliners led by General Alexander Korzhakov.[54] One night in June, in the drawing room of Club Logovaz, Berezovsky, Chubais and others plotted the ouster of Korzhakov and other hardliners.[50] On 20 June 1996, Yeltsin fired Korzhakov and two other hawks, leaving the reformers' team in full control of the Kremlin.[55] Firing them was controversial though, as Korzhakov a few days before caught two of Yeltsin's campaign organizers carrying US$500,000 cash without invoices out of the presidential administration building.[56]

On 16 June 1996, Yeltsin came first in the first round of elections after forging a tactical alliance with Gen. Alexander Lebed, who finished third. On 3 July, in the runoff vote, he beat the Communist Gennady Zyuganov. His victory was due largely to the support of the TV networks controlled by Gusinsky and Berezovsky (NTV and ORT) and the money from the business elite.[57] The New York Times called Berezovsky the "public spokesman and chief lobbyist for this new elite, which moved from the shadows to respectability in a few short years".[50]

Role in Chechen conflict

On 17 October 1996, Yeltsin dismissed General Alexander Lebed from the position of National Security Advisor amid allegations that he was plotting a coup and secretly mustering a private army.[58] Lebed promptly accused Berezovsky and Gusinsky of engineering his ouster, and formed a coalition with the disgraced General Alexander Korzhakov.[59] The dismissal of Lebed, the architect of the Khasavyurt peace accord, left Yeltsin's Chechen policy in limbo. On 30 October 1996, in a political bombshell, Yeltsin named Ivan Rybkin as his new National Security Advisor and appointed Berezovsky Deputy Secretary in charge of Chechnya[60] with a mandate to oversee the implementation of the Khasavyurt Accord: that is, the withdrawal of Russian forces, the negotiation of a peace treaty, and the preparation of a general election. On 19 December 1996, Berezovsky made headlines by negotiating the release of 21 Russian policeman held hostage by the warlord Salman Raduev amid efforts by radicals from both sides to torpedo peace negotiations.[61]

On 12 May 1997, Yeltsin and Maskhadov signed the Russian–Chechen Peace Treaty in the Kremlin. Speaking at a press conference in Moscow, Berezovsky outlined his priorities for the economic reconstruction of Chechnya, particularly the construction of a pipeline for transporting Azerbaijani oil. He called upon the Russian business community to contribute to the rebuilding of the republic, revealing his own donation of US$1 million (some sources mention US$2 million) for a cement factory in Grozny.[62] This payment would come to haunt him years later, when he was accused of funding Chechen terrorists.[63]

After his dismissal from the Security Council, Berezovsky vowed to continue his activities in Chechnya as a private individual[64] and maintained contact with Chechen warlords. He was instrumental in the release of 69 hostages, including two Britons, Jon James and Camilla Carr, whom he flew in his private jet to RAF Brize Norton in September 1998.[65][66] In an interview with Thomas de Waal in 2005, he revealed the involvement of the British Ambassador to Russia, Sir Andrew Wood, and explained that his former negotiations counterpart, the Islamic militant leader Movladi Udugov, helped arrange the Britons' release.[67]

Berezovsky had a phone conversation with Movladi Udugov in the spring of 1999, six months before the beginning of fighting in Dagestan. A transcript of that conversation was leaked to a Moscow tabloid on 10 September 1999 and appeared to mention the would-be militants' invasion. It has been the subject of much speculation ever since. As Berezovsky explained later in interviews to de Waal[67] and Goldfarb,[37] Udugov proposed to coordinate the Islamists' incursion into Dagestan, so that a limited Russian response would topple the Chechen president Aslan Maskhadov and establish a new Islamic republic, which would be anti-American but friendly to Russia. Berezovsky said that he disliked the idea but reported Udugov's overture to prime-minister Stepashin. "Udugov and Basayev," he asserted, "conspired with Stepashin and Putin to provoke a war to topple Maskhadov ... but the agreement was for the Russian army to stop at the Terek River. However, Putin double-crossed the Chechens and started an all-out war."[37]

Battle with "Young Reformers"

In March 1997, Berezovsky and Tatyana Dyachenko flew to Nizhniy Novgorod to persuade the city's governor, Boris Nemtsov, to join Chubais' economic team,[50] which became known as the government of Young Reformers. This was the last concerted political action of the "Davos Pact" (see above). Four months later the group split into two cliques fiercely competing for Yeltsin's favour.[68] The clash was precipitated by the privatization auction of the communication utility Svyazinvest, in which Onexim bank of Chubais' loyalist Vladimir Potanin, backed by George Soros, competed with Gusinsky, allied with Spanish Telefónica. An initially commercial dispute swiftly developed into a contest of political wills between Chubais and Berezovsky.[68]

Potanin's victory unleashed a bitter media war, in which ORT and NTV accused the Chubais group of fixing the auction in favor of Potanin, whereas Chubais charged Berezovsky with abusing his government position to advance his business interests.[69] Both sides appealed to Yeltsin, who had proclaimed a new era of "fair" privatization "based on strict legislative rules and allowing no deviations".[70] In the end, both sides lost. Berezovsky's media revealed a corrupt scheme whereby a publishing house owned by Onexim Bank paid Chubais and his group hefty advances for a book that was never written. The scandal led to a purge of Chubais' loyalists from the government.[71] Chubais retaliated by persuading Yeltsin to dismiss Boris Berezovsky from the national security council. Berezovsky's service on the Security Council ended on 5 November 1997.[72] Soros called the Berezovsky-Chubais clash a "historical event, in the reality of which I would have never believed, if I had not watched it myself. I saw a fight of the people in the boat floating towards the edge of a waterfall". He argued that the reformist camp never recovered from the wounds sustained in this struggle, setting the political stage for conservative nationalists, and eventually Vladimir Putin.[69]

Philanthropy

In 1991, Berezovsky founded the "Triumph" award, bestowed upon outstanding Russian poets, musicians, artists, directors and ballet dancers.[73]

It is reported in the documentary series Captive that Boris Berezovsky, in 1998, was effective in the release of two English aid workers who had been held hostage for ransom in Chechnya for 14 months

The Kremlin Family and Putin's rise to power

In the spring of 1998, Berezovsky made an unexpected political comeback, starting with his appointment, in April 1998, to the position of executive secretary of the Commonwealth of Independent States.[74] He emerged in the centre of a new informal power group – the "Family", a close-knit circle of advisers around Yeltsin, which included Yeltsin's daughter Tatyana and his chief of staff, Yumashev. It was rumoured that no important government appointment could happen without the Family's support.[75] By 1999, the Family also included two of Berezovsky's associates, his former AVVA partner Alexander Voloshin, who replaced Yumashev as Yeltsin's chief of staff, and Roman Abramovich.[76]

The principal concern of the Family was finding an "electable" successor to Yeltsin to counter the presidential aspirations of the then prime minister, Yevgeny Primakov, who was leaning to more statist positions. Political battles between the Family and Primakov's camp dominated the two last years of Yeltsin's presidency.[77]

In November 1998, in a televised press conference, five officers of the FSB, led by Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Litvinenko, revealed an alleged plot by their superiors to assassinate Berezovsky.[78]

In April 1999, Russia's Prosecutor General, Yury Skuratov, opened an investigation into embezzlement at Aeroflot and issued an arrest warrant for Berezovsky, who called the investigation politically motivated and orchestrated by Primakov.[79] Nikolai Glushkov, Aeroflot's former General Director, later revealed that conflict with Primakov arose from the irritation that Berezovsky's management team caused in the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service, which Primakov headed before becoming prime minister, over firing of thousands of spies, who used Aeroflot as a front organization in Soviet times.[80][81][82] The arrest warrant was dropped a week later, after Berezovsky submitted to questioning by the prosecutors. No charges were brought.[83] Yeltsin sacked Primakov's government shortly thereafter and replaced him with Sergey Stepashin as new prime-minister.[84]

Vyacheslav Aminov (Russian: Вячеслав Аминов) supported Berezovsky and headed Berezovsky's security service.[85]

Vladimir Putin's meteoric rise from relative obscurity to the Russian presidency in the course of a few short months of 1999 has been attributed to his intimacy with the "Family" as a protege of Berezovsky and Yumashev. By the end of 1999, the Family had persuaded Yeltsin to name Putin his political successor and candidate for the presidency.[86][87]

Berezovsky's acquaintance with Putin dated back to the early 1990s, when the latter, as Deputy Mayor of St. Petersburg, helped Logovaz establish a car dealership.[88] They enjoyed friendly relations; on occasion, Berezovsky took Putin skiing with him in Switzerland.[86]

In February 1999, when Berezovsky's political standing looked uncertain because of his clash with Primakov over Aeroflot, Putin, then Director of the FSB, made a bold gesture of friendship by showing up at a birthday party for Berezovsky's wife. "I absolutely do not care what Primakov thinks of me", Putin told Berezovsky on that night. That was the beginning of their political alliance.[88] According to the Times, Spanish police discovered that on up to five occasions in 1999, Putin had secretly visited a villa in Spain belonging to Berezovsky.[89]

In mid-July 1999, the Family dispatched Berezovsky to Biarritz, where Putin was vacationing, to persuade him to accept the position of prime minister and the role of heir apparent.[88][90] On 9 August, Yeltsin sacked the government of Sergei Stepashin and appointed Putin prime minister, amid reports that Berezovsky had masterminded the reshuffle.[91]

Putin's principal opponents were the former Prime Minister Evgeny Primakov and the Mayor of Moscow Yuri Luzhkov, backed by the Fatherland-All Russia alliance. To counter this group in the Duma elections of 1999, Berezovsky was instrumental in the creation, within the space of a few months, of the Unity party, with no ideology other than its support for Putin.[92][93] Later, he disclosed that the source of Unity's funding, with Putin's knowledge and consent, was Aeroflot.[94] In the 1999 election, Berezovsky campaigned as a Putin loyalist and won a seat in the Duma, representing the North Caucasian republic of Karachaevo-Cherkessia.[93]

During the Duma election campaign Berezovsky's ORT TV served as an extremely effective propaganda machine for the Putin camp, using aggressive attack reporting and programming to denigrate and ridicule Putin's rivals, Primakov and Luzhkov, tactics strongly criticized as undue interference with the media.[95] But Unity got a surprisingly high score in the elections, paving the way for Putin's election victory in spring 2000.[77]

Conflict with Putin and emigration

Berezovsky's disagreements with Putin became public three weeks into Putin's presidency. On 8 May 2000, Berezovsky and Abramovich were spotted together at Putin's invitation-only inauguration ball in Moscow.[96] However, on 31 May, Berezovsky sharply attacked the constitutional reform proposed by the president, which would give the Kremlin the right to dismiss elected governors.[97] On 17 July 2000, Berezovsky resigned from the Duma, saying he "did not want to be involved in the country's ruin and the restoration of an authoritarian regime".[98] In August, Berezovsky's media attacked Putin for the way he handled the sinking of the Kursk submarine, blaming the death of 118 sailors on the Kremlin's reluctance to accept foreign help.[99] In September, Berezovsky alleged that the Kremlin had attempted to expropriate his shares in ORT and announced that he would put his stake into a trust to be controlled by prominent intellectuals.[100]

In an article in The Washington Post in 2000, Berezovsky argued that in the absence of a strong civil society and middle class it may sometimes be necessary for capitalists "to interfere directly in the political process" of Russia as a counterweight to ex-Communists "who hate democracy and dream of regaining lost positions."[101] Berezovsky took legal action against the journalist Paul Klebnikov, who accused him of various crimes. In October, in an interview in Le Figaro, Putin announced that he would no longer tolerate criticism of the government by media controlled by the oligarchs. "If necessary we will destroy those instruments that allow this blackmail", he declared.[102] Responding to a question about Berezovsky, he warned that he had a "cudgel" in store for him. "The state has a cudgel in its hands that you use to hit just once, but on the head. We haven't used this cudgel yet. We've just brandished it... [But] the day we get really angry, we won't hesitate to use it."[102]

In the same month, Russian prosecutors revived the Aeroflot fraud investigation and Berezovsky was questioned as a witness.[103] On 7 November 2000, Berezovsky, who was travelling abroad, failed to appear for further questioning and announced that he would not return to Russia because of what he described as "constantly intensifying pressure on me by the authorities and President Putin personally. Essentially," he said, "I'm being forced to choose whether to become a political prisoner or a political emigrant." Berezovsky claimed that Putin had made him a suspect in the Aeroflot case simply because ORT had "spoken the truth" about the sinking of the submarine Kursk.[104] In early December, his associate Nikolai Glushkov was arrested in Moscow and Berezovsky dropped the proposal to put ORT stake in trust.[105]

Divestment from Russian holdings

In 2001, the Russian government made a systematic takeover of privately owned television networks, in the course of which Berezovsky, Gusinsky and Patarkatsishvili lost most of their media holdings,[15] prompting one of them to warn of Russia "turning into a banana republic" in a letter to The New York Times.[106] In February, Berezovsky and Patarkatsishvili sold their stake in ORT to Roman Abramovich, who promptly ceded editorial control to the Kremlin.[107] Berezovsky later claimed that there was a secret understanding that Nikolai Glushkov would be released from prison as part of that deal, a promise that was never fulfilled.[108] In April, the government took control of Vladimir Gusinsky's NTV.[109] Berezovsky then moved to acquire a controlling stake in a smaller network, TV-6, made Patarkatsishvili its Chairman, and offered employment to hundreds of locked out NTV journalists.[110] Almost immediately, Patarkatshishvili became a target of police investigation and fled the country.[111] In January 2002 a Russian arbitration court forced TV-6 (Russia) into liquidation. The liquidation of TV-6 was precipitated by LUKoil, a partly state-owned minority shareholder, using a piece of legislation that was almost immediately repealed.[112][113]

In 2001, Berezovsky and Patarkatsishvili ended their involvement in Sibneft for a US$1.3 billion fee from Roman Abramovich.[44] This transaction was the subject of a later dispute in the UK commercial courts, with Berezovsky alleging that he had been put under pressure to sell his stake to Abramovich at a fraction of the true value,[114] an allegation that the court rejected.[44]

In 2006, Berezovsky sold the Kommersant ("The Businessman") newspaper and his remaining Russian assets.[115]

Exile in Britain

From his new home in the UK, Stanley House, where he and associates including Akhmed Zakayev, Alexander Litvinenko and Alex Goldfarb became known as "the London Circle" of Russian exiles, Berezovsky publicly stated that he was on a mission to bring down Putin "by force" or by bloodless revolution.[116][86] He established the International Foundation for Civil Liberties (IFCL), to "support the abused and the vulnerable in society – prisoners, national minorities and business people" in Russia and criticized Putin's record in the West.[117]

Berezovsky launched a concerted campaign to expose alleged misdeeds of Vladimir Putin, from suppressing freedom of speech[118] to committing war crimes in Chechnya.[119] He also accused Russia's FSB security service of staging the Moscow apartment bombings of 1999 in order to help Putin win the presidency.[120] Many of these activities were funded through the New York-based IFCL, directed by Berezovsky's friend Alex Goldfarb.[citation needed]

Berezovsky bought a Belgravia flat, the 125-acre Wentworth Park estate near Virginia Water in Surrey, and for a while owned the 172-acre Hascombe Court estate in Godalming.[121] In 2012, he sold his Wentworth Park house.[21]

Political asylum and extradition proceedings

On 9 September 2003, Berezovsky was granted refugee status and political asylum by the British Home Office which he, according to Alex Goldfarb, welcomed.[122]

On 12 September 2003, judge Timothy Workman of Bow Street Magistrates' Court in central London dropped extradition proceedings against Berezovsky, ruling that it would be pointless to pursue the case as the granting of asylum status to Berezovsky made the proceedings redundant.[123]

However, when Berezovsky told Reuters in early February 2006 that he was working on plans to overthrow Russian President Vladimir Putin, British Foreign Minister Jack Straw warned the London-based Russian tycoon not to plot against the Russian President while living in Britain. His refugee status could be reviewed if he continued to make such remarks.[124]

Convictions in absentia and investigations abroad

After Berezovsky gained political asylum in Britain, the Russian authorities vigorously pursued various criminal charges against him. This culminated in two trials in absentia. From London, Berezovsky called the trial, which sentenced him to six years in prison, "a farce".[16] In June 2009, the Krasnogorsk City Court near Moscow sentenced Berezovsky to thirteen years imprisonment for defrauding AvtoVAZ of 58 million rubles (US$1.9 million) in the 1990s. Berezovsky was represented by a court-appointed lawyer.[125]

In spite of Berezovsky's successes in Britain in fighting off extradition requests and exposing Russian court convictions as politically motivated (see below), some other jurisdictions cooperated with Russian authorities in seizing his property and targeting his financial transactions as money laundering. Berezovsky succeeded in overturning some of these actions. In July 2007, Brazilian prosecutors issued an arrest warrant for Berezovsky in connection with his investment in the Brazilian football club Corinthians.[126] However, a year later the Brazilian Supreme Court cancelled the order and stopped the investigation.[127] On Russian requests, French authorities raided his villa in Nice in search of documents,[128] and seized his two yachts parked on the French Riviera.[129] However, some months later, the boats were released by a French court.[citation needed] Swiss prosecutors have been assisting their Russian colleagues for over a decade in investigating Berezovsky's finances.[130]

Accusations and libel suits in the UK

Berezovsky's meteoric enrichment and involvement in power struggles have been accompanied by allegations of various crimes from his opponents. After his falling out with Putin and exile to London, these allegations became the recurrent theme of official state-controlled media, earning him comparisons with Leon Trotsky[131] and the Nineteen Eighty-Four character Emmanuel Goldstein.[132]

In 1996, Forbes, an American business magazine, published an article by Paul Klebnikov entitled "Godfather of the Kremlin?" with the sub-heading "Power. Politics. Murder. Boris Berezovsky could teach the guys in Sicily a thing or two."[133] The article linked Berezovsky to corruption in the car industry, to the Chechen mafia and to the murder of Vladislav Listyev. In 2000, the House of Lords gave Berezovsky and Nikolai Glushkov permission to sue for libel in the UK courts. Given that only 2,000 of the 785,000 copies sold worldwide were sold in the United Kingdom, this led numerous scholars to cite the case as an example of libel tourism.[134][135][136][137][138] The case slowly proceeded until the claimants opted to settle when Forbes offered a partial retraction.[138] The following statement appended to the article on the Forbes website summarises: "On 6 March 2003, the resolution of the case was announced in the High Court in London. Forbes stated in open court that (1) it was not the magazine's intention to state that Berezovsky was responsible for the murder of Listiev, only that he had been included in an inconclusive police investigation of the crime; (2) there is no evidence that Berezovsky was responsible for this or any other murder; (3) in light of the English court's ruling, it was wrong to characterize Berezovsky as a mafia boss; and (4) the magazine erred in stating that Glouchkov had been convicted for theft of state property in 1982."[139] Klebnikov elaborated his allegations in his 2000 book Godfather of the Kremlin: Boris Berezovsky and the looting of Russia (the 2001 edition was titled Godfather of the Kremlin: The Decline of Russia in the Age of Gangster Capitalism).[140][141][142]

In 2006, a UK court awarded Berezovsky £50,000 in libel damages against the Russian private bank Alfa-Bank and its Chairman, Mikhail Fridman. Fridman had claimed on a Russian television programme that could be watched in the UK that Berezovsky had threatened him when the two men were competitors for control of the Kommersant publishing house, and that making threats was Berezovsky's usual way of conducting business. The jury rejected the defendants' claim that Fridman's allegations were true. Berezovsky accepted the apology and withdrew his libel suit.[143]

In March 2010, Berezovsky, represented by Desmond Browne QC, won a libel case and was awarded £150,000 damages by the High Court in London over allegations that he had been behind the murder of Alexander Litvinenko.[144] The allegations had been broadcast by the Russian state channel RTR Planeta in April 2007 on its programme Vesti Nedeli, which could be viewed from the UK. In his judgement, Mr Justice Eady stated: "I can say unequivocally that there is no evidence before me that Mr Berezovsky had any part in the murder of Mr Litvinenko. Nor, for that matter, do I see any basis for reasonable grounds to suspect him of it." Berezovsky had sued both the channel and a man called Vladimir Terluk, whom Mr Justice Eady agreed was the man who had been interviewed in silhouette by the programme under the pseudonym 'Pyotr'. Terluk had claimed that to further his UK asylum application Berezovsky had approached him to fabricate a murder plot against himself, and that Litvinenko knew of this. Mr Justice Eady accepted that Terluk had not himself alleged Berezovsky's involvement in the murder of Litvinenko, but considered that his own allegations were themselves serious and that there was no truth in any of them. As RTR did not participate in the proceedings, Terluk was left to defend the case himself, receiving significant assistance (as the judge noted) from the Russian prosecutor's office.[137]

The Guardian described the 2010 libel case as "almost anarchic at times as officials from the Russian prosecutors' office repeatedly intervened despite not being party to proceedings. So obvious was their intention that when one of their mobile phones went off in court one day, Desmond Browne quipped: 'That must be Mr Putin on the line.'"[137] The defendants appealed to the Court of Appeal but the appeal was dismissed, Lord Justice Laws giving a judgment with which the Chancellor of the High Court and Lady Justice Rafferty agreed. The Lord Justice described a witness statement of Andrei Lugovoi, newly adduced by the defendants, as 'not sensibly capable of belief'.[145]

High Court case against Abramovich

Main article: Berezovsky v Abramovich

In 2011, Berezovsky brought a civil case against Roman Abramovich in the High Court of Justice in London, accusing Abramovich of blackmail, breach of trust and breach of contract, and seeking over £3 billion in damages.[20] This became the largest civil court case in British legal history.[146]

Berezovsky's claimed past ownership of Sibneft – which constituted the bulk of his fortune – was put into question by Abramovich, who in a statement to the High Court in London asserted that Berezovsky had never owned shares in Sibneft, and that US$1.3 billion paid in 2001 ostensibly for his stake in the company was actually in recognition of Berezovsky's "political assistance and protection" during the creation of Sibneft in 1995.[147] The hearings, which started on 3 October 2011, examined Berezovsky's US$5.5 billion claim against Abramovich for damages arising from the sale of his assets under alleged "threats and intimidation".[148]

On 31 August 2012, the High Court found for Abramovich.[149] The High Court judge stated that because of the nature of the evidence, the case hinged on whether to believe Berezovsky or Abramovich's evidence. In her ruling, the judge observed: "On my analysis of the entirety of the evidence, I found Mr. Berezovsky an unimpressive, and inherently unreliable, witness, who regarded truth as a transitory, flexible concept, which could be moulded to suit his current purposes. ... I regret to say that the bottom line of my analysis of Mr. Berezovsky's credibility is that he would have said almost anything to support his case."[20][150][149]: 16–18  She ruled that the monies paid represented a final payment in discharge of all obligations.[149][44]

Business and personal activities in exile

Berezovsky conducted business with Neil Bush, the younger brother of the US President George W. Bush. Berezovsky was an investor in Bush's Ignite! Learning, an educational software corporation, since at least 2003. In 2005, Neil Bush met with Berezovsky in Latvia, causing tension with Russia due to Berezovsky's fugitive status.[151] Neil Bush was also seen with Berezovsky in his box at an Arsenal F.C. match at the Emirates Stadium in London.[152] There had been speculation that the relationship might have become a cause of tension in Russo-American bilateral relations.[153]

It had been speculated that Berezovsky's wealth may have been depleted with the onset of the late 2000s recession. According to the Sunday Times Rich List, in 2011 his net worth was about US$900 million.

Appeals for regime change

In September 2005, Berezovsky said in an interview with the BBC: "I'm sure that Putin doesn't have the chance to survive, even to the next election in 2008. I am doing everything in my power to limit his time frame, and I am really thinking of returning to Russia after Putin collapses, which he will."[86][154] In January 2006, Berezovsky stated in an interview to a Moscow-based radio station that he was working on overthrowing the administration of Vladimir Putin by force.[155] Berezovsky also accused Putin of being "a gangster"[156] and the "terrorist number one".[157]

Berezovsky declared that he was plotting the overthrow of President Putin on 13 April 2007 during an interview The Guardian conducted: "We need to use force to change this regime. It isn't possible to change this regime through democratic means. There can be no change without force, pressure."[8] He also admitted that during the last six years he had struggled hard to "destroy the positive image of Putin" and said that "Putin has created an authoritarian regime against the Russian constitution. ... I don't know how it will happen, but authoritarian regimes only collapse by force."[158]

 
A teenager carries a sign reading "Berezovsky, we are with you!" during a police attack on a 2007 Dissenters March in Saint Petersburg; The Other Russia organizers said that this slogan was a provocation carried out by pro-government youth groups[159]

Soon after Berezovsky's 2007 statement, Garry Kasparov, a figure in the opposition movement The Other Russia and leader of the United Civil Front, wrote the following on his website: "Berezovsky has lived in emigration for many years and no longer has significant influence upon the political processes which take place in Russian society. His extravagant proclamations are simply a method of attracting attention. Furthermore, for the overwhelming majority of Russian people he was a political symbol of the 90s, one of the 'bad blokes' enriching themselves behind the back of president Yeltsin. The informational noise around Berezovsky was specifically beneficial for the Kremlin, which was trying to compromise Russia's real opposition. Berezovsky has not had and does not have any relation to Other Russia or the United Civil Front."[160] Berezovsky responded in June 2007 by saying that "there is not one significant politician in Russia whom he has not financed" and that this included members of Other Russia. The managing director of the United Civil Front, in turn, said that the organization would consider suing Berezovsky over these allegations,[citation needed] but the lawsuit has never been brought before the court.

The Russian Prosecutor General's Office had launched a criminal investigation against Berezovsky to determine whether his comments could be considered a "seizure of power by force", as outlined in the Russian Criminal Code. If convicted, an offender faces up to twenty years imprisonment. The British Foreign Office denounced Berezovsky's statements, warning him that his status of a political refugee might be reconsidered, should he continue to make similar remarks. Furthermore, Scotland Yard had announced that it would investigate whether Berezovsky's statements violated the law.[161][162] However, in the following July, the Crown Prosecution Service announced that Berezovsky would not face charges in the UK for his comments. Kremlin officials called it a "disturbing moment" in Anglo-Russian relations.[163]

Involvement in the 2004 Ukraine presidential election

In September 2005, the former president of Ukraine, Leonid Kravchuk, accused Berezovsky of having financed Viktor Yushchenko's 2004 Ukrainian presidential election campaign, and provided copies of documents showing money transfers from companies he claimed were controlled by Berezovsky to companies controlled by Yuschenko's official backers.[164] Berezovsky claimed that he met Yushchenko's representatives in London before the election, and that the money was transferred from his companies, but he declined to confirm or deny that the companies that received the money were used in Yushchenko's campaign. Financing of election campaigns by foreign citizens is illegal in Ukraine.[citation needed] In November 2005, Berezovsky also claimed he had heavily financed Ukraine's Orange Revolution (that had followed the presidential election).[165] In September 2007, Berezovsky launched lawsuits against two Ukrainian politicians, Oleksandr Tretyakov, a former presidential aid, and David Zhvaniya, a former emergencies minister.[166] Berezovsky was suing the men for nearly US$23 million, accusing them of misusing the money he had allocated in 2004 to fund the Orange Revolution.[166] Yushchenko has denied Berezovsky financed his election campaign.[164]

Berezovsky called on Ukrainian business to support Yushchenko in the 2010 presidential election of January 2010 as a guarantor of debarment of property redistribution after the election.[167] On 10 December 2009, the Ukrainian minister of interior affairs Yuriy Lutsenko stated that if the Russian interior ministry requested it, Berezovsky would be detained upon arriving in Ukraine.[167]

In February 2012, in an interview for the independent Russian Dozhd channel Berezovsky reiterated that he had personally provided approximately $50 millions to the Ukrainian Orange revolution. David Zhvania [ru] (Russian: Давид Важаевич Жвания) and Oleksandr Tretiakov were among the ones who allegedly received money.[168]

Persona non-grata in Latvia since October 2005

In October 2005, Latvian Prime Minister Aigars Kalvītis signed a decree placing Boris Berezovsky on the list of personae non gratae. The exact reasons for blacklisting Berezovsky were not disclosed. Kalvitis called Berezovsky a "threat" to national security. Previously, the National Security Council of Latvia took the decision to recommend that exiled Russian billionaire Boris Berezovsky be barred from traveling to Latvia. The decision to bar the one-time Russian oligarch came swiftly after Berezovsky's trip to Riga in September 2005.[169] Berezovsky was in Riga along with Neil Bush to discuss a project with Latvian businessmen.[170]

The Baltic News Service quoted the former Russian oligarch as saying that he believes Latvia's decision to declare him persona non-grata was the result of intense pressure by Russia and structures linked with George Soros, the U.S. business magnate who had had acrimonious relations with Berezovsky. Kalvitis however denied the theory that the banning came on pressure from the Kremlin or the White House.[171]

Alleged assassination attempts in London

Alleged 2003 plot

According to Alexander Litvinenko, a Russian Federal Security Service (FSB) officer in London was preparing to assassinate Berezovsky with a binary weapon in September 2003. This alleged plot was reported to British police.[172] Hazel Blears, then a Home Office Minister, said that inquiries made [into these claims] were "unable to either substantiate this information or find evidence of any criminal offences having been committed".[173]

Alleged 2007 plot

In June 2007, Berezovsky said he fled Britain on the advice of Scotland Yard, amid reports that he was the target of an assassination attempt by a suspected Russian hitman. On 18 July 2007, the British tabloid The Sun reported that the alleged would-be assassin was captured by the police at the Hilton Hotel in Park Lane.[174][175] They reported that the suspect, arrested by the anti-terrorist police after being tracked for a week by MI5, was deported back to Russia when no weapons were found and there was not enough evidence to charge him with any offence. In addition, they said British police placed a squad of uniformed officers around Akhmed Zakayev's house in north London, and also phoned Litvinenko's widow, Marina, to urge her to take greater security precautions.[176]

Berezovsky again accused Vladimir Putin of being behind a plot to assassinate him. The Kremlin had denied similar claims in the past.[177]

According to the interview given by a high-ranking British security official on BBC Two in July 2008, the alleged Russian agent, known as "A", was of Chechen nationality.[178] He was identified by Kommersant as the Chechen mobster Movladi Atlangeriyev; after returning to Russia, Atlangeriyev was forcibly disappeared in January 2008 by unknown men in Moscow.[179]

Death of friends and associates in London

Death of Alexander Litvinenko in November 2006

Main article: Alexander Litvinenko poisoning

Alexander Litvinenko, one of Berezovsky's closest associates, was murdered in London in November 2006 with a rare radioactive poison, Polonium 210. The British authorities charged a former FSB officer and head of security at ORT, Andrey Lugovoy, with the murder and requested his extradition, which Russia refused.[180] Several Russian diplomats were expelled from the UK over the case.[181] The UK government has not publicly expressed a view on the matter, but allegations that the murder was sponsored by the Russian state have been expressed by "sources in the UK government", according to the BBC,[182] and by officials of the US Department of State, as revealed by WikiLeaks;[183] they were reflected in a 2008 resolution by the US Congress.[184] The intricate details of the murder, the relationship between Litvinenko and Berezosvsky, and the implications of the case have been described in the 2007 book, Death of a Dissident: The Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko and the Return of the KGB by Alex Goldfarb with Marina Litvinenko.[185]

An alternative, more dubious narrative – that the murder was orchestrated by Berezovsky and his associate Alex Goldfarb with the aim of "framing" the Russian government and discrediting it on the global stage – has aired in Russian state-funded media[186] by Lugovoy,[citation needed] by Litvinenko's Italy-based father,[citation needed] by Nikita Chekulin[187] and by Russian officials.[188] Berezovsky won a UK libel suit against Russian State Television over these allegations in 2010 (see above), following which he commented, "I trust the conclusions of the British investigators that the trail leads to Russia and I hope that one day justice will prevail."[144]

Death of Badri Patarkatsishvili in February 2008

In the evening of Tuesday, 12 February 2008, Georgia's richest man, billionaire Arkady "Badri" Patarkatsishvili, a close friend and long-time business partner of Berezovsky, collapsed and died in his bedroom after a family dinner at Downside Manor, his mansion in Leatherhead, Surrey, England, at the age of 52.[189]

Patarkatsishvili, who as a presidential candidate had also been campaigning to oust Georgia's President Mikhail Saakashvili, spent his last day in the City of London office of international law firm Debevoise and Plimpton. He was preparing along with his lawyer Lord Goldsmith QC and fellow exiles, the Russians Nikolai Glushkov and Yuli Dubov. Shortly after dining at Downside Manor, Patarkatsishvili told his family he felt unwell and went upstairs to his bedroom where he was found unconscious after a heart attack.[190] Resuscitation attempts were unsuccessful.[191] As in any other case of unexpected death, Surrey police treated the case as "suspicious" and launched an official investigation.[192] Preliminary reports indicated a heart attack as the cause of death.

Berezovsky described the death of his closest friend as "a terrible tragedy".[193]

Death

 
Berezovsky's grave in Brookwood Cemetery in 2016

On 23 March 2013, Berezovsky was found dead at his home,[194] Titness Park, at Sunninghill, near Ascot in Berkshire.[22] His body was found by a bodyguard in a locked bathroom, with a ligature around his neck.[195][196][197]

His death was announced in a post on Facebook, by his son-in-law. Alexander Dobrovinsky, a lawyer who had represented Berezovsky, wrote that he may have committed suicide,[198] adding that Berezovsky had fallen into debt after losing the lawsuit against Abramovich, and had spent the final few months of his life selling his possessions to cover his court costs.[199] Berezovsky was also said to have recently been depressed and to have isolated himself from friends.[200][201] He reportedly suffered from depression and was taking antidepressant drugs; a day prior to his death he told a reporter in London that he had nothing left to live for.[202]

The Thames Valley Police classified his death as "unexplained" and launched a formal investigation into the circumstances behind it. Specialists in chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear materials were deployed to Berezovsky's home as a "precaution".[199] These specialists later "found nothing of concern".[203]

A post-mortem examination carried out by the Home Office pathologist found the cause of death was consistent with hanging and there was nothing pointing to a violent struggle.[23][204] At the March 2014 inquest into the death, however, Berezovsky's daughter Elizaveta introduced a report by German pathologist Bernd Brinkmann, with whom she had shared the autopsy photos, noting that the ligature mark on her father's neck was circular rather than V-shaped as is commonly the case with hanging victims, and called the coroner's attention to a statement by one of the responding paramedics who found it strange that Berezovsky's face was purple, rather than pale as hanging victims usually are. The body also had a fresh wound on the back of the head and a fractured rib (injuries police believed Berezovsky could have suffered in the process of falling as he hanged himself). An unidentified fingerprint was found near the body, and one paramedic's radiation alarm sounded as they entered the house.[205]

Following the inquest the coroner, Peter Bedford, recorded an open verdict commenting, "I am not saying Mr Berezovsky took his own life, I am not saying Mr Berezovsky was unlawfully killed. What I am saying is that the burden of proof sets such a high standard it is impossible for me to say." He specifically cited the Brinkmann report as casting reasonable doubt on the suicide theory, even though Brinkmann had not been able to personally examine the body.[citation needed]

Berezovsky was buried on 8 May 2013 in a private ceremony at Brookwood Cemetery in Surrey. The burial timing had been changed on several occasions to try to avoid interest from the Russian media.[206]

Apology to Putin

After Berezovsky's death, a spokesman for President Putin reported that he, Berezovsky, had sent a letter to the Russian president, asking for permission to return to Russia and asking "forgiveness for his mistakes".[207][208] Some of Berezovsky's associates doubted the letter's existence, claiming that it was out of character. However, his girlfriend at the time, Katerina Sabirova, later confirmed in an interview that he did in fact send the letter:[209]

I said that they will publish it and you will look bad. And that it won't help. He answered that it was all the same to him, that in any case all sins were blamed on him and that this was his only chance.

It was claimed by anonymous sources that rival Roman Abramovich delivered the letter to Putin personally, having received an apology from Berezovsky himself. Both Putin's chief of staff, Sergei Ivanov, and Abramovich's spokesman alluded to the letter being passed by a "certain person", but did not go into details due to the personal nature of the issue.[210]

Publications by Berezovsky

Berezovsky was a doctor of technical sciences and author of many academic papers and studies such as "Binary relations in multi-criteria optimizations" and "Multi-criteria optimization: mathematical aspects". In the mathematical review index MathSciNet, B.A. Berezovsky is credited with 16 publications from 1975 to 1989 on operations research and mathematical programming, earning 9 citations in other publications. Most cited is the book The Problem of Optimal Choice with A.V. Gnedin (Nauka, Moscow 1984), devoted to secretary problems.

Aside from his academic publications, he frequently authored articles and gave interviews; these are collected in The Art of the Impossible (3 vols.). He continued to contribute articles while in exile, taking a highly critical view of Russia's political leaders.[8][211][212][213]

Works about Berezovsky

In 1996, the Russian-American journalist Paul Klebnikov wrote a highly critical article entitled "Godfather of the Kremlin?"[214] on Berezovsky and the state of Russia more generally, in response to which Berezovsky sued Forbes in the UK;[214]: 7  in 2001, he expanded his article into a book entitled Godfather of the Kremlin, alternatively subtitled The Decline of Russia in the Age of Gangster Capitalism and Boris Berezovsky and the looting of Russia.[141][142][215] On 9 July 2004, while leaving the Forbes office in Moscow, unknown assailants fired at Klebnikov from a slowly moving car. He was shot four times and died later in hospital. The same day Berezovsky, in the words of investigative journalist Richard Behar, "whipped out his tongue from its holster and publicly called the 41-year-old editor of Forbes Russia 'a dishonest reporter'".[216] The books Secret Diary of a Russian Oligarch and How to get rid of an Oligarch or Who Beat Berezovsky by Sasha Nerozina (friend of the Berezovsky family and a spokeswoman of Berezovsky's wife Galina) were published in Russia and other former Soviet states in 2013 and 2014 by Olma Media Publishing House.

Yuli Dubov, a close business associate of Berezovsky, wrote a novel based on Berezovsky's life which provided the basis for the 2002 film Tycoon. Like Berezovsky, he fled to London and successfully fought extradition to Russia.[217][218] Judge Timothy Workman of Bow Street Magistrates' Court in central London dropped extradition proceedings against Yuly Dubov in October 2003.[219]

Alex Goldfarb, a microbiologist and activist who became acquainted with Berezovsky in the 1990s and later worked for him, provides snapshots of Berezovsky at crucial moments as background to his 2007 account of the Litvinenko murder case, co-written with Marina Litvinenko, Death of a Dissident: The Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko and the Return of the KGB.[37] David E. Hoffman of The Washington Post wrote The Oligarchs: Wealth and Power in the New Russia, which provides a comparative treatment of Berezovsky and several of his fellow so-called business oligarchs.[220] Ben Mezrich wrote Once Upon a Time in Russia: The Rise of the Oligarchs—A True Story of Ambition, Wealth, Betrayal, and Murder, which provides a comparative narrative of Berezovsky and Roman Abramovich through their careers, friendship, and ultimate rivalry.[221]

In 2017, the Russian book Time of Berezovsky was published by Corpus (an imprint of AST), in which Petr Aven – a friend of Berezovsky – interviewed various people who were close to Berezovsky at different times, including Leonid Boguslavsky, Yuli Dubov, Galina Besharova, Yelena Gorbunova, Yuri Shefler, Anatoly Chubais, Mikhail Fridman, Valentin Yumashev, Sergey Dorenko, Eugene Shvidler, Vladimir Posner, Alexander Goldfarb, Alexander Voloshin, Stanislav Belkovsky and Yuri Felshtinsky.[222][223]

A documentary about Berezovsky's efforts to undermine Putin from his exile in UK was shown on BBC Two in December 2005.[224]

Berezovsky features in a painting by the Russian artist Ilya Glazunov, displayed in Moscow's Ilya Glazunov Gallery. According to the Rough Guide, "The Market of Our Democracy shows Yeltsin waving a conductor's baton as two lesbians kiss and the oligarch Berezovsky flaunts a sign reading 'I will buy Russia', while charlatans rob a crowd of refugees and starving children."[225]

Berezovsky also features as a character in the opera The Life and Death of Alexander Litvinenko by Alexander Woolf to a libretto by David Pountney, which was premiered in July 2021 at Grange Park Opera.[226][better source needed]

Patriots premiered at the Almeida Theatre in Islington, London, in May 2022, following the life of Berezovsky from the president's inner circle to public enemy number one. Tom Hollander played Berezovsky. The play was written by Peter Morgan and directed by Rupert Goold. It played a limited run from 2 July 2022 until 20 August.[227] It will transfer to the West End in 2023.[228]

See also

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May 05, 2023
boris, berezovsky, businessman, pianist, boris, berezovsky, pianist, this, name, that, follows, eastern, slavic, naming, conventions, patronymic, abramovich, family, name, berezovsky, boris, abramovich, berezovsky, russian, Борис, Абрамович, Березовский, janua. For pianist see Boris Berezovsky pianist In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming conventions the patronymic is Abramovich and the family name is Berezovsky Boris Abramovich Berezovsky Russian Boris Abramovich Berezovskij 23 January 1946 23 March 2013 4 5 also known as Platon Elenin 6 was a Russian business oligarch government official engineer and mathematician and a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences He had the federal state civilian service rank of 1st class Active State Councillor of the Russian Federation 7 Boris BerezovskyBoris BerezovskijBorn 1946 01 23 23 January 1946Moscow Soviet UnionDied23 March 2013 2013 03 23 aged 67 Sunninghill Berkshire EnglandResting placeBrookwood Cemetery Brookwood Surrey England51 17 58 N 0 37 33 W 51 299574 N 0 625846 W 51 299574 0 625846 grave of B Berezovsky Other namesPlaton EleninCitizenshipRussiaUnited KingdomOccupationsBusinessmanengineermathematiciangovernment officialSpousesNina Korotkova m 1970 div 1991 wbr 1 Galina Besharova m 1991 div 2010 wbr 2 PartnerYelena Gorbunova esp 1996 sep 2012 3 Berezovsky made his fortune in Russia in the 1990s when the country implemented privatization of state property 8 He profited from gaining control over assets including the country s main television channel Channel One In 1997 Forbes estimated Berezovsky s wealth at US 3 billion 9 Berezovsky helped fund Unity the political party that would form Vladimir Putin s first parliamentary base 10 and was elected to the Duma on Putin s slate in the 1999 Russian legislative election 11 However following the Russian presidential election in March 2000 Berezovsky went into opposition and resigned from the Duma 12 Berezovsky would remain a vocal critic of Putin for the rest of his life 13 In late 2000 after the Russian Deputy Prosecutor General demanded that Berezovsky appear for questioning he did not return from abroad and moved to the UK which granted him political asylum in 2003 14 After he moved to Britain the Russian government took over his television assets 15 and he divested from other Russian holdings In Russia Berezovsky was later convicted in absentia of fraud and embezzlement The first charges had been brought during Primakov s government in 1999 16 Despite an Interpol Red Notice for Berezovsky s arrest Russia repeatedly failed to obtain the extradition of Berezovsky from Britain the situation became a major point of diplomatic tension between the two countries 17 18 19 In 2012 Berezovsky lost a London High Court case he brought over the ownership of the major oil producer Sibneft against Roman Abramovich in which he sought over 3 billion in damages 20 The court concluded that Berezovsky had never been a co owner of Sibneft 21 Berezovsky was found dead in his home Titness Park at Sunninghill near Ascot in Berkshire on 23 March 2013 22 A post mortem examination found that his death was consistent with hanging and that there were no signs of a violent struggle 23 However the coroner at the inquest into Berezovsky s death later recorded an open verdict 24 Contents 1 Early life scientific research and engineering experience 2 Political and business career in Russia 2 1 Accumulation of wealth 2 2 Role in Yeltsin s reelection in 1996 2 3 Role in Chechen conflict 2 4 Battle with Young Reformers 2 5 Philanthropy 2 6 The Kremlin Family and Putin s rise to power 2 7 Conflict with Putin and emigration 2 8 Divestment from Russian holdings 3 Exile in Britain 3 1 Political asylum and extradition proceedings 3 2 Convictions in absentia and investigations abroad 3 3 Accusations and libel suits in the UK 3 4 High Court case against Abramovich 3 5 Business and personal activities in exile 3 6 Appeals for regime change 3 7 Involvement in the 2004 Ukraine presidential election 3 8 Persona non grata in Latvia since October 2005 4 Alleged assassination attempts in London 4 1 Alleged 2003 plot 4 2 Alleged 2007 plot 5 Death of friends and associates in London 5 1 Death of Alexander Litvinenko in November 2006 5 2 Death of Badri Patarkatsishvili in February 2008 6 Death 6 1 Apology to Putin 7 Publications by Berezovsky 8 Works about Berezovsky 9 See also 10 ReferencesEarly life scientific research and engineering experience EditBoris Abramovich Berezovsky was born in 1946 in Moscow to Abram Markovich Berezovsky 1911 1979 25 a Jewish civil engineer in construction works 26 27 and his wife Anna Aleksandrovna Gelman 22 November 1923 3 September 2013 28 He studied applied mathematics receiving his doctorate in 1983 29 After graduating from the Moscow Forestry Engineering Institute in 1968 Berezovsky worked as an engineer from 1969 until 1987 serving as assistant research officer research officer and finally the head of a department in the Institute of Control Sciences of the USSR Academy of Sciences 30 Berezovsky conducted research on optimization and control theory publishing 16 books and articles between 1975 and 1989 Political and business career in Russia EditAccumulation of wealth Edit In 1989 Berezovsky took advantage of the opportunities presented by perestroika to found LogoVAZ with Badri Patarkatsishvili and senior managers from Russian automobile manufacturer AvtoVAZ LogoVAZ developed software for AvtoVAZ sold Soviet made cars and serviced foreign cars 31 The dealership profited from hyperinflation by taking cars on consignment and paying the producer at a later date when the money lost much of its value 32 One of Berezovsky s early endeavors was All Russia Automobile Alliance AVVA a venture fund he formed in 1993 with Alexander Voloshin Boris Yeltsin s future Chief of Staff and AvtoVAZ Chairman Vladimir Kadannikov 32 Berezovsky controlled about 30 of the company which raised nearly US 50 million from small investors through a bonded loan to build a plant producing a people s car The project did not collect sufficient funds for the plant and the funds were instead invested into AvtoVAZ production while the debt to investors was swapped for equity 33 34 By 2000 AVVA held about one third of AvtoVAZ 35 In 1994 Berezovsky was the target of a car bombing incident but survived the assassination attempt in which his driver was killed and he himself was injured 36 Alexander Litvinenko led the FSB investigation into the incident and linked the crime to the resistance of the Soviet era AvtoVaz management to Berezovsky s growing influence in the Russian automobile market 37 Berezovsky s involvement in the Russian media began in December 1994 when he gained control over ORT Television see Channel One Russia to replace the failing Soviet TV Channel 1 He appointed the popular anchorman and producer Vladislav Listyev as CEO of ORT Three months later Listyev was assassinated amid a fierce struggle for control of advertising sales 38 39 Berezovsky was questioned in the police investigation among many others but the killers were never found citation needed Under Berezovsky s stewardship ORT became a major asset of the reformist camp as they prepared to face Communists and nationalists in the upcoming presidential elections 40 From 1995 to 1997 through the controversial loans for shares privatisation auctions 41 42 Berezovsky and Patarkatsishvili assisted Roman Abramovich in acquiring control of Sibneft the sixth largest Russian oil company which constituted the bulk of his wealth 43 44 In an article in The Washington Post in 2000 Berezovsky revealed that financier George Soros declined an invitation to participate in the acquisition 45 In 1995 he played a key role in a management reshuffle at Aeroflot and participated in its corporatization 31 with his close associate Nikolai Glushkov becoming Aeroflot s CFO In January 1998 it was announced that Sibneft would merge with Mikhail Khodorkovsky s Yukos to create the third largest oil company in the world 46 The merger was abandoned five months later amid falling oil prices 47 Role in Yeltsin s reelection in 1996 Edit See also Boris Yeltsin presidential campaign 1996 Berezovsky entered the Kremlin s inner circle in 1993 through arranging for the publication of Yeltsin s memoirs and befriended Valentin Yumashev the President s ghost writer 48 49 50 In January 1996 at the World Economic Forum at Davos Berezovsky liaised with fellow oligarchs to form an alliance which later became known as the Davos Pact 51 to bankroll Boris Yeltsin s campaign in the upcoming presidential elections 52 On his return to Moscow Berezovsky met and befriended Tatyana Dyachenko Yeltsin s daughter 50 According to a later profile by The Guardian Berezovsky masterminded the 1996 re election of Boris Yeltsin He and his billionaire friends coughed up 140 million for Yeltsin s campaign 53 In the summer of 1996 Berezovsky had emerged as a key advisor to Yeltsin allied with Anatoly Chubais opposing a group of hardliners led by General Alexander Korzhakov 54 One night in June in the drawing room of Club Logovaz Berezovsky Chubais and others plotted the ouster of Korzhakov and other hardliners 50 On 20 June 1996 Yeltsin fired Korzhakov and two other hawks leaving the reformers team in full control of the Kremlin 55 Firing them was controversial though as Korzhakov a few days before caught two of Yeltsin s campaign organizers carrying US 500 000 cash without invoices out of the presidential administration building 56 On 16 June 1996 Yeltsin came first in the first round of elections after forging a tactical alliance with Gen Alexander Lebed who finished third On 3 July in the runoff vote he beat the Communist Gennady Zyuganov His victory was due largely to the support of the TV networks controlled by Gusinsky and Berezovsky NTV and ORT and the money from the business elite 57 The New York Times called Berezovsky the public spokesman and chief lobbyist for this new elite which moved from the shadows to respectability in a few short years 50 Role in Chechen conflict Edit On 17 October 1996 Yeltsin dismissed General Alexander Lebed from the position of National Security Advisor amid allegations that he was plotting a coup and secretly mustering a private army 58 Lebed promptly accused Berezovsky and Gusinsky of engineering his ouster and formed a coalition with the disgraced General Alexander Korzhakov 59 The dismissal of Lebed the architect of the Khasavyurt peace accord left Yeltsin s Chechen policy in limbo On 30 October 1996 in a political bombshell Yeltsin named Ivan Rybkin as his new National Security Advisor and appointed Berezovsky Deputy Secretary in charge of Chechnya 60 with a mandate to oversee the implementation of the Khasavyurt Accord that is the withdrawal of Russian forces the negotiation of a peace treaty and the preparation of a general election On 19 December 1996 Berezovsky made headlines by negotiating the release of 21 Russian policeman held hostage by the warlord Salman Raduev amid efforts by radicals from both sides to torpedo peace negotiations 61 On 12 May 1997 Yeltsin and Maskhadov signed the Russian Chechen Peace Treaty in the Kremlin Speaking at a press conference in Moscow Berezovsky outlined his priorities for the economic reconstruction of Chechnya particularly the construction of a pipeline for transporting Azerbaijani oil He called upon the Russian business community to contribute to the rebuilding of the republic revealing his own donation of US 1 million some sources mention US 2 million for a cement factory in Grozny 62 This payment would come to haunt him years later when he was accused of funding Chechen terrorists 63 After his dismissal from the Security Council Berezovsky vowed to continue his activities in Chechnya as a private individual 64 and maintained contact with Chechen warlords He was instrumental in the release of 69 hostages including two Britons Jon James and Camilla Carr whom he flew in his private jet to RAF Brize Norton in September 1998 65 66 In an interview with Thomas de Waal in 2005 he revealed the involvement of the British Ambassador to Russia Sir Andrew Wood and explained that his former negotiations counterpart the Islamic militant leader Movladi Udugov helped arrange the Britons release 67 Berezovsky had a phone conversation with Movladi Udugov in the spring of 1999 six months before the beginning of fighting in Dagestan A transcript of that conversation was leaked to a Moscow tabloid on 10 September 1999 and appeared to mention the would be militants invasion It has been the subject of much speculation ever since As Berezovsky explained later in interviews to de Waal 67 and Goldfarb 37 Udugov proposed to coordinate the Islamists incursion into Dagestan so that a limited Russian response would topple the Chechen president Aslan Maskhadov and establish a new Islamic republic which would be anti American but friendly to Russia Berezovsky said that he disliked the idea but reported Udugov s overture to prime minister Stepashin Udugov and Basayev he asserted conspired with Stepashin and Putin to provoke a war to topple Maskhadov but the agreement was for the Russian army to stop at the Terek River However Putin double crossed the Chechens and started an all out war 37 Battle with Young Reformers Edit In March 1997 Berezovsky and Tatyana Dyachenko flew to Nizhniy Novgorod to persuade the city s governor Boris Nemtsov to join Chubais economic team 50 which became known as the government of Young Reformers This was the last concerted political action of the Davos Pact see above Four months later the group split into two cliques fiercely competing for Yeltsin s favour 68 The clash was precipitated by the privatization auction of the communication utility Svyazinvest in which Onexim bank of Chubais loyalist Vladimir Potanin backed by George Soros competed with Gusinsky allied with Spanish Telefonica An initially commercial dispute swiftly developed into a contest of political wills between Chubais and Berezovsky 68 Potanin s victory unleashed a bitter media war in which ORT and NTV accused the Chubais group of fixing the auction in favor of Potanin whereas Chubais charged Berezovsky with abusing his government position to advance his business interests 69 Both sides appealed to Yeltsin who had proclaimed a new era of fair privatization based on strict legislative rules and allowing no deviations 70 In the end both sides lost Berezovsky s media revealed a corrupt scheme whereby a publishing house owned by Onexim Bank paid Chubais and his group hefty advances for a book that was never written The scandal led to a purge of Chubais loyalists from the government 71 Chubais retaliated by persuading Yeltsin to dismiss Boris Berezovsky from the national security council Berezovsky s service on the Security Council ended on 5 November 1997 72 Soros called the Berezovsky Chubais clash a historical event in the reality of which I would have never believed if I had not watched it myself I saw a fight of the people in the boat floating towards the edge of a waterfall He argued that the reformist camp never recovered from the wounds sustained in this struggle setting the political stage for conservative nationalists and eventually Vladimir Putin 69 Philanthropy Edit In 1991 Berezovsky founded the Triumph award bestowed upon outstanding Russian poets musicians artists directors and ballet dancers 73 It is reported in the documentary series Captive that Boris Berezovsky in 1998 was effective in the release of two English aid workers who had been held hostage for ransom in Chechnya for 14 months The Kremlin Family and Putin s rise to power Edit In the spring of 1998 Berezovsky made an unexpected political comeback starting with his appointment in April 1998 to the position of executive secretary of the Commonwealth of Independent States 74 He emerged in the centre of a new informal power group the Family a close knit circle of advisers around Yeltsin which included Yeltsin s daughter Tatyana and his chief of staff Yumashev It was rumoured that no important government appointment could happen without the Family s support 75 By 1999 the Family also included two of Berezovsky s associates his former AVVA partner Alexander Voloshin who replaced Yumashev as Yeltsin s chief of staff and Roman Abramovich 76 The principal concern of the Family was finding an electable successor to Yeltsin to counter the presidential aspirations of the then prime minister Yevgeny Primakov who was leaning to more statist positions Political battles between the Family and Primakov s camp dominated the two last years of Yeltsin s presidency 77 In November 1998 in a televised press conference five officers of the FSB led by Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Litvinenko revealed an alleged plot by their superiors to assassinate Berezovsky 78 In April 1999 Russia s Prosecutor General Yury Skuratov opened an investigation into embezzlement at Aeroflot and issued an arrest warrant for Berezovsky who called the investigation politically motivated and orchestrated by Primakov 79 Nikolai Glushkov Aeroflot s former General Director later revealed that conflict with Primakov arose from the irritation that Berezovsky s management team caused in the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service which Primakov headed before becoming prime minister over firing of thousands of spies who used Aeroflot as a front organization in Soviet times 80 81 82 The arrest warrant was dropped a week later after Berezovsky submitted to questioning by the prosecutors No charges were brought 83 Yeltsin sacked Primakov s government shortly thereafter and replaced him with Sergey Stepashin as new prime minister 84 Vyacheslav Aminov Russian Vyacheslav Aminov supported Berezovsky and headed Berezovsky s security service 85 Vladimir Putin s meteoric rise from relative obscurity to the Russian presidency in the course of a few short months of 1999 has been attributed to his intimacy with the Family as a protege of Berezovsky and Yumashev By the end of 1999 the Family had persuaded Yeltsin to name Putin his political successor and candidate for the presidency 86 87 Berezovsky s acquaintance with Putin dated back to the early 1990s when the latter as Deputy Mayor of St Petersburg helped Logovaz establish a car dealership 88 They enjoyed friendly relations on occasion Berezovsky took Putin skiing with him in Switzerland 86 In February 1999 when Berezovsky s political standing looked uncertain because of his clash with Primakov over Aeroflot Putin then Director of the FSB made a bold gesture of friendship by showing up at a birthday party for Berezovsky s wife I absolutely do not care what Primakov thinks of me Putin told Berezovsky on that night That was the beginning of their political alliance 88 According to the Times Spanish police discovered that on up to five occasions in 1999 Putin had secretly visited a villa in Spain belonging to Berezovsky 89 In mid July 1999 the Family dispatched Berezovsky to Biarritz where Putin was vacationing to persuade him to accept the position of prime minister and the role of heir apparent 88 90 On 9 August Yeltsin sacked the government of Sergei Stepashin and appointed Putin prime minister amid reports that Berezovsky had masterminded the reshuffle 91 Putin s principal opponents were the former Prime Minister Evgeny Primakov and the Mayor of Moscow Yuri Luzhkov backed by the Fatherland All Russia alliance To counter this group in the Duma elections of 1999 Berezovsky was instrumental in the creation within the space of a few months of the Unity party with no ideology other than its support for Putin 92 93 Later he disclosed that the source of Unity s funding with Putin s knowledge and consent was Aeroflot 94 In the 1999 election Berezovsky campaigned as a Putin loyalist and won a seat in the Duma representing the North Caucasian republic of Karachaevo Cherkessia 93 During the Duma election campaign Berezovsky s ORT TV served as an extremely effective propaganda machine for the Putin camp using aggressive attack reporting and programming to denigrate and ridicule Putin s rivals Primakov and Luzhkov tactics strongly criticized as undue interference with the media 95 But Unity got a surprisingly high score in the elections paving the way for Putin s election victory in spring 2000 77 Conflict with Putin and emigration Edit Berezovsky s disagreements with Putin became public three weeks into Putin s presidency On 8 May 2000 Berezovsky and Abramovich were spotted together at Putin s invitation only inauguration ball in Moscow 96 However on 31 May Berezovsky sharply attacked the constitutional reform proposed by the president which would give the Kremlin the right to dismiss elected governors 97 On 17 July 2000 Berezovsky resigned from the Duma saying he did not want to be involved in the country s ruin and the restoration of an authoritarian regime 98 In August Berezovsky s media attacked Putin for the way he handled the sinking of the Kursk submarine blaming the death of 118 sailors on the Kremlin s reluctance to accept foreign help 99 In September Berezovsky alleged that the Kremlin had attempted to expropriate his shares in ORT and announced that he would put his stake into a trust to be controlled by prominent intellectuals 100 In an article in The Washington Post in 2000 Berezovsky argued that in the absence of a strong civil society and middle class it may sometimes be necessary for capitalists to interfere directly in the political process of Russia as a counterweight to ex Communists who hate democracy and dream of regaining lost positions 101 Berezovsky took legal action against the journalist Paul Klebnikov who accused him of various crimes In October in an interview in Le Figaro Putin announced that he would no longer tolerate criticism of the government by media controlled by the oligarchs If necessary we will destroy those instruments that allow this blackmail he declared 102 Responding to a question about Berezovsky he warned that he had a cudgel in store for him The state has a cudgel in its hands that you use to hit just once but on the head We haven t used this cudgel yet We ve just brandished it But the day we get really angry we won t hesitate to use it 102 In the same month Russian prosecutors revived the Aeroflot fraud investigation and Berezovsky was questioned as a witness 103 On 7 November 2000 Berezovsky who was travelling abroad failed to appear for further questioning and announced that he would not return to Russia because of what he described as constantly intensifying pressure on me by the authorities and President Putin personally Essentially he said I m being forced to choose whether to become a political prisoner or a political emigrant Berezovsky claimed that Putin had made him a suspect in the Aeroflot case simply because ORT had spoken the truth about the sinking of the submarine Kursk 104 In early December his associate Nikolai Glushkov was arrested in Moscow and Berezovsky dropped the proposal to put ORT stake in trust 105 Divestment from Russian holdings Edit In 2001 the Russian government made a systematic takeover of privately owned television networks in the course of which Berezovsky Gusinsky and Patarkatsishvili lost most of their media holdings 15 prompting one of them to warn of Russia turning into a banana republic in a letter to The New York Times 106 In February Berezovsky and Patarkatsishvili sold their stake in ORT to Roman Abramovich who promptly ceded editorial control to the Kremlin 107 Berezovsky later claimed that there was a secret understanding that Nikolai Glushkov would be released from prison as part of that deal a promise that was never fulfilled 108 In April the government took control of Vladimir Gusinsky s NTV 109 Berezovsky then moved to acquire a controlling stake in a smaller network TV 6 made Patarkatsishvili its Chairman and offered employment to hundreds of locked out NTV journalists 110 Almost immediately Patarkatshishvili became a target of police investigation and fled the country 111 In January 2002 a Russian arbitration court forced TV 6 Russia into liquidation The liquidation of TV 6 was precipitated by LUKoil a partly state owned minority shareholder using a piece of legislation that was almost immediately repealed 112 113 In 2001 Berezovsky and Patarkatsishvili ended their involvement in Sibneft for a US 1 3 billion fee from Roman Abramovich 44 This transaction was the subject of a later dispute in the UK commercial courts with Berezovsky alleging that he had been put under pressure to sell his stake to Abramovich at a fraction of the true value 114 an allegation that the court rejected 44 In 2006 Berezovsky sold the Kommersant The Businessman newspaper and his remaining Russian assets 115 Exile in Britain EditFrom his new home in the UK Stanley House where he and associates including Akhmed Zakayev Alexander Litvinenko and Alex Goldfarb became known as the London Circle of Russian exiles Berezovsky publicly stated that he was on a mission to bring down Putin by force or by bloodless revolution 116 86 He established the International Foundation for Civil Liberties IFCL to support the abused and the vulnerable in society prisoners national minorities and business people in Russia and criticized Putin s record in the West 117 Berezovsky launched a concerted campaign to expose alleged misdeeds of Vladimir Putin from suppressing freedom of speech 118 to committing war crimes in Chechnya 119 He also accused Russia s FSB security service of staging the Moscow apartment bombings of 1999 in order to help Putin win the presidency 120 Many of these activities were funded through the New York based IFCL directed by Berezovsky s friend Alex Goldfarb citation needed Berezovsky bought a Belgravia flat the 125 acre Wentworth Park estate near Virginia Water in Surrey and for a while owned the 172 acre Hascombe Court estate in Godalming 121 In 2012 he sold his Wentworth Park house 21 Political asylum and extradition proceedings Edit On 9 September 2003 Berezovsky was granted refugee status and political asylum by the British Home Office which he according to Alex Goldfarb welcomed 122 On 12 September 2003 judge Timothy Workman of Bow Street Magistrates Court in central London dropped extradition proceedings against Berezovsky ruling that it would be pointless to pursue the case as the granting of asylum status to Berezovsky made the proceedings redundant 123 However when Berezovsky told Reuters in early February 2006 that he was working on plans to overthrow Russian President Vladimir Putin British Foreign Minister Jack Straw warned the London based Russian tycoon not to plot against the Russian President while living in Britain His refugee status could be reviewed if he continued to make such remarks 124 Convictions in absentia and investigations abroad Edit After Berezovsky gained political asylum in Britain the Russian authorities vigorously pursued various criminal charges against him This culminated in two trials in absentia From London Berezovsky called the trial which sentenced him to six years in prison a farce 16 In June 2009 the Krasnogorsk City Court near Moscow sentenced Berezovsky to thirteen years imprisonment for defrauding AvtoVAZ of 58 million rubles US 1 9 million in the 1990s Berezovsky was represented by a court appointed lawyer 125 In spite of Berezovsky s successes in Britain in fighting off extradition requests and exposing Russian court convictions as politically motivated see below some other jurisdictions cooperated with Russian authorities in seizing his property and targeting his financial transactions as money laundering Berezovsky succeeded in overturning some of these actions In July 2007 Brazilian prosecutors issued an arrest warrant for Berezovsky in connection with his investment in the Brazilian football club Corinthians 126 However a year later the Brazilian Supreme Court cancelled the order and stopped the investigation 127 On Russian requests French authorities raided his villa in Nice in search of documents 128 and seized his two yachts parked on the French Riviera 129 However some months later the boats were released by a French court citation needed Swiss prosecutors have been assisting their Russian colleagues for over a decade in investigating Berezovsky s finances 130 Accusations and libel suits in the UK Edit Berezovsky s meteoric enrichment and involvement in power struggles have been accompanied by allegations of various crimes from his opponents After his falling out with Putin and exile to London these allegations became the recurrent theme of official state controlled media earning him comparisons with Leon Trotsky 131 and the Nineteen Eighty Four character Emmanuel Goldstein 132 In 1996 Forbes an American business magazine published an article by Paul Klebnikov entitled Godfather of the Kremlin with the sub heading Power Politics Murder Boris Berezovsky could teach the guys in Sicily a thing or two 133 The article linked Berezovsky to corruption in the car industry to the Chechen mafia and to the murder of Vladislav Listyev In 2000 the House of Lords gave Berezovsky and Nikolai Glushkov permission to sue for libel in the UK courts Given that only 2 000 of the 785 000 copies sold worldwide were sold in the United Kingdom this led numerous scholars to cite the case as an example of libel tourism 134 135 136 137 138 The case slowly proceeded until the claimants opted to settle when Forbes offered a partial retraction 138 The following statement appended to the article on the Forbes website summarises On 6 March 2003 the resolution of the case was announced in the High Court in London Forbes stated in open court that 1 it was not the magazine s intention to state that Berezovsky was responsible for the murder of Listiev only that he had been included in an inconclusive police investigation of the crime 2 there is no evidence that Berezovsky was responsible for this or any other murder 3 in light of the English court s ruling it was wrong to characterize Berezovsky as a mafia boss and 4 the magazine erred in stating that Glouchkov had been convicted for theft of state property in 1982 139 Klebnikov elaborated his allegations in his 2000 book Godfather of the Kremlin Boris Berezovsky and the looting of Russia the 2001 edition was titled Godfather of the Kremlin The Decline of Russia in the Age of Gangster Capitalism 140 141 142 In 2006 a UK court awarded Berezovsky 50 000 in libel damages against the Russian private bank Alfa Bank and its Chairman Mikhail Fridman Fridman had claimed on a Russian television programme that could be watched in the UK that Berezovsky had threatened him when the two men were competitors for control of the Kommersant publishing house and that making threats was Berezovsky s usual way of conducting business The jury rejected the defendants claim that Fridman s allegations were true Berezovsky accepted the apology and withdrew his libel suit 143 In March 2010 Berezovsky represented by Desmond Browne QC won a libel case and was awarded 150 000 damages by the High Court in London over allegations that he had been behind the murder of Alexander Litvinenko 144 The allegations had been broadcast by the Russian state channel RTR Planeta in April 2007 on its programme Vesti Nedeli which could be viewed from the UK In his judgement Mr Justice Eady stated I can say unequivocally that there is no evidence before me that Mr Berezovsky had any part in the murder of Mr Litvinenko Nor for that matter do I see any basis for reasonable grounds to suspect him of it Berezovsky had sued both the channel and a man called Vladimir Terluk whom Mr Justice Eady agreed was the man who had been interviewed in silhouette by the programme under the pseudonym Pyotr Terluk had claimed that to further his UK asylum application Berezovsky had approached him to fabricate a murder plot against himself and that Litvinenko knew of this Mr Justice Eady accepted that Terluk had not himself alleged Berezovsky s involvement in the murder of Litvinenko but considered that his own allegations were themselves serious and that there was no truth in any of them As RTR did not participate in the proceedings Terluk was left to defend the case himself receiving significant assistance as the judge noted from the Russian prosecutor s office 137 The Guardian described the 2010 libel case as almost anarchic at times as officials from the Russian prosecutors office repeatedly intervened despite not being party to proceedings So obvious was their intention that when one of their mobile phones went off in court one day Desmond Browne quipped That must be Mr Putin on the line 137 The defendants appealed to the Court of Appeal but the appeal was dismissed Lord Justice Laws giving a judgment with which the Chancellor of the High Court and Lady Justice Rafferty agreed The Lord Justice described a witness statement of Andrei Lugovoi newly adduced by the defendants as not sensibly capable of belief 145 High Court case against Abramovich Edit Main article Berezovsky v Abramovich In 2011 Berezovsky brought a civil case against Roman Abramovich in the High Court of Justice in London accusing Abramovich of blackmail breach of trust and breach of contract and seeking over 3 billion in damages 20 This became the largest civil court case in British legal history 146 Berezovsky s claimed past ownership of Sibneft which constituted the bulk of his fortune was put into question by Abramovich who in a statement to the High Court in London asserted that Berezovsky had never owned shares in Sibneft and that US 1 3 billion paid in 2001 ostensibly for his stake in the company was actually in recognition of Berezovsky s political assistance and protection during the creation of Sibneft in 1995 147 The hearings which started on 3 October 2011 examined Berezovsky s US 5 5 billion claim against Abramovich for damages arising from the sale of his assets under alleged threats and intimidation 148 On 31 August 2012 the High Court found for Abramovich 149 The High Court judge stated that because of the nature of the evidence the case hinged on whether to believe Berezovsky or Abramovich s evidence In her ruling the judge observed On my analysis of the entirety of the evidence I found Mr Berezovsky an unimpressive and inherently unreliable witness who regarded truth as a transitory flexible concept which could be moulded to suit his current purposes I regret to say that the bottom line of my analysis of Mr Berezovsky s credibility is that he would have said almost anything to support his case 20 150 149 16 18 She ruled that the monies paid represented a final payment in discharge of all obligations 149 44 Business and personal activities in exile Edit Berezovsky conducted business with Neil Bush the younger brother of the US President George W Bush Berezovsky was an investor in Bush s Ignite Learning an educational software corporation since at least 2003 In 2005 Neil Bush met with Berezovsky in Latvia causing tension with Russia due to Berezovsky s fugitive status 151 Neil Bush was also seen with Berezovsky in his box at an Arsenal F C match at the Emirates Stadium in London 152 There had been speculation that the relationship might have become a cause of tension in Russo American bilateral relations 153 It had been speculated that Berezovsky s wealth may have been depleted with the onset of the late 2000s recession According to the Sunday Times Rich List in 2011 his net worth was about US 900 million Appeals for regime change Edit In September 2005 Berezovsky said in an interview with the BBC I m sure that Putin doesn t have the chance to survive even to the next election in 2008 I am doing everything in my power to limit his time frame and I am really thinking of returning to Russia after Putin collapses which he will 86 154 In January 2006 Berezovsky stated in an interview to a Moscow based radio station that he was working on overthrowing the administration of Vladimir Putin by force 155 Berezovsky also accused Putin of being a gangster 156 and the terrorist number one 157 Berezovsky declared that he was plotting the overthrow of President Putin on 13 April 2007 during an interview The Guardian conducted We need to use force to change this regime It isn t possible to change this regime through democratic means There can be no change without force pressure 8 He also admitted that during the last six years he had struggled hard to destroy the positive image of Putin and said that Putin has created an authoritarian regime against the Russian constitution I don t know how it will happen but authoritarian regimes only collapse by force 158 A teenager carries a sign reading Berezovsky we are with you during a police attack on a 2007 Dissenters March in Saint Petersburg The Other Russia organizers said that this slogan was a provocation carried out by pro government youth groups 159 Soon after Berezovsky s 2007 statement Garry Kasparov a figure in the opposition movement The Other Russia and leader of the United Civil Front wrote the following on his website Berezovsky has lived in emigration for many years and no longer has significant influence upon the political processes which take place in Russian society His extravagant proclamations are simply a method of attracting attention Furthermore for the overwhelming majority of Russian people he was a political symbol of the 90s one of the bad blokes enriching themselves behind the back of president Yeltsin The informational noise around Berezovsky was specifically beneficial for the Kremlin which was trying to compromise Russia s real opposition Berezovsky has not had and does not have any relation to Other Russia or the United Civil Front 160 Berezovsky responded in June 2007 by saying that there is not one significant politician in Russia whom he has not financed and that this included members of Other Russia The managing director of the United Civil Front in turn said that the organization would consider suing Berezovsky over these allegations citation needed but the lawsuit has never been brought before the court The Russian Prosecutor General s Office had launched a criminal investigation against Berezovsky to determine whether his comments could be considered a seizure of power by force as outlined in the Russian Criminal Code If convicted an offender faces up to twenty years imprisonment The British Foreign Office denounced Berezovsky s statements warning him that his status of a political refugee might be reconsidered should he continue to make similar remarks Furthermore Scotland Yard had announced that it would investigate whether Berezovsky s statements violated the law 161 162 However in the following July the Crown Prosecution Service announced that Berezovsky would not face charges in the UK for his comments Kremlin officials called it a disturbing moment in Anglo Russian relations 163 Involvement in the 2004 Ukraine presidential election Edit In September 2005 the former president of Ukraine Leonid Kravchuk accused Berezovsky of having financed Viktor Yushchenko s 2004 Ukrainian presidential election campaign and provided copies of documents showing money transfers from companies he claimed were controlled by Berezovsky to companies controlled by Yuschenko s official backers 164 Berezovsky claimed that he met Yushchenko s representatives in London before the election and that the money was transferred from his companies but he declined to confirm or deny that the companies that received the money were used in Yushchenko s campaign Financing of election campaigns by foreign citizens is illegal in Ukraine citation needed In November 2005 Berezovsky also claimed he had heavily financed Ukraine s Orange Revolution that had followed the presidential election 165 In September 2007 Berezovsky launched lawsuits against two Ukrainian politicians Oleksandr Tretyakov a former presidential aid and David Zhvaniya a former emergencies minister 166 Berezovsky was suing the men for nearly US 23 million accusing them of misusing the money he had allocated in 2004 to fund the Orange Revolution 166 Yushchenko has denied Berezovsky financed his election campaign 164 Berezovsky called on Ukrainian business to support Yushchenko in the 2010 presidential election of January 2010 as a guarantor of debarment of property redistribution after the election 167 On 10 December 2009 the Ukrainian minister of interior affairs Yuriy Lutsenko stated that if the Russian interior ministry requested it Berezovsky would be detained upon arriving in Ukraine 167 In February 2012 in an interview for the independent Russian Dozhd channel Berezovsky reiterated that he had personally provided approximately 50 millions to the Ukrainian Orange revolution David Zhvania ru Russian David Vazhaevich Zhvaniya and Oleksandr Tretiakov were among the ones who allegedly received money 168 Persona non grata in Latvia since October 2005 Edit In October 2005 Latvian Prime Minister Aigars Kalvitis signed a decree placing Boris Berezovsky on the list of personae non gratae The exact reasons for blacklisting Berezovsky were not disclosed Kalvitis called Berezovsky a threat to national security Previously the National Security Council of Latvia took the decision to recommend that exiled Russian billionaire Boris Berezovsky be barred from traveling to Latvia The decision to bar the one time Russian oligarch came swiftly after Berezovsky s trip to Riga in September 2005 169 Berezovsky was in Riga along with Neil Bush to discuss a project with Latvian businessmen 170 The Baltic News Service quoted the former Russian oligarch as saying that he believes Latvia s decision to declare him persona non grata was the result of intense pressure by Russia and structures linked with George Soros the U S business magnate who had had acrimonious relations with Berezovsky Kalvitis however denied the theory that the banning came on pressure from the Kremlin or the White House 171 Alleged assassination attempts in London EditAlleged 2003 plot Edit According to Alexander Litvinenko a Russian Federal Security Service FSB officer in London was preparing to assassinate Berezovsky with a binary weapon in September 2003 This alleged plot was reported to British police 172 Hazel Blears then a Home Office Minister said that inquiries made into these claims were unable to either substantiate this information or find evidence of any criminal offences having been committed 173 Alleged 2007 plot Edit In June 2007 Berezovsky said he fled Britain on the advice of Scotland Yard amid reports that he was the target of an assassination attempt by a suspected Russian hitman On 18 July 2007 the British tabloid The Sun reported that the alleged would be assassin was captured by the police at the Hilton Hotel in Park Lane 174 175 They reported that the suspect arrested by the anti terrorist police after being tracked for a week by MI5 was deported back to Russia when no weapons were found and there was not enough evidence to charge him with any offence In addition they said British police placed a squad of uniformed officers around Akhmed Zakayev s house in north London and also phoned Litvinenko s widow Marina to urge her to take greater security precautions 176 Berezovsky again accused Vladimir Putin of being behind a plot to assassinate him The Kremlin had denied similar claims in the past 177 According to the interview given by a high ranking British security official on BBC Two in July 2008 the alleged Russian agent known as A was of Chechen nationality 178 He was identified by Kommersant as the Chechen mobster Movladi Atlangeriyev after returning to Russia Atlangeriyev was forcibly disappeared in January 2008 by unknown men in Moscow 179 Death of friends and associates in London EditDeath of Alexander Litvinenko in November 2006 Edit Main article Alexander Litvinenko poisoning Alexander Litvinenko one of Berezovsky s closest associates was murdered in London in November 2006 with a rare radioactive poison Polonium 210 The British authorities charged a former FSB officer and head of security at ORT Andrey Lugovoy with the murder and requested his extradition which Russia refused 180 Several Russian diplomats were expelled from the UK over the case 181 The UK government has not publicly expressed a view on the matter but allegations that the murder was sponsored by the Russian state have been expressed by sources in the UK government according to the BBC 182 and by officials of the US Department of State as revealed by WikiLeaks 183 they were reflected in a 2008 resolution by the US Congress 184 The intricate details of the murder the relationship between Litvinenko and Berezosvsky and the implications of the case have been described in the 2007 book Death of a Dissident The Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko and the Return of the KGB by Alex Goldfarb with Marina Litvinenko 185 An alternative more dubious narrative that the murder was orchestrated by Berezovsky and his associate Alex Goldfarb with the aim of framing the Russian government and discrediting it on the global stage has aired in Russian state funded media 186 by Lugovoy citation needed by Litvinenko s Italy based father citation needed by Nikita Chekulin 187 and by Russian officials 188 Berezovsky won a UK libel suit against Russian State Television over these allegations in 2010 see above following which he commented I trust the conclusions of the British investigators that the trail leads to Russia and I hope that one day justice will prevail 144 Death of Badri Patarkatsishvili in February 2008 Edit In the evening of Tuesday 12 February 2008 Georgia s richest man billionaire Arkady Badri Patarkatsishvili a close friend and long time business partner of Berezovsky collapsed and died in his bedroom after a family dinner at Downside Manor his mansion in Leatherhead Surrey England at the age of 52 189 Patarkatsishvili who as a presidential candidate had also been campaigning to oust Georgia s President Mikhail Saakashvili spent his last day in the City of London office of international law firm Debevoise and Plimpton He was preparing along with his lawyer Lord Goldsmith QC and fellow exiles the Russians Nikolai Glushkov and Yuli Dubov Shortly after dining at Downside Manor Patarkatsishvili told his family he felt unwell and went upstairs to his bedroom where he was found unconscious after a heart attack 190 Resuscitation attempts were unsuccessful 191 As in any other case of unexpected death Surrey police treated the case as suspicious and launched an official investigation 192 Preliminary reports indicated a heart attack as the cause of death Berezovsky described the death of his closest friend as a terrible tragedy 193 Death Edit Berezovsky s grave in Brookwood Cemetery in 2016 On 23 March 2013 Berezovsky was found dead at his home 194 Titness Park at Sunninghill near Ascot in Berkshire 22 His body was found by a bodyguard in a locked bathroom with a ligature around his neck 195 196 197 His death was announced in a post on Facebook by his son in law Alexander Dobrovinsky a lawyer who had represented Berezovsky wrote that he may have committed suicide 198 adding that Berezovsky had fallen into debt after losing the lawsuit against Abramovich and had spent the final few months of his life selling his possessions to cover his court costs 199 Berezovsky was also said to have recently been depressed and to have isolated himself from friends 200 201 He reportedly suffered from depression and was taking antidepressant drugs a day prior to his death he told a reporter in London that he had nothing left to live for 202 The Thames Valley Police classified his death as unexplained and launched a formal investigation into the circumstances behind it Specialists in chemical biological radiological and nuclear materials were deployed to Berezovsky s home as a precaution 199 These specialists later found nothing of concern 203 A post mortem examination carried out by the Home Office pathologist found the cause of death was consistent with hanging and there was nothing pointing to a violent struggle 23 204 At the March 2014 inquest into the death however Berezovsky s daughter Elizaveta introduced a report by German pathologist Bernd Brinkmann with whom she had shared the autopsy photos noting that the ligature mark on her father s neck was circular rather than V shaped as is commonly the case with hanging victims and called the coroner s attention to a statement by one of the responding paramedics who found it strange that Berezovsky s face was purple rather than pale as hanging victims usually are The body also had a fresh wound on the back of the head and a fractured rib injuries police believed Berezovsky could have suffered in the process of falling as he hanged himself An unidentified fingerprint was found near the body and one paramedic s radiation alarm sounded as they entered the house 205 Following the inquest the coroner Peter Bedford recorded an open verdict commenting I am not saying Mr Berezovsky took his own life I am not saying Mr Berezovsky was unlawfully killed What I am saying is that the burden of proof sets such a high standard it is impossible for me to say He specifically cited the Brinkmann report as casting reasonable doubt on the suicide theory even though Brinkmann had not been able to personally examine the body citation needed Berezovsky was buried on 8 May 2013 in a private ceremony at Brookwood Cemetery in Surrey The burial timing had been changed on several occasions to try to avoid interest from the Russian media 206 Apology to Putin Edit After Berezovsky s death a spokesman for President Putin reported that he Berezovsky had sent a letter to the Russian president asking for permission to return to Russia and asking forgiveness for his mistakes 207 208 Some of Berezovsky s associates doubted the letter s existence claiming that it was out of character However his girlfriend at the time Katerina Sabirova later confirmed in an interview that he did in fact send the letter 209 I said that they will publish it and you will look bad And that it won t help He answered that it was all the same to him that in any case all sins were blamed on him and that this was his only chance It was claimed by anonymous sources that rival Roman Abramovich delivered the letter to Putin personally having received an apology from Berezovsky himself Both Putin s chief of staff Sergei Ivanov and Abramovich s spokesman alluded to the letter being passed by a certain person but did not go into details due to the personal nature of the issue 210 Publications by Berezovsky EditBerezovsky was a doctor of technical sciences and author of many academic papers and studies such as Binary relations in multi criteria optimizations and Multi criteria optimization mathematical aspects In the mathematical review index MathSciNet B A Berezovsky is credited with 16 publications from 1975 to 1989 on operations research and mathematical programming earning 9 citations in other publications Most cited is the book The Problem of Optimal Choice with A V Gnedin Nauka Moscow 1984 devoted to secretary problems Aside from his academic publications he frequently authored articles and gave interviews these are collected in The Art of the Impossible 3 vols He continued to contribute articles while in exile taking a highly critical view of Russia s political leaders 8 211 212 213 Works about Berezovsky EditIn 1996 the Russian American journalist Paul Klebnikov wrote a highly critical article entitled Godfather of the Kremlin 214 on Berezovsky and the state of Russia more generally in response to which Berezovsky sued Forbes in the UK 214 7 in 2001 he expanded his article into a book entitled Godfather of the Kremlin alternatively subtitled The Decline of Russia in the Age of Gangster Capitalism and Boris Berezovsky and the looting of Russia 141 142 215 On 9 July 2004 while leaving the Forbes office in Moscow unknown assailants fired at Klebnikov from a slowly moving car He was shot four times and died later in hospital The same day Berezovsky in the words of investigative journalist Richard Behar whipped out his tongue from its holster and publicly called the 41 year old editor of Forbes Russia a dishonest reporter 216 The books Secret Diary of a Russian Oligarch and How to get rid of an Oligarch or Who Beat Berezovsky by Sasha Nerozina friend of the Berezovsky family and a spokeswoman of Berezovsky s wife Galina were published in Russia and other former Soviet states in 2013 and 2014 by Olma Media Publishing House Yuli Dubov a close business associate of Berezovsky wrote a novel based on Berezovsky s life which provided the basis for the 2002 film Tycoon Like Berezovsky he fled to London and successfully fought extradition to Russia 217 218 Judge Timothy Workman of Bow Street Magistrates Court in central London dropped extradition proceedings against Yuly Dubov in October 2003 219 Alex Goldfarb a microbiologist and activist who became acquainted with Berezovsky in the 1990s and later worked for him provides snapshots of Berezovsky at crucial moments as background to his 2007 account of the Litvinenko murder case co written with Marina Litvinenko Death of a Dissident The Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko and the Return of the KGB 37 David E Hoffman of The Washington Post wrote The Oligarchs Wealth and Power in the New Russia which provides a comparative treatment of Berezovsky and several of his fellow so called business oligarchs 220 Ben Mezrich wrote Once Upon a Time in Russia The Rise of the Oligarchs A True Story of Ambition Wealth Betrayal and Murder which provides a comparative narrative of Berezovsky and Roman Abramovich through their careers friendship and ultimate rivalry 221 In 2017 the Russian book Time of Berezovsky was published by Corpus an imprint of AST in which Petr Aven a friend of Berezovsky interviewed various people who were close to Berezovsky at different times including Leonid Boguslavsky Yuli Dubov Galina Besharova Yelena Gorbunova Yuri Shefler Anatoly Chubais Mikhail Fridman Valentin Yumashev Sergey Dorenko Eugene Shvidler Vladimir Posner Alexander Goldfarb Alexander Voloshin Stanislav Belkovsky and Yuri Felshtinsky 222 223 A documentary about Berezovsky s efforts to undermine Putin from his exile in UK was shown on BBC Two in December 2005 224 Berezovsky features in a painting by the Russian artist Ilya Glazunov displayed in Moscow s Ilya Glazunov Gallery According to the Rough Guide The Market of Our Democracy shows Yeltsin waving a conductor s baton as two lesbians kiss and the oligarch Berezovsky flaunts a sign reading I will buy Russia while charlatans rob a crowd of refugees and starving children 225 Berezovsky also features as a character in the opera The Life and Death of Alexander Litvinenko by Alexander Woolf to a libretto by David Pountney which was premiered in July 2021 at Grange Park Opera 226 better source needed Patriots premiered at the Almeida Theatre in Islington London in May 2022 following the life of Berezovsky from the president s inner circle to public enemy number one Tom Hollander played Berezovsky The play was written by Peter Morgan and directed by Rupert Goold It played a limited run from 2 July 2022 until 20 August 227 It will transfer to the West End in 2023 228 See also Edit Biography portal Business and economics portal Russia portal United Kingdom portalList of unsolved deaths Russian oligarchs Semibankirschina Tycoon 2002 film References Edit Berezovskij i Abramovich Oligarhi s bolshoj dorogi Archived 28 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine Aleksandr Khinshtein Bowcott Owen 22 July 2011 Boris Berezovsky pays out 100m in UK s biggest divorce settlement The Guardian London Retrieved 3 January 2015 Shirbon Estelle 24 January 2013 Berezovsky battles in court with ex partner over assets Reuters Yahoo News Archived from the original on 12 April 2013 Retrieved 24 March 2013 Hoffman David E 13 September 2011 The Oligarchs Wealth and power in the new Russia New York PublicAffairs p 130 ISBN 9781610390705 Archived from the original on 4 January 2015 Retrieved 9 January 2012 Barrett David 23 March 2013 Russian oligarch Boris Berezovsky found dead in his bath The Daily Telegraph London Retrieved 23 March 2013 Pomerantsev Peter 25 April 2013 Berezovsky s Last Days London Review of Books 35 8 38 39 Retrieved 2 January 2015 O prisvoenii kvalifikacionnyh razryadov federalnym gosudarstvennym sluzhashim apparata Soveta Bezopasnosti Rossijskoj Federacii Decree No 430 of 29 April 1997 in Russian President of Russia a b c Cobain Ian Taylor Matthew Harding Luke 13 April 2007 I am plotting a new Russian revolution The Guardian London Retrieved 3 January 2015 Boris Abramovich Berezovsky Profile on Globalsecurity org Mueller Andrew 3 December 2005 What a carve up The Guardian London Retrieved 3 January 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Do in Russian Kommersant 23 November 2000 W Germans Say Aeroflot Spying on NATO Associated Press 22 September 1983 Aeroflot Spying on EB Associated Press 17 November 1981 Berezovsky back to face the music BBC News 18 April 1999 Citing Economy Yeltsin Fires Premier The Washington Post 13 May 1999 Krylnikov Dmitrij Krylnikov Dmitry 28 December 2001 Hranitel kompromata progovorilsya Keeper of the compromising material let it slip Moskovskaya pravda in Russian Retrieved 10 August 2021 Archived at compromat ru on 29 December 2001 as Hranitel kompromata Aminov Berezovskij lichno kontroliruet okolo 7 mlrd semejnyh dollarov Komichnye obstoyatelstva naznacheniya Nikolaya Kovaleva direktorom FSB Keeper of compromising evidence Aminov Berezovsky personally controls about 7 billion of family dollars Comical circumstances of the appointment of Nikolai Kovalev as director of the FSB a b c d Paddock Richard C 5 January 2000 Putin Says He Tried to Dissuade Yeltsin Los Angeles Times Retrieved 11 November 2015 Behind the Scenes of Yeltsin s Resignation The Washington Post 5 January 2000 a b c Baker Peter and Glasser Susan 2005 Kremlin Rising Vladimir Putin s Russia and the End of Revolution New York Simon amp Schuster pp 52 53 ISBN 978 0 7432 8179 9 Leader s secret holidays to Spain Archived 9 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine The Times 15 June 2000 Red Or Dead Archived 14 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine New Statesman 27 March 2006 Russian media not surprised BBC News 9 August 1999 Exiled oligarch plans coalition against Kremlin Archived 29 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine Financial Times London 21 January 2003 a b Russia Vote Returns Tycoon to Spotlight The Washington Post 23 December 1999 Putin gained from Aeroflot scam says media mogul The Guardian London 16 November 2000 Bohlen Celestine 15 December 1999 Moscow s Mayor Fights on Against Foes in High Places The New York Times Retrieved 3 January 2015 Wines Michael 11 May 2000 Russia s New Prime Minister A Tested Economic Liberal The New York Times Retrieved 3 January 2015 Berezovsky s Letter Dominates News Archived 8 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine Moscow Times 1 June 2000 Cockburn Patrick 18 July 2000 Berezovsky quits Duma at ruining of Russia The Independent London Retrieved 3 January 2015 Russian President Putin tries to break Berezovsky s grip World Socialist Web Site 28 September 2000 Kremlin sinks in media morass Archived 11 September 2012 at archive today The Russia Journal 23 September 2000 Oligarchs as Nation s Saviors Berezovsky Justifies Himself Archived 22 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine The St Petersburg Times 20 October 2000 a b Warns Oligarchs about State s Cudgel RFERL 27 October 2000 Retrieved 27 November 2012 originally published in Le Figaro 26 October 2000 Berezovsky will appear for questioning in the Aeroflot case Monitor Vol 6 no 192 Washington The Jamestown Foundation 16 October 2000 Retrieved 11 August 2011 Berezovsky No shows for His Meeting with Prosecutors The 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Catherine 22 February 2006 Berezovsky Sells Remaining Russian Assets The St Petersburg Times Archived from the original on 1 March 2014 Profile Boris Berezovsky BBC News 31 May 2007 Gentleman Amelia 21 December 2000 Oligarch hits out at his Kremlin monster The Guardian London Retrieved 3 January 2015 Russian critics blast Putin s record BBC News 23 September 2003 Images of Genocide in Chechnya Distributed at US Congress on the Eve of Putin Bush Talks Hot Archived from the original on 25 September 2012 Retrieved 17 October 2011 Russian tycoon blames Moscow for blasts BBC News 6 March 2002 Norwood Graham 28 February 2004 Moscow on the Thames The Daily Telegraph London Archived from the original on 4 June 2011 Retrieved 1 September 2012 Asylum granted to Putin adversary The Guardian 11 September 2003 Retrieved 15 July 2021 Berezovsky and Zakayev safe in the UKs gazeta ru 15 September 2003 Britain Tells Berezovsky Not To Plot Against Putin 28 February 2006 Berezovsky Sentenced to 13 Years for Defrauding AvtoVAZ Archived 4 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine The St Petersburg Times 30 June 2009 Berezovsky wanted in Brazil for alleged money laundering The Guardian London 14 July 2007 Brazilian Court Stops Berezovsky Case The Moscow Times 18 September 2008 Russian tycoon s villa raided The Guardian London 12 May 2005 Criminal probe targets Russian s yachts The Daily Telegraph London 19 February 2011 Swiss ready to help Russia over legal case Swissinfo 29 September 2009 Boris Berezovsky and Putin s Catch 22 Barricades 23 February 2004 Retrieved 17 October 2011 Andrei Piontkovsky 4 May 2001 Season of Discontent Are you for Putin or Berezovsky The Russia Journal Archived from the original on 15 September 2012 Retrieved 17 October 2011 Godfather of the Kremlin Forbes 30 December 1996 Delta George B Matsuura Jeffrey H 2008 Jurisdictional issues in cyberspace 3 04 A Law of the Internet Vol 1 3rd ed Aspen Publishers pp 3 92 ISBN 978 0 7355 7559 2 Berezovsky is the leading case in 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Retrieved 17 October 2011 Grange Park Opera 2021 The Spaced Season Programme Book 2021 Handbook for 2021 season p 91 Patriots Almeida Theatre Retrieved 25 May 2022 Wood Alex 19 August 2022 Patriots to transfer to the West End What s On Stage Retrieved 25 August 2022 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Boris Berezovsky businessman Wikiquote has quotations related to Boris Berezovsky Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Boris Berezovsky businessman amp oldid 1152210252, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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