Bahubali
Bahubali (English: One With Strong Arms), a much revered figure among Jains, was the son of Rishabadeva (the first tirthankara of Jainism) and the brother of Bharata Chakravartin. He is said to have meditated motionless for a year in a standing posture (kayotsarga) and that during this time, climbing plants grew around his legs. After his one year of meditation, Bahubali is said to have attained omniscience (Kevala Gyana).
| Bahubali | |
|---|---|
The 65 ft high Gommateshwara statue at Shravanabelagola, Karnataka, India, was built in 983 A.D. | |
| Other names | Gommateshwara, Kammateshwara |
| Affiliation | Jainism |
| Height | 525 bows (17 metres) |
| Personal information | |
| Born | |
| Died | |
| Parents |
|
| Siblings | Bharata chakravartin and 98 other brothers |
Bahubali's other names are Kammateswara, Gommateshwara because of the Gommateshwara statue dedicated to him.
Legends
The Adipurana, a 9th-century Sanskrit poem, deals with the ten lives of the first tirthankara, Rishabhanatha and his two sons Bharata and Bahubali. It was composed by Jinasena, a Digambara monk.[1]
Family life
According to Jain texts, Bahubali was born to Rishabhanatha and Sunanda during the Ikshvaku dynasty in Ayodhya.[2][3][4][5] He is said to have excelled in studying medicine, archery, floriculture, and the knowledge of precious gems. Bahubali had a son named Somakirti (also known as Mahabala).[6] When Rishabhanatha decided to become a monk, he distributed his kingdom among his 100 sons. Bharata was gifted the kingdom of Vinita (Ayodhya) and Bahubali got the kingdom of Asmaka from South India, having Podanapur as its capital.[7] After winning six divisions of earth in all directions (digvijaya), Bharata proceeded to his capital Ayodhyapuri with a huge army and divine chakra-ratna—spinning, disk-like super weapon with serrated edges.[7] But the chakra-ratna stopped on its own at the entrance of Ayodhyapuri, signalling to the emperor that his 99 brothers have yet not submitted to his authority.[8] Bharata's 98 brothers became Jain monks and submitted their kingdoms to him. Bahubali was endowed with the final and superior body of extraordinary sturdiness and strength (vajra-ṛṣabhanārācasaṃhanana) like Bharata.[9] He hurled open defiance at the chakravartin and challenged him to a fight.[10]
The ministers on both sides gave the following argument to prevent war; "The brothers themselves, cannot be killed by any means; they are in their last incarnations in transmigration, and possess bodies which no weapon may mortally wound in warfare! Let them fight out the issue by themselves in other ways."[11] It was then decided that to settle the dispute, three kinds of contests between Bharata and Bahubali would be held. These were eye-fight (staring at each other), water-fight (jala-yuddha), and wrestling (malla-yuddha). Bahubali won all the three contests over his elder brother, Bharata.[7][12]
Renunciation
After the fight, Bahubali was filled with disgust at the world and developed a desire for renunciation. Bahubali abandoned all possessions-kingdom, clothes, ornaments-to become a monk and began meditating with great resolve to attain omniscience (Kevala Gyana).[13]
He nanda is said to have meditated motionless in a standing posture (kayotsarga) for a year, during which time climbing plants grew around his legs.[14] However, he was adamant and continued his practice unmindful of the vines, ants, and dust that enveloped his body. According to Jain text Ādi purāṇa, on the last day of Bahubali's one year long fast, Bharata came in all humility to Bahubali and worshiped him with veneration and respect. A painful regret that he had been the cause of his elder brother's humiliation had been disturbing Bahubali's meditation; this was dispersed when Bharata worshipped him.[15] Bahubali was then able to destroy the four kinds of inimical karmas, including the knowledge obscuring karma, and he attained omniscience (kevala gyana). He was now revered as an omniscient being (Kevali).[14] Bahubali finally attained liberation (moksha) at Mount Kailasa[16] and became a pure, liberated soul (siddha).[17] As per texts, he was one of the first Digambara monks to have attained moksha in the present half-cycle of time.(Avasarpiṇī).[2]
Statues
There are five monolithic statues of Bahubali measuring more than 6 m (20 feet) in height in Karnataka:
- 17.4 m (57 feet) at Shravanabelagola in Hassan District in 981 AD[2][18][19]
- 12.8 m (42 feet) at Karkala in Udupi District in 1430 AD[19]
- 11.9 m (39 feet) at Dharmasthala in Dakshina Kannada District in 1973 AD[19]
- 10.7 m (35 feet) at Venur in Dakshina Kannada District in 1604 AD[19]
- 6 m (20 feet) at Gommatagiri in Mysore District in 12th Century AD[20]
Shravanabelagola
The monolithic statue of Bahubali at Shravanabelagola, located 158 km (98 mi) from Bangalore, was carved from a single block of granite. The statue was commissioned by the Ganga dynasty minister and commander Chavundaraya; it is 57-foot (17 m) tall and is situated above a hill in Shravanabelagola, in the Hassan district of Karnataka. It was built in and around 981 A.D. and is one of the largest free-standing statues in the world.[2][3][21] The statue is visible from 25 kilometres (16 mi) away. Shravanabelagola has remained a centre of pilgrimage (tirtha) for the Jains.[22] The statue is bathed at an interval of every 12 years and this event is celebrated as Mahamastakabhisheka.[23]
Karkala
Karkala is known for its 42 ft (13 m) monolithic statue of Gomateshwara Bahubali, which is believed to have been built around 1432 and is the second-tallest statue in the State.[24][19] The statue is built on an elevated platform on top of a rocky hill. It was consecrated on 13 February 1432 by Veera Pandya Bhair Arasa Wodeyar, scion of the Bhair Arasa dynasty , feudatory of the Vijayanagar Ruler.[19][25]
Dharmastala
A 39-foot (12 m) high statue with a 13-foot (4.0 m) pedestal that weighs about 175 t (175,000 kg) is installed at Dharmasthala in Karnataka.[19]
Venur
Venur is a small town in Dakshina Kannada district, Karnataka state, situated on the bank of the Gurupura River. Thimmanna Ajila built a 38-foot (12 m) colossus of Gommateshwara there in 1604 AD.[24][19][26] The statue at Venur is the shortest of the three Gommateshwaras within 250 km (160 mi) around it. It stands in an enclosure on the same pattern as that of the statue at Shravanabelagola. The Kings of Ajila Dynasty ruled here from 1154 to 1786.[27]
Gommatagiri
Gommatagiri is an acclaimed Jain centre. The 12th-century granite statue of Bahubali, also known as Gomateshwara, is erected atop a 50-metre (160 ft) tall hillock called 'Shravana Gudda'.[20] The Jain centre attracts many pilgrims during the annual Mahamastakabhisheka in September.[24][20] The statue at Gommatagiri is very similar to the 58-foot (18 m) Gommateshwara statue in Shravanabelagola, except that it is smaller. Historians attribute the statue to an early Vijayanagar period.[20]
Kumbhoj
Kumbhoj is the name of an ancient town located in Kolhapur district, Maharashtra. The town is about eight kilometers from Hatkanangale, about twenty seven kilometers from Kolhapur. The famous Jain pilgrimage centre where a 28-foot (8.5 m)-high statue of Bahubali is installed is 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) from the Kumbhoj city.[28]
Aretipur
There is a 10-foot (3.0 m)-high statue of Bahubali at Aretipur, Near Kokrebellur Village of Madur Taluk Mandya district.[29]
In 2016, the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) excavated another 13 ft (4.0 m)-high statue of Bahubali made in the 3rd – 9th centuries in Aretipur.[30] ASI has also excavated an 8th-century statue of Bahubali in Aretipur, Maddur, Mandya, Karnataka, that is 3 feet (0.91 m) wide and 3.5 ft (1.1 m) tall.[31]
In literature
The life-story of Bahubali has been discussed in many works.
Sanskrit
- The Ādi purāṇa composed by Āchārya Jinasena. The Gommateshvara statue built by Chavundaraya was influenced by description in this book.[32][33]
- Bahubali charitra written in the 9th century A.D.[34]
Prakrit
- Gommatesha-thudi, a religious hymn in praise to Bahubali, was composed by Nemichandra in 10th century CE.[35]
- Gommatasa-sara, composed by Nemichandra, mentions the story of construction of the Gommateshwara statue by Chavundaraya.[36]
Kannada
- A 10th-century Kannada text based on the Sanskrit text was written by the poet Adikavi Pampa.[37][38]
- Gommata-stuti is a poem dated 1180 was composed by a Jain poet named Boppanna (also known as Sujanottamsa), in praise of Bahubali.[39][40]
- Karkala Gommatesvara Charitre, composed by Chadura Chandrama in 1686 CE, is poem describing the mahamastakabhisheka at Karkala.[41]
Rajasthani
- Bharateshwara Bahubali Ghora composed by Vajrasena Suri in 1168, is a poem with 48 verses describing the battle between Bharata and Bahubali.[42]
Gujarati
Images
Pictured below are some of the images depicting Bahubali that are located at various places in India.
Bahubali, Metropolitan Museum of Art (6th CE)
Indra Sabha, Ellora Caves (9th CE)
Bahubali monolith at Halebidu (12th CE)
Miniature version of the Gommateshwara statue at Shravanabelagola
Bahubali statue at YSR state Archaeology Museum, Hyderabad, 12th century
31-foot (9.4 m) statue of Bahubali at Bada Gaon
Gomateshwara at Kalugumalai Jain Beds, 8th century
Bahubali at Andimalai Caves, 10th century
Bahubali at Aretipur
See also
References
Citations
- ^ Granoff 1993, p. 208.
- ^ a b c d Sangave 1981, p. 66.
- ^ a b Zimmer 1953, p. 212.
- ^ Champat Rai Jain 1929, p. xv.
- ^ Dundas 2002, p. 120.
- ^ Champat Rai Jain 1929, p. 106.
- ^ a b c Sangave 1981, p. 67.
- ^ Vijay K. Jain 2013, p. x.
- ^ Vijay K. Jain 2013, p. xi.
- ^ Champat Rai Jain 1929, p. 143.
- ^ Champat Rai Jain 1929, p. 144.
- ^ Champat Rai Jain 1929, p. 105.
- ^ Champat Rai Jain 1929, p. 145.
- ^ a b Champat Rai Jain 1929, p. 145–146.
- ^ Āchārya Jinasena. Ādipurāṇa. Bharatiya Jnanpith. p. 217. ISBN 978-81-263-1844-5.
- ^ Champat Rai Jain 1929.
- ^ Champat Rai Jain 1929, p. 146.
- ^ Sangave 1981, p. 25.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Pinto, Stanley (21 January 2015), "12-year wait ends, all eyes on 42-ft-tall Karkala Bahubali", The Times of India, Mangaluru, Times News Network
- ^ a b c d "Gommatagiri statue crying for attention", The Hindu, 22 January 2006
- ^ Rice 1889, p. 53.
- ^ March of Mysore, vol. 3, University of California, 1966, p. 56
- ^ "Bahubali Mahamastakabhisheka Mahotsav: Here is the history of the Jain festival PM Modi attended today", The Indian Express, 19 February 2018
- ^ a b c Sangave 1981, p. 90.
- ^ "Bahubali abhisheka from today", The Hindu, 21 January 2015
- ^ Titze 1998, p. 48.
- ^ Pinto, Stanley (21 January 2015), "10-day Mahamastakabhisheka at Karkala from today", The Times of India, Mangaluru, TNN
- ^ Sangave 1981, p. 91.
- ^ "Bahubali of Aretipur", Frontline, 29 April 2016
- ^ Girish, M. B. (23 February 2016) [4 December 2015], "Another Jain centre under excavation in Mandya district", Deccan Chronicle
- ^ "Eighth Century Jain Temple Discovered in Maddur", The New Indian Express, Express News Service, 7 January 2015
- ^ Sangave 2001, p. 215.
- ^ Sangave 1981, p. 72.
- ^ Sangave 1981, p. 51.
- ^ Sangave 2001, p. 240.
- ^ Sangave 1981, p. 75.
- ^ "History of Kannada literature", kamat.com
- ^ Students' Britannica India, Volumes 1–5, Popular Prakashan, 2000, p. 78, ISBN 0-85229-760-2
- ^ Sangave 1981, p. 84.
- ^ Settar 1989, p. 264.
- ^ Reddy 2022, p. 231.
- ^ a b Datta 1987, p. 454.
- ^ Paniker 1997, p. 94.
- ^ Mukherjee 1998, p. 44.
Sources
- Datta, Amaresh (1987), Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo, Sahitya Akademi, ISBN 9788126018031
- Dundas, Paul (2002) [1992], The Jains (Second ed.), London and New York City: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-26605-X
- Granoff, Phyllis (1993) [1990], The Clever Adulteress and Other Stories: A Treasury of Jaina Literature, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 81-208-1150-X
- Jain, Champat Rai (1929), Risabha Deva – The Founder of Jainism, Allahabad: The Indian Press Limited,
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- Jain, Vijay K. (2013), Ācārya Nemichandra's Dravyasaṃgraha, Vikalp Printers, ISBN 978-81-903639-5-2,
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- Mukherjee, Sujit (1998), A Dictionary of Indian Literature: Beginnings-1850, A Dictionary of Indian Literature, vol. 1, Orient Blackswan, ISBN 9788125014539
- Paniker, K. Ayyappa (1997), Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections, Medieval Indian Literature, vol. 1, Sahitya Akademi, ISBN 9788126003655
- Rice, Benjamin Lewis (1889), Inscriptions at Sravana Belgola: a chief seat of the Jains, (Archaeological Survey of Mysore), Mysore: Government Central Press
- Reddy, Pedarapu Chenna (2022). Nagabharana: Recent Trends in Jainism Studies. Blue Rose Publishers. ISBN 978-93-56114-46-3.
- Sangave, Vilas Adinath (1981), The Sacred Shravanabelagola (A Socio-Religious Study) (1st ed.), Bharatiya Jnanpith
- Sangave, Vilas Adinath (2001), Facets of Jainology: Selected Research Papers on Jain Society, Religion, and Culture, Mumbai: Popular Prakashan, ISBN 978-81-7154-839-2
- Settar, S. (1989), Inviting Death: Indian Attitude Towards the Ritual Death, Monographs and theoretical studies in sociology and anthropology, vol. 28, Brill Publishers, ISBN 9789004087903
- Titze, Kurt (1998), Jainism: A Pictorial Guide to the Religion of Non-Violence (2 ed.), Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 81-208-1534-3
- Zimmer, Heinrich (1953) [April 1952], Campbell, Joseph (ed.), Philosophies Of India, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd, ISBN 978-81-208-0739-6