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Microhylidae

January 01, 1970

The Microhylidae, commonly known as narrow-mouthed frogs, are a geographically widespread family of frogs. The 683 species are in 57 genera and 11 subfamilies.[2]

Microhylidae
Temporal range: Paleocene - Present,[1] 66–0 Ma
Eastern narrowmouth toad (Gastrophryne carolinensis)
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Clade: Ranoidea
Family: Microhylidae
Günther, 1858
Subfamilies

Adelastinae
Asterophryinae
Chaperininae
Cophylinae
Dyscophinae
Gastrophryninae
Hoplophryninae
Kalophryninae
Melanobatrachinae
Microhylinae
Otophryninae
Phrynomerinae
Scaphiophryninae

Distribution of Microhylidae (in black)

Evolution edit

A molecular phylogenetic study by van der Meijden, et al. (2007) has estimated the initial internal divergence of the family Microhylidae to have taken place about 66 million years ago, or immediately after the Cretaceous extinction event.[1] The most recent common ancestor of the Microhylidae and their closest ranoid relatives is estimated to have lived 116 million years ago in Gondwana.[1]

Description edit

As suggested by their name, microhylids are mostly small frogs. Many species are below 1.5 cm (0.59 in) in length, although some species are as large as 9 cm (3.5 in).[3] They can be arboreal or terrestrial, and some even live close to water. The ground-dwellers are often found under leaf litter within forests, occasionally venturing out at night to hunt. The two main shapes for the microhylids are wide bodies and narrow mouths and normal frog proportions. Those with narrow mouths generally eat termites and ants, and the others have diets typical of most frogs. Egg-laying habits are highly varied.

Reproduction edit

The microhylids of New Guinea and Australia completely bypass the tadpole stage, with direct development from egg to frog. The arboreal species can therefore lay the eggs within the trees, and never need venture to the ground. Where species do have tadpoles, these almost always lack the teeth or horny beaks typical of the tadpoles of other families.[3]

Anatomy edit

The skull has paired palatines and frontoparietals. The facial nerve passes through the anterior acoustic foramen in the auditory capsule; the trigeminal and facial nerve ganglia are fused to form a prootic ganglion. The eight (or seven) presacral holochordal vertebrae are all procoelous except for a biconcave surface on last presacral. The pectoral girdle is firmisternal and some show reduced clavicle and procoracoids. The terminal phalanges are blunt, pointed, or T-shaped. The tadpole lacks keratinized mouth parts and has a large spiracular chamber emptied by a caudomedial spiracle.[4]

Taxonomy edit

Range edit

Frogs from the Microhylidae occur throughout the tropical and warm temperate regions of North America, South America, Africa, eastern India, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, New Guinea, and Australia. Although most are found in tropical or subtropical regions, a few species can be found in arid or nontropical areas. They are the majority of frog species in New Guinea and Madagascar.

The ranges of each subfamily are:[6]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c van der Meijden, A., M. Vences, S. Hoegg, R. Boistel, A. Channing, and A. Meyer. 2007. Nuclear gene phylogeny of narrow-mouthed toads (family: Microhylidae) and a discussion of competing hypotheses concerning their biogeographical origins. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 44(3):1017–1030. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.02.008
  2. ^ Amphibiaweb. "Microhylidae". Amphibiaweb. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
  3. ^ a b Zweifel, Robert G. (1998). Cogger, H.G.; Zweifel, R.G. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 102–103. ISBN 0-12-178560-2.
  4. ^ Caldwell, George R. Zug; Laurie J. Vitt; Janalee P. (2001). Herpetology : an introductory biology of amphibians and reptiles (2. ed.). San Diego [u.a.]: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-782622-X.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ Gorin, Vladislav A.; Scherz, Mark D.; Korost, Dmitriy V.; Poyarkov, Nikolay A. (2021-12-01). "Consequences of parallel miniaturisation in Microhylinae (Anura, Microhylidae), with the description of a new genus of diminutive South East Asian frogs". Zoosystematics and Evolution. 97 (1): 21–54. doi:10.3897/zse.97.57968. ISSN 1860-0743.
  6. ^ De Sá, R. O., Streicher, J. W., Sekonyela, R., Forlani, M. C., Loader, S. P., Greenbaum, E., Richards, S., Haddad, C. F. B. (2012). Molecular phylogeny of microhylid frogs (Anura: Microhylidae) with emphasis on relationships among New World genera. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 12, 241. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-12-241

External links edit

 
Wikispecies has information related to Microhylidae.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Microhylidae.

January 01, 1970
microhylidae, commonly, known, narrow, mouthed, frogs, geographically, widespread, family, frogs, species, genera, subfamilies, temporal, range, paleocene, present, preꞒ, eastern, narrowmouth, toad, gastrophryne, carolinensis, scientific, classification, domai. The Microhylidae commonly known as narrow mouthed frogs are a geographically widespread family of frogs The 683 species are in 57 genera and 11 subfamilies 2 MicrohylidaeTemporal range Paleocene Present 1 66 0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Eastern narrowmouth toad Gastrophryne carolinensis Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Amphibia Order Anura Clade Ranoidea Family MicrohylidaeGunther 1858 Subfamilies Adelastinae Asterophryinae Chaperininae Cophylinae Dyscophinae Gastrophryninae Hoplophryninae Kalophryninae Melanobatrachinae Microhylinae Otophryninae Phrynomerinae Scaphiophryninae Distribution of Microhylidae in black Contents 1 Evolution 2 Description 2 1 Reproduction 2 2 Anatomy 3 Taxonomy 4 Range 5 References 6 External linksEvolution editA molecular phylogenetic study by van der Meijden et al 2007 has estimated the initial internal divergence of the family Microhylidae to have taken place about 66 million years ago or immediately after the Cretaceous extinction event 1 The most recent common ancestor of the Microhylidae and their closest ranoid relatives is estimated to have lived 116 million years ago in Gondwana 1 Description editAs suggested by their name microhylids are mostly small frogs Many species are below 1 5 cm 0 59 in in length although some species are as large as 9 cm 3 5 in 3 They can be arboreal or terrestrial and some even live close to water The ground dwellers are often found under leaf litter within forests occasionally venturing out at night to hunt The two main shapes for the microhylids are wide bodies and narrow mouths and normal frog proportions Those with narrow mouths generally eat termites and ants and the others have diets typical of most frogs Egg laying habits are highly varied Reproduction edit The microhylids of New Guinea and Australia completely bypass the tadpole stage with direct development from egg to frog The arboreal species can therefore lay the eggs within the trees and never need venture to the ground Where species do have tadpoles these almost always lack the teeth or horny beaks typical of the tadpoles of other families 3 Anatomy edit The skull has paired palatines and frontoparietals The facial nerve passes through the anterior acoustic foramen in the auditory capsule the trigeminal and facial nerve ganglia are fused to form a prootic ganglion The eight or seven presacral holochordal vertebrae are all procoelous except for a biconcave surface on last presacral The pectoral girdle is firmisternal and some show reduced clavicle and procoracoids The terminal phalanges are blunt pointed or T shaped The tadpole lacks keratinized mouth parts and has a large spiracular chamber emptied by a caudomedial spiracle 4 Taxonomy editsubfamily Adelastinae Peloso Frost Richards Rodrigues Donnellan Matsui Raxworthy Biju Lemmon Lemmon amp Wheeler 2015 genus Adelastes Zweifel 1986 subfamily Asterophryinae Gunther 1858 genus Aphantophryne Fry 1917 genus Asterophrys Tschudi 1838 genus Austrochaperina Fry 1912 genus Barygenys Parker 1936 genus Callulops Boulenger 1888 genus Choerophryne Van Kampen 1914 genus Cophixalus Boettger 1892 genus Copiula Mehely 1901 genus Gastrophrynoides Noble 1926 genus Hylophorbus Macleay 1878 genus Mantophryne Boulenger 1897 genus Oninia Gunther Stelbrink amp von Rintelen 2010 genus Oreophryne Boettger 1895 genus Paedophryne Kraus 2010 genus Siamophryne Suwannapoom Sumontha Tunprasert Ruangsuwan Pawangkhanant Korost and Poyarkov 2018 genus Sphenophryne Peters amp Doria 1878 genus Vietnamophryne Poyarkov Suwannapoom Pawangkhanant Aksornneam Duong Korost and Che 2018 genus Xenorhina Peters 1863 subfamily Chaperininae Peloso Frost Richards Rodrigues Donnellan Matsui Raxworthy Biju Lemmon Lemmon amp Wheeler 2015 genus Chaperina Mocquard 1892 subfamily Cophylinae Cope 1889 genus Anilany Scherz Vences Rakotoarison Andreone Kohler Glaw and Crottini 2016 genus Anodonthyla Muller 1892 genus Cophyla Boettger 1880 genus Madecassophryne Guibe 1974 genus Mini Scherz Hutter Rakotoarison Riemann Rodel Ndriantsoa Glos Roberts Crottini Vences amp Glaw 2019 genus Plethodontohyla Boulenger 1882 genus Rhombophryne Boettger 1880 genus Stumpffia Botteger 1881 subfamily Dyscophinae Boulenger 1882 genus Dyscophus Grandidier 1872 subfamily Gastrophryninae Fitzinger 1843 genus Arcovomer Carvalho 1954 genus Chiasmocleis Mehely 1904 genus Ctenophryne Mocquard 1904 genus Dasypops Miranda Ribeiro 1924 genus Dermatonotus Mehely 1904 genus Elachistocleis Parker 1927 genus Gastrophryne Fitzinger 1843 genus Hamptophryne Carvalho 1954 genus Hypopachus Keferstein 1867 genus Myersiella Carvalho 1954 genus Stereocyclops Cope 1870 subfamily Hoplophryninae Noble 1931 genus Hoplophryne Barbour amp Loveridge 1928 genus Parhoplophryne Barbour amp Loveridge 1928 subfamily Kalophryninae Mivart 1869 genus Kalophrynus Tschudi 1838 subfamily Melanobatrachinae Noble 1931 genus Melanobatrachus Beddome 1878 subfamily Microhylinae Gunther 1858 genus Glyphoglossus Gunther 1869 1868 genus Kaloula Gray 1831 genus Metaphrynella Parker 1934 genus Microhyla Tschudi 1838 genus Micryletta Dubois 1987 genus Mysticellus Sonali amp Biju 2019 genus Nanohyla Gorin Scherz Korost amp Poyarkov 2021 5 genus Phrynella Boulenger 1887 genus Uperodon Dumeril amp Bibron 1841 subfamily Otophryninae Wassersug amp Pyburn 1987 genus Otophryne Boulenger 1900 genus Synapturanus Carvalho 1954 subfamily Phrynomerinae Noble 1931 genus Phrynomantis Peters 1867 subfamily Scaphiophryninae Laurent 1946 genus Paradoxophyla Blommers Schlosser amp Blanc 1991 genus Scaphiophryne Boulenger 1882Range editFrogs from the Microhylidae occur throughout the tropical and warm temperate regions of North America South America Africa eastern India Sri Lanka Southeast Asia New Guinea and Australia Although most are found in tropical or subtropical regions a few species can be found in arid or nontropical areas They are the majority of frog species in New Guinea and Madagascar The ranges of each subfamily are 6 Hoplophryninae Africa Scaphiophryninae Madagascar Dyscophinae Madagascar Microhylinae Southeast Asia East Asia South Asia Asterophryinae Australia New Guinea Phrynomerinae Africa Kalophryninae Southeast Asia Otophyninae South America Cophylinae Madagascar Gastrophryninae New World Melanobatrachinae South Asia Chaperininae Southeast Asia Adelastinae South AmericaReferences edit a b c van der Meijden A M Vences S Hoegg R Boistel A Channing and A Meyer 2007 Nuclear gene phylogeny of narrow mouthed toads family Microhylidae and a discussion of competing hypotheses concerning their biogeographical origins Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 44 3 1017 1030 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2007 02 008 Amphibiaweb Microhylidae Amphibiaweb Retrieved 2 April 2020 a b Zweifel Robert G 1998 Cogger H G Zweifel R G eds Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians San Diego Academic Press pp 102 103 ISBN 0 12 178560 2 Caldwell George R Zug Laurie J Vitt Janalee P 2001 Herpetology an introductory biology of amphibians and reptiles 2 ed San Diego u a Academic Press ISBN 0 12 782622 X a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Gorin Vladislav A Scherz Mark D Korost Dmitriy V Poyarkov Nikolay A 2021 12 01 Consequences of parallel miniaturisation in Microhylinae Anura Microhylidae with the description of a new genus of diminutive South East Asian frogs Zoosystematics and Evolution 97 1 21 54 doi 10 3897 zse 97 57968 ISSN 1860 0743 De Sa R O Streicher J W Sekonyela R Forlani M C Loader S P Greenbaum E Richards S Haddad C F B 2012 Molecular phylogeny of microhylid frogs Anura Microhylidae with emphasis on relationships among New World genera BMC Evolutionary Biology 12 241 doi 10 1186 1471 2148 12 241External links edit nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Microhylidae nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Microhylidae Microhylidae at the Encyclopedia of Life nbsp Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Microhylidae amp oldid 1180439195, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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