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Barium titanate

October 20, 2023

Barium titanate (BTO) is an inorganic compound with chemical formula BaTiO3. Barium titanate appears white as a powder and is transparent when prepared as large crystals. It is a ferroelectric, pyroelectric, and piezoelectric ceramic material that exhibits the photorefractive effect. It is used in capacitors, electromechanical transducers and nonlinear optics.

Barium titanate

Polycrystalline BaTiO3 in plastic
Identifiers
  • 12047-27-7 Y
3D model (JSmol)
  • Interactive image
ChemSpider
  • 10605734 Y
ECHA InfoCard 100.031.783
EC Number
  • 234-975-0
  • 6101006
RTECS number
  • XR1437333
UNII
  • 73LKE302QO Y
  • DTXSID20892161
  • InChI=1S/2Ba.4O.Ti/q2*+2;4*-1; Y
    Key: JRPBQTZRNDNNOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y
  • InChI=1/2Ba.4O.Ti/q2*+2;4*-1;/r2Ba.O4Ti/c;;1-5(2,3)4/q2*+2;-4
    Key: JRPBQTZRNDNNOP-NXYSCRTKAD
  • [Ba+2].[Ba+2].[O-][Ti]([O-])([O-])[O-]
Properties
BaTiO3
Molar mass 233.192 g/mol
Appearance White crystals
Odor Odorless
Density 6.02 g/cm3, solid
Melting point 1,625 °C (2,957 °F; 1,898 K)
Insoluble
Solubility Slightly soluble in dilute mineral acids; dissolves in concentrated hydrofluoric acid
Band gap 3.2 eV (300 K, single crystal)[1]
no = 2.412; ne = 2.360[2]
Structure
Tetragonal, tP5
P4mm, No. 99
Hazards
GHS labelling:
Warning
H302, H332
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
N verify (what is YN ?)

Structure Edit

Main article: Perovskite (structure)
 
Structure of cubic BaTiO3. The red spheres are oxide centres, blue are Ti4+ cations, and the green spheres are Ba2+.

The solid exists in one of four polymorphs depending on temperature. From high to low temperature, these crystal symmetries of the four polymorphs are cubic, tetragonal, orthorhombic and rhombohedral crystal structure. All of these phases exhibit the ferroelectric effect apart from the cubic phase. The high temperature cubic phase is easiest to describe, as it consists of regular corner-sharing octahedral TiO6 units that define a cube with O vertices and Ti-O-Ti edges. In the cubic phase, Ba2+ is located at the center of the cube, with a nominal coordination number of 12. Lower symmetry phases are stabilized at lower temperatures and involve movement of the Ti4+ to off-center positions. The remarkable properties of this material arise from the cooperative behavior of the Ti4+ distortions.[3]

Above the melting point, the liquid has a remarkably different local structure to the solid forms, with the majority of Ti4+ coordinated to four oxygen, in tetrahedral TiO4 units, which coexist with more highly coordinated units.[4]

Production and handling properties Edit

 
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images showing particles of BaTiO3. The different morphologies depend on the synthesis conditions (precipitation, hydrothermal and solvothermal synthesis): size and shape can be varied by changing the concentration of precursors, the reaction temperature and the time. Color (if added) helps to emphasize the grayscale levels. In general, the synthesis of Barium titanate by precipitation from aqueous solution allows to produce particles with spherical shape with size that can be tailored from a few nanometers to several hundred nanometers by decreasing the concentration of reactants. At very low concentration the particles have the tendency to develop a dendritic-like morphology, as reported in the images.

Barium titanate can be synthesized by the relatively simple sol–hydrothermal method.[5] Barium titanate can also be manufactured by heating barium carbonate and titanium dioxide. The reaction proceeds via liquid phase sintering. Single crystals can be grown at around 1100 °C from molten potassium fluoride.[6] Other materials are often added as dopants, e.g., Sr to form solid solutions with strontium titanate. It[clarification needed] reacts with nitrogen trichloride and produces a greenish or gray mixture; the ferroelectric properties of the mixture are still present in this form.

Much effort has been spent studying the relationship between particle morphology and its properties. Barium titanate is one of the few ceramic compounds known to exhibit abnormal grain growth, in which large faceted grains grow in a matrix of finer grains, with profound implications on densification and physical properties.[7] Fully dense nanocrystalline barium titanate has 40% higher permittivity than the same material prepared in classic ways.[8] The addition of inclusions of barium titanate to tin has been shown to produce a bulk material with a higher viscoelastic stiffness than that of diamonds. Barium titanate goes through two phase transitions that change the crystal shape and volume. This phase change leads to composites where the barium titanates have a negative bulk modulus (Young's modulus), meaning that when a force acts on the inclusions, there is displacement in the opposite direction, further stiffening the composite.[9]

Like many oxides, barium titanate is insoluble in water but attacked by sulfuric acid. Its bulk room-temperature bandgap is 3.2 eV, but this increases to ~3.5 eV when the particle size is reduced from about 15 to 7 nm.[1]

Uses Edit

 
Scanning transmission electron microscopy of the ferroelastic domains that form in BaTiO3 on cooling through the Curie temperature. The vertex point, where domain bundles meet, moves from the center in isometric crystals (top) to off-center in oblongs (bottom).[10]

Barium titanate is a dielectric ceramic used in capacitors, with dielectric constant values as high as 7,000. Over a narrow temperature range, values as high as 15,000 are possible; most common ceramic and polymer materials are less than 10, while others, such as titanium dioxide (TiO2), have values between 20 and 70.[11]

It is a piezoelectric material used in microphones and other transducers. The spontaneous polarization of barium titanate single crystals at room temperature range between 0.15 C/m2 in earlier studies,[12] and 0.26 C/m2 in more recent publications,[13] and its Curie temperature is between 120 and 130 °C. The differences are related to the growth technique, with earlier flux grown crystals being less pure than current crystals grown with the Czochralski process,[14] which therefore have a larger spontaneous polarization and a higher Curie temperature.

As a piezoelectric material, it has been largely replaced by lead zirconate titanate, also known as PZT. Polycrystalline barium titanate has a positive temperature coefficient of resistance, making it a useful material for thermistors and self-regulating electric heating systems.

Barium titanate crystals find use in nonlinear optics. The material has high beam-coupling gain, and can be operated at visible and near-infrared wavelengths. It has the highest reflectivity of the materials used for self-pumped phase conjugation (SPPC) applications. It can be used for continuous-wave four-wave mixing with milliwatt-range optical power. For photorefractive applications, barium titanate can be doped by various other elements, e.g. iron.[15]

Thin films of barium titanate display electrooptic modulation to frequencies over 40 GHz.[16]

The pyroelectric and ferroelectric properties of barium titanate are used in some types of uncooled sensors for thermal cameras.

Barium titanate is widely used in thermistors and positive temperature coefficient heating elements. For these applications, barium titanate is manufactured with dopants to give the material semiconductor properties. Specific applications include overcurrent protection for motors, ballasts for fluorescent lights, automobile cabin air heaters, and consumer space heaters.[17][18]

High-purity barium titanate powder is reported to be a key component of new barium titanate capacitor energy storage systems for use in electric vehicles.[19]

Due to their elevated biocompatibility, barium titanate nanoparticles (BTNPs) have been recently employed as nanocarriers for drug delivery.[20]

Magnetoelectric effect of giant strengths have been reported in thin films grown on barium titanate substrates.[21][22]

Natural occurrence Edit

Barioperovskite is a very rare natural analogue of BaTiO3, found as microinclusions in benitoite.[23]

See also Edit

References Edit

  1. ^ a b Suzuki, Keigo; Kijima, Kazunori (2005). "Optical Band Gap of Barium Titanate Nanoparticles Prepared by RF-plasma Chemical Vapor Deposition". Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 44 (4A): 2081–2082. Bibcode:2005JaJAP..44.2081S. doi:10.1143/JJAP.44.2081. S2CID 122166759.
  2. ^ Tong, Xingcun Colin (2013). Advanced Materials for Integrated Optical Waveguides. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 357. ISBN 978-3-319-01550-7.
  3. ^ Manuel Gaudon. Out-of-centre distortions around an octahedrally coordinated Ti4+ in BaTiO3. Polyhedron, Elsevier, 2015, 88, pp.6-10. <10.1016/j.poly.2014.12.004>. <hal-01112286>
  4. ^ Alderman O L G; Benmore C; Neuefeind J; Tamalonis A; Weber R (2019). "Molten barium titanate: a high-pressure liquid silicate analogue". Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter. 31 (20): 20LT01. Bibcode:2019JPCM...31tLT01A. doi:10.1088/1361-648X/ab0939. OSTI 1558227. PMID 30790768. S2CID 73498849.
  5. ^ Selvaraj, M.; Venkatachalapathy, V.; Mayandi, J.; Karazhanov, S.; Pearce, J. M. (2015). "Preparation of meta-stable phases of barium titanate by Sol-hydrothermal method". AIP Advances. 5 (11): 117119. Bibcode:2015AIPA....5k7119S. doi:10.1063/1.4935645.
  6. ^ Galasso, Francis S. (1973). Barium Titanate, BaTiO3. Inorganic Syntheses. Vol. 14. pp. 142–143. doi:10.1002/9780470132456.ch28. ISBN 9780470132456.
  7. ^ Journal of Crystal Growth 2012, Volume 359, Pages 83-91, Abnormal Grain Growth
  8. ^ Nyutu, Edward K.; Chen, Chun-Hu; Dutta, Prabir K.; Suib, Steven L. (2008). "Effect of Microwave Frequency on Hydrothermal Synthesis of Nanocrystalline Tetragonal Barium Titanate". The Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 112 (26): 9659. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.660.3769. doi:10.1021/jp7112818.
  9. ^ Jaglinski, T.; Kochmann, D.; Stone, D.; Lakes, R. S. (2007). "Composite materials with viscoelastic stiffness greater than diamond". Science. 315 (5812): 620–2. Bibcode:2007Sci...315..620J. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.1025.8289. doi:10.1126/science.1135837. PMID 17272714. S2CID 25447870.
  10. ^ Scott, J. F.; Schilling, A.; Rowley, S. E.; Gregg, J. M. (2015). "Some current problems in perovskite nano-ferroelectrics and multiferroics: Kinetically-limited systems of finite lateral size". Science and Technology of Advanced Materials. 16 (3): 036001. Bibcode:2015STAdM..16c6001S. doi:10.1088/1468-6996/16/3/036001. PMC 5099849. PMID 27877812.
  11. ^ Waugh, Mark D (2010). (PDF). Electronic Engineering Times. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-11-02. Retrieved 2016-11-25.
  12. ^ von Hippel, A. (1950-07-01). "Ferroelectricity, Domain Structure, and Phase Transitions of Barium Titanate". Reviews of Modern Physics. 22 (3): 221–237. Bibcode:1950RvMP...22..221V. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.22.221.
  13. ^ Shieh, J.; Yeh, J. H.; Shu, Y. C.; Yen, J. H. (2009-04-15). "Hysteresis behaviors of barium titanate single crystals based on the operation of multiple 90° switching systems". Materials Science and Engineering: B. Proceedings of the joint meeting of the 2nd International Conference on the Science and Technology for Advanced Ceramics (STAC-II) and the 1st International Conference on the Science and Technology of Solid Surfaces and Interfaces (STSI-I). 161 (1–3): 50–54. doi:10.1016/j.mseb.2008.11.046. ISSN 0921-5107.
  14. ^ Godefroy, Geneviève (1996). "Ferroélectricité". Techniques de l'Ingénieur Matériaux Pour l'Électronique et Dispositifs Associés (in French). base documentaire : TIB271DUO. (ref. article : e1870).
  15. ^ "Fe:LiNbO3 Crystal". redoptronics.com.
  16. ^ Tang, Pingsheng; Towner, D.; Hamano, T.; Meier, A.; Wessels, B. (2004). "Electrooptic modulation up to 40 GHz in a barium titanate thin film waveguide modulator". Optics Express. 12 (24): 5962–7. Bibcode:2004OExpr..12.5962T. doi:10.1364/OPEX.12.005962. PMID 19488237.
  17. ^ PTC thermistors, general technical information (PDF). EPCOS AG. 2016. Retrieved May 9, 2022.
  18. ^ . Archived from the original on December 5, 1998.
  19. ^ "Nanoparticle Compatibility: New Nanocomposite Processing Technique Creates More Powerful Capacitors". gatech.edu. April 26, 2007. Retrieved 2009-06-06.
  20. ^ Genchi, G.G.; Marino, A.; Rocca, A.; Mattoli, V.; Ciofani, G. (5 May 2016). "Barium titanate nanoparticles: Promising multitasking vectors in nanomedicine". Nanotechnology. 27 (23): 232001. Bibcode:2016Nanot..27w2001G. doi:10.1088/0957-4484/27/23/232001. ISSN 0957-4484. PMID 27145888. S2CID 37287359.
  21. ^ Eerenstein, W.; Mathur, N. D.; Scott, J. F. (August 2006). "Multiferroic and magnetoelectric materials". Nature. 442 (7104): 759–765. Bibcode:2006Natur.442..759E. doi:10.1038/nature05023. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 16915279. S2CID 4387694.
  22. ^ Rafique, Mohsin (May 2017). "Giant room temperature magnetoelectric response in strain controlled nanocomposites". Applied Physics Letters. 110 (20): 202902. Bibcode:2017ApPhL.110t2902R. doi:10.1063/1.4983357.
  23. ^ Ma, Chi; Rossman, George R. (2008). "Barioperovskite, BaTiO3, a new mineral from the Benitoite Mine, California". American Mineralogist. 93 (1): 154–157. Bibcode:2008AmMin..93..154M. doi:10.2138/am.2008.2636. S2CID 94469497.

External links Edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Barium titanate.
  • Nanoparticle Compatibility: New Nanocomposite Processing Technique Creates More Powerful Capacitors
  • EEStor's "instant-charge" capacitor batteries

October 20, 2023
barium, titanate, inorganic, compound, with, chemical, formula, batio3, appears, white, powder, transparent, when, prepared, large, crystals, ferroelectric, pyroelectric, piezoelectric, ceramic, material, that, exhibits, photorefractive, effect, used, capacito. Barium titanate BTO is an inorganic compound with chemical formula BaTiO3 Barium titanate appears white as a powder and is transparent when prepared as large crystals It is a ferroelectric pyroelectric and piezoelectric ceramic material that exhibits the photorefractive effect It is used in capacitors electromechanical transducers and nonlinear optics Barium titanate Polycrystalline BaTiO3 in plasticIdentifiersCAS Number 12047 27 7 Y3D model JSmol Interactive imageChemSpider 10605734 YECHA InfoCard 100 031 783EC Number 234 975 0PubChem CID 6101006RTECS number XR1437333UNII 73LKE302QO YCompTox Dashboard EPA DTXSID20892161InChI InChI 1S 2Ba 4O Ti q2 2 4 1 YKey JRPBQTZRNDNNOP UHFFFAOYSA N YInChI 1 2Ba 4O Ti q2 2 4 1 r2Ba O4Ti c 1 5 2 3 4 q2 2 4Key JRPBQTZRNDNNOP NXYSCRTKADSMILES Ba 2 Ba 2 O Ti O O O PropertiesChemical formula BaTiO3Molar mass 233 192 g molAppearance White crystalsOdor OdorlessDensity 6 02 g cm3 solidMelting point 1 625 C 2 957 F 1 898 K Solubility in water InsolubleSolubility Slightly soluble in dilute mineral acids dissolves in concentrated hydrofluoric acidBand gap 3 2 eV 300 K single crystal 1 Refractive index nD no 2 412 ne 2 360 2 StructureCrystal structure Tetragonal tP5Space group P4mm No 99HazardsGHS labelling PictogramsSignal word WarningHazard statements H302 H332Except where otherwise noted data are given for materials in their standard state at 25 C 77 F 100 kPa N verify what is Y N Infobox references Contents 1 Structure 2 Production and handling properties 3 Uses 4 Natural occurrence 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksStructure EditMain article Perovskite structure nbsp Structure of cubic BaTiO3 The red spheres are oxide centres blue are Ti4 cations and the green spheres are Ba2 The solid exists in one of four polymorphs depending on temperature From high to low temperature these crystal symmetries of the four polymorphs are cubic tetragonal orthorhombic and rhombohedral crystal structure All of these phases exhibit the ferroelectric effect apart from the cubic phase The high temperature cubic phase is easiest to describe as it consists of regular corner sharing octahedral TiO6 units that define a cube with O vertices and Ti O Ti edges In the cubic phase Ba2 is located at the center of the cube with a nominal coordination number of 12 Lower symmetry phases are stabilized at lower temperatures and involve movement of the Ti4 to off center positions The remarkable properties of this material arise from the cooperative behavior of the Ti4 distortions 3 Above the melting point the liquid has a remarkably different local structure to the solid forms with the majority of Ti4 coordinated to four oxygen in tetrahedral TiO4 units which coexist with more highly coordinated units 4 Production and handling properties Edit nbsp Scanning Electron Microscopy SEM images showing particles of BaTiO3 The different morphologies depend on the synthesis conditions precipitation hydrothermal and solvothermal synthesis size and shape can be varied by changing the concentration of precursors the reaction temperature and the time Color if added helps to emphasize the grayscale levels In general the synthesis of Barium titanate by precipitation from aqueous solution allows to produce particles with spherical shape with size that can be tailored from a few nanometers to several hundred nanometers by decreasing the concentration of reactants At very low concentration the particles have the tendency to develop a dendritic like morphology as reported in the images Barium titanate can be synthesized by the relatively simple sol hydrothermal method 5 Barium titanate can also be manufactured by heating barium carbonate and titanium dioxide The reaction proceeds via liquid phase sintering Single crystals can be grown at around 1100 C from molten potassium fluoride 6 Other materials are often added as dopants e g Sr to form solid solutions with strontium titanate It clarification needed reacts with nitrogen trichloride and produces a greenish or gray mixture the ferroelectric properties of the mixture are still present in this form Much effort has been spent studying the relationship between particle morphology and its properties Barium titanate is one of the few ceramic compounds known to exhibit abnormal grain growth in which large faceted grains grow in a matrix of finer grains with profound implications on densification and physical properties 7 Fully dense nanocrystalline barium titanate has 40 higher permittivity than the same material prepared in classic ways 8 The addition of inclusions of barium titanate to tin has been shown to produce a bulk material with a higher viscoelastic stiffness than that of diamonds Barium titanate goes through two phase transitions that change the crystal shape and volume This phase change leads to composites where the barium titanates have a negative bulk modulus Young s modulus meaning that when a force acts on the inclusions there is displacement in the opposite direction further stiffening the composite 9 Like many oxides barium titanate is insoluble in water but attacked by sulfuric acid Its bulk room temperature bandgap is 3 2 eV but this increases to 3 5 eV when the particle size is reduced from about 15 to 7 nm 1 Uses Edit nbsp Scanning transmission electron microscopy of the ferroelastic domains that form in BaTiO3 on cooling through the Curie temperature The vertex point where domain bundles meet moves from the center in isometric crystals top to off center in oblongs bottom 10 Barium titanate is a dielectric ceramic used in capacitors with dielectric constant values as high as 7 000 Over a narrow temperature range values as high as 15 000 are possible most common ceramic and polymer materials are less than 10 while others such as titanium dioxide TiO2 have values between 20 and 70 11 It is a piezoelectric material used in microphones and other transducers The spontaneous polarization of barium titanate single crystals at room temperature range between 0 15 C m2 in earlier studies 12 and 0 26 C m2 in more recent publications 13 and its Curie temperature is between 120 and 130 C The differences are related to the growth technique with earlier flux grown crystals being less pure than current crystals grown with the Czochralski process 14 which therefore have a larger spontaneous polarization and a higher Curie temperature As a piezoelectric material it has been largely replaced by lead zirconate titanate also known as PZT Polycrystalline barium titanate has a positive temperature coefficient of resistance making it a useful material for thermistors and self regulating electric heating systems Barium titanate crystals find use in nonlinear optics The material has high beam coupling gain and can be operated at visible and near infrared wavelengths It has the highest reflectivity of the materials used for self pumped phase conjugation SPPC applications It can be used for continuous wave four wave mixing with milliwatt range optical power For photorefractive applications barium titanate can be doped by various other elements e g iron 15 Thin films of barium titanate display electrooptic modulation to frequencies over 40 GHz 16 The pyroelectric and ferroelectric properties of barium titanate are used in some types of uncooled sensors for thermal cameras Barium titanate is widely used in thermistors and positive temperature coefficient heating elements For these applications barium titanate is manufactured with dopants to give the material semiconductor properties Specific applications include overcurrent protection for motors ballasts for fluorescent lights automobile cabin air heaters and consumer space heaters 17 18 High purity barium titanate powder is reported to be a key component of new barium titanate capacitor energy storage systems for use in electric vehicles 19 Due to their elevated biocompatibility barium titanate nanoparticles BTNPs have been recently employed as nanocarriers for drug delivery 20 Magnetoelectric effect of giant strengths have been reported in thin films grown on barium titanate substrates 21 22 Natural occurrence EditBarioperovskite is a very rare natural analogue of BaTiO3 found as microinclusions in benitoite 23 See also EditStrontium titanate Lead zirconate titanateReferences Edit a b Suzuki Keigo Kijima Kazunori 2005 Optical Band Gap of Barium Titanate Nanoparticles Prepared by RF plasma Chemical Vapor Deposition Jpn J Appl Phys 44 4A 2081 2082 Bibcode 2005JaJAP 44 2081S doi 10 1143 JJAP 44 2081 S2CID 122166759 Tong Xingcun Colin 2013 Advanced Materials for Integrated Optical Waveguides Springer Science amp Business Media p 357 ISBN 978 3 319 01550 7 Manuel Gaudon Out of centre distortions around an octahedrally coordinated Ti4 in BaTiO3 Polyhedron Elsevier 2015 88 pp 6 10 lt 10 1016 j poly 2014 12 004 gt lt hal 01112286 gt Alderman O L G Benmore C Neuefeind J Tamalonis A Weber R 2019 Molten barium titanate a high pressure liquid silicate analogue Journal of Physics Condensed Matter 31 20 20LT01 Bibcode 2019JPCM 31tLT01A doi 10 1088 1361 648X ab0939 OSTI 1558227 PMID 30790768 S2CID 73498849 Selvaraj M Venkatachalapathy V Mayandi J Karazhanov S Pearce J M 2015 Preparation of meta stable phases of barium titanate by Sol hydrothermal method AIP Advances 5 11 117119 Bibcode 2015AIPA 5k7119S doi 10 1063 1 4935645 Galasso Francis S 1973 Barium Titanate BaTiO3 Inorganic Syntheses Vol 14 pp 142 143 doi 10 1002 9780470132456 ch28 ISBN 9780470132456 Journal of Crystal Growth 2012 Volume 359 Pages 83 91 Abnormal Grain Growth Nyutu Edward K Chen Chun Hu Dutta Prabir K Suib Steven L 2008 Effect of Microwave Frequency on Hydrothermal Synthesis of Nanocrystalline Tetragonal Barium Titanate The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 112 26 9659 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 660 3769 doi 10 1021 jp7112818 Jaglinski T Kochmann D Stone D Lakes R S 2007 Composite materials with viscoelastic stiffness greater than diamond Science 315 5812 620 2 Bibcode 2007Sci 315 620J CiteSeerX 10 1 1 1025 8289 doi 10 1126 science 1135837 PMID 17272714 S2CID 25447870 Scott J F Schilling A Rowley S E Gregg J M 2015 Some current problems in perovskite nano ferroelectrics and multiferroics Kinetically limited systems of finite lateral size Science and Technology of Advanced Materials 16 3 036001 Bibcode 2015STAdM 16c6001S doi 10 1088 1468 6996 16 3 036001 PMC 5099849 PMID 27877812 Waugh Mark D 2010 Design solutions for DC bias in multilayer ceramic capacitors PDF Electronic Engineering Times Archived from the original PDF on 2020 11 02 Retrieved 2016 11 25 von Hippel A 1950 07 01 Ferroelectricity Domain Structure and Phase Transitions of Barium Titanate Reviews of Modern Physics 22 3 221 237 Bibcode 1950RvMP 22 221V doi 10 1103 RevModPhys 22 221 Shieh J Yeh J H Shu Y C Yen J H 2009 04 15 Hysteresis behaviors of barium titanate single crystals based on the operation of multiple 90 switching systems Materials Science and Engineering B Proceedings of the joint meeting of the 2nd International Conference on the Science and Technology for Advanced Ceramics STAC II and the 1st International Conference on the Science and Technology of Solid Surfaces and Interfaces STSI I 161 1 3 50 54 doi 10 1016 j mseb 2008 11 046 ISSN 0921 5107 Godefroy Genevieve 1996 Ferroelectricite Techniques de l Ingenieur Materiaux Pour l Electronique et Dispositifs Associes in French base documentaire TIB271DUO ref article e1870 Fe LiNbO3 Crystal redoptronics com Tang Pingsheng Towner D Hamano T Meier A Wessels B 2004 Electrooptic modulation up to 40 GHz in a barium titanate thin film waveguide modulator Optics Express 12 24 5962 7 Bibcode 2004OExpr 12 5962T doi 10 1364 OPEX 12 005962 PMID 19488237 PTC thermistors general technical information PDF EPCOS AG 2016 Retrieved May 9 2022 Pelonis USA Helpful Information Archived from the original on December 5 1998 Nanoparticle Compatibility New Nanocomposite Processing Technique Creates More Powerful Capacitors gatech edu April 26 2007 Retrieved 2009 06 06 Genchi G G Marino A Rocca A Mattoli V Ciofani G 5 May 2016 Barium titanate nanoparticles Promising multitasking vectors in nanomedicine Nanotechnology 27 23 232001 Bibcode 2016Nanot 27w2001G doi 10 1088 0957 4484 27 23 232001 ISSN 0957 4484 PMID 27145888 S2CID 37287359 Eerenstein W Mathur N D Scott J F August 2006 Multiferroic and magnetoelectric materials Nature 442 7104 759 765 Bibcode 2006Natur 442 759E doi 10 1038 nature05023 ISSN 1476 4687 PMID 16915279 S2CID 4387694 Rafique Mohsin May 2017 Giant room temperature magnetoelectric response in strain controlled nanocomposites Applied Physics Letters 110 20 202902 Bibcode 2017ApPhL 110t2902R doi 10 1063 1 4983357 Ma Chi Rossman George R 2008 Barioperovskite BaTiO3 a new mineral from the Benitoite Mine California American Mineralogist 93 1 154 157 Bibcode 2008AmMin 93 154M doi 10 2138 am 2008 2636 S2CID 94469497 External links Edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Barium titanate Nanoparticle Compatibility New Nanocomposite Processing Technique Creates More Powerful Capacitors EEStor s instant charge capacitor batteries Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Barium titanate amp oldid 1177152532, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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