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Mount Kailash

Mount Kailash (also Kailasa; Kangrinboqê or Gang Rinpoche; Tibetan: གངས་རིན་པོ་ཆེ; simplified Chinese: 冈仁波齐峰; traditional Chinese: 岡仁波齊峰; pinyin: Gāngrénbōqí Fēng; Sanskrit: कैलास, IAST: Kailāsa), is a mountain in the Ngari Prefecture, Tibet Autonomous Region of China. It has an altitude of 6,638 m (21,778 ft).[1] It lies in the Kailash Range (Gangdisê Mountains) of the Transhimalaya, in the western part of the Tibetan Plateau. Mount Kailash is less than 100 km towards the north from the western trijunction of the borders of China, India, and Nepal.[2]

Mount Kailash
Mount Kailash from the south
Highest point
Elevation6,638 m (21,778 ft)
Prominence1,319 m (4,327 ft) 
Coordinates31°4′0″N 81°18′45″E / 31.06667°N 81.31250°E / 31.06667; 81.31250Coordinates: 31°4′0″N 81°18′45″E / 31.06667°N 81.31250°E / 31.06667; 81.31250
Naming
Native nameགངས་རིན་པོ་ཆེ (Standard Tibetan)
Geography
LocationBurang County, Tibet Autonomous Region
Country China
Parent rangeGangdisê Range
Climbing
First ascentUnclimbed (mountaineering prohibited currently)

Mount Kailash is located close to Lake Manasarovar and Lake Rakshastal. The sources of four major Asian rivers lie close to this mountain and the two lakes. These rivers are the Indus, the Sutlej, the Brahmaputra, and the Karnali (a tributary of the Ganges, fed by Mabja Zangbo). Mount Kailash is considered sacred in four religions: Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism[3] and Bon.[4]

Etymology

The mountain is known as “Kailāsa” (कैलास; var. Kailāśa कैलाश) in Sanskrit.[5][6] The name also could have been derived from the word “kelāsa” (केलास), which means "crystal".[7]

In his Tibetan-English dictionary, Chandra (1902: p. 32) identifies the entry for 'kai la sha' (Wylie: kai la sha) which is a loan word from Sanskrit.[8]

The Tibetan name for the mountain is Gang Rinpoche (Tibetan: གངས་རིན་པོ་ཆེ་; simplified Chinese: 冈仁波齐峰; traditional Chinese: 岡仁波齊峰). Gang or Kang is the Tibetan word for snow peak analogous to alp or hima; rinpoche is an honorific meaning "precious one" so the combined term can be translated "precious jewel of snows". Alice Albinia lists some of the names for the mountain, and its religious significance to various faiths:

"Tibetan Buddhists call it Kangri Rinpoche; 'Precious Snow Mountain'. Bon texts have many names: Water's Flower, Mountain of Sea Water, Nine Stacked Swastika Mountain. For Hindus, it is the home of the Hindu god Shiva and it is believed that Shiva resides there; for Jains it is where their first leader was enlightened; for Buddhists, the navel of the universe; and for adherents of Bon, the abode of the sky goddess Sipaimen."[9]

Another local name for the mountain is Tisé mountain, which derives from ti tse in the Zhang-Zhung language, meaning "water peak" or "river peak", connoting the mountain's status as the source of the mythical Lion, Horse, Peacock and Elephant Rivers, and in fact the Indus, Yarlung Tsangpo/Dihang/Brahmaputra, Karnali and Sutlej all begin in the Kailash-Lake Manasarovara region.[10]

Geology

 
The north face of Mount Kailash.

The region around Mount Kailash and the Indus headwaters area is typified by wide-scale faulting of metamorphosed late Cretaceous to mid Cenozoic sedimentary rocks which have been intruded by igneous Cenozoic granitic rocks. Mount Kailash appears to be a metasedimentary roof pendant supported by a massive granite base. The Cenozoic rocks represent offshore marine limestones deposited before subduction of the Tethys oceanic crust. These sediments were deposited on the southern margin of the Asia block during subduction of the Tethys oceanic crust before the collision between the Indian and Asian continents.[11][12]

Religious significance

 
An illustration depicting the Hindu holy family of Shiva.

In Hinduism

In Hinduism, it is traditionally recognized as the abode of Shiva, who resided there along with his consort goddess Parvati and their children, Ganesha and Kartikeya.[citation needed]

In the Uttara Kanda section of the epic Ramayana, it is said that Ravana attempted to uproot the Mount Kailash as retaliation to lord Shiva, who in turn, pressed his right big toe upon the mountain, trapping Ravana in between.[13] This version of lord Shiva is also referred to as Ravananugraha, or favour form to Ravana while seated in mount Kailash.[14]

According to the epic Mahabharata, it is said that the Pandava brothers, along with their wife Draupadi, trekked to the summit of mount Kailash on their path to liberation, as it is considered to be a gateway to Heaven, also known as Swarga Loka.[citation needed]

According to Charles Allen, one description in the Vishnu Purana of the mountain states that its four faces are made of crystal, ruby, gold, and lapis lazuli.[15] It is a pillar of the world and is located at the heart of six mountain ranges symbolizing a lotus.[15]

In Jainism

 
Rishabhadeva attained nirvana on Mount Kailash.

According to Jain scriptures, Ashtapada is the site where the first Jain Tirthankara, Rishabhadeva attained moksha (liberation).[16] In Jain tradition, it is believed that after Rishabhdeva attained nirvana, his son emperor Bharata Chakravartin had constructed three stupas and twenty four shrines of the 24 tirthankaras over there with their idols studded with precious stones and named it Sinhnishdha.[17]

Nirvan Kand Bhasha also mentions of Ashtapada.[18]

(दोहा)

वीतराग वन्दौं सदा, भाव सहित सिर नाय |

कहूं काण्ड निर्वाण की, भाषा सुगम बनाये ||

(चौपाई)

अष्टापद आदीश्वर स्वामि, वासुपूज्य चम्पापुरि नामि |

नेमिनाथ स्वामी गिरनार, वन्दौं भाव भगति उर धार ||1||

चरम तीर्थकर चरम शरीर, पावापुरि स्वामि महावीर |

शिखर समेद जिनेसुर बीस, भावसहित वन्दौं निश दीस ||2||

In Jain tradition, the 24th and last Tirthankara, Vardhamana Mahavira, was taken to the summit of Meru by Indra shortly after his birth, after putting his mother Queen Trishala into deep slumber. There he was bathed and anointed with precious unctions.[19][20]

In Buddhism

Mount Kailash (Kailasa) is known as Mount Meru in Buddhist texts. It is central to its cosmology, and a major pilgrimage site for some Buddhist traditions.[21]

 
Thangka depicting Mount Kailash

Vajrayana Buddhists believe that Mount Kailash is the home of the buddha Cakrasaṃvara (also known as Demchok), who represents supreme bliss.[citation needed]

Numerous sites in the region are associated with Padmasambhava, whose tantric practices in holy sites around Tibet are credited with finally establishing Buddhism as the main religion of the country in the 7th–8th century CE.[22]

It is said that Milarepa (c. 1052 – c. 1135), champion of Vajrayana, arrived in Tibet to challenge Naro Bönchung, champion of the Bön religion of Tibet. The two magicians engaged in a terrifying sorcerers' battle, but neither was able to gain a decisive advantage. Finally, it was agreed that whoever could reach the summit of Kailash most rapidly would be the victor. While Naro Bönchung sat on magic drum and soared up the slope, Milarepa's followers were dumbfounded to see him sitting still and meditating. Yet when Naro Bönchung was nearly at the top, Milarepa suddenly moved into action and overtook him by riding on sunlight, thus winning the contest. He did, however, fling a handful of snow on to the top of a nearby mountain, since known as Bönri, bequeathing it to the Bönpo and thereby ensuring continued Bönpo connections with the region.[23][24][25]

In Bön

Bön, a religion native to Tibet, maintains that the entire mystical region and Kailash, which adherents call the "nine-story Swastika Mountain", is the axis mundi, Tagzig Olmo Lung Ring.[citation needed]

Pilgrimage

 
Jain pilgrims paying obeisance to Tirthankar Rishabhdeva, and reciting the Bhaktamara Stotra near Kailash.

The history of the Kailash-Manasarovar pilgrimage

The history of the Mt Kailash pilgrimage is closely tied with the history of the pilgrimage to Lake Manasarovar. For this history, see the section 'History and texts' on the Lake Manasarovar page.

The Kailash parikrama, or kora

The Sanskrit word for circumambulation of a holy site is 'Parikrama', and the Tibetan word for the same act is 'kora'. Both words are widely used to describe the act of circumambulating Mt Kailash. Pilgrims of several religions believe that doing the parikrama/kora of Mount Kailash on foot is a spiritually beneficial practice that can bring various positive effects, such as the collection of meritorious karma, the cleansing of sins from one's consciousness, and good fortune. The circumambulation is made in a clockwise direction by Hindus, Buddhists, and Jains, while Bönpos circumambulate the mountain in a counterclockwise direction.[26]

In Tibet, the Kailash parikrama/kora begins and ends at Darchen, at an elevation of 4,670 m (15,320 ft), a small outpost that swells with pilgrims at certain times of the year.[27] The path around Mount Kailash is 52 km (32 mi) long. Walking around the mountain has to be done on foot, pony or domestic yak, and takes some three days of trekking. The highest point on the pilgrimage is the Drölma pass at 5,650m (18,540 feet). One camps on two nights en route: firstlly, near the meadow of Dirapuk gompa, some 2 to 3 km (1.2 to 1.9 mi) before the pass, and secondly, after crossing the pass and going as far downhill as possible (while passing by Gauri Kund lake less than a hundred meters below the Drolma La pass). The second night halt is often at Zutulphuk.

Most pilgrims take three days to complete the pilgrimage. Some pilgrims, usually Tibetans or Nepali people from high altitude regions, do it in a single day. Some other pilgrims venture a very demanding regimen, performing body-length prostrations over the entire length of the circumambulation.[28] The pilgrim bends down, kneels, prostrates full-length, makes a mark with her fingers, rises to her knees, prays, and then crawls forward on hands and knees to the mark made by her fingers before repeating the process. With this method, the pilgrimage takes at least three weeks to complete.

The mountain is located in a particularly remote and inhospitable area of the Tibetan Himalayas. A few modern amenities, such as benches, resting places, and refreshment kiosks, exist to aid the pilgrims in their devotion. For varied reasons for the different faiths that revere the mountain, setting foot on Mt Kailash's slopes and attempting to climb it is forbidden.[29]

Mountaineering

 
North View of Mount Kailash.

In 1926, Hugh Ruttledge studied the north face, which he estimated was 6,000 feet (1,800 m) high and "utterly unclimbable"[30] and thought about an ascent of the northeast ridge, but he ran out of time. Ruttledge had been exploring the area with Colonel R. C. Wilson, who was on the other side of the mountain with his Sherpa named Tseten. Wilson said that Tseten told him: "'Sahib, we can climb that!' ... as he too saw that this [the SE ridge] represented a feasible route to the summit."[31] Wilson went on to explain that although he was serious about climbing Kailash, he ran into unexpected difficulties: "Just when I discovered an easy walk to the summit of the mountain, heavy snow began to fall, making the ascent impossible."[32]

Herbert Tichy was in the area in 1936, attempting to climb Gurla Mandhata. When he asked one of the Garpons of Ngari whether Kailash was climbable, the Garpon replied: "Only a man entirely free of sin could climb Kailash. And he wouldn't have to actually scale the sheer walls of ice to do it – he'd just turn himself into a bird and fly to the summit."[33]

Reinhold Messner was given the opportunity by the Chinese government to climb in the mid-1980s. But he declined, saying “If we conquer this mountain, then we conquer something in people's souls.”[34]

In 2001, reports emerged that the Chinese government had given permission for a Spanish team to climb the peak, which caused an international backlash. Chinese authorities disputed the reports, and stated that any climbing activities on Mt Kailash were strictly prohibited.[35]

Access

 
Mani stones on the Kailash path.

Since the 1980s, the numbers of pilgrims going on a Kailash pilgrimage annually has grown considerably.[29] In 2007, over 70,000 people visited the area around Mount Kailash and the two holy lakes nearby. Most of them were pilgrims, and these included about 18,000 foreign visitors (foreign here implying non-Tibetan/non-Chinese).[36] In the years just before the COVID-19 pandemic, several thousand pilgrims from India were going to this pilgrimage every year, mostly through Nepal.[37][38] While many more aspire to undertake this pilgrimage, it remains out of reach for most due to high expenses; the risks and difficulties posed by the remoteness of Mt Kailash and the high-altitude of the pilgrimage route, and the unpredictable closures of this pilgrimage due to adverse developments in the regional geopolitics.

Every year, Kailash pilgrimage is possible only between April and mid-October. April-June and September-October are recommended periods for the pilgrimage; in July and August, monsoonal rains can make the circumambulation somewhat challenging. Between late October and early April, the winter conditions can be extremely severe in this high, windswept corner of Tibet, and generally make the pilgrimage impossible.[39]

For all foreigners, including pilgrims from India and Nepal, passports and specific Chinese visas valid for the Kailash pilgrimage are necessary.

Routes through India

Indian pilgrims have the option of going either through the annual Kailash pilgrimages organised by the Government of India's Ministry of External Affairs (MEA),[40] or through private groups organised by various travel companies. For the pilgrimages organised by the Government of India, a person has to be an Indian citizen with a passport valid for at least six months as on September 1 of the current year, besides certain other conditions.[41][42] The selection of candidates by the government is done through a "fair computer-generated, random, gender-balanced selection process", through which the selected candidates are also assigned either of the two routes to Kailash currently open through India: the Lipu Lekh pass in Uttarakhand and the Nathu La pass in Sikkim.[43] No private travel companies are allowed to conduct the Kailash-Manasarovar pilgrimage via these two routes. In each batch of Kailash Manasarovar Yatra organised by the Government of India, an Indian government official accompanies the group as a Liaison Officer.[44]

  • The Lipu Lekh route involves briefing and medical checks in Delhi, from there travel to the Lipu Lekh pass, and beyond that travel in Tibet for the Kailash-Manasarovar pilgrimage. Till recently, the Lipu Lekh route required 5-7 days of trekking along the Indian side of the Mahakali valley, from Narayan Ashram till the Lipu Lekh pass. Thereon, the travel to Taklakot and Darchen in Tibet would happen by bus or other vehicles. In 2020, a new motorable road was inaugurated to the Lipu Lekh pass through the Indian side of the Mahakali valley, removing the need to walk the Indian part of the Lipu Lekh route to Mt Kailash.[45]
  • The Nathu La route involves briefing and medical checks in Delhi; then a flight from Delhi to Bagdogra; Bagdogra to Nathu La pass via Gangtok, and three days of road journeys in Tibet till arrival in Darchen on the third day.[46]

Routes through Nepal

The groups organised by travel companies usually go through Nepal. People from all nationalities can go in these groups. Anyone who has the valid documents and can pay, can go with such groups. Generally, there are fewer medical requirements involved in going to Kailash-Manasarovar with private travel companies.

  • In the recent years, the general route via Nepal has been the route through the Humla district in northwestern Nepal.[47] This route involves three flights ahead of Kathmandu: Kathmandu-Nepalgunj, Nepalgunj-Simikot, and Simikot-Hilsa (Simikot-Hilsa by helicopter). From Hilsa, the group crosses into Tibet (China). Hilsa to Darchen can be done within a single day. But generally, groups acclimatize at Taklakot for a night, and also tend to stay at Chiu Gumba by the shores of Lake Manasarovar for a night, before arriving at Darchen.
  • There is also a possibility of viewing Mt Kailash from within Nepal. This is possible from the Lapcha La pass above the Limi valley, in district Humla.[48][49] This route involves trekking from Simikot to Lapcha La, a journey that usually takes 4-5 days. This option has been becoming known as a means to get the 'darshan' of Kailash especially in times when entry into Tibet has become forbidden for any reason.
  • A second major route through Nepal, which actually used to be the main route to Kailash through Nepal till the April 2015 Nepal Earthquake, is the Tatopani-Zangmu route.[50] It was closed for four years following extensive damage due to the 7.8 Richter-scale-intensity earthquake, till 2019.[51] Zangmu to Darchen is a 3-4 day drive.[52]
  • A third major route through Nepal is the Rasuwa-Gyirong route.[53] Gyirong to Darchen is a three-day drive. This route is close to the Tatopani-Zangmu route, and became important especially in the period when the Tatopani-Zangmu route was closed for four years.[51]

Routes through Tibet

For private travel companies, both in Nepal and in Tibet (China), another important route to Kailash is the one via Lhasa. In this one, pilgrims first arrive at Lhasa by road, flight or other means, and from there they make a four-day road journey to Lake Manasarovar or Darchen.[54] Other than the Lipu Lekh route through India and the Humla route through Nepal, all the major routes to Kailash through Tibet - from Lhasa, Zangmu, Gyirong, and Nathu La - involve 3-4 days of long drives through the high-altitude Tibetan plateau and some mountain ranges on it, to reach to Darchen.

Climate change

Climate change due to global warming is happening three times faster on the Tibetan Plateau than anywhere else in the world.[55] Mount Kailash is located in a mountain range upon the Tibetan Plateau, near the plateau's western edges. According to local observers, the land around Mount Kailash has been growing warmer in recent years; the pilgrimage season isn't as cold as it used to be.[56] According to available data from the region, glaciers are retreating, lakes are shrinking, the amount of barren land is increasing, and the eventual thawing of the permafrost in this region may lead to uncertain effects on water resources and carbon cycles.[57] The intergovernmental organisation ICIMOD is involved in ongoing efforts to generate knowledge on the ecological, social, and economic effects of climate change, and sustainable ways to cope with them, in the Chinese region around Mt Kailash and the bordering areas of Uttarakhand (India) and western Nepal, in a transboundary project called the Kailash Sacred Landscape Conservation and Development Initiative.[58][59]

See also

References

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  • Stein, R. A. (1961). Les tribus anciennes des marches Sino-Tibétaines: légendes, classifications et histoire. Presses Universitaires de France, Paris. (In French)
  • Johnson, Russell, and Moran, Kerry. (1989). The Sacred Mountain of Tibet: On Pilgrimage to Kailas. Park Street Press, Rochester, Vermont. ISBN 0-89281-325-3.
  • Govinda, Lama Anagarika. (1966). The Way of the White Clouds: A Buddhist Pilgrim in Tibet. Shambhala Publications, Inc. Boulder, Colorado. Reprint with foreword by Peter Matthiessen: Shambhala Publications, Inc. Boston, Massachusetts. 1988. ISBN 0-87773-007-5
  • Thubron, Colin. (2011). "To a Mountain in Tibet." Chatto & Windus, London. ISBN 978-0-7011-8380-6

External links

mount, kailash, kailash, kailasa, redirect, here, other, uses, kailash, disambiguation, kailasa, band, also, kailasa, kangrinboqê, gang, rinpoche, tibetan, གངས, simplified, chinese, 冈仁波齐峰, traditional, chinese, 岡仁波齊峰, pinyin, gāngrénbōqí, fēng, sanskrit, iast,. Kailash and Kailasa redirect here For other uses see Kailash disambiguation and Kailasa band Mount Kailash also Kailasa Kangrinboqe or Gang Rinpoche Tibetan གངས ར ན པ ཆ simplified Chinese 冈仁波齐峰 traditional Chinese 岡仁波齊峰 pinyin Gangrenbōqi Feng Sanskrit क ल स IAST Kailasa is a mountain in the Ngari Prefecture Tibet Autonomous Region of China It has an altitude of 6 638 m 21 778 ft 1 It lies in the Kailash Range Gangdise Mountains of the Transhimalaya in the western part of the Tibetan Plateau Mount Kailash is less than 100 km towards the north from the western trijunction of the borders of China India and Nepal 2 Mount KailashMount Kailash from the southHighest pointElevation6 638 m 21 778 ft Prominence1 319 m 4 327 ft Coordinates31 4 0 N 81 18 45 E 31 06667 N 81 31250 E 31 06667 81 31250 Coordinates 31 4 0 N 81 18 45 E 31 06667 N 81 31250 E 31 06667 81 31250NamingNative nameགངས ར ན པ ཆ Standard Tibetan GeographyMount KailashBurang County Tibet Autonomous RegionLocationBurang County Tibet Autonomous RegionCountry ChinaParent rangeGangdise RangeClimbingFirst ascentUnclimbed mountaineering prohibited currently Mount Kailash is located close to Lake Manasarovar and Lake Rakshastal The sources of four major Asian rivers lie close to this mountain and the two lakes These rivers are the Indus the Sutlej the Brahmaputra and the Karnali a tributary of the Ganges fed by Mabja Zangbo Mount Kailash is considered sacred in four religions Hinduism Buddhism Jainism 3 and Bon 4 Contents 1 Etymology 2 Geology 3 Religious significance 3 1 In Hinduism 3 2 In Jainism 3 3 In Buddhism 3 4 In Bon 4 Pilgrimage 4 1 The history of the Kailash Manasarovar pilgrimage 4 2 The Kailash parikrama or kora 5 Mountaineering 6 Access 6 1 Routes through India 6 2 Routes through Nepal 6 3 Routes through Tibet 7 Climate change 8 See also 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External linksEtymologyThe mountain is known as Kailasa क ल स var Kailasa क ल श in Sanskrit 5 6 The name also could have been derived from the word kelasa क ल स which means crystal 7 In his Tibetan English dictionary Chandra 1902 p 32 identifies the entry for kai la sha Wylie kai la sha which is a loan word from Sanskrit 8 The Tibetan name for the mountain is Gang Rinpoche Tibetan གངས ར ན པ ཆ simplified Chinese 冈仁波齐峰 traditional Chinese 岡仁波齊峰 Gang or Kang is the Tibetan word for snow peak analogous to alp or hima rinpoche is an honorific meaning precious one so the combined term can be translated precious jewel of snows Alice Albinia lists some of the names for the mountain and its religious significance to various faiths Tibetan Buddhists call it Kangri Rinpoche Precious Snow Mountain Bon texts have many names Water s Flower Mountain of Sea Water Nine Stacked Swastika Mountain For Hindus it is the home of the Hindu god Shiva and it is believed that Shiva resides there for Jains it is where their first leader was enlightened for Buddhists the navel of the universe and for adherents of Bon the abode of the sky goddess Sipaimen 9 Another local name for the mountain is Tise mountain which derives from ti tse in the Zhang Zhung language meaning water peak or river peak connoting the mountain s status as the source of the mythical Lion Horse Peacock and Elephant Rivers and in fact the Indus Yarlung Tsangpo Dihang Brahmaputra Karnali and Sutlej all begin in the Kailash Lake Manasarovara region 10 Geology The north face of Mount Kailash The region around Mount Kailash and the Indus headwaters area is typified by wide scale faulting of metamorphosed late Cretaceous to mid Cenozoic sedimentary rocks which have been intruded by igneous Cenozoic granitic rocks Mount Kailash appears to be a metasedimentary roof pendant supported by a massive granite base The Cenozoic rocks represent offshore marine limestones deposited before subduction of the Tethys oceanic crust These sediments were deposited on the southern margin of the Asia block during subduction of the Tethys oceanic crust before the collision between the Indian and Asian continents 11 12 Religious significance An illustration depicting the Hindu holy family of Shiva In Hinduism In Hinduism it is traditionally recognized as the abode of Shiva who resided there along with his consort goddess Parvati and their children Ganesha and Kartikeya citation needed In the Uttara Kanda section of the epic Ramayana it is said that Ravana attempted to uproot the Mount Kailash as retaliation to lord Shiva who in turn pressed his right big toe upon the mountain trapping Ravana in between 13 This version of lord Shiva is also referred to as Ravananugraha or favour form to Ravana while seated in mount Kailash 14 According to the epic Mahabharata it is said that the Pandava brothers along with their wife Draupadi trekked to the summit of mount Kailash on their path to liberation as it is considered to be a gateway to Heaven also known as Swarga Loka citation needed According to Charles Allen one description in the Vishnu Purana of the mountain states that its four faces are made of crystal ruby gold and lapis lazuli 15 It is a pillar of the world and is located at the heart of six mountain ranges symbolizing a lotus 15 In Jainism Rishabhadeva attained nirvana on Mount Kailash According to Jain scriptures Ashtapada is the site where the first Jain Tirthankara Rishabhadeva attained moksha liberation 16 In Jain tradition it is believed that after Rishabhdeva attained nirvana his son emperor Bharata Chakravartin had constructed three stupas and twenty four shrines of the 24 tirthankaras over there with their idols studded with precious stones and named it Sinhnishdha 17 Nirvan Kand Bhasha also mentions of Ashtapada 18 द ह व तर ग वन द सद भ व सह त स र न य कह क ण ड न र व ण क भ ष स गम बन य च प ई अष ट पद आद श वर स व म व स प ज य चम प प र न म न म न थ स व म ग रन र वन द भ व भगत उर ध र 1 चरम त र थकर चरम शर र प व प र स व म मह व र श खर सम द ज न स र ब स भ वसह त वन द न श द स 2 In Jain tradition the 24th and last Tirthankara Vardhamana Mahavira was taken to the summit of Meru by Indra shortly after his birth after putting his mother Queen Trishala into deep slumber There he was bathed and anointed with precious unctions 19 20 In Buddhism Mount Kailash Kailasa is known as Mount Meru in Buddhist texts It is central to its cosmology and a major pilgrimage site for some Buddhist traditions 21 Thangka depicting Mount Kailash Vajrayana Buddhists believe that Mount Kailash is the home of the buddha Cakrasaṃvara also known as Demchok who represents supreme bliss citation needed Numerous sites in the region are associated with Padmasambhava whose tantric practices in holy sites around Tibet are credited with finally establishing Buddhism as the main religion of the country in the 7th 8th century CE 22 It is said that Milarepa c 1052 c 1135 champion of Vajrayana arrived in Tibet to challenge Naro Bonchung champion of the Bon religion of Tibet The two magicians engaged in a terrifying sorcerers battle but neither was able to gain a decisive advantage Finally it was agreed that whoever could reach the summit of Kailash most rapidly would be the victor While Naro Bonchung sat on magic drum and soared up the slope Milarepa s followers were dumbfounded to see him sitting still and meditating Yet when Naro Bonchung was nearly at the top Milarepa suddenly moved into action and overtook him by riding on sunlight thus winning the contest He did however fling a handful of snow on to the top of a nearby mountain since known as Bonri bequeathing it to the Bonpo and thereby ensuring continued Bonpo connections with the region 23 24 25 In Bon Bon a religion native to Tibet maintains that the entire mystical region and Kailash which adherents call the nine story Swastika Mountain is the axis mundi Tagzig Olmo Lung Ring citation needed Pilgrimage Jain pilgrims paying obeisance to Tirthankar Rishabhdeva and reciting the Bhaktamara Stotra near Kailash The history of the Kailash Manasarovar pilgrimage The history of the Mt Kailash pilgrimage is closely tied with the history of the pilgrimage to Lake Manasarovar For this history see the section History and texts on the Lake Manasarovar page The Kailash parikrama or kora The Sanskrit word for circumambulation of a holy site is Parikrama and the Tibetan word for the same act is kora Both words are widely used to describe the act of circumambulating Mt Kailash Pilgrims of several religions believe that doing the parikrama kora of Mount Kailash on foot is a spiritually beneficial practice that can bring various positive effects such as the collection of meritorious karma the cleansing of sins from one s consciousness and good fortune The circumambulation is made in a clockwise direction by Hindus Buddhists and Jains while Bonpos circumambulate the mountain in a counterclockwise direction 26 In Tibet the Kailash parikrama kora begins and ends at Darchen at an elevation of 4 670 m 15 320 ft a small outpost that swells with pilgrims at certain times of the year 27 The path around Mount Kailash is 52 km 32 mi long Walking around the mountain has to be done on foot pony or domestic yak and takes some three days of trekking The highest point on the pilgrimage is the Drolma pass at 5 650m 18 540 feet One camps on two nights en route firstlly near the meadow of Dirapuk gompa some 2 to 3 km 1 2 to 1 9 mi before the pass and secondly after crossing the pass and going as far downhill as possible while passing by Gauri Kund lake less than a hundred meters below the Drolma La pass The second night halt is often at Zutulphuk Most pilgrims take three days to complete the pilgrimage Some pilgrims usually Tibetans or Nepali people from high altitude regions do it in a single day Some other pilgrims venture a very demanding regimen performing body length prostrations over the entire length of the circumambulation 28 The pilgrim bends down kneels prostrates full length makes a mark with her fingers rises to her knees prays and then crawls forward on hands and knees to the mark made by her fingers before repeating the process With this method the pilgrimage takes at least three weeks to complete The mountain is located in a particularly remote and inhospitable area of the Tibetan Himalayas A few modern amenities such as benches resting places and refreshment kiosks exist to aid the pilgrims in their devotion For varied reasons for the different faiths that revere the mountain setting foot on Mt Kailash s slopes and attempting to climb it is forbidden 29 Mountaineering North View of Mount Kailash In 1926 Hugh Ruttledge studied the north face which he estimated was 6 000 feet 1 800 m high and utterly unclimbable 30 and thought about an ascent of the northeast ridge but he ran out of time Ruttledge had been exploring the area with Colonel R C Wilson who was on the other side of the mountain with his Sherpa named Tseten Wilson said that Tseten told him Sahib we can climb that as he too saw that this the SE ridge represented a feasible route to the summit 31 Wilson went on to explain that although he was serious about climbing Kailash he ran into unexpected difficulties Just when I discovered an easy walk to the summit of the mountain heavy snow began to fall making the ascent impossible 32 Herbert Tichy was in the area in 1936 attempting to climb Gurla Mandhata When he asked one of the Garpons of Ngari whether Kailash was climbable the Garpon replied Only a man entirely free of sin could climb Kailash And he wouldn t have to actually scale the sheer walls of ice to do it he d just turn himself into a bird and fly to the summit 33 Reinhold Messner was given the opportunity by the Chinese government to climb in the mid 1980s But he declined saying If we conquer this mountain then we conquer something in people s souls 34 In 2001 reports emerged that the Chinese government had given permission for a Spanish team to climb the peak which caused an international backlash Chinese authorities disputed the reports and stated that any climbing activities on Mt Kailash were strictly prohibited 35 Access Mani stones on the Kailash path Since the 1980s the numbers of pilgrims going on a Kailash pilgrimage annually has grown considerably 29 In 2007 over 70 000 people visited the area around Mount Kailash and the two holy lakes nearby Most of them were pilgrims and these included about 18 000 foreign visitors foreign here implying non Tibetan non Chinese 36 In the years just before the COVID 19 pandemic several thousand pilgrims from India were going to this pilgrimage every year mostly through Nepal 37 38 While many more aspire to undertake this pilgrimage it remains out of reach for most due to high expenses the risks and difficulties posed by the remoteness of Mt Kailash and the high altitude of the pilgrimage route and the unpredictable closures of this pilgrimage due to adverse developments in the regional geopolitics Every year Kailash pilgrimage is possible only between April and mid October April June and September October are recommended periods for the pilgrimage in July and August monsoonal rains can make the circumambulation somewhat challenging Between late October and early April the winter conditions can be extremely severe in this high windswept corner of Tibet and generally make the pilgrimage impossible 39 For all foreigners including pilgrims from India and Nepal passports and specific Chinese visas valid for the Kailash pilgrimage are necessary Routes through India Indian pilgrims have the option of going either through the annual Kailash pilgrimages organised by the Government of India s Ministry of External Affairs MEA 40 or through private groups organised by various travel companies For the pilgrimages organised by the Government of India a person has to be an Indian citizen with a passport valid for at least six months as on September 1 of the current year besides certain other conditions 41 42 The selection of candidates by the government is done through a fair computer generated random gender balanced selection process through which the selected candidates are also assigned either of the two routes to Kailash currently open through India the Lipu Lekh pass in Uttarakhand and the Nathu La pass in Sikkim 43 No private travel companies are allowed to conduct the Kailash Manasarovar pilgrimage via these two routes In each batch of Kailash Manasarovar Yatra organised by the Government of India an Indian government official accompanies the group as a Liaison Officer 44 The Lipu Lekh route involves briefing and medical checks in Delhi from there travel to the Lipu Lekh pass and beyond that travel in Tibet for the Kailash Manasarovar pilgrimage Till recently the Lipu Lekh route required 5 7 days of trekking along the Indian side of the Mahakali valley from Narayan Ashram till the Lipu Lekh pass Thereon the travel to Taklakot and Darchen in Tibet would happen by bus or other vehicles In 2020 a new motorable road was inaugurated to the Lipu Lekh pass through the Indian side of the Mahakali valley removing the need to walk the Indian part of the Lipu Lekh route to Mt Kailash 45 The Nathu La route involves briefing and medical checks in Delhi then a flight from Delhi to Bagdogra Bagdogra to Nathu La pass via Gangtok and three days of road journeys in Tibet till arrival in Darchen on the third day 46 Routes through Nepal The groups organised by travel companies usually go through Nepal People from all nationalities can go in these groups Anyone who has the valid documents and can pay can go with such groups Generally there are fewer medical requirements involved in going to Kailash Manasarovar with private travel companies In the recent years the general route via Nepal has been the route through the Humla district in northwestern Nepal 47 This route involves three flights ahead of Kathmandu Kathmandu Nepalgunj Nepalgunj Simikot and Simikot Hilsa Simikot Hilsa by helicopter From Hilsa the group crosses into Tibet China Hilsa to Darchen can be done within a single day But generally groups acclimatize at Taklakot for a night and also tend to stay at Chiu Gumba by the shores of Lake Manasarovar for a night before arriving at Darchen There is also a possibility of viewing Mt Kailash from within Nepal This is possible from the Lapcha La pass above the Limi valley in district Humla 48 49 This route involves trekking from Simikot to Lapcha La a journey that usually takes 4 5 days This option has been becoming known as a means to get the darshan of Kailash especially in times when entry into Tibet has become forbidden for any reason A second major route through Nepal which actually used to be the main route to Kailash through Nepal till the April 2015 Nepal Earthquake is the Tatopani Zangmu route 50 It was closed for four years following extensive damage due to the 7 8 Richter scale intensity earthquake till 2019 51 Zangmu to Darchen is a 3 4 day drive 52 A third major route through Nepal is the Rasuwa Gyirong route 53 Gyirong to Darchen is a three day drive This route is close to the Tatopani Zangmu route and became important especially in the period when the Tatopani Zangmu route was closed for four years 51 Routes through Tibet For private travel companies both in Nepal and in Tibet China another important route to Kailash is the one via Lhasa In this one pilgrims first arrive at Lhasa by road flight or other means and from there they make a four day road journey to Lake Manasarovar or Darchen 54 Other than the Lipu Lekh route through India and the Humla route through Nepal all the major routes to Kailash through Tibet from Lhasa Zangmu Gyirong and Nathu La involve 3 4 days of long drives through the high altitude Tibetan plateau and some mountain ranges on it to reach to Darchen Climate changeClimate change due to global warming is happening three times faster on the Tibetan Plateau than anywhere else in the world 55 Mount Kailash is located in a mountain range upon the Tibetan Plateau near the plateau s western edges According to local observers the land around Mount Kailash has been growing warmer in recent years the pilgrimage season isn t as cold as it used to be 56 According to available data from the region glaciers are retreating lakes are shrinking the amount of barren land is increasing and the eventual thawing of the permafrost in this region may lead to uncertain effects on water resources and carbon cycles 57 The intergovernmental organisation ICIMOD is involved in ongoing efforts to generate knowledge on the ecological social and economic effects of climate change and sustainable ways to cope with them in the Chinese region around Mt Kailash and the bordering areas of Uttarakhand India and western Nepal in a transboundary project called the Kailash Sacred Landscape Conservation and Development Initiative 58 59 See alsoGurla Mandhata Kawagarbo Om Parvat Adi Kailash Kinnaur Kailash Mani Mahesh Kailash Shrikhand Kailash Sacred mountains Kailash A Journal of Himalayan StudiesReferences Chinese topographic map Nanda 10 May 2020 Kailash Mansarovar Yatra 2022 Guide Kailash Mansaroavar via Uttarakahnd KMVN www euttaranchal com Retrieved 6 August 2022 Kailash Manasarovar Yatra Ministry of External Affairs Government of India Retrieved 30 July 2022 Karen Swenson 16 March 2003 A Sacred Circuit in Tibet The New York Times Retrieved 30 July 2022 Monier Williams Sanskrit Dictionary page 311 column 3 Entry for क ल स in Apte Sanskrit English Dictionary Williams Monier Monier Williams Sanskrit English Dictionary kelasa m crystal W Sarat Chandra Das 1902 Tibetan English Dictionary with Sanskrit Synonyms Calcutta India Bengal Secretariat Book Depot page 32 Alice Albinia 2008 Empires of the Indus The Story of a River John Murray p 288 ISBN 9780719560033 Camaria Pradeep 1996 Kailash Manasarovara on the Rugged Road to Revelation New Delhi Abhinav ISBN 9788170173366 retrieved 11 June 2010 Geology and Geography of the Mt Kailash area and Indus River headwaters in southwestern Tibet Pete Winn Science Director Earth Science Expeditions Retrieved January 2014 Plate Tectonic amp northern Pacific Accessed January 2014 National Museum New Delhi www nationalmuseumindia gov in Archived from the original on 17 May 2013 Dallapiccola Anna L 2003 Ravananugrahamurti Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend Thames amp Hudson ISBN 978 0 500 51088 9 subscription required a b Allen Charles 1982 A Mountain in Tibet pp 21 22 Andre Deutsch Reprint 1991 Futura Publications London ISBN 0 7088 2411 0 To heaven and back The Times of India 11 January 2012 Archived from the original on 7 July 2012 Retrieved 2 March 2012 Jain Arun Kumar 2009 Faith amp Philosophy of Jainism ISBN 9788178357232 admin न र व णक ड ह द Nirvankand Hindi Archives Jinvani Sangrah Retrieved 13 July 2022 Welch Stuart Cary Metropolitan Museum of Art New York N Y 1985 India Art and Culture 1300 1900 ISBN 9780030061141 Jainism Literature Center Rituals Robert E Buswell 2004 Encyclopedia of Buddhism A L Macmillan Reference pp 407 408 ISBN 978 0 02 865719 6 The Sacred Mountain pp 39 33 35 225 280 353 362 363 377 378 The Sacred Mountain pp 31 33 35 The World s Most Mysterious Places Published by Reader s Digest ISBN 0 276 42217 1 pg 85 The Sacred Mountain pp 25 26 Bubriski Kevin Pandey Abhimanyu 2018 Kailash Yatra a Long Walk to Mt Kailash through Humla New Delhi Penguin Random House p 151 Bubriski Kevin Pandey Abhimanyu 2018 Kailash Yatra a Long Walk to Mt Kailash through Humla New Delhi Penguin Random House p 151 ISBN 978 0670091119 Bubriski Kevin Pandey Abhimanyu 2018 Kailash Yatra a Long Walk to Mt Kailash through Humla New Delhi Penguin Random House pp 163 165 ISBN 978 0670091119 a b Snelling John 1990 The Sacred Mountain a Complete Guide to Tibet s Sacred Mountain Motilal Banarsidas Publishers The Sacred Mountain p 120 The Sacred Mountain p 116 Further excerpts from Wilson s article in the Alpine Journal vol 40 1928 The Sacred Mountain p 129 Kailash the mountain that calls Suunto Retrieved 6 August 2022 China to Ban Expeditions on Mt Kailash tew org Archived from the original on 18 July 2011 Retrieved 16 September 2016 Zomer Robert Oli Krishna Prasad 2011 Kailash Sacred Landscape Conservation Initiative Feasibility Assessment Report Kathmandu ICIMOD p 10 Kailash Manasarovar Yatra likely to see record numbers kathmandupost com Retrieved 4 August 2022 Mansarovar Yatra First time pilgrims get preference in computerised draw of lots The Economic Times Retrieved 4 August 2022 Best Time to Visit Kailash Manasarovar New Updates for 2022 Tibet Travel and Tours Tibet Vista Retrieved 6 August 2022 Kailash Manasarovar Yatra kmy gov in Retrieved 4 August 2022 Kailash Manasarovar Yatra kmy gov in Retrieved 9 August 2022 Kailash Manasarovar Yatra kmy gov in Retrieved 9 August 2022 Kailash Manasarovar Yatra kmy gov in Retrieved 9 August 2022 Kailash Manasarovar Yatra kmy gov in Retrieved 9 August 2022 Team ThePrint 11 May 2020 New road to Kailash Mansarovar via Lipulekh Pass and why Nepal is objecting to it ThePrint Retrieved 6 August 2022 Holidays Max Kailash Mansarovar Yatra via Nathula Pass Sikkim kailash yatra org Retrieved 6 August 2022 Bubriski Kevin Pandey Abhimanyu 2018 Kailash Yatra a Long Walk to Mt Kailash through Humla New Delhi Penguin Random House p 20 ISBN 978 0670091119 Bubriski Kevin Pandey Abhimanyu 2018 Kailash Yatra a Long Walk to Mt Kailash through Humla New Delhi Penguin Random House p 1 Limi Lapcha could be an alternative route to Kailash Manasarovar thehimalayantimes com Retrieved 9 August 2022 Bubriski Kevin Pandey Abhimanyu 2018 Kailash Yatra a Long Walk to Mt Kailash through Humla New Delhi Penguin Random House p 20 a b A Personal Account of Border Crossing Reveals the Deep Ties Between Nepal China The Wire Retrieved 9 August 2022 http www himalayajourneys com Himalaya Journey Treks amp Expedition Zhangmu Kailash Mansarovar tour Himalaya Journey Himalaya Journey Treks Retrieved 9 August 2022 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a External link in code class cs1 code last code help 13 Days Kailash Pilgrimage Tour via Gyirong Port Tibet Travel and Tours Tibet Vista Retrieved 9 August 2022 Kathmandu Lhasa Kailash Tour Lhasa Kailash Tour Tibet Kailash Travel www tibetkailash com Retrieved 9 August 2022 Qiu Jane 1 July 2008 China The third pole Nature 454 7203 393 396 doi 10 1038 454393a ISSN 1476 4687 PMID 18650887 Ignoring climate change in the Himalayas The Third Pole 9 January 2019 Retrieved 6 August 2022 Zomer Robert Oli Krishna Prasad 2011 Kailash Sacred Landscape Conservation Initiative Feasibility Assessment Report Kathmandu ICIMOD pp 39 40 About KSL ICIMOD Retrieved 7 August 2022 KSL Components ICIMOD Retrieved 7 August 2022 BibliographyAlbinia Alice 2008 Empires of the Indus The Story of a River First American Edition 2010 W W Norton amp Company New York ISBN 978 0 393 33860 7 Bubriski Kevin and Abhimanyu Pandey Kailash Yatra a Long Walk to Mt Kailash through Humla New Delhi Penguin Random House 2018 Nomachi Kazuyoshi Tibet Boston Shambhala 1997 Thurman Robert and Tad Wise Circling the Sacred Mountain A Spiritual Adventure Through the Himalayas New York Bantam 1999 ISBN 0 553 37850 3 Tells the story of a Western Buddhist making the trek around Mount Kailash Snelling John 1990 The Sacred Mountain The Complete Guide to Tibet s Mount Kailas 1st edition 1983 Revised and enlarged edition including Kailas Manasarovar Travellers Guide Forwards by H H the Dalai Lama of Tibet and Christmas Humphreys East West Publications London and The Hague ISBN 0 85692 173 4 Elevation Chinese Snow Map Kangrinboqe published by the Lanzhou Institute of Glaciology Chinese Academy of Sciences Allen Charles 1982 A Mountain in Tibet The Search for Mount Kailas and the Sources of the Great Rivers of Asia London Andre Deutsch Allen Charles 1999 The Search for Shangri La A Journey into Tibetan History Little Brown and Company Reprint Abacus London 2000 ISBN 0 349 11142 1 A Tibetan Guide for Pilgrimage to Ti se Mount Kailas and mTsho Ma pham Lake Manasarovar Toni Huber and Tsepak Rigzin In Sacred Spaces and Powerful Places in Tibetan Culture A Collection of Essays 1999 Edited by Toni Huber pp 125 153 The Library of Tibetan Works and Archives Dharamsala H P India ISBN 81 86470 22 0 Stein R A 1961 Les tribus anciennes des marches Sino Tibetaines legendes classifications et histoire Presses Universitaires de France Paris In French Johnson Russell and Moran Kerry 1989 The Sacred Mountain of Tibet On Pilgrimage to Kailas Park Street Press Rochester Vermont ISBN 0 89281 325 3 Govinda Lama Anagarika 1966 The Way of the White Clouds A Buddhist Pilgrim in Tibet Shambhala Publications Inc Boulder Colorado Reprint with foreword by Peter Matthiessen Shambhala Publications Inc Boston Massachusetts 1988 ISBN 0 87773 007 5 Thubron Colin 2011 To a Mountain in Tibet Chatto amp Windus London ISBN 978 0 7011 8380 6External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mount Kailash Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Mount Kailash amp oldid 1143601458, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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