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Bergama

May 08, 2023

Bergama is a populous district, as well as the center city of the same district, in İzmir Province in western Turkey. By excluding İzmir's metropolitan area, it is one of the prominent districts of the province in terms of population and is largely urbanized at the rate of 53.6%. Bergama center is situated at a distance of 118 km (73 mi) to the north from the point of departure of the traditional center of İzmir (Konak Square in Konak, İzmir) and lies at a distance of 27 km (17 mi) inland from the nearest seacoast at the town of Dikili to its west. Bergama district area neighbors the areas of three districts of Balıkesir Province to its north, namely Ayvalık, Burhaniye and İvrindi, İzmir Province district of Kınık and Manisa Province district of Soma, Manisa to its east, while to the south it is bordered by the central provincial of Manisa and two other İzmir Province districts along the coast that are Aliağa and Dikili from its south towards its west. The district area's physical features are determined by the alluvial plain of Bakırçay River.

Bergama
District
View of ancient Pergamon theatre and city.
Location of Bergama within İzmir Province.
Bergama
Coordinates: 39°07′N 27°11′E / 39.117°N 27.183°E / 39.117; 27.183Coordinates: 39°07′N 27°11′E / 39.117°N 27.183°E / 39.117; 27.183
Country Turkey
RegionAegean
Provinceİzmir
Municipalities2
Government
 • MayorMehmet Gönenç (CHP)
 • PrefectOkan DAĞ
Area
[1]
 • District1,722.44 km2 (665.04 sq mi)
Elevation
68 m (223 ft)
Population
 (2012)[2]
 • Urban
61,406
 • District
101,004
 • District density59/km2 (150/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+3 (EET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)
Area code(+90) 232
Licence plate35
WebsiteBergama Municipality
Prefecture of Bergama

Name

The name Bergama, as well as its ancient predecessor Pergamon,[citation needed] are thought to be connected with the even more ancient Luwian language adjective "parrai" (Hittite language equivalent; "parku"), meaning "high" in the same vein as being the etymological root of a number of other ancient cities across Anatolia.[3] The ancient and modern Greek language form of the name is Greek: Πέργαμος. In Turkish language, it has been adapted to Bergama. The name of Pergamos derives from Perga (as keramos from kera=earth, clay), although a Turkish author Özhan Öztürk claims that Bergama means "high settlement/base" in Hittite language[citation needed], while Argoma (modern Suluova) in Amasya means "border settlement" at the Hittite-Kaskian border.[4]

General features

Currently, known for its cotton, gold, and fine carpets, the city was the ancient Greek and Roman cultural center of Pergamon; its wealth of ancient ruins continues to attract considerable tourist interest today, although its famous Temple has been moved to the Pergamon Museum, in Berlin, Germany.

Located on a promontory north of the Bakırçay river, 26 kilometres (16 miles) inland from the Aegean Sea, Bergama has a population of about 102,000. The ruins of the ancient city of Pergamon lie to the north and west of the modern city; Roman Pergamon is believed to have sustained a population of approximately 150,000 at its height in the 1st century AD.

Among Bergama's notable ruins are the Sanctuary of Asclepius (or Asclepeion), a temple dedicated to an ancient Greek god of healing, a Greek Theater, and the Red Basilica complex ("Kızıl Avlu" in Turkish) that straddles the Selinus River, a 2nd-century AD construction likely built by Hadrian. The town also features an archaeological museum.

History

 
The Attalid kingdom of Pergamon (colored olive) shown at its greatest extent in 188 BC

The city of Pergamon was the capital of the Attalid kingdom from 281 BC to 133 BC and then became part of the Roman province of Asia. It remained under Eastern Roman rule in the Middle Ages except for Sassanid invasion in 620s, Umayyad invasion in 715 and Sultanate of Rum rule between 1074 and 1097. It was conquered by Karasids and then Aydinids in 1302. It was part of Ottoman Empire in 1337. During Ottoman rule, it was part of the Sanjak of Karesi between 1337 and 1868, in Saruhan one (Its centre was Manisa) between 1868 and 1877 and finally in İzmir one. From 1867 until 1922, Bergama was part of Aidin Vilayet. During the Turkish War of Independence, it was occupied by Greece on June 19, 1919, but came under Turkish control on September 14, 1922. The Greek Army burnt down the city while retreating in 1922.

Sights of interest within Bergama city

 
Kursunlu Mosque
  • Selçuk Minaret built in the 14th century
  • Çukurhan caravanserai built in the 14th century
  • Taşhan caravanserai built in 1432
  • Great Mosque of Bergama built in 1399
  • Şadırvanlı Mosque built in 1550
  • Zeus Altar (Now in Berlin Museum)
  • Acropolis - accessible by the Bergama Acropolis Gondola from the base station north east of the town[5]
  • Asklepion

Bergama is also known for its historic quarter, where old Ottoman houses in the traditional style are found.

Allianoi

Main article: Allianoi

Allianoi is an ancient spa settlement, with remains dating predominantly from the Roman Empire period (2nd century AD) located near the city of Bergama (ancient Pergamon) in Turkey's İzmir Province. The site is at a distance of 18 kilometres (11 miles) to the northeast of Bergama, on the road to the neighboring town of İvrindi.

One particularity of Allianoi is its being a very recent historical discovery. It was mentioned only once in the 2nd century by the orator and medicinal writer Aelius Aristides in his "Hieroi Logoi" (Sacred Tales) (III.1), one of the key sources for the knowledge on the science of healing as it was understood at that time. No other writer of antiquity nor any epigraphic finding known had referred to Allianoi.

Kozak Plateau

 
Country road in Kozak Plateau

Kozak Plateau (Kozak Yaylası) is a high plain at an altitude varying between 500 and 1,000 metres (1,600 and 3,300 feet) and starting at a distance of 20 km (12 mi) from Bergama center in the northern direction. The plain is a favorite regional excursion area, famed for its hand-made textile products and pine forests whose pine nut is also extensively exported.

Ovacık gold mine

Recently, Bergama also made headlines in the context of controversies based on environmental concerns over the gold mine in Ovacık village.[6][7]

Wind turbine manufacturing

LM Wind Power, a division of GE Renewable Energy, opened a wind turbine blade manufacturing facility in Bergama in 2017. The first blades it produced were used at the Bodangora Wind Farm in New South Wales, Australia.[8]

Bergama Carpets

Main article: Bergama carpet
 
Bergama Carpets

Bergama is also renowned for its high quality carpets. There are approximately eighty villages that still weave Bergama carpets. The history of carpet weaving in Bergama dates back to the 11th century - when Turkish migration started to the area. Bergama carpets have almost always been woven with wool - an attestation to the pastoral life style of the Yörük clans populating the area at the time.

Although the history of carpet weaving in Bergama dates back to the 11th century, most surviving carpets do not age more than 200 years - mainly due to their wool content. The oldest surviving Bergama carpets can be found in mosques in and around Bergama, as well as the archaeological museum in Bergama.

Bergama Festival

Between June 18–24, Bergama celebrates its annual festival "Bergama Kermesi", which is already running into its seventy-second anniversary. Bergama Kermesi is a major local event, generally celebrated with the attendance of Turkish celebrities, singers, players, poets, and writers.

International relations

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Turkey

Twin towns - sister cities

Bergama is twinned with:[9]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Area of regions (including lakes), km²". Regional Statistics Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. 2002. Retrieved 2013-03-05.
  2. ^ "Population of province/district centers and towns/villages by districts - 2012". Address Based Population Registration System (ABPRS) Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved 2013-02-27.
  3. ^ Babaev, Cyril. "Common Anatolian Glossary". tied.verbix.com. Retrieved 2018-03-08.
  4. ^ Hittite Parku "high" + huma(ti) “base/settlement" and Arguma erha “border" + huma(ti) “base/settlement" Özhan Öztürk. P Pontus: Antik Çağ’dan Günümüze Karadeniz’in Etnik ve Siyasi Tarihi. Genesis Yayınları. Ankara, 2011 pp. 438-39
  5. ^ . www.leitner-ropeways.com. Archived from the original on 2019-05-02. Retrieved 2016-09-14.
  6. ^ Managing cyanide: health, safety and risk management practices at Turkey's Ovacik gold–silver mine, Journal of Cleaner Production vol. 14, 8, 2
  7. ^ "European Court of Human Rights judgment on the Bergama Mine in Turkey" Mines and Communities, published 01-05-2001, access on 31-03-2012
  8. ^ Coffey, Brendan (2019-09-13). "Fresh Air: Turkish Turbine Blade Factory Invigorates Historic Town". GE Reports. Retrieved 2019-09-28.
  9. ^ . bergama.bel.tr (in Turkish). Bergama. Archived from the original on 2018-09-13. Retrieved 2020-01-18.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bergama.
 
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Bergama.
  • : brief history
  • Photographic tour of old and new Pergamon, including the museum
  • Pergamon pictures
  • Pergamon altar in Berlin

May 08, 2023
bergama, populous, district, well, center, city, same, district, izmir, province, western, turkey, excluding, izmir, metropolitan, area, prominent, districts, province, terms, population, largely, urbanized, rate, center, situated, distance, north, from, point. Bergama is a populous district as well as the center city of the same district in Izmir Province in western Turkey By excluding Izmir s metropolitan area it is one of the prominent districts of the province in terms of population and is largely urbanized at the rate of 53 6 Bergama center is situated at a distance of 118 km 73 mi to the north from the point of departure of the traditional center of Izmir Konak Square in Konak Izmir and lies at a distance of 27 km 17 mi inland from the nearest seacoast at the town of Dikili to its west Bergama district area neighbors the areas of three districts of Balikesir Province to its north namely Ayvalik Burhaniye and Ivrindi Izmir Province district of Kinik and Manisa Province district of Soma Manisa to its east while to the south it is bordered by the central provincial of Manisa and two other Izmir Province districts along the coast that are Aliaga and Dikili from its south towards its west The district area s physical features are determined by the alluvial plain of Bakircay River BergamaDistrictView of ancient Pergamon theatre and city Location of Bergama within Izmir Province BergamaCoordinates 39 07 N 27 11 E 39 117 N 27 183 E 39 117 27 183 Coordinates 39 07 N 27 11 E 39 117 N 27 183 E 39 117 27 183Country TurkeyRegionAegeanProvinceIzmirMunicipalities2Government MayorMehmet Gonenc CHP PrefectOkan DAGArea 1 District1 722 44 km2 665 04 sq mi Elevation68 m 223 ft Population 2012 2 Urban61 406 District101 004 District density59 km2 150 sq mi Time zoneUTC 3 EET Summer DST UTC 3 EEST Area code 90 232Licence plate35WebsiteBergama Municipality Prefecture of Bergama Contents 1 Name 2 General features 3 History 4 Sights of interest within Bergama city 5 Allianoi 6 Kozak Plateau 7 Ovacik gold mine 8 Wind turbine manufacturing 9 Bergama Carpets 10 Bergama Festival 11 International relations 11 1 Twin towns sister cities 12 See also 13 References 14 External linksName EditThe name Bergama as well as its ancient predecessor Pergamon citation needed are thought to be connected with the even more ancient Luwian language adjective parrai Hittite language equivalent parku meaning high in the same vein as being the etymological root of a number of other ancient cities across Anatolia 3 The ancient and modern Greek language form of the name is Greek Pergamos In Turkish language it has been adapted to Bergama The name of Pergamos derives from Perga as keramos from kera earth clay although a Turkish author Ozhan Ozturk claims that Bergama means high settlement base in Hittite language citation needed while Argoma modern Suluova in Amasya means border settlement at the Hittite Kaskian border 4 General features EditCurrently known for its cotton gold and fine carpets the city was the ancient Greek and Roman cultural center of Pergamon its wealth of ancient ruins continues to attract considerable tourist interest today although its famous Temple has been moved to the Pergamon Museum in Berlin Germany Located on a promontory north of the Bakircay river 26 kilometres 16 miles inland from the Aegean Sea Bergama has a population of about 102 000 The ruins of the ancient city of Pergamon lie to the north and west of the modern city Roman Pergamon is believed to have sustained a population of approximately 150 000 at its height in the 1st century AD Among Bergama s notable ruins are the Sanctuary of Asclepius or Asclepeion a temple dedicated to an ancient Greek god of healing a Greek Theater and the Red Basilica complex Kizil Avlu in Turkish that straddles the Selinus River a 2nd century AD construction likely built by Hadrian The town also features an archaeological museum History Edit The Attalid kingdom of Pergamon colored olive shown at its greatest extent in 188 BC The city of Pergamon was the capital of the Attalid kingdom from 281 BC to 133 BC and then became part of the Roman province of Asia It remained under Eastern Roman rule in the Middle Ages except for Sassanid invasion in 620s Umayyad invasion in 715 and Sultanate of Rum rule between 1074 and 1097 It was conquered by Karasids and then Aydinids in 1302 It was part of Ottoman Empire in 1337 During Ottoman rule it was part of the Sanjak of Karesi between 1337 and 1868 in Saruhan one Its centre was Manisa between 1868 and 1877 and finally in Izmir one From 1867 until 1922 Bergama was part of Aidin Vilayet During the Turkish War of Independence it was occupied by Greece on June 19 1919 but came under Turkish control on September 14 1922 The Greek Army burnt down the city while retreating in 1922 Sights of interest within Bergama city Edit Kursunlu Mosque Selcuk Minaret built in the 14th century Cukurhan caravanserai built in the 14th century Tashan caravanserai built in 1432 Great Mosque of Bergama built in 1399 Sadirvanli Mosque built in 1550 Zeus Altar Now in Berlin Museum Acropolis accessible by the Bergama Acropolis Gondola from the base station north east of the town 5 AsklepionBergama is also known for its historic quarter where old Ottoman houses in the traditional style are found Allianoi EditMain article Allianoi Allianoi is an ancient spa settlement with remains dating predominantly from the Roman Empire period 2nd century AD located near the city of Bergama ancient Pergamon in Turkey s Izmir Province The site is at a distance of 18 kilometres 11 miles to the northeast of Bergama on the road to the neighboring town of Ivrindi One particularity of Allianoi is its being a very recent historical discovery It was mentioned only once in the 2nd century by the orator and medicinal writer Aelius Aristides in his Hieroi Logoi Sacred Tales III 1 one of the key sources for the knowledge on the science of healing as it was understood at that time No other writer of antiquity nor any epigraphic finding known had referred to Allianoi Kozak Plateau Edit Country road in Kozak Plateau Kozak Plateau Kozak Yaylasi is a high plain at an altitude varying between 500 and 1 000 metres 1 600 and 3 300 feet and starting at a distance of 20 km 12 mi from Bergama center in the northern direction The plain is a favorite regional excursion area famed for its hand made textile products and pine forests whose pine nut is also extensively exported Ovacik gold mine EditRecently Bergama also made headlines in the context of controversies based on environmental concerns over the gold mine in Ovacik village 6 7 Wind turbine manufacturing EditLM Wind Power a division of GE Renewable Energy opened a wind turbine blade manufacturing facility in Bergama in 2017 The first blades it produced were used at the Bodangora Wind Farm in New South Wales Australia 8 Bergama Carpets EditMain article Bergama carpet Bergama Carpets Bergama is also renowned for its high quality carpets There are approximately eighty villages that still weave Bergama carpets The history of carpet weaving in Bergama dates back to the 11th century when Turkish migration started to the area Bergama carpets have almost always been woven with wool an attestation to the pastoral life style of the Yoruk clans populating the area at the time Although the history of carpet weaving in Bergama dates back to the 11th century most surviving carpets do not age more than 200 years mainly due to their wool content The oldest surviving Bergama carpets can be found in mosques in and around Bergama as well as the archaeological museum in Bergama Bergama Festival EditBetween June 18 24 Bergama celebrates its annual festival Bergama Kermesi which is already running into its seventy second anniversary Bergama Kermesi is a major local event generally celebrated with the attendance of Turkish celebrities singers players poets and writers International relations EditSee also List of twin towns and sister cities in Turkey Twin towns sister cities Edit Bergama is twinned with 9 Alkmaar Netherlands Asenovgrad Bulgaria Baalbek Lebanon Boblingen Germany Lefka Cyprus Nea Peramos Greece Orhei Moldova Pergamos Cyprus Piatra Neamț Romania Rosoman North Macedonia Sanski Most Bosnia and Herzegovina Yehud IsraelSee also EditBergama carpet AllianoiReferences Edit Area of regions including lakes km Regional Statistics Database Turkish Statistical Institute 2002 Retrieved 2013 03 05 Population of province district centers and towns villages by districts 2012 Address Based Population Registration System ABPRS Database Turkish Statistical Institute Retrieved 2013 02 27 Babaev Cyril Common Anatolian Glossary tied verbix com Retrieved 2018 03 08 Hittite Parku high huma ti base settlement and Arguma erha border huma ti base settlement Ozhan Ozturk P Pontus Antik Cag dan Gunumuze Karadeniz in Etnik ve Siyasi Tarihi Genesis Yayinlari Ankara 2011 pp 438 39 GD8 Bergama References Company LEITNER ropeways www leitner ropeways com Archived from the original on 2019 05 02 Retrieved 2016 09 14 Managing cyanide health safety and risk management practices at Turkey s Ovacik gold silver mine Journal of Cleaner Production vol 14 8 2 European Court of Human Rights judgment on the Bergama Mine in Turkey Mines and Communities published 01 05 2001 access on 31 03 2012 Coffey Brendan 2019 09 13 Fresh Air Turkish Turbine Blade Factory Invigorates Historic Town GE Reports Retrieved 2019 09 28 Kardes Sehirlerimiz bergama bel tr in Turkish Bergama Archived from the original on 2018 09 13 Retrieved 2020 01 18 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bergama Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Bergama pointsfromturkey com Rosa Valderrama Pergamum brief history Photographic tour of old and new Pergamon including the museum Pergamon pictures Pergamon altar in Berlin Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Bergama amp oldid 1149243958, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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