fbpx
Wikipedia

Banded bullfrog

April 12, 2024

The banded bullfrog (Kaloula pulchra) is a species of frog in the narrow-mouthed frog family Microhylidae. Native to Southeast Asia, it is also known as the Asian painted frog, digging frog, Malaysian bullfrog, common Asian frog, and painted balloon frog. In the pet trade, it is sometimes called the chubby frog. Adults measure 5.4 to 7.5 cm (2.1 to 3.0 in) and have a dark brown back with stripes that vary from copper-brown to salmon pink.

Banded bullfrog
Calls of several banded bullfrogs
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Family: Microhylidae
Genus: Kaloula
Species:
K. pulchra
Binomial name
Kaloula pulchra
(Gray, 1831)
  Banded bullfrog range[1]

The banded bullfrog lives at low altitudes and is found in both urban and rural settings, as well as in forest habitats. They bury themselves underground during dry periods and emerge after heavy rainfall to emit calls and breed. They feed primarily on ants and termites; predators of adults and tadpoles include snakes, dragonfly larvae, and snails. When threatened, they inflate their lungs and secrete a noxious white substance. The species is prevalent in the pet trade and is a potential invasive species being introduced in Taiwan, the Philippines, Guam, Singapore, Borneo, and Sulawesi.

Taxonomy and etymology edit

The banded bullfrog was first described in 1831 by the British zoologist John Edward Gray, as Kaloula pulchra (pulchra meaning "beautiful" in Latin).[2] Cantor (1847) described the species under the name Hylaedactylus bivittatus,[3] which was synonymized with K. pulchra by Günther (1858).[4] The subspecies K. p. hainana was described by Gressitt (1938) as having a shorter snout and hind legs compared to the nominate subspecies, K. p. pulchra.[5] A former subspecies in Sri Lanka, originally named K. p. taprobanica by Parker (1934), has since been reclassified as a separate species, Uperodon taprobanicus.[6] Bourret (1942) described a subspecies K. p. macrocephala that is now considered by several authors to be a distinct species, K. macrocephala.[7][8][9]

According to Darrel Frost's Amphibian Species of the World, common names for Kaloula pulchra include the Malaysian narrowmouth toad, Asian painted frog, digging frog, painted bullfrog, Malaysian bullfrog, painted burrowing frog, common Asian bullfrog, painted balloon frog, and painted microhylid frog.[10] It is also known as the chubby frog in the pet trade.[11]

Description edit

The banded bullfrog is medium-sized with a stocky, triangular body and a short snout.[12][13] Males grow to a snout–vent length (SVL) of 5.4 to 7.0 cm (2.1 to 2.8 in) and females are slightly larger, reaching an SVL of 5.7 to 7.5 cm (2.2 to 3.0 in). Other than the slight difference in length, there is very limited sexual dimorphism.[14] They have a body weight of 80–120 g (2.8–4.2 oz).[15] The back is dark brown with stripes that vary from copper-brown to salmon pink, and the abdomen is cream-colored.[12][16]

Tadpoles are about 0.5 cm (0.20 in) long after hatching and reach an SVL of about 1.1 cm (0.43 in) at the end of metamorphosis. They have an oval body that is brown or black with a pale belly, a round snout, and a moderately long, tapered tail with yellow speckles and tall fins. The eyes are relatively small and the side of the head, with black or dark gray irises and a golden ring around the pupil. They do not possess any tail filament.[17] During metamorphosis, their eyes increase in size and bulge and they develop slender limbs and digits with rounded tips.[18] The tadpoles metamorphose beginning at two weeks.[19]

Distribution and habitat edit

 
Juvenile banded bullfrog in a drop of water on a sacred lotus leaf, in Laos

The species is native to Southeast Asia.[20] It is common over a range from northeastern India,[21] and Nepal,[22] to southern India and Sri Lanka[22] to southern China[21][22] (especially Hainan) and Myanmar,[22] and south to the islands of maritime Southeast Asia.[21][23][22] Its wide distribution, compared to the related species Kaloula assamensis, has been attributed to its burrowing ability.[24]

The banded bullfrog has been found at elevations between sea level and 750 m (2,460 ft) above sea level.[1] It can occur in both urban and rural settings, and in forest habitats.[25]

As an invasive species edit

The banded bullfrog is a potential invasive species. It has been introduced through both the pet trade and maritime transport, and has become established in Taiwan, the Philippines,[26] Guam,[27] Singapore, Borneo, and Sulawesi.[22][28] Some specimens have been observed in Australia and New Zealand.[28][29][30] Its introduction into the Philippines was likely accidental, via contamination of plant nursery materials or stowaways on ships and boats.[20]

Several species, likely introduced through the pet trade, were observed in Florida in 2006 and 2008; however, as of 2011, the population is under control and there is no evidence of reproduction.[31] The frog was observed at an airport in Perth, Australia, and at a cargo port in New Zealand, but no established invasive population has been found in either country as of 2019.[32]

Behaviour and ecology edit

 
Banded bullfrogs are capable swimmers.

Breeding is stimulated by heavy monsoon rains, after which the frogs relocate from underground to rain pools or ponds.[23][33] They are more commonly found on wetter nights, and while they are not reproductively active during dry periods, their gonads remain ripe so that they can mate soon after rainfall.[33] In India, the male frogs call after the monsoon season begins in April or May. The pulses of the calls recorded in India were 28–56 per second with a frequency range of 50–1760 Hz. In Thailand the dominant frequency was 250 Hz (duration 560–600 ms long) and 18–21 pulses per call.[34]

Their form is suited for walking and burrowing rather than jumping.[35] They are able to survive dry conditions by burying themselves in the ground and waiting for rain; the burrowing also helps them avoid predators. When burrowing they dig their way down hindlimb first and use their forelimbs to push themselves several inches under the soil, where they can remain for the duration of the dry season.[18][24] Banded bullfrogs hide under leaf litter during the daylight hours and eat in the evening. They have been found in trees and have been observed hunting termites in them.[36]

Diet, predators, and parasites edit

In the wild, the banded bullfrog primarily eats ants and termites.[36] It also feeds on other small invertebrates including flies, crickets, moths, grasshoppers, and earthworms.[37] Its relatively small head and mouth mostly limit its diet to small and slow-moving prey.[37][38] The feeding cycle from opening of the mouth to closing is about 150 milliseconds and is relatively symmetrical, meaning that the bullfrog spends an equal amount of time extending its tongue and bringing the prey into the mouth.[39] Banded bullfrogs kept as pets can be fed insects such as crickets, mealworms, insect larvae, and beetles.[11]

Snakes such as the kukri snake are predators of adult banded bullfrogs.[25] For eggs and tadpoles, predators include dragonfly larvae and snails such as the golden apple snail.[40][41] Banded bullfrogs display deimatic behaviour when threatened, greatly inflating their bodies in an attempt to distract or startle predators.[13] By inflating its body and bending its head down, the bullfrog can appear larger than its actual size.[24] It also secretes a noxious white substance through its skin that is distasteful, though non-toxic, to predators.[42][43] The secretion contains a trypsin inhibitor and can induce hemolysis (rupturing of red blood cells).[15][42]

Parasites include parasitic worms that have been found in the frog's intestinal mesentery and leeches that attach to the frog's back.[12][44]

Pet trade edit

 
An inflated banded bullfrog

Commonly sold in pet stores, banded bullfrogs thrive in terrariums with substrate choices consisting of peat–soil mixes or moss mixtures.[11][45] In contrast to the ant and termite diets of wild bullfrogs, captive bullfrogs typically feed on slightly larger insects such as crickets or mealworms.[11]

A survey of internet pet trade listings between 2015 and 2018 in Europe and the United States found that there were three to four times as many offers as requests for the banded bullfrog, with no evidence of captive breeding.[46] In the Philippines, traders collect the frogs locally. Low interest in the Philippine pet trade has been attributed to the bullfrog's muted colours and burrowing behavior.[47] Máximo and colleagues hypothesize that the species has been illegally sold in South America for decades, based on identifications in Argentina during the 1980s and in Brazil in 2020.[48]

Conservation status edit

The International Union for Conservation of Nature listed the species as least concern due to its extensive distribution, tolerance of a wide range of environments, and predicted large population.[1] In many regions, the banded bullfrog is captured for consumption, but this does not appear to have a substantial impact on its population.[1]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e Kuangyang L, Zhigang Y, Haitao S, et al. (2016) [errata version of 2004 assessment]. "Kaloula pulchra". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004: e.T57855A86163405. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T57855A11694615.en.
  2. ^ Gray JE (1831). "Description of two new genera of Frogs discovered by John Reeves, Esq. in China". The zoological miscellany: to be continued occasionally. London: Treuttel, Wurtz and Co., G.B. Sowerby, W. Wood. p. 38. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.113722. OCLC 2319292.
  3. ^ Cantor T (1847). Catalogue of reptiles inhabiting the Malayan peninsula and islands. Calcutta: J. Thomas. pp. 143–145. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.5057.
  4. ^ Günther A (1858). Catalogue of the Batrachia Salientia in the collection of the British Museum. London: Taylor & Francis. p. 123. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.8326. OCLC 1098151.
  5. ^ Gressitt JL (1938). "A new burrowing frog and a new lizard from Hainan Island". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 51. Biological Society of Washington: 127–130 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
  6. ^ Garg S, Senevirathne G, Wijayathilaka N, et al. (2018). "An integrative taxonomic review of the South Asian microhylid genus Uperodon". Zootaxa. 4384 (1): 1–88. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4384.1.1. PMID 29689915.
  7. ^ Bourret R (1942). Les batraciens de l'Indochine. Hanoi: L'Institut océanographique de l'Indochine. pp. 490–491. OCLC 715507054.
  8. ^ Pauwels OS, Chérot F (2006). "Translation of the original description of Kaloula aureata Nutphand, 1989 (Anura: Microhylidae), with lectotype designation". Hamadryad. 30 (1–2): 172–175. ISSN 0972-205X.
  9. ^ Mo Y, Zhang W, Zhou S, et al. (2013). "A new species of Kaloula (Amphibia: Anura: Microhylidae) from southern Guangxi, China". Zootaxa. 3710 (2): 165–178. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.3. PMID 26106681.
  10. ^ Frost D. "Kaloula pulchra Gray, 1831". Amphibian Species of the World. American Museum of Natural History. from the original on 12 November 2021. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
  11. ^ a b c d Willis AT (2014). "Asian Painted Bullfrog Care". Reptiles. from the original on 3 December 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
  12. ^ a b c Nakano T, Sung YH (2014). "A New Host Record for Tritetrabdella taiwana (Hirudinida: Arhynchobdellida: Haemadipsidae) from the Asian Painted Frog Kaloula pulchra (Anura: Microhylidae) in Hong Kong, China, with a Taxonomic Note on T. taiwana". Comparative Parasitology. 81 (1): 125–129. doi:10.1654/4667.1.
  13. ^ a b Shahrudin S (2021). "Defensive behavior of Banded Bullfrogs, Kaloula pulchra Gray 1831 (Anura: Microhylidae) from Kedah, peninsular Malaysia". Reptiles & Amphibians. 28 (1): 139–141. doi:10.17161/randa.v28i1.15371. S2CID 237993916.
  14. ^ Ruiz-Fernández MJ, Jiménez S, Fernández-Valle E, et al. (2020). "Sex Determination in Two Species of Anuran Amphibians by Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Ultrasound Techniques". Animals. 10 (11): 2142. doi:10.3390/ani10112142. PMC 7698606. PMID 33217993.
  15. ^ a b Wei S, Chi T, Meng A, et al. (2013). "Characteristics of hemolytic activity induced by skin secretions of the frog Kaloula pulchra hainana". Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases. 19 (9): 9. doi:10.1186/1678-9199-19-9. PMC 3710140. PMID 24499077.
  16. ^ Bhattacharjee PP, Laskar D, Majumder J, et al. (2011). "Sighting of Asian Painted Frog (Kaloula pulchra) from West Bhubanban (near Agartala city), West Tripura district, Tripura". NeBIO. 2 (1): 18–19.
  17. ^ Bowles P. "Asian Banded Bullfrog". The Online Field Guide. from the original on 21 January 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2021.
  18. ^ a b Vassilieva AB (2021). "Larval morphology of three syntopic species of Kaloula Gray (Anura: Microhylidae) from Vietnam". Zootaxa. 4952 (1): 71–86. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4952.1.4. PMID 33903379. S2CID 233411516.
  19. ^ Bartlett RD, Bartlett PP (1996). Frogs, toads, and treefrogs: everything about selection, care, nutrition, breeding, and behavior. Hauppage, NY: Barron's Educational Series. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-8120-9156-4. OCLC 859029562.
  20. ^ a b Pili AN, Sy EY, Diesmos ML, et al. (2019). "Island Hopping in a Biodiversity Hotspot Archipelago: Reconstructed Invasion History and Updated Status and Distribution of Alien Frogs in the Philippines". Pacific Science. 73 (3): 321–343. doi:10.2984/73.3.2. S2CID 198980047.
  21. ^ a b c Christy MT, Clark CS, Gee DE, et al. (2007). "Recent Records of Alien Anurans on the Pacific Island of Guam". Pacific Science. 61 (4): 469–483. doi:10.2984/1534-6188(2007)61[469:RROAAO]2.0.CO;2. hdl:10125/22630. S2CID 64769647.
  22. ^ a b c d e f Lever, Christopher (2003). Naturalized reptiles and amphibians of the world. Oxford, New York City: Oxford University Press. p. 318. ISBN 978-0-19-850771-0. OCLC 52055624.
  23. ^ a b Yeung HY (2021). "Heterospecific Amplexus Between a Male Paddy Frog, Fejervarya multistriata (Hallowell 1861) (Anura: Dicroglossidae), and a Male Banded Bullfrog, Kaloula pulchra Gray 1831 (Anura: Microhylidae), from Hong Kong". Reptiles & Amphibians. 28 (2): 350–351. doi:10.17161/randa.v28i2.15471. S2CID 237846195.
  24. ^ a b c Soud R, Mazumdar K, Gupta A, et al. (2012). "Defensive and burrowing behaviour of Kaloula assamensis Das et al., 2004 and Kaloula pulchra Gray, 1831 (Microhylidae)" (PDF). Frog Leg. 18: 48–50.
  25. ^ a b Bringsøe H, Suthanthangjai M, Suthanthangjai W, et al. (2021). "Gruesome twosome kukri rippers: Oligodon formosanus (Günther, 1872) and O. fasciolatus (Günther, 1864) eat Kaloula pulchra Gray, 1831 either by eviscerating or swallowing whole". Herpetozoa. 34: 49–55. doi:10.3897/herpetozoa.34.e62688. S2CID 233264132.
  26. ^ Brown RM, Oliveros CH, Siler CD, Fernandez JB, Welton LJ, Buenavente PA, Diesmos ML, Diesmos AC (2012). "Amphibians and Reptiles of Luzon Island (Philippines), VII: Herpetofauna of Ilocos Norte Province, Northern Cordillera Mountain Range". Check List. 8 (3): 469–490. doi:10.15560/8.3.469. hdl:1808/10745. S2CID 18375419.
  27. ^ Christy MT, Savidge JA, Rodda GH (2007). "Multiple pathways for invasion of anurans on a Pacific island". Diversity and Distributions. 13 (5): 598–607. doi:10.1111/j.1472-4642.2007.00378.x. S2CID 85628306.
  28. ^ a b Tyler M, Chapman T (2007). "An Asian species of frog (Kaloula pulchra, Microhylidae) intercepted at Perth International Airport, Australia". Applied Herpetology. 4 (1): 86–87. doi:10.1163/157075407779766697.
  29. ^ Gill BJ, Bejakovich D, Whitaker AH (2001). "Records of foreign reptiles and amphibians accidentally imported to New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 28 (3): 351–359. doi:10.1080/03014223.2001.9518274. S2CID 85031652.
  30. ^ Inger RF (1966). The systematics and zoogeography of the amphibia of Borneo. Fieldiana: Zoology vol. 52. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.3147.
  31. ^ Krysko KL, Burgess JP, Rochford MR, et al. (2011). "Verified non-indigenous amphibians and reptiles in Florida from 1863 through 2010: Outlining the invasion process and identifying invasion pathways and stages". Zootaxa. 3028 (1): 22–23. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3028.1.1.
  32. ^ Fuller P, Howell RS (2019). "Kaloula pulchra Gray, 1831". Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database. United States Geological Survey. from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 3 December 2021.
  33. ^ a b Berry PY (1964). "The Breeding Patterns of Seven Species of Singapore Anura". Journal of Animal Ecology. 33 (2): 227–243. doi:10.2307/2629. JSTOR 2629.
  34. ^ Kanamadi RD, Kadadevaru GG, Schneider H (2002). (PDF). Herpetological Review. 33 (1): 19–21. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 February 2012.
  35. ^ Emerson SB (1976). "Burrowing in frogs". Journal of Morphology. 149 (4): 437–458. doi:10.1002/jmor.1051490402. PMID 30257534. S2CID 52845429.
  36. ^ a b Major T, Knierim T, Barnes C, et al. (2017). "Observations of Arboreality in a Burrowing Frog, the Banded Bullfrog, Kaloula pulchra (Amphibia: Anura: Microhylidae)". Current Herpetology. 36 (2): 148–152. doi:10.5358/hsj.36.148. S2CID 89688886.
  37. ^ a b Jabon KJ, Gamalo LE, Responte M, et al. (2019). "Density and diet of invasive alien anuran species in a disturbed landscape: A case in the University of the Philippines Mindanao, Davao City, Philippines". Biodiversitas. 20 (9): 2554–2560. doi:10.13057/biodiv/d200917. S2CID 210965629.
  38. ^ Berry PY (1965). "The diet of some Singapore Anura (Amphibia)". Journal of Zoology. 144 (2): 163–167. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1965.tb05171.x.
  39. ^ Emerson SB (1985). "Skull Shape in Frogs: Correlations with Diet". Herpetologica. 41 (2): 177–188. JSTOR 3892256.
  40. ^ Karraker NE, Dudgeon D (2014). "Invasive apple snails (Pomacea canaliculata) are predators of amphibians in South China". Biological Invasions. 16 (9): 1785–1789. doi:10.1007/s10530-014-0640-2. S2CID 14701893.
  41. ^ Karraker NE (2011). "Are toad tadpoles unpalatable: evidence from the behaviour of a predatory dragonfly in South China". Amphibia-Reptilia. 32 (3): 413–418. doi:10.1163/017353711X571892.
  42. ^ a b Zhang Y, Wang M, Wei S (2010). "Isolation and characterization of a trypsin inhibitor from the skin secretions of Kaloula pulchra hainana". Toxicon. 56 (4): 502–507. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.05.006. PMID 20580731.
  43. ^ Evans CM, Brodie DE (1994). "Adhesive Strength of Amphibian Skin Secretions". Journal of Herpetology. 28 (4): 499–502. doi:10.2307/1564965. JSTOR 1564965.
  44. ^ Amin OM, Wongsawad C, Marayong T, Saehoong P, Suwattanacoupt S, Sey O (1998). "Sphaerechinorhynchus macropisthospinus sp. n. (Acanthocephala: Plagiorhynchidae) from Lizards, Frogs, and Fish in Thailand". Journal of the Helminthological Society of Washington. 65 (2): 174–178.
  45. ^ Zimmermann E (1986). Breeding Terrarium Animals: Amphibians and Reptiles Care—Behavior—Reproduction. Translated by Friese UE. Neptune City, NJ: TFH Publications. p. 187. ISBN 978-0-86622-182-5.
  46. ^ Choquette RE, Angulo A, Bishop PJ, et al. (2020). "The Internet-Based Southeast Asia Amphibian Pet Trade" (PDF). Traffic Bulletin. 32 (2). Traffic: 68–76.
  47. ^ Sy EY (2014). "Checklist of Exotic Species in the Philippine Pet Trade, I. Amphibians" (PDF). Journal of Nature Studies. 13 (1): 48–57.
  48. ^ Máximo IM, Brandão RA, Ruggeri J, et al. (2021). "Amphibian Illegal Pet Trade and a Possible New Case of an Invasive Exotic Species in Brazil" (PDF). Herpetological Conservation and Biology. 16 (2): 303–312.

External links edit

  •   Media related to Kaloula pulchra at Wikimedia Commons

April 12, 2024
banded, bullfrog, banded, bullfrog, kaloula, pulchra, species, frog, narrow, mouthed, frog, family, microhylidae, native, southeast, asia, also, known, asian, painted, frog, digging, frog, malaysian, bullfrog, common, asian, frog, painted, balloon, frog, trade. The banded bullfrog Kaloula pulchra is a species of frog in the narrow mouthed frog family Microhylidae Native to Southeast Asia it is also known as the Asian painted frog digging frog Malaysian bullfrog common Asian frog and painted balloon frog In the pet trade it is sometimes called the chubby frog Adults measure 5 4 to 7 5 cm 2 1 to 3 0 in and have a dark brown back with stripes that vary from copper brown to salmon pink Banded bullfrog source source Calls of several banded bullfrogsConservation statusLeast Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass AmphibiaOrder AnuraFamily MicrohylidaeGenus KaloulaSpecies K pulchraBinomial nameKaloula pulchra Gray 1831 Banded bullfrog range 1 The banded bullfrog lives at low altitudes and is found in both urban and rural settings as well as in forest habitats They bury themselves underground during dry periods and emerge after heavy rainfall to emit calls and breed They feed primarily on ants and termites predators of adults and tadpoles include snakes dragonfly larvae and snails When threatened they inflate their lungs and secrete a noxious white substance The species is prevalent in the pet trade and is a potential invasive species being introduced in Taiwan the Philippines Guam Singapore Borneo and Sulawesi Contents 1 Taxonomy and etymology 2 Description 3 Distribution and habitat 3 1 As an invasive species 4 Behaviour and ecology 4 1 Diet predators and parasites 5 Pet trade 6 Conservation status 7 References 8 External linksTaxonomy and etymology editThe banded bullfrog was first described in 1831 by the British zoologist John Edward Gray as Kaloula pulchra pulchra meaning beautiful in Latin 2 Cantor 1847 described the species under the name Hylaedactylus bivittatus 3 which was synonymized with K pulchra by Gunther 1858 4 The subspecies K p hainana was described by Gressitt 1938 as having a shorter snout and hind legs compared to the nominate subspecies K p pulchra 5 A former subspecies in Sri Lanka originally named K p taprobanica by Parker 1934 has since been reclassified as a separate species Uperodon taprobanicus 6 Bourret 1942 described a subspecies K p macrocephala that is now considered by several authors to be a distinct species K macrocephala 7 8 9 According to Darrel Frost s Amphibian Species of the World common names for Kaloula pulchra include the Malaysian narrowmouth toad Asian painted frog digging frog painted bullfrog Malaysian bullfrog painted burrowing frog common Asian bullfrog painted balloon frog and painted microhylid frog 10 It is also known as the chubby frog in the pet trade 11 Description editThe banded bullfrog is medium sized with a stocky triangular body and a short snout 12 13 Males grow to a snout vent length SVL of 5 4 to 7 0 cm 2 1 to 2 8 in and females are slightly larger reaching an SVL of 5 7 to 7 5 cm 2 2 to 3 0 in Other than the slight difference in length there is very limited sexual dimorphism 14 They have a body weight of 80 120 g 2 8 4 2 oz 15 The back is dark brown with stripes that vary from copper brown to salmon pink and the abdomen is cream colored 12 16 Tadpoles are about 0 5 cm 0 20 in long after hatching and reach an SVL of about 1 1 cm 0 43 in at the end of metamorphosis They have an oval body that is brown or black with a pale belly a round snout and a moderately long tapered tail with yellow speckles and tall fins The eyes are relatively small and the side of the head with black or dark gray irises and a golden ring around the pupil They do not possess any tail filament 17 During metamorphosis their eyes increase in size and bulge and they develop slender limbs and digits with rounded tips 18 The tadpoles metamorphose beginning at two weeks 19 Distribution and habitat edit nbsp Juvenile banded bullfrog in a drop of water on a sacred lotus leaf in LaosThe species is native to Southeast Asia 20 It is common over a range from northeastern India 21 and Nepal 22 to southern India and Sri Lanka 22 to southern China 21 22 especially Hainan and Myanmar 22 and south to the islands of maritime Southeast Asia 21 23 22 Its wide distribution compared to the related species Kaloula assamensis has been attributed to its burrowing ability 24 The banded bullfrog has been found at elevations between sea level and 750 m 2 460 ft above sea level 1 It can occur in both urban and rural settings and in forest habitats 25 As an invasive species edit The banded bullfrog is a potential invasive species It has been introduced through both the pet trade and maritime transport and has become established in Taiwan the Philippines 26 Guam 27 Singapore Borneo and Sulawesi 22 28 Some specimens have been observed in Australia and New Zealand 28 29 30 Its introduction into the Philippines was likely accidental via contamination of plant nursery materials or stowaways on ships and boats 20 Several species likely introduced through the pet trade were observed in Florida in 2006 and 2008 however as of 2011 the population is under control and there is no evidence of reproduction 31 The frog was observed at an airport in Perth Australia and at a cargo port in New Zealand but no established invasive population has been found in either country as of 2019 32 Behaviour and ecology edit nbsp Banded bullfrogs are capable swimmers Breeding is stimulated by heavy monsoon rains after which the frogs relocate from underground to rain pools or ponds 23 33 They are more commonly found on wetter nights and while they are not reproductively active during dry periods their gonads remain ripe so that they can mate soon after rainfall 33 In India the male frogs call after the monsoon season begins in April or May The pulses of the calls recorded in India were 28 56 per second with a frequency range of 50 1760 Hz In Thailand the dominant frequency was 250 Hz duration 560 600 ms long and 18 21 pulses per call 34 Their form is suited for walking and burrowing rather than jumping 35 They are able to survive dry conditions by burying themselves in the ground and waiting for rain the burrowing also helps them avoid predators When burrowing they dig their way down hindlimb first and use their forelimbs to push themselves several inches under the soil where they can remain for the duration of the dry season 18 24 Banded bullfrogs hide under leaf litter during the daylight hours and eat in the evening They have been found in trees and have been observed hunting termites in them 36 Diet predators and parasites edit In the wild the banded bullfrog primarily eats ants and termites 36 It also feeds on other small invertebrates including flies crickets moths grasshoppers and earthworms 37 Its relatively small head and mouth mostly limit its diet to small and slow moving prey 37 38 The feeding cycle from opening of the mouth to closing is about 150 milliseconds and is relatively symmetrical meaning that the bullfrog spends an equal amount of time extending its tongue and bringing the prey into the mouth 39 Banded bullfrogs kept as pets can be fed insects such as crickets mealworms insect larvae and beetles 11 Snakes such as the kukri snake are predators of adult banded bullfrogs 25 For eggs and tadpoles predators include dragonfly larvae and snails such as the golden apple snail 40 41 Banded bullfrogs display deimatic behaviour when threatened greatly inflating their bodies in an attempt to distract or startle predators 13 By inflating its body and bending its head down the bullfrog can appear larger than its actual size 24 It also secretes a noxious white substance through its skin that is distasteful though non toxic to predators 42 43 The secretion contains a trypsin inhibitor and can induce hemolysis rupturing of red blood cells 15 42 Parasites include parasitic worms that have been found in the frog s intestinal mesentery and leeches that attach to the frog s back 12 44 Pet trade edit nbsp An inflated banded bullfrogCommonly sold in pet stores banded bullfrogs thrive in terrariums with substrate choices consisting of peat soil mixes or moss mixtures 11 45 In contrast to the ant and termite diets of wild bullfrogs captive bullfrogs typically feed on slightly larger insects such as crickets or mealworms 11 A survey of internet pet trade listings between 2015 and 2018 in Europe and the United States found that there were three to four times as many offers as requests for the banded bullfrog with no evidence of captive breeding 46 In the Philippines traders collect the frogs locally Low interest in the Philippine pet trade has been attributed to the bullfrog s muted colours and burrowing behavior 47 Maximo and colleagues hypothesize that the species has been illegally sold in South America for decades based on identifications in Argentina during the 1980s and in Brazil in 2020 48 Conservation status editThe International Union for Conservation of Nature listed the species as least concern due to its extensive distribution tolerance of a wide range of environments and predicted large population 1 In many regions the banded bullfrog is captured for consumption but this does not appear to have a substantial impact on its population 1 References edit a b c d e Kuangyang L Zhigang Y Haitao S et al 2016 errata version of 2004 assessment Kaloula pulchra IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2004 e T57855A86163405 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2004 RLTS T57855A11694615 en Gray JE 1831 Description of two new genera of Frogs discovered by John Reeves Esq in China The zoological miscellany to be continued occasionally London Treuttel Wurtz and Co G B Sowerby W Wood p 38 doi 10 5962 bhl title 113722 OCLC 2319292 Cantor T 1847 Catalogue of reptiles inhabiting the Malayan peninsula and islands Calcutta J Thomas pp 143 145 doi 10 5962 bhl title 5057 Gunther A 1858 Catalogue of the Batrachia Salientia in the collection of the British Museum London Taylor amp Francis p 123 doi 10 5962 bhl title 8326 OCLC 1098151 Gressitt JL 1938 A new burrowing frog and a new lizard from Hainan Island Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 51 Biological Society of Washington 127 130 via Biodiversity Heritage Library Garg S Senevirathne G Wijayathilaka N et al 2018 An integrative taxonomic review of the South Asian microhylid genus Uperodon Zootaxa 4384 1 1 88 doi 10 11646 zootaxa 4384 1 1 PMID 29689915 Bourret R 1942 Les batraciens de l Indochine Hanoi L Institut oceanographique de l Indochine pp 490 491 OCLC 715507054 Pauwels OS Cherot F 2006 Translation of the original description of Kaloula aureata Nutphand 1989 Anura Microhylidae with lectotype designation Hamadryad 30 1 2 172 175 ISSN 0972 205X Mo Y Zhang W Zhou S et al 2013 A new species of Kaloula Amphibia Anura Microhylidae from southern Guangxi China Zootaxa 3710 2 165 178 doi 10 11646 zootaxa 3710 2 3 PMID 26106681 Frost D Kaloula pulchra Gray 1831 Amphibian Species of the World American Museum of Natural History Archived from the original on 12 November 2021 Retrieved 31 January 2022 a b c d Willis AT 2014 Asian Painted Bullfrog Care Reptiles Archived from the original on 3 December 2021 Retrieved 15 December 2021 a b c Nakano T Sung YH 2014 A New Host Record for Tritetrabdella taiwana Hirudinida Arhynchobdellida Haemadipsidae from the Asian Painted Frog Kaloula pulchra Anura Microhylidae in Hong Kong China with a Taxonomic Note on T taiwana Comparative Parasitology 81 1 125 129 doi 10 1654 4667 1 a b Shahrudin S 2021 Defensive behavior of Banded Bullfrogs Kaloula pulchra Gray 1831 Anura Microhylidae from Kedah peninsular Malaysia Reptiles amp Amphibians 28 1 139 141 doi 10 17161 randa v28i1 15371 S2CID 237993916 Ruiz Fernandez MJ Jimenez S Fernandez Valle E et al 2020 Sex Determination in Two Species of Anuran Amphibians by Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Ultrasound Techniques Animals 10 11 2142 doi 10 3390 ani10112142 PMC 7698606 PMID 33217993 a b Wei S Chi T Meng A et al 2013 Characteristics of hemolytic activity induced by skin secretions of the frog Kaloula pulchra hainana Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases 19 9 9 doi 10 1186 1678 9199 19 9 PMC 3710140 PMID 24499077 Bhattacharjee PP Laskar D Majumder J et al 2011 Sighting of Asian Painted Frog Kaloula pulchra from West Bhubanban near Agartala city West Tripura district Tripura NeBIO 2 1 18 19 Bowles P Asian Banded Bullfrog The Online Field Guide Archived from the original on 21 January 2020 Retrieved 3 December 2021 a b Vassilieva AB 2021 Larval morphology of three syntopic species of Kaloula Gray Anura Microhylidae from Vietnam Zootaxa 4952 1 71 86 doi 10 11646 zootaxa 4952 1 4 PMID 33903379 S2CID 233411516 Bartlett RD Bartlett PP 1996 Frogs toads and treefrogs everything about selection care nutrition breeding and behavior Hauppage NY Barron s Educational Series p 98 ISBN 978 0 8120 9156 4 OCLC 859029562 a b Pili AN Sy EY Diesmos ML et al 2019 Island Hopping in a Biodiversity Hotspot Archipelago Reconstructed Invasion History and Updated Status and Distribution of Alien Frogs in the Philippines Pacific Science 73 3 321 343 doi 10 2984 73 3 2 S2CID 198980047 a b c Christy MT Clark CS Gee DE et al 2007 Recent Records of Alien Anurans on the Pacific Island of Guam Pacific Science 61 4 469 483 doi 10 2984 1534 6188 2007 61 469 RROAAO 2 0 CO 2 hdl 10125 22630 S2CID 64769647 a b c d e f Lever Christopher 2003 Naturalized reptiles and amphibians of the world Oxford New York City Oxford University Press p 318 ISBN 978 0 19 850771 0 OCLC 52055624 a b Yeung HY 2021 Heterospecific Amplexus Between a Male Paddy Frog Fejervarya multistriata Hallowell 1861 Anura Dicroglossidae and a Male Banded Bullfrog Kaloula pulchra Gray 1831 Anura Microhylidae from Hong Kong Reptiles amp Amphibians 28 2 350 351 doi 10 17161 randa v28i2 15471 S2CID 237846195 a b c Soud R Mazumdar K Gupta A et al 2012 Defensive and burrowing behaviour of Kaloula assamensis Das et al 2004 and Kaloula pulchra Gray 1831 Microhylidae PDF Frog Leg 18 48 50 a b Bringsoe H Suthanthangjai M Suthanthangjai W et al 2021 Gruesome twosome kukri rippers Oligodon formosanus Gunther 1872 and O fasciolatus Gunther 1864 eat Kaloula pulchra Gray 1831 either by eviscerating or swallowing whole Herpetozoa 34 49 55 doi 10 3897 herpetozoa 34 e62688 S2CID 233264132 Brown RM Oliveros CH Siler CD Fernandez JB Welton LJ Buenavente PA Diesmos ML Diesmos AC 2012 Amphibians and Reptiles of Luzon Island Philippines VII Herpetofauna of Ilocos Norte Province Northern Cordillera Mountain Range Check List 8 3 469 490 doi 10 15560 8 3 469 hdl 1808 10745 S2CID 18375419 Christy MT Savidge JA Rodda GH 2007 Multiple pathways for invasion of anurans on a Pacific island Diversity and Distributions 13 5 598 607 doi 10 1111 j 1472 4642 2007 00378 x S2CID 85628306 a b Tyler M Chapman T 2007 An Asian species of frog Kaloula pulchra Microhylidae intercepted at Perth International Airport Australia Applied Herpetology 4 1 86 87 doi 10 1163 157075407779766697 Gill BJ Bejakovich D Whitaker AH 2001 Records of foreign reptiles and amphibians accidentally imported to New Zealand New Zealand Journal of Zoology 28 3 351 359 doi 10 1080 03014223 2001 9518274 S2CID 85031652 Inger RF 1966 The systematics and zoogeography of the amphibia of Borneo Fieldiana Zoology vol 52 doi 10 5962 bhl title 3147 Krysko KL Burgess JP Rochford MR et al 2011 Verified non indigenous amphibians and reptiles in Florida from 1863 through 2010 Outlining the invasion process and identifying invasion pathways and stages Zootaxa 3028 1 22 23 doi 10 11646 zootaxa 3028 1 1 Fuller P Howell RS 2019 Kaloula pulchra Gray 1831 Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database United States Geological Survey Archived from the original on 17 April 2021 Retrieved 3 December 2021 a b Berry PY 1964 The Breeding Patterns of Seven Species of Singapore Anura Journal of Animal Ecology 33 2 227 243 doi 10 2307 2629 JSTOR 2629 Kanamadi RD Kadadevaru GG Schneider H 2002 Advertisement Call and Breeding Period of the Frog Kaloula pulchra Microhylidae PDF Herpetological Review 33 1 19 21 Archived from the original PDF on 11 February 2012 Emerson SB 1976 Burrowing in frogs Journal of Morphology 149 4 437 458 doi 10 1002 jmor 1051490402 PMID 30257534 S2CID 52845429 a b Major T Knierim T Barnes C et al 2017 Observations of Arboreality in a Burrowing Frog the Banded Bullfrog Kaloula pulchra Amphibia Anura Microhylidae Current Herpetology 36 2 148 152 doi 10 5358 hsj 36 148 S2CID 89688886 a b Jabon KJ Gamalo LE Responte M et al 2019 Density and diet of invasive alien anuran species in a disturbed landscape A case in the University of the Philippines Mindanao Davao City Philippines Biodiversitas 20 9 2554 2560 doi 10 13057 biodiv d200917 S2CID 210965629 Berry PY 1965 The diet of some Singapore Anura Amphibia Journal of Zoology 144 2 163 167 doi 10 1111 j 1469 7998 1965 tb05171 x Emerson SB 1985 Skull Shape in Frogs Correlations with Diet Herpetologica 41 2 177 188 JSTOR 3892256 Karraker NE Dudgeon D 2014 Invasive apple snails Pomacea canaliculata are predators of amphibians in South China Biological Invasions 16 9 1785 1789 doi 10 1007 s10530 014 0640 2 S2CID 14701893 Karraker NE 2011 Are toad tadpoles unpalatable evidence from the behaviour of a predatory dragonfly in South China Amphibia Reptilia 32 3 413 418 doi 10 1163 017353711X571892 a b Zhang Y Wang M Wei S 2010 Isolation and characterization of a trypsin inhibitor from the skin secretions of Kaloula pulchra hainana Toxicon 56 4 502 507 doi 10 1016 j toxicon 2010 05 006 PMID 20580731 Evans CM Brodie DE 1994 Adhesive Strength of Amphibian Skin Secretions Journal of Herpetology 28 4 499 502 doi 10 2307 1564965 JSTOR 1564965 Amin OM Wongsawad C Marayong T Saehoong P Suwattanacoupt S Sey O 1998 Sphaerechinorhynchus macropisthospinus sp n Acanthocephala Plagiorhynchidae from Lizards Frogs and Fish in Thailand Journal of the Helminthological Society of Washington 65 2 174 178 Zimmermann E 1986 Breeding Terrarium Animals Amphibians and Reptiles Care Behavior Reproduction Translated by Friese UE Neptune City NJ TFH Publications p 187 ISBN 978 0 86622 182 5 Choquette RE Angulo A Bishop PJ et al 2020 The Internet Based Southeast Asia Amphibian Pet Trade PDF Traffic Bulletin 32 2 Traffic 68 76 Sy EY 2014 Checklist of Exotic Species in the Philippine Pet Trade I Amphibians PDF Journal of Nature Studies 13 1 48 57 Maximo IM Brandao RA Ruggeri J et al 2021 Amphibian Illegal Pet Trade and a Possible New Case of an Invasive Exotic Species in Brazil PDF Herpetological Conservation and Biology 16 2 303 312 External links edit nbsp Media related to Kaloula pulchra at Wikimedia CommonsPortal nbsp Frogs Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Banded bullfrog amp oldid 1184140046, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.