Bandung Institute of Technology
The Bandung Institute of Technology (Indonesian: Institut Teknologi Bandung, abbreviated as ITB) is a national research university located in Bandung, Indonesia. Since its establishment in 1920, ITB has been consistently recognized as Indonesia's premier STEM-based academic institution and reserves its place among the country's top elite universities. It has produced many notable leaders in science, engineering, politics, business, academia, and culture.
Institut Teknologi Bandung | |
Former name | Technische Hoogeschool te Bandoeng (Dutch) |
|---|---|
| Motto | In Harmonia Progressio (Latin) |
Motto in English | Progress in Harmony |
| Type | Public university |
| Established | 3 July 1920 (as Technische Hoogeschool te Bandoeng) 2 March 1959 (as Institut Teknologi Bandung) |
| Rector | Reini Wirahadikusumah |
Academic staff | 1,207 (as of 2014):[1] Undergraduate: 19 (1.57%)[1] Graduate: 300 (24.85%)[1] Doctorate: 888 (73.57%)[1] |
| Students | 19,747 (as of 2014)[1] Undergrad : 14,320 (as of 2014)[1] Postgrad : 4,776 (as of 2014)[1] Doctoral : 651 (as of 2014)[1] |
| Location | Jl. Ganesha 10, Bandung , 6°53′27″S 107°36′37″E / 6.890903°S 107.610378°ECoordinates: 6°53′27″S 107°36′37″E / 6.890903°S 107.610378°E |
| Campus | Urban 795,646 m2[1] |
| Colors | Deep Cobalt Blue [2][3] |
| Affiliations | ABET, ASAIHL, AUN, EBA Consortium, ASEA UNINET, Global E3, AOTULE, SEATUC |
| Mascot | Ganesha |
| Website | www.itb.ac.id |
ITB is ranked 235th internationally according to QS World University Rankings, and ranked 67th in QS Asian University Rankings.[4] Domestically, the university is ranked 2nd by QS World University Rankings and ranked 3rd by Times Higher Education.[5][6] ITB has the highest score threshold in Indonesia's national state university entrance test in science and technology. To this day, its engineering and science faculties are known to be the toughest to be admitted into.
History
Bandung Institute of Technology traces its origin to the Technische Hoogeschool te Bandoeng (THB) which was founded during the centuries-old Dutch colonialism of Indonesia. The project was initially proposed by Karel Albert Rudolf Bosscha, a Dutch entrepreneur and philanthropist. His proposal was later approved by the colonial government to meet increasing demand of technical know-how in the colony.
The school building was designed in 1918 by a Dutch architect named Henri Maclaine Pont by blending Indonesian vernacular architecture with modern elements.[7] The school first opened its doors on 3 July 1920. By then, it only had one active department, the Faculty of Technical Science and one academic major, The Department of Road and Water Resources Engineering.
During the 1940s, the university rapidly changed hands and experience various renaming.
During the Japanese occupation in the Second World War and ensuing years, the school was renamed as the Industrial University by the Japanese administration. This name was short-lived as a few years later, the Japanese surrender paved the way for Indonesia's declaration of independence and the campus was renamed as Technical High School by the newly-declared republic.[8]
A year later, the Dutch colonial government would return to re-occupy Indonesia and took re-directorship of the campus. It was renamed again as Emergency University of Dutch East Indies as the Indonesian National Revolution raged across the colony. It was during this time that the campus would begin operating the Faculty of Engineering and Faculty of Science under the University of Indonesia.
On 2 March 1959, the two faculties of University of Indonesia in Bandung was declared a separate academic entity. Bandung Institute of Technology was founded for higher learning in natural sciences, technologies, and fine arts.[9]
Campuses
The ITB main campus along with its other campuses, cover a total area of about 770,000 square metres.[10]
Ganesha Campus
The original and main campus in Ganesha has a wide range of facilities. Apart from lecture classes and laboratories, the campus boasts an art gallery, a dedicated sports centre, central library, medical clinic and extracurricular areas.
Jatinangor Campus
Due to the increasing number of students, the decision was made to develop another campus elsewhere. The second campus in Jatinangor served as an integral part of the university and is on the same standing as the Ganesha campus.
Cirebon Campus
ITB plans to build a brand-new campus in Cirebon so as to anticipate future research and educational endeavors. This will be the university's commitment in further developing human resources of Indonesia.
Academics
Quality and reputation
| University rankings | |
|---|---|
| Global – Overall | |
| QS World[11] | 235 (2023) |
| QS Employability[11] | 301-500 (2022) |
| THE World[12] | 1201-1500 (2023) |
| Regional – Overall | |
| QS Asia[11] | 63 (2023) |
| THE Asia[12] | 301-350 (2022) |
ITB is ranked 235th at 2023 QS World University Rankings, and ranked 63rd in QS Asian University Rankings.[11] ITB is universally and consistently placed among the top three elite universities in the country, having the highest score threshold in Indonesia's national state university entrance test in 2009. Out of the 422,159 candidates who applied, only 2,000 are successfully admitted.[13] To this day, engineering faculties in ITB is nationally accepted as the finest in the country and as such, they are among the toughest to be admitted into.
Apart from STEM-based faculties, the campus also opened a business school called the School of Business and Management (SBM). SBM is considered as the most prestigious and elite business school in Indonesia and regarded as the best business school in Indonesia by eduniversal ranking, global brand magazine and SWA Magazine, the most popular business magazine in Indonesia.[14]
Research
According to the rector of ITB, ITB had built an eight-storey mining research centre for both national and international research such as research on oil reservoirs, production optimisation, geological exploitation and coal exploitation development worth Rp110 billion ($12.1 million).[15]
Faculties and programs
Consisting of 12 faculties and schools, ITB is not only focused on the fields of STEM but also arts and business management which have been recognized at national and international levels.[16]
Natural Sciences Cluster
| Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences (FMNS) Indonesian: Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam (FMIPA) |
| School of Life Sciences and Technology - Science Program (SLST-S) Indonesian: Sekolah Ilmu dan Teknologi Hayati - Program Sains (SITH-S) |
Pharmacy Cluster
| School of Pharmacy (SP) Indonesian: Sekolah Farmasi (SF) |
Engineering Cluster
| School of Life Sciences and Technology - Engineering Program (SLST-E) Indonesian: Sekolah Ilmu dan Teknologi Hayati - Program Rekayasa (SITH-R) |
| Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology (FEST) Indonesian: Fakultas Ilmu dan Teknologi Kebumian (FITB) |
| Faculty of Mining and Petroleum Engineering (FMPE) Indonesian: Fakultas Teknik Pertambangan dan Perminyakan (FTTM) |
| Faculty of Industrial Technology (FIT) Indonesian: Fakultas Teknologi Industri (FTI) |
| School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics (SEEI) Indonesian: Sekolah Teknik Elektro dan Informatika (STEI) |
| Faculty of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering (FMAE) Indonesian: Fakultas Teknik Mesin dan Dirgantara (FTMD) |
| Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering (FCEE) Indonesian: Fakultas Teknik Sipil dan Lingkungan (FTSL) |
| School of Architecture, Planning and Policy Development (SAPPD) Indonesian: Sekolah Arsitektur, Perancangan, dan Pengembangan Kebijakan (SAPPK) |
Social Sciences, Arts, and Humanities Cluster
| Faculty of Art and Design (FAD) Indonesian: Fakultas Seni Rupa dan Desain (FSRD)
|
| School of Business and Management (SBM) Indonesian: Sekolah Bisnis dan Manajemen (SBM)
|
Faculty of Art and Design (FAD)
FSRD ITB is a bright and enthusiastic higher education institution at the forefront of Indonesian undergraduate and graduate visual art and design studies. The academic aim of the FSRD ITB is to deliver higher-quality education, research, and community services in all areas of visual art and design. The rich blend of technical and artistic knowledge, intersecting with the borders and frontiers in the domains of sciences, engineering, and business at ITB, is the trademark of visual art and design education at FSRD.[17] In 2022, Art and Design program in the FSRD ITB was one of the QS World's top 20 Art & Design schools in the Asia region.[18]
Notable people and alumni
ITB has produced more than 120,000 alumni who play a significant role in nation-building, among others are:[19]
- Aburizal Bakrie, an Indonesian entrepreneur and politician, former chairman of Bakrie Group, former Indonesian Coordinating Ministry for Human Development and Cultural Affairs (2005–2009), Chairman of Golkar Party (2009–present), the richest person in Indonesia (Forbes 2007).[20] From 2004 until 2005 Bakrie served as Indonesia's Coordinating Minister for Economy.[21][22]
- Achmad Zaky, CEO & co-founder of Bukalapak.[23]
- Ahmad Sadali, Abstract Painter and Lecturer the ITB.[24]
- Albert Yonathan Setyawan, Contemporary ceramic artist based in Japan.[25][26]
- Arcandra Tahar, Vice Minister and formerly Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources of the Republic of Indonesia on the Working Cabinet.[27][28]
- Betti Alisjahbana, Indonesian businesswoman, former chief of IBM Indonesia.[29]
- Baharuddin Jusuf Habibie, the Third President of Indonesia (1998–1999).[30]
- Ciputra, Indonesian real estate tycoon, top 15 the richest people in Indonesia 2016.[31][32]
- Djoko Santoso, Chief of Staff of the Indonesian Army from 2005 to 2007, appointed as the Commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces served from 2007 to 2010, Former President of Association of Indonesian Geophysicist (1998-2000), Former Rector of ITB (2005-2010), Former Rector of UI (2012-2013), Director General of Higher Education.[33]
- Djuanda Kartawidjaja, Prime Minister of Indonesia (1957–1963).[34][35]
- Fadel Muhammad, Governor of Gorontalo (2001–2009), Minister for Maritime and Fisheries (2009–2011), Deputy Chairman of Golkar Party.[36]
- Ginandjar Kartasasmita, former Speaker of Indonesian Regional Representative Council (DPD-RI), former Indonesian Coordinating Minister of Economy.[37][38]
- Harry Roesli, Indonesian artist and musician.[39]
- Hartono Rekso Dharsono, the first Secretary General of ASEAN.[40]
- Hatta Rajasa, Indonesian Coordinating Minister of Economy (2009–2014).[41]
- Herman Johannes, Indonesian National Hero, Member of Indonesia's Presidential Supreme Advisory Council from 1968 to 1978, and the Minister for Public Works and Energy from 1950 to 1951, member of the executive board of UNESCO from 1954 to 1957, professor, scientist, former dean of Gadjah Mada University.[42]
- Hokky Situngkir, Indonesian scientist.[43][44][45][46]
- Jero Wacik, Indonesian Minister of Culture and Tourism (2004–2011).[47][48]
- Jesica Fitriana Martasari Alfharisi, Puteri Indonesia Pariwisata 2019 and Miss Supranational 2019 2nd runner-up.[49]
- Joko Anwar, film director.[50]
- Jusman Syafii Djamal, former Indonesian Minister of Transportation, former CEO of Indonesian Aerospace - PT Dirgantara Indonesia (Persero), an Indonesian aircraft manufacturing firm, President Commissioner PT. Garuda Indonesia, the biggest Indonesia stateowned airlines company.[51]
- Karen Agustiawan, former President of Pertamina, the largest Indonesian Oil Company.[52]
- Karlina Leksono Supelli, Indonesian philosopher and astronomer. One of Indonesia's first female astronomers.[53]
- Karno Barkah, Indonesian aviation pioneer, recipient of the French Légion d'honneur, former President Director of the Soekarno-Hatta International Airport.[54][55]
- Kusmayanto Kadiman, former Minister of Research and Technology of Indonesia.[56]
- Laksamana Sukardi, former Indonesian minister of State-owned Enterprises Management, Indonesian Politician, banker.[57][58][59]
- Mangunwijaya, Indonesian architect, writer, and Catholic religious leader.[60]
- Maria Selena, winner of Puteri Indonesia 2011 and represent Indonesia in Miss Universe 2012.[61][62]
- Merlyna Lim, Indonesian professor, internationally recognized Science & Technology Studies scholar.[63]
- Nabiel Makarim, Indonesian Minister of the Environment (2001–2004).[64]
- Pantur Silaban, Indonesian physicist in theory of relativity.[65]
- Purnomo Yusgiantoro, Indonesian Minister of Defense (2009–present), Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources (2000–2009), former President and Secretary General of OPEC.[66][67]
- Rachmat Witoelar, former Indonesian Minister of Environment, Special Envoy on Climate Change, Head of National Council on Climate Change.[68]
- Ridwan Kamil, mayor of Bandung from 2013 to 2018, Governor of West Java (2018–present).[69][70]
- Rinaldi Firmansyah, Former CEO of Telkom Indonesia, the largest fixed-line and wireless telecommunication operator firm in Indonesia.[71]
- Rizal Ramli, former Indonesian Coordinating Minister of Economy, founder and chairman of ECONIT Advisory Group, an independent economic think-tank.[72]
- Roby Muhamad, Indonesian scientist famous for his work in social networking and small-world networks.[73][74]
- Samaun Samadikun, Indonesian scientist dedicated to the development of electronics.[75][76]
- Soekarno, The First President of Indonesia (1945-1967).[77][78]
- Taufik Akbar, Indonesian astronaut.[79]
- Tjokorda Raka Sukawati, inventor of Sosrobahu construction technique.[80][81]
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Webmaster Team, Unit Sumber Daya Informasi ITB. . Archived from the original on 19 July 2015. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
- ^ "Siskumdang - ITB - Document Details - SK Rektor No. 324/SK/K01/OT/2008". itb.ac.id. 18 December 2012. Archived from the original on 18 December 2012. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
- ^ CMYK 100,70,0,0 http://www.colorhexa.com/004dff
- ^ "QS World University Rankings 2023: Top Global Universities". Top Universities. Retrieved 2022-09-25.
- ^ "QS World University Rankings 2023: Top Global Universities". Top Universities. Retrieved 2022-10-14.
- ^ "World University Rankings 2023". Times Higher Education. Retrieved 2022-10-14.
- ^ The quest for the ultimate architecture Indonesia in the late colonial period , pac-nl.org
- ^ "Usia ITB Genap 100 Tahun, Begini Sejarah Singkatnya". Bandung Kita (in Indonesian). 2020-07-03. Retrieved 2020-07-25.
- ^ "PP 155-2000::Penetapan ITB sebagai BHMN". ngada.org (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2020-07-25.
- ^ ITB, Webmaster Team, Direktorat Sistem dan Teknologi Informasi. "Fakta dan Angka -". Institut Teknologi Bandung (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2020-07-25.
- ^ a b c d "Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB)".
- ^ a b "Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB)". 13 November 2021.
- ^ http://sosialbudaya.tvone.co.id/berita/view/19209/2009/07/31/sebanyak_92511_calon_mahasiswa_lolos_snmptn_2009/[permanent dead link]
- ^ Peringkat Ranking Sekolah Bisnis Terbaik di Indonesia | blog strategi + manajemen
- ^ "ITB plans Rp 110b research center". December 2, 2011.
- ^ ITB, Webmaster Team, Direktorat Sistem dan Teknologi Informasi. "Fakultas dan Sekolah -". Institut Teknologi Bandung (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2020-07-25.
- ^ Academic Report 2014: Faculty of Art & Design, Bandung Institute of Technology. Bandung Institute of Technology. 2014. pp. 6–7. ISBN 9786029815023.
- ^ "QS World University Rankings for Art & Design 2022". Top Universities. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
- ^ inspiraloka (2019-08-11). "100 Alumni ITB (Institut Teknologi Bandung) yang Paling Terkenal". Inspiraloka (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2020-07-25.
- ^ Executive Profile & Biography Bloomberg BusinessWeek. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
- ^ Wayne Arnold (4 October 2005). "This Bali Bombing Seen as Having Less Economic Effect". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 December 2012.
- ^ . Tempo. 14 August 2005. Archived from the original on 8 September 2008. Retrieved 27 December 2012.
- ^ Enricko Lukman, “Bukalapak CEO: Start early, fail more,” Techinasia, 2 Mei 2014
- ^ Tempo.Co. "Mengenang Pelukis Ahmad Sadali". Tempo News. Retrieved 2017-09-21.
- ^ "ALBERT YONATHAN SETYAWAN". www.changeperformingarts.com. Retrieved 2020-06-21.
- ^ "ArtAsiaPacific: Apotheose". artasiapacific.com. Retrieved 2020-06-21.
- ^ "Ignasius Jonan dan Arcandra Tahar diangkat jadi Menteri dan Wakil Menteri ESDM". BBC Indonesia. 14 October 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
- ^ Media, Kompas Cyber (2016-07-27). "Jokowi Umumkan "Reshuffle" Kabinet, Ini Susunan Menteri Baru - Kompas.com". KOMPAS.com. Retrieved 2018-05-28.
- ^ Biografi Betti Alisjahbana Tokohindonesia.com. Retrieved on 2015-06-26.
- ^ "Vice President - President of Indonesia Collection Website". kepustakaan-presiden.perpusnas.go.id. Retrieved 2020-06-22.
- ^ Suryadinata, Leo (2012). Southeast Asian Personalities of Chinese Descent: A Biographical Dictionary, Volume I. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 208–210. ISBN 978-981-4345-21-7.
- ^ Isnaeni, Hendri F. (2019-11-12). "创业导师——徐振焕" [Founding mentor—Ciputra]. International Daily News (in Chinese). from the original on 2019-11-28. Retrieved 2019-11-28.
- ^ Agil Hari Santoso (10 May 2020). "Mantan Panglima TNI Djoko Santoso Meninggal Dunia, Jajaran TNI AD Kibarkan Bendera Setengah Tiang" [TNI Ex-Commander in Chief Djoko Santoso Passes Away, TNI Army Ranks Wave Flags at Half-Mast]. Pikiran Rakyat (in Indonesian). Retrieved 10 May 2020.
- ^ . dishut.jabarprov.go.id. Archived from the original on 2021-09-26. Retrieved 2021-09-26.
- ^ "Profil - Djuanda Kartawidjaja". merdeka.com. Retrieved 2021-09-26.
- ^ Nadjemudin, Adha (9 July 2017). "Fadel Muhammad Kembali Jabat Ketua Yayasan Alkhairat" [Fadel Muhammad Returns to the Chair of the Alkhairaat Foundation]. ANTARA News Palu, Sulawesi Tengah. Archived from the original on October 20, 2018. Retrieved 24 October 2019.
- ^ Roland Rich (23 June 2014). Parties and Parliaments in Southeast Asia: Non-Partisan Chambers in Indonesia, the Philippines and Thailand. Taylor & Francis. pp. 175–. ISBN 978-1-317-60553-9.
- ^ "Irman Gusman, Ketua DPD Terpilih". republika.co.id. 3 October 2009. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
- ^ Arriyani (12 December 2004). "Jenazah Harry Roesli Diberangkatkan Ke Ciomas" [Harry Roesli's Body is Sent to Ciomas]. Tempo (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 6 January 2012. Retrieved 6 January 2012.
- ^ Elson, Robert (2001). Suharto: A Political Biography. UK: The Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. p. 163. ISBN 0-521-77326-1.
- ^ Simamora, Adianto P. (April 27, 2011). "Ibas and Aliya get engaged". The Jakarta Post.
- ^ Representation on the Executive Board, UNESCO 18 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Article: Hokky Situngkir, pendekar batik dari Surya University 2015-06-16 at the Wayback Machine. Surya University News 23 Maret 2015.
- ^ Haryanto, Nur (May 12, 2016). "Temuan Baru dari Penelitian Megastruktur Borobudur". Tempo.
- ^ . Archived from the original on 2016-09-27. Retrieved 2016-09-25.
- ^ Artikel:"Kalau Sains Tak Berguna, Tinggalkan Saja" di Okezone.com
- ^ Tokohindonesia
- ^ Wajah DPR dan DPD, 2009-2014: latar belakang pendidikan dan karier (in Indonesian). Penerbit Buku Kompas. 2010. p. 69. ISBN 978-979-709-471-3. Retrieved 2021-06-04.
- ^ "Fakta Jesica Fitriana Martasari, Runner Up Puteri Indonesia 2019" (in Indonesian). Jawa Pos. March 10, 2019.
- ^ "6 Most Influential Film Directors in Modern Indonesian Cinema". Indonesia Tatler. Retrieved 2021-01-23.
- ^ Mahmud, Fachri. "EU, Indonesia cooperate on air safety." Jakarta Post. Friday 29 February 2009. Retrieved on 11 February 2009.
- ^ "Pertamina Was Target for Extortion: Chief". Jakarta Globe. 27 January 2014. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
- ^ ULUNG, A. Kurniawan (14 August 2017). "Karlina Supelli: Understanding life through philosophy". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
- ^ . Tempo. 3 March 1984. Archived from the original on 19 February 2012. Retrieved 9 July 2012.
- ^ . Pusat Data & Analisa Tempo. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011.
- ^ Kusmayanto Kadiman 2009-07-27 at the Wayback Machine from ristek.go.id
- ^ "Laksamana Sukardi". Ensiklopedi Tokoh Indonesia. tokohindonesia.com. Retrieved 12 May 2016.
- ^ Tomsa, Dirk (2008). Party Politics and Democratization in Indonesia: Golkar in the Post-Suharto Era. Routledge. ISBN 978-1134045754. Retrieved 12 May 2016.
- ^ Barton, Greg (2002). Gus Dur: The Authorized Biography of Abdurrahman Wahid. Equinox Publishing. ISBN 9799589851. Retrieved 12 May 2016.
- ^ "Romo Mangun: Tribute to a Multi-Talented, National Figure". Inside Indonesia. 1 October 2001. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
- ^ Adiguna, J. (October 25, 2011). . The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 10 October 2011. Retrieved 25 October 2011.
- ^ . Jakarta Globe. October 8, 2011. Archived from the original on 2 November 2011. Retrieved 25 October 2011.
- ^ Merlyna Lim Wins Graduate Mentoring Award" Faculty of Public Affairs, Carleton University, March 9, 2019. [1]
- ^ Ahmed, Kulsum; Triana, Ernesto Sánchez (1 April 2008). Strategic Environment Assessment for Policies: An Instrument for Good Governance. World Bank Publications. pp. 142–. ISBN 9780821367636. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
- ^ Sirait, P. Hasudungan; Naipospos, Nabisuk. "Si Jenius Fisika dari Tanah Batak : PANTUR SILABAN - Dari Snellius ke Einstein" (in Indonesian). Retrieved June 7, 2014.
- ^ Profil Purnomo Yusgiantoro, MERDEKA.COM
- ^ "United Indonesia Cabinet 2009-2014". The Jakarta Post. 2009-10-22. p. 3.
- ^ Profile at TokohIndonesia
- ^ Sheehan, Susan (June 13, 2017). "Ridwan Kamil Turns an Unconventional Home in Indonesia Into an Ingenious Recycling System". Architectural Digest. No. September 2009. Retrieved 28 December 2020.
- ^ "Ridwan Kamil". 19 June 2020.
- ^ "Rinaldi Firmansyah Profile". Forbes.com. Archived from the original on 2007-05-03.
- ^ Nugroho, Bagus Prihantoro; Alief, Bisma (2016-07-27). "Rizal Ramli 'Rajawali Ngepret' Hanya 11 Bulan Duduk Sebagai Menteri" [‘Rajawali Ngepret’ Rizal Ramli Only 11 Months In Office As Minister]. detik.com (in Indonesian). Jakarta. Retrieved 2021-05-10.
- ^ Ketut Krisna Wijaya, This CEO left Acer to build a social network in Indonesia, and just raised $3M. Tech In Asia, 1 September 2015. Accessed 25 June 2018.
- ^ Elly Burhaini Faizal, Social media plays role in youth smoking, says expert. Jakarta Post, 21 March 2016. Accessed 25 June 2018.
- ^ Prof. Samaun Samadikun 2008-11-20 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Samaun Samadikun's 85th birthday". Google. 15 April 2016.
- ^ Wissema, J. G. (2009-01-01). Towards the Third Generation University: Managing the University in Transition. Edward Elgar Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84844-618-2.
- ^ "Biografi Presiden Soekarno" (in Indonesian). Biografi Tokoh. 19 October 2010.
- ^ NASA listing (Page 61)
- ^ "Penemu Teknologi Sosrobahu Meninggal Dunia" (in Indonesian). Media Group. November 12, 2020. Retrieved August 31, 2020.
- ^ "Man of 1000 shoulders". The Jakarta Post. December 11, 2014. Retrieved August 31, 2020.
External links
- Alumni association
- Bosscha Observatory