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Bids for the 1988 Winter Olympics

April 13, 2024

The selection process for the 1988 Winter Olympics consisted of three bids, and saw Calgary, Alberta, Canada, be selected ahead of Falun, Sweden, and Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy. The selection was made at the 84th International Olympic Committee (IOC) Session in Baden-Baden, West Germany, on 30 September 1981.[1][2][3][4]

Bids for the
1988 (1988) Winter Olympics
Overview
XV Olympic Winter Games
Winner: Calgary
Runner-up: Falun
Shortlist: Cortina d'Ampezzo
Details
CommitteeIOC
Election venueBaden-Baden
84th IOC Session
Map
Missing location of the bidding cities.

Location of the bidding cities
Important dates
Decision30 September 1981
Decision
WinnerCalgary (48 votes)
Runner-upFalun (31 votes)

Background edit

Calgary was one of three cities and towns that bid officially for the 1988 Winter Olympics. The other two were Falun, Sweden, and Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy.[5] The Italian town (comune) had before hosted the 1956 Winter Olympics.[6] The IOC required formal bids to be submitted by November 30, 1980.[7]

The vote was held on September 30, 1981, in Baden-Baden, West Germany, during the 84th IOC Session and 11th Olympic Congress.[5] After Cortina d'Ampezzo was eliminated in the first round of balloting, Calgary won in the second and final round of balloting over Falun, by a margin of 17 votes.

Candidate cities overview edit

Calgary edit

Calgary's bid for the 1988 Winter Olympic Games was Canada's seventh and Calgary's fourth attempt at hosting the Winter Games. The first Canadian bid for Winter Games was organized by the City of Montreal in 1956. At the 43rd Olympic Congress, Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy was chosen as the host for the 1956 Winter Games on the first ballot with 31 votes, and Montreal came second with 7 votes. The Canadian Olympic Committee previously submitted two bids for the City of Vancouver, first for 1976 which was awarded to Denver, and Vancouver was eliminated on the first ballot; and secondly for the 1980 Games which was withdrawn prior to the Olympic Congress when the new provincial government under Premier Dave Barrett withdrew support for the bid.[8] The Canadian Olympic Committee had previously submitted three bids for Calgary, first under the direction of the Calgary Olympic Development Association (CODA) for the 1964 Games where Calgary finished second to Innsbruck, Austria;[5] the second attempt for the 1968 Games saw Grenoble, France awarded the Games on the third ballot with 27 votes to Calgary's 24 votes;[5] and the third attempt was for the 1972 Games for the nearby Town of Banff which finished second to Sapporo, Japan.[9][10][5] After the unsuccessful bid for the 1972 Games, the third consecutive failed bid, CODA was laid dormant.[5]

In 1978, CODA was revived by Frank King and Bob Niven of Calgary's Booster Club, who took over the organization's leadership.[11][5][6] King and Niven brought some members from previous bids back including former Olympic Sprinter and CODA founder Ernie McCullough, and politician Arthur Ryan Smith to consult on the project.[10]

In October 1979, CODA was able to secure the Canadian Olympic Association's (COA) support as Canada's official bid for the 1988 Winter Olympics over a competing bid by Vancouver by a vote of 27–9.[5][12] Calgary's bid was bold, estimated at CA$217 million, CODA proposed constructing all new venues to overcome the city's lack of winter sports facilities with the argument that Canada's inventory of elite sport training facilities would grow significantly if Calgary was awarded the Games.[5] The defeated Vancouver organizing group lamented that they lost to Calgary's "Big-ticket Games" idea, which was estimated to cost nearly three times what the Vancouver group was expected to pay to host the Winter Olympics.[13] Vancouver's low-cost bid which was estimated at CA$30 million, leveraged already developed infrastructure, including the Pacific Coliseum and Whistler Blackcomb,[14] although the low estimated cost was met with skepticism from COA delegates.[8] Delegates noted that the previous loss of provincial support in the 1980 Vancouver bid, the possible financial security of Alberta's newly created Heritage Savings Trust Fund, and Calgary's commitment to amateur sport development weighed heavily on results.[8]

Next, CODA spent two years building local support for the megaproject, selling largely symbolic CA$5 memberships to approximately 80,000 of Calgary's 600,000 residents.[5][15] Calgary had further secured significant funding commitments from the Government of Canada totalling CA$200 million, and Alberta's government totalling CA$70 million (with an additional CA$53 million loan), while some civic leaders, including then-mayor Ralph Klein, crisscrossed the world to favour IOC delegates.[6] Driven by the arrival of the National Hockey League's (NHL) newly relocated Calgary Flames from Atlanta in 1980, the city had already begun constructing a new NHL arena that would be later named the Olympic Saddledome. That course of action demonstrated to the IOC Calgary's determination in wanting to host the Winter Olympics.[16]

Calgary's bid grew in size and scope between 1979 and 1981. The bid book presented at the 84th IOC session had an estimated total cost of CA$331 million, with CA$92 million in operating costs and CA$239 million in capital costs.[17] An additional CA$30 million was allocated for an endowment fund to cover additional operating costs and another CA$54 million for a contingency fund.[18] The largest included cost was the construction of the new 18,000-seat arena, budgeted for CA$69 million, which would host ice hockey and figure skating.[17][19][20] Preliminary ice hockey and figure skating events were to be scheduled at the already-constructed Stampede Corral and Max Bell Arena.[20] Other Calgary-based facilities included the CA$15 million Olympic Oval for speed skating, which the bid considered, but did not commit to being an indoor facility.[17][21] The nearby Bragg Creek area was designated as the host location for CA$8 million ski jumping facility, CA$15 million bobsleigh and luge facility, and a CA$6 million cross-country and biathlon facility.[17][22] A new Alpine Centre was set to be built in the Spray Lake area on Mount Sparrowhawk and Mount Shark at a cost of CA$13 million[17] to host alpine skiing events.[22] In the lead-up to the Games, OCO'88 relocated each proposed venue, except the Olympic Oval.

In the days leading up to the selection, OCO'88 made a number of changes to entice the IOC delegates to choose Calgary. OCO'88 committed CA$30 million to subsidize travel for athletes participating in the Games, this came after concerns from European delegations that travel to North America would be more expensive than the two European bids.[23]

Calgary's Olympic bid itself emphasized the cultural and natural beauty of Calgary and surrounding areas, as an asset for hosting the Winter Olympics. The city was marketed as a capitalist, oil-driven, and modern economy that also had mountain playgrounds, extensive wilderness, and western rodeo culture.[24] The two seemingly contradictory images were brought together, as part of an extensive and diverse lobbying program.[24]

CODA spent around $2.5 million on the bid process which included technical studies, and tours for 32 of the 82 IOC delegates in what was described as "VIP style".[25]

Falun edit

The Falun for the 1988 Winter Games was unsuccessful. A key issue identified by IOC officials was the lack of acceptable locations where alpine events could be hosted near the city. The Falun bid planned to host alpine events approximately 400 kilometres away from the city.[26] The Falun organizers had many of the necessary facilities already built and had a budget of US$100 million.[26] Falun organizers called for reform in the bidding process, noting they were not sure what the IOC used to choose successful bids, and Lennart Hallberg stated "It would be far better if the rules were simpler, clear and the whole competition was like a tendering process."[25]

Cortina d'Ampezzo edit

Cortina d'Ampezzo previously hosted the 1956 Winter Olympics. The Cortina d'Ampezzo bid operating budget was not released during the bidding process, and was kept secret from IOC members.[25] After the Games were awarded to Calgary, Cortina d'Ampezzo officials claimed they expected to spend between $5–$50 million on the Games if they had won.[25]

Aftermath edit

The announcement of CODA's victory sent the delegates in Baden-Baden and Calgary residents into singing and dancing.[27] It also made then Alberta premier, Peter Lougheed, burst openly into tears in front of the cameras. Later, Ralph Klein sang a rendition of Mac Davis' It's Hard to Be Humble.[28] It was the first Winter Olympics awarded to Canada and the second Olympic Games overall, following the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal. Cortina d'Ampezzo, along with Milan, would get to host the 2026 Winter Olympics.[29] The town would be the fourth one to host the Winter Olympics twice, along with St. Moritz (1928 and 1948), Lake Placid (1932 and 1980), and Innsbruck (1964 and 1976).

Olympic historians, John E. Findling and Kimberly D. Pelle, noted that once the Games were awarded to Calgary, the cultural and community aspects of the bid were pushed aside by the newly formed Calgary Olympic organizing committee called the Olympiques Calgary Olympics '88 (OCO'88). It then proceeded to take on a "vigorous, resilient, and impersonal corporate business strategy" towards the planning and operation of the Games.[24]

Votes results of the 1988 Winter Olympics edit

IOC voting – September 1981
City Country Round 1 Round 2
Calgary   Canada 35 48
Falun   Sweden 25 31
Cortina d'Ampezzo   Italy 18 —
Source:[1][2][3][4]

References edit

  1. ^ a b . GamesBids. Archived from the original on 24 January 2011. Retrieved 17 March 2011.
  2. ^ a b Cotton, Crosbie; Blakey, Bob (September 30, 1981). "They're now the Calgary games!!!". Calgary Herald. p. 1.
  3. ^ a b "'88 Games to Calgary and Korea". Spokesman-Review. (Spokane, Washington). Associated Press. October 1, 1981. p. 29.
  4. ^ a b "Calgary awarded 1988 Winter Games in second ballot". Montreal Gazette. UPC. October 1, 1981. p. 16.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j OCO'88 1988, p. 51
  6. ^ a b c Cotton, Crosbie (September 30, 1981), "Around the world, CODA has given its best shot", Calgary Herald, p. A19
  7. ^ "Roundup Olympics". The Globe and Mail. December 2, 1980. p. P58. ProQuest 387291313.
  8. ^ a b c Kearney, Jim (October 29, 1979). "Vancouver loses modest Games bid". Vancouver Sun. p. A1, A2, F7.
  9. ^ Cotton, Crosbie (September 30, 1981), "Canada missed six prior bids", Calgary Herald, p. A19
  10. ^ a b King 1991, p. 9
  11. ^ King 1991, p. 6
  12. ^ King 1991, p. 34
  13. ^ "Vancouver loses to 'big-ticket' Games". Vancouver Sun. October 29, 1979. p. F7. Retrieved February 14, 2013.
  14. ^ King 1991, p. 26
  15. ^ King 1991, p. 38
  16. ^ OCO'88 1988, p. 153
  17. ^ a b c d e CODA 1981b, p. 74
  18. ^ "No deficit for '88 Games Calgary association says". The Globe and Mail. The Canadian Press. September 16, 1981. p. S1. ProQuest 386796016.
  19. ^ CODA 1981a, p. 36
  20. ^ a b CODA 1981a, p. 41
  21. ^ CODA 1981a, p. 44
  22. ^ a b CODA 1981a, p. 48
  23. ^ Duncan, Ann (September 30, 1981). "Calgary offers travel subsidy in final bid for winter Games". The Globe and Mail. p. 1, 2. ProQuest 386824396.
  24. ^ a b c Findling & Pelle 1996, p. 311
  25. ^ a b c d Duncan, Ann (October 2, 1981). "Bidders want rule changes". The Globe and Mail. p. P59. ProQuest 386575953.
  26. ^ a b Duncan, Ann (October 1, 1981). "Calgary and Seoul get 1988 Olympics". The Globe and Mail. p. S1. ProQuest 386710208.
  27. ^ Cotton, Crosbie (October 1, 1981), "Delighted delegates dance 'victory stomp'", Calgary Herald, p. A1, retrieved February 14, 2013
  28. ^ Walmsley, Ann (February 2, 1988). "The Men Who Made it Work". Maclean's. Vol. 101, no. 4. pp. 20–22. Retrieved June 10, 2021.
  29. ^ "Milano Cortina 2026", International Olympic Committee, March 10, 2021, retrieved July 21, 2021
Official reports
  • OCO'88 (1988), XV Olympic Winter Games: Official Report (in English and French), XV Olympic Winter Games Organizing Committee, ISBN 0-921060-26-2{{citation}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
Works cited
  • Findling, John E.; Pelle, Kimberly D., eds. (1996). Historical dictionary of the modern Olympic movement. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-28477-6.
  • Gerlach, Larry (2004). The Winter Olympics – From Chamonix to Salt Lake City. The University of Utah Press. ISBN 0-87480-778-6.
  • King, Frank W. (1991). It's how you play the game : the inside story of the Calgary Olympics. Calgary: Script, the Writers' Group. ISBN 978-0-9694287-5-6.
  • Wallechinsky, David; Loucky, Jaime (2009). The complete book of the Winter Olympics (2010 ed.). London: Aurum. ISBN 978-1-84513-491-4.

Further reading edit

Calgary bid documents
  • Calgary Olympic Development Association (1981). Calgary, Canada (Candidature File) (in English and French). Calgary: Calgary Olympic Development Association.
  • Calgary Olympic Development Association (1981). Calgary, Canada: Technical Data. Calgary: Calgary Olympic Development Association.
  • Calgary Olympic Development Association (1981). Calgary, Canada: I.O.C. Television and Radio Questionnaire. Calgary: Calgary Olympic Development Association.
Cortina d'Ampezzo bid documents
  • Industria Pubblicazioni Audiovisivi. Milano (1981). Candidature of Cortina d'Ampezzo for the 1988 Olympic Winter Games (in English and French). Cortina d'Ampezzo.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Industria Pubblicazioni Audiovisivi. Milano (1981). Candidature of Cortina d'Ampezzo for the 1988 Olympic Winter Games: Replies to the Questionnaires of the International Olympic Committee and of the International Sports Federations. Cortina d'Ampezzo.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Industria Pubblicazioni Audiovisivi. Milano (1981). Candidature of Cortina d'Ampezzo for the 1988 Olympic Winter Games: I.O.C. Television and Radio Questionnaire (in English and French). Cortina d'Ampezzo.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

April 13, 2024
bids, 1988, winter, olympics, selection, process, 1988, winter, olympics, consisted, three, bids, calgary, alberta, canada, selected, ahead, falun, sweden, cortina, ampezzo, italy, selection, made, 84th, international, olympic, committee, session, baden, baden. The selection process for the 1988 Winter Olympics consisted of three bids and saw Calgary Alberta Canada be selected ahead of Falun Sweden and Cortina d Ampezzo Italy The selection was made at the 84th International Olympic Committee IOC Session in Baden Baden West Germany on 30 September 1981 1 2 3 4 Bids for the 1988 1988 Winter OlympicsOverviewXV Olympic Winter GamesWinner Calgary Runner up Falun Shortlist Cortina d AmpezzoDetailsCommitteeIOCElection venueBaden Baden84th IOC SessionMapMissing location of the bidding cities Location of the bidding citiesImportant datesDecision30 September 1981DecisionWinnerCalgary 48 votes Runner upFalun 31 votes Contents 1 Background 2 Candidate cities overview 2 1 Calgary 2 2 Falun 2 3 Cortina d Ampezzo 3 Aftermath 4 Votes results of the 1988 Winter Olympics 5 References 6 Further readingBackground editCalgary was one of three cities and towns that bid officially for the 1988 Winter Olympics The other two were Falun Sweden and Cortina d Ampezzo Italy 5 The Italian town comune had before hosted the 1956 Winter Olympics 6 The IOC required formal bids to be submitted by November 30 1980 7 The vote was held on September 30 1981 in Baden Baden West Germany during the 84th IOC Session and 11th Olympic Congress 5 After Cortina d Ampezzo was eliminated in the first round of balloting Calgary won in the second and final round of balloting over Falun by a margin of 17 votes Candidate cities overview editCalgary edit Calgary s bid for the 1988 Winter Olympic Games was Canada s seventh and Calgary s fourth attempt at hosting the Winter Games The first Canadian bid for Winter Games was organized by the City of Montreal in 1956 At the 43rd Olympic Congress Cortina d Ampezzo Italy was chosen as the host for the 1956 Winter Games on the first ballot with 31 votes and Montreal came second with 7 votes The Canadian Olympic Committee previously submitted two bids for the City of Vancouver first for 1976 which was awarded to Denver and Vancouver was eliminated on the first ballot and secondly for the 1980 Games which was withdrawn prior to the Olympic Congress when the new provincial government under Premier Dave Barrett withdrew support for the bid 8 The Canadian Olympic Committee had previously submitted three bids for Calgary first under the direction of the Calgary Olympic Development Association CODA for the 1964 Games where Calgary finished second to Innsbruck Austria 5 the second attempt for the 1968 Games saw Grenoble France awarded the Games on the third ballot with 27 votes to Calgary s 24 votes 5 and the third attempt was for the 1972 Games for the nearby Town of Banff which finished second to Sapporo Japan 9 10 5 After the unsuccessful bid for the 1972 Games the third consecutive failed bid CODA was laid dormant 5 In 1978 CODA was revived by Frank King and Bob Niven of Calgary s Booster Club who took over the organization s leadership 11 5 6 King and Niven brought some members from previous bids back including former Olympic Sprinter and CODA founder Ernie McCullough and politician Arthur Ryan Smith to consult on the project 10 In October 1979 CODA was able to secure the Canadian Olympic Association s COA support as Canada s official bid for the 1988 Winter Olympics over a competing bid by Vancouver by a vote of 27 9 5 12 Calgary s bid was bold estimated at CA 217 million CODA proposed constructing all new venues to overcome the city s lack of winter sports facilities with the argument that Canada s inventory of elite sport training facilities would grow significantly if Calgary was awarded the Games 5 The defeated Vancouver organizing group lamented that they lost to Calgary s Big ticket Games idea which was estimated to cost nearly three times what the Vancouver group was expected to pay to host the Winter Olympics 13 Vancouver s low cost bid which was estimated at CA 30 million leveraged already developed infrastructure including the Pacific Coliseum and Whistler Blackcomb 14 although the low estimated cost was met with skepticism from COA delegates 8 Delegates noted that the previous loss of provincial support in the 1980 Vancouver bid the possible financial security of Alberta s newly created Heritage Savings Trust Fund and Calgary s commitment to amateur sport development weighed heavily on results 8 Next CODA spent two years building local support for the megaproject selling largely symbolic CA 5 memberships to approximately 80 000 of Calgary s 600 000 residents 5 15 Calgary had further secured significant funding commitments from the Government of Canada totalling CA 200 million and Alberta s government totalling CA 70 million with an additional CA 53 million loan while some civic leaders including then mayor Ralph Klein crisscrossed the world to favour IOC delegates 6 Driven by the arrival of the National Hockey League s NHL newly relocated Calgary Flames from Atlanta in 1980 the city had already begun constructing a new NHL arena that would be later named the Olympic Saddledome That course of action demonstrated to the IOC Calgary s determination in wanting to host the Winter Olympics 16 Calgary s bid grew in size and scope between 1979 and 1981 The bid book presented at the 84th IOC session had an estimated total cost of CA 331 million with CA 92 million in operating costs and CA 239 million in capital costs 17 An additional CA 30 million was allocated for an endowment fund to cover additional operating costs and another CA 54 million for a contingency fund 18 The largest included cost was the construction of the new 18 000 seat arena budgeted for CA 69 million which would host ice hockey and figure skating 17 19 20 Preliminary ice hockey and figure skating events were to be scheduled at the already constructed Stampede Corral and Max Bell Arena 20 Other Calgary based facilities included the CA 15 million Olympic Oval for speed skating which the bid considered but did not commit to being an indoor facility 17 21 The nearby Bragg Creek area was designated as the host location for CA 8 million ski jumping facility CA 15 million bobsleigh and luge facility and a CA 6 million cross country and biathlon facility 17 22 A new Alpine Centre was set to be built in the Spray Lake area on Mount Sparrowhawk and Mount Shark at a cost of CA 13 million 17 to host alpine skiing events 22 In the lead up to the Games OCO 88 relocated each proposed venue except the Olympic Oval In the days leading up to the selection OCO 88 made a number of changes to entice the IOC delegates to choose Calgary OCO 88 committed CA 30 million to subsidize travel for athletes participating in the Games this came after concerns from European delegations that travel to North America would be more expensive than the two European bids 23 Calgary s Olympic bid itself emphasized the cultural and natural beauty of Calgary and surrounding areas as an asset for hosting the Winter Olympics The city was marketed as a capitalist oil driven and modern economy that also had mountain playgrounds extensive wilderness and western rodeo culture 24 The two seemingly contradictory images were brought together as part of an extensive and diverse lobbying program 24 CODA spent around 2 5 million on the bid process which included technical studies and tours for 32 of the 82 IOC delegates in what was described as VIP style 25 Falun edit The Falun for the 1988 Winter Games was unsuccessful A key issue identified by IOC officials was the lack of acceptable locations where alpine events could be hosted near the city The Falun bid planned to host alpine events approximately 400 kilometres away from the city 26 The Falun organizers had many of the necessary facilities already built and had a budget of US 100 million 26 Falun organizers called for reform in the bidding process noting they were not sure what the IOC used to choose successful bids and Lennart Hallberg stated It would be far better if the rules were simpler clear and the whole competition was like a tendering process 25 Cortina d Ampezzo edit Cortina d Ampezzo previously hosted the 1956 Winter Olympics The Cortina d Ampezzo bid operating budget was not released during the bidding process and was kept secret from IOC members 25 After the Games were awarded to Calgary Cortina d Ampezzo officials claimed they expected to spend between 5 50 million on the Games if they had won 25 Aftermath editThe announcement of CODA s victory sent the delegates in Baden Baden and Calgary residents into singing and dancing 27 It also made then Alberta premier Peter Lougheed burst openly into tears in front of the cameras Later Ralph Klein sang a rendition of Mac Davis It s Hard to Be Humble 28 It was the first Winter Olympics awarded to Canada and the second Olympic Games overall following the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal Cortina d Ampezzo along with Milan would get to host the 2026 Winter Olympics 29 The town would be the fourth one to host the Winter Olympics twice along with St Moritz 1928 and 1948 Lake Placid 1932 and 1980 and Innsbruck 1964 and 1976 Olympic historians John E Findling and Kimberly D Pelle noted that once the Games were awarded to Calgary the cultural and community aspects of the bid were pushed aside by the newly formed Calgary Olympic organizing committee called the Olympiques Calgary Olympics 88 OCO 88 It then proceeded to take on a vigorous resilient and impersonal corporate business strategy towards the planning and operation of the Games 24 Votes results of the 1988 Winter Olympics editIOC voting September 1981 City Country Round 1 Round 2Calgary nbsp Canada 35 48Falun nbsp Sweden 25 31Cortina d Ampezzo nbsp Italy 18 Source 1 2 3 4 References edit a b Past Olympic host city election results GamesBids Archived from the original on 24 January 2011 Retrieved 17 March 2011 a b Cotton Crosbie Blakey Bob September 30 1981 They re now the Calgary games Calgary Herald p 1 a b 88 Games to Calgary and Korea Spokesman Review Spokane Washington Associated Press October 1 1981 p 29 a b Calgary awarded 1988 Winter Games in second ballot Montreal Gazette UPC October 1 1981 p 16 a b c d e f g h i j OCO 88 1988 p 51 a b c Cotton Crosbie September 30 1981 Around the world CODA has given its best shot Calgary Herald p A19 Roundup Olympics The Globe and Mail December 2 1980 p P58 ProQuest 387291313 a b c Kearney Jim October 29 1979 Vancouver loses modest Games bid Vancouver Sun p A1 A2 F7 Cotton Crosbie September 30 1981 Canada missed six prior bids Calgary Herald p A19 a b King 1991 p 9 King 1991 p 6 King 1991 p 34 Vancouver loses to big ticket Games Vancouver Sun October 29 1979 p F7 Retrieved February 14 2013 King 1991 p 26 King 1991 p 38 OCO 88 1988 p 153 a b c d e CODA 1981b p 74 No deficit for 88 Games Calgary association says The Globe and Mail The Canadian Press September 16 1981 p S1 ProQuest 386796016 CODA 1981a p 36 a b CODA 1981a p 41 CODA 1981a p 44 a b CODA 1981a p 48 Duncan Ann September 30 1981 Calgary offers travel subsidy in final bid for winter Games The Globe and Mail p 1 2 ProQuest 386824396 a b c Findling amp Pelle 1996 p 311 a b c d Duncan Ann October 2 1981 Bidders want rule changes The Globe and Mail p P59 ProQuest 386575953 a b Duncan Ann October 1 1981 Calgary and Seoul get 1988 Olympics The Globe and Mail p S1 ProQuest 386710208 Cotton Crosbie October 1 1981 Delighted delegates dance victory stomp Calgary Herald p A1 retrieved February 14 2013 Walmsley Ann February 2 1988 The Men Who Made it Work Maclean s Vol 101 no 4 pp 20 22 Retrieved June 10 2021 Milano Cortina 2026 International Olympic Committee March 10 2021 retrieved July 21 2021 Official reportsOCO 88 1988 XV Olympic Winter Games Official Report in English and French XV Olympic Winter Games Organizing Committee ISBN 0 921060 26 2 a href Template Citation html title Template Citation citation a CS1 maint numeric names authors list link Works citedFindling John E Pelle Kimberly D eds 1996 Historical dictionary of the modern Olympic movement Westport Conn Greenwood Press ISBN 0 313 28477 6 Gerlach Larry 2004 The Winter Olympics From Chamonix to Salt Lake City The University of Utah Press ISBN 0 87480 778 6 King Frank W 1991 It s how you play the game the inside story of the Calgary Olympics Calgary Script the Writers Group ISBN 978 0 9694287 5 6 Wallechinsky David Loucky Jaime 2009 The complete book of the Winter Olympics 2010 ed London Aurum ISBN 978 1 84513 491 4 Further reading editCalgary bid documentsCalgary Olympic Development Association 1981 Calgary Canada Candidature File in English and French Calgary Calgary Olympic Development Association Calgary Olympic Development Association 1981 Calgary Canada Technical Data Calgary Calgary Olympic Development Association Calgary Olympic Development Association 1981 Calgary Canada I O C Television and Radio Questionnaire Calgary Calgary Olympic Development Association Cortina d Ampezzo bid documentsIndustria Pubblicazioni Audiovisivi Milano 1981 Candidature of Cortina d Ampezzo for the 1988 Olympic Winter Games in English and French Cortina d Ampezzo a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Industria Pubblicazioni Audiovisivi Milano 1981 Candidature of Cortina d Ampezzo for the 1988 Olympic Winter Games Replies to the Questionnaires of the International Olympic Committee and of the International Sports Federations Cortina d Ampezzo a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Industria Pubblicazioni Audiovisivi Milano 1981 Candidature of Cortina d Ampezzo for the 1988 Olympic Winter Games I O C Television and Radio Questionnaire in English and French Cortina d Ampezzo a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Bids for the 1988 Winter Olympics amp oldid 1193524035, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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