fbpx
Wikipedia

Bad River Band of the Lake Superior Tribe of Chippewa Indians

March 03, 2023

The Bad River LaPointe Band of the Lake Superior Tribe of Chippewa Indians or Bad River Tribe for short (Ojibwe: Mashkii ziibii)[2] are a federally recognized tribe of Ojibwe people. The tribe had 6,945 members as of 2010.[1] The Bad River Reservation is located on the south shore of Lake Superior and has a land area of about 193.11 square miles (500.15 km2) in northern Wisconsin, straddling Ashland and Iron counties. Odanah, the administrative and cultural center, is located five miles (8.0 km) east of the town of Ashland on U.S. Highway 2. The reservation population was 1,545 in 2020. Most of the reservation is managed as undeveloped forest and wetland, providing a habitat for wild rice and other natural resources.[1]

Bad River Lapointe Band of the Lake Superior Tribe of Chippewa Indians
Mashkii ziibii
Bad River Band of Lake Superior Chippewas Flag
Total population
6,945[1] (2010)
Regions with significant populations
 United States ( Wisconsin)
Languages
English, Ojibwe
Religion
Catholicism, Methodism, Midewiwin
Related ethnic groups
other Ojibwe, Odawa and Potawatomi

History

 
Historic photo of Ojibwe at Bad River

According to Anishinaabe prophecy, Gichi Manidoo, the Great Spirit, told the Anishinaabe people to move west from the Atlantic coast until they found the "food that grows on water."[3] After a series of stops and divisions, the branch of Anishinaabe known as the Lake Superior Chippewa found wild rice near the Chequamegon Bay on the south shore of Lake Superior, at the site of the present-day Bad River Lapointe Reservation. They made their final stopping place at nearby Madeline Island.

After the 17th century, Anishinaabe people settled throughout northern Wisconsin into lands formerly disputed with the Dakota Sioux and the Meskwaki. Those that remained near the trading post of La Pointe on Madeline Island were known collectively as the La Pointe Band; they engaged in the fur trade with neighboring French-Canadian settlers. They also pursued other seasonal occupations such as fishing, ricing, and hunting by men, and berry-picking, harvesting maple sugar, and gathering nuts, roots and medicinal plants by women.

After a disastrous attempt at removing the Lake Superior Bands in the 19th century, which resulted in the Sandy Lake Tragedy, the U.S. government agreed to set up permanent reservations in Wisconsin. At this point, the La Pointe band split: members who had converted to Roman Catholicism were led by Kechewaishke (Chief Buffalo) and took a reservation at Red Cliff. Those who maintained traditional Midewiwin beliefs settled at Bad River. The two bands, however, maintain close relations to this day.

The reservation land was set aside for the Bad River Lapointe Band in the Treaty of La Pointe, made with the United States and signed on Madeline Island on September 30, 1854. The treaty land included almost 2,000 acres (3.1 sq mi; 8.1 km2) on Madeline Island, which is considered the center of the Ojibwe Nation. The band is one of six Ojibwe bands in present-day Wisconsin and one of eleven federally recognized tribes in the state.[4]

During the late 19th century, the Franciscan Sisters of Perpetual Adoration set up St. Mary's School in Odanah, an Indian boarding school. Students came from a variety of tribes to learn English and western topics, as well as Christianity. During this period, timber companies on the reservation leased land for lumbering, but they cheated the tribe of their leasing fees and destroyed much of the land by overlogging. During the Allotment period, the tribe leased almost half its land base, which originally covered all the area of modern-day Ashland, Wisconsin.

Revival of sovereignty

 
Location of the Bad River Reservation in northern Wisconsin

As Lake Superior Ojibwe, the Bad River Lapointe Band retains its rights to hunt, fish, and gather wild rice, and medicinal plants within the ceded territory of northern Wisconsin, Michigan, and Minnesota. The tribe pressed these claims throughout the 20th century. Tribal members from Bad River and the other Lake Superior bands resumed their traditional practice of spear fishing, resulting in the Wisconsin Walleye War with recreational and sports fishermen.

In 1996, a group of Ojibwe activists known as the Anishinaabe Ogitchida blocked a railroad shipment of sulfuric acid from crossing the reservation; it was destined for a copper mine in Michigan. The protestors complained the acid posed an environmental danger to reservation lands and the Lake Superior watershed. The national attention brought by the protests forced the Environmental Protection Agency to stop the use of acid in the copper mine.[5]

The headquarters of the Great Lakes Indian Fish & Wildlife Commission (GLIFWC) is on the Bad River Reservation. The tribe also owns and operates a fish hatchery, which stocks local rivers and lakes with 15 million walleye annually.

The Bad River Band Of Lapoint Ojibwe own and operate a casino on the reservation, as well as the Moccasin Trail gas station and grocery store complex. The Tribe also runs a clinic, local transit, tribal school, daycare, and Head Start, as well as a police and volunteer fire department for its people. It has several community facilities: a tribal fire hall and youth center in the Birch Hill community, and a utility garage in the Franks Field community.

In 2014, the Tribe announced it will not renew the lease of 18 non-native people's land lease on Madeline Island, known as the Amnicon Bay Association. The 50-year lease, which began in 1967, ended in August 2017.[6]

The Mashkiiziibii Natural Resources Department´s task is to facilitate “the development of institutions of tribal self-governance to ensure the continued sovereignty of the Bad River Tribe in the regulation and management of its natural resources”.[7] and has responded to numerous threats posed by Enbridge Line 5 pipeline.[8]

Reservation

The Bad River Reservation is primarily located on the south shore of Lake Superior and is nearly entirely covered by a forest and swamps. The reservation also includes a small area on the eastern tip of Madeline Island. Bad River is the largest Ojibwe reservation in Wisconsin and the second largest Indian reservation in the state, after the Menominee Indian Reservation.[1] In Anishinaabemowin, they called the Anishinaabe people who lived around swamps Omashkiigowag ("Swampy people"), from mashkiig meaning "swamp". The people also go by Mashkigonaabeg, which means "Swampy-men:, where the suffix -naabe is "male" or "man" in the Anishinaabe language.

Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the reservation has a total area of 197.09 square miles (510.46km2), of which 193.11 square miles (500.16km2) is land and 3.98 square miles (10.3km2) is water.[9] Less than 50% of the reservation land was tribally-owned as of 2010,[1] with the remainder owned by individually by tribal members and outside purchasers due to historic allotment under the Dawes Act.[10]

Sixteen thousand acres (25 sq mi; 65 km2) of the reservation are high-quality wetlands due to the Kakagon Sloughs and Bad River sloughs; they are registered by the United States government as wetlands of international importance under the Ramsar Convention.[11] The wetlands are ideal for the cultivation of wild rice, the historical crop of the Ojibwe. The sloughs constitute the only remaining extensive coastal wild rice marsh in the Great Lakes region.[12] Due to its habitat and proximity to Madeline Island, Bad River is of major importance to the Ojibwe Nation. People from all over Ojibwe Country come for the annual August Celebration of the manoomin, or wild rice harvest.

On the northern border of the Reservation, the elevation tends to be between 600 and 700 feet (180 and 210 m) above sea level. To the south, the elevation increases to between 700 and 1,100 feet (210 and 340 m) above sea level. Scattered across the reservation are many small lakes.

Reservation demographics

As of the census of 2020,[13] the population of the Bad River Reservation was 1,545. The population density was 8.0 inhabitants per square mile (3.1/km2). There were 625 housing units at an average density of 3.2 per square mile (1.2/km2). The racial makeup of the reservation was 76.1% Native American, 19.4% White, 0.3% Black or African American, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.1% from other races, and 4.0% from two or more races. Ethnically, the population was 4.3% Hispanic or Latino of any race.

Most people on the reservation live in one of four communities: Odanah (including New Odanah), Diaperville (also called Old Odanah),[10] Birch Hill, or Frank's Field/Aspen Estates.[14]

According to the American Community Survey estimates for 2016-2020, the median income for a household in the reservation was $51,458, and the median income for a family was $62,083. Male full-time workers had a median income of $36,389 versus $36,346 for female workers. The per capita income for the reservation was $22,694. About 13.0% of families and 21.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 29.1% of those under age 18 and 15.0% of those age 65 or over.[15] Of the population age 25 and over, 84.5% were high school graduates or higher and 11.7% had a bachelor's degree or higher.[16]

Climate

 
Wooded entrance to the reservation

Bad River Reservation has extreme climate conditions. Winters are long and cold, while summers are short and warm. The climate is largely affected by Lake Superior. Low temperatures during the cold winter months tend to average slightly above 0 °F (−18 °C). High temperatures during the cold winter months average above 20 °F (−7 °C). Average low temperatures during the summer months are near 50 and 55 °F (10 and 13 °C). Average high temperatures during the summer months are between 74 and 80 °F (23 and 27 °C). Precipitation is significant as a result of the extensive forest and Lake Superior. Average yearly precipitation is around 30 inches (760 mm).

Notable members

See also

Further reading

  • Loew, Patty (2001). Indian Nations of Wisconsin: Histories of Endurance and Renewal. Madison: Wisconsin Historical Society Press.
  • Tigerman, Kathleen (2006). Wisconsin Indian Literature: Anthology of Native Voices. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-22064-8.

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Tribes of Wisconsin (PDF). Madison: Wisconsin Department of Administration Division of Intergovernmental Relations. July 2022. p. 35. Retrieved July 14, 2022.
  2. ^ National Park Service - Apostle Islands - Ojibwemowin Audio - Place Names
  3. ^ Tigerman 2006, p. 95
  4. ^ Loew 2001, pp. 67, 125.
  5. ^ Grossman, Zoltan (October 1996). "Chippewa Block Acid Shipments: The Anishinaabe Ogitchida Group, Protectors of the People, Fight Against Transport of 550 Mil Gal of Sulphuric Acid for a Copper Mining Recovery Project". The Progressive. Retrieved July 31, 2010 – via CBS Interactive Business Network.
  6. ^ . indiancountrymedianetwork.com. Archived from the original on October 18, 2017. Retrieved October 17, 2017.
  7. ^ "Natural Resources – Bad River Tribe". n.d. Retrieved August 3, 2022.
  8. ^ "Enbridge Line 5 Issues Within the Bad River Reservation" (PDF). Mashkiiziibii Natural Resources Department. February 2020. p. 6.
  9. ^ "2020 Gazetteer Files". census.gov. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved July 14, 2022.
  10. ^ a b Watindato, Elizabeth Arbuckle (March 12, 2007). (PDF). Robert M. La Follette School of Public Affairs, University of Wisconsin–Madison. p. 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 9, 2011.
  11. ^ "Environmental Awards and Recognition". www.badriver-nsn.gov. Bad River Tribe. Retrieved July 14, 2022.
  12. ^ "Kakagon and Bad River Sloughs". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved July 14, 2022.
  13. ^ "2020 Decennial Census: Bad River Reservation, WI". data.census.gov. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved July 12, 2022.
  14. ^ "History of Bad River Band of the Lake Superior of Chippewa Indians".
  15. ^ "Selected Economic Characteristics, 2020 American Community Survey: Bad River Reservation, WI". data.census.gov. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved October 10, 2022.
  16. ^ "Selected Social Characteristics, 2020 American Community Survey: Bad River Reservation, WI". data.census.gov. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved October 10, 2022.
  17. ^ Chris Hewitt (January 15, 2021). "A young Minnesota Native filmmaker's 'Wild' ride to Sundance". Star Tribune.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bad River Indian Reservation.
  • Bad River Band of the Lake Superior Tribe of Chippewa Indians, official website
  • at the Wayback Machine (archived 2005-02-04)
  • Current news in Bad River at archive.today (archived 2013-09-11)
  • Oklevueha Seminole

Coordinates: 46°31′52″N 90°40′31″W / 46.53111°N 90.67528°W / 46.53111; -90.67528

March 03, 2023
river, band, lake, superior, tribe, chippewa, indians, river, lapointe, band, lake, superior, tribe, chippewa, indians, river, tribe, short, ojibwe, mashkii, ziibii, federally, recognized, tribe, ojibwe, people, tribe, members, 2010, river, reservation, locate. The Bad River LaPointe Band of the Lake Superior Tribe of Chippewa Indians or Bad River Tribe for short Ojibwe Mashkii ziibii 2 are a federally recognized tribe of Ojibwe people The tribe had 6 945 members as of 2010 1 The Bad River Reservation is located on the south shore of Lake Superior and has a land area of about 193 11 square miles 500 15 km2 in northern Wisconsin straddling Ashland and Iron counties Odanah the administrative and cultural center is located five miles 8 0 km east of the town of Ashland on U S Highway 2 The reservation population was 1 545 in 2020 Most of the reservation is managed as undeveloped forest and wetland providing a habitat for wild rice and other natural resources 1 Bad River Lapointe Band of the Lake Superior Tribe of Chippewa IndiansMashkii ziibiiBad River Band of Lake Superior Chippewas FlagTotal population6 945 1 2010 Regions with significant populations United States Wisconsin LanguagesEnglish OjibweReligionCatholicism Methodism MidewiwinRelated ethnic groupsother Ojibwe Odawa and Potawatomi Contents 1 History 2 Revival of sovereignty 3 Reservation 3 1 Geography 3 2 Reservation demographics 3 3 Climate 4 Notable members 5 See also 6 Further reading 7 References 8 External linksHistory Edit Historic photo of Ojibwe at Bad River According to Anishinaabe prophecy Gichi Manidoo the Great Spirit told the Anishinaabe people to move west from the Atlantic coast until they found the food that grows on water 3 After a series of stops and divisions the branch of Anishinaabe known as the Lake Superior Chippewa found wild rice near the Chequamegon Bay on the south shore of Lake Superior at the site of the present day Bad River Lapointe Reservation They made their final stopping place at nearby Madeline Island After the 17th century Anishinaabe people settled throughout northern Wisconsin into lands formerly disputed with the Dakota Sioux and the Meskwaki Those that remained near the trading post of La Pointe on Madeline Island were known collectively as the La Pointe Band they engaged in the fur trade with neighboring French Canadian settlers They also pursued other seasonal occupations such as fishing ricing and hunting by men and berry picking harvesting maple sugar and gathering nuts roots and medicinal plants by women After a disastrous attempt at removing the Lake Superior Bands in the 19th century which resulted in the Sandy Lake Tragedy the U S government agreed to set up permanent reservations in Wisconsin At this point the La Pointe band split members who had converted to Roman Catholicism were led by Kechewaishke Chief Buffalo and took a reservation at Red Cliff Those who maintained traditional Midewiwin beliefs settled at Bad River The two bands however maintain close relations to this day The reservation land was set aside for the Bad River Lapointe Band in the Treaty of La Pointe made with the United States and signed on Madeline Island on September 30 1854 The treaty land included almost 2 000 acres 3 1 sq mi 8 1 km2 on Madeline Island which is considered the center of the Ojibwe Nation The band is one of six Ojibwe bands in present day Wisconsin and one of eleven federally recognized tribes in the state 4 During the late 19th century the Franciscan Sisters of Perpetual Adoration set up St Mary s School in Odanah an Indian boarding school Students came from a variety of tribes to learn English and western topics as well as Christianity During this period timber companies on the reservation leased land for lumbering but they cheated the tribe of their leasing fees and destroyed much of the land by overlogging During the Allotment period the tribe leased almost half its land base which originally covered all the area of modern day Ashland Wisconsin Revival of sovereignty Edit Location of the Bad River Reservation in northern Wisconsin As Lake Superior Ojibwe the Bad River Lapointe Band retains its rights to hunt fish and gather wild rice and medicinal plants within the ceded territory of northern Wisconsin Michigan and Minnesota The tribe pressed these claims throughout the 20th century Tribal members from Bad River and the other Lake Superior bands resumed their traditional practice of spear fishing resulting in the Wisconsin Walleye War with recreational and sports fishermen In 1996 a group of Ojibwe activists known as the Anishinaabe Ogitchida blocked a railroad shipment of sulfuric acid from crossing the reservation it was destined for a copper mine in Michigan The protestors complained the acid posed an environmental danger to reservation lands and the Lake Superior watershed The national attention brought by the protests forced the Environmental Protection Agency to stop the use of acid in the copper mine 5 The headquarters of the Great Lakes Indian Fish amp Wildlife Commission GLIFWC is on the Bad River Reservation The tribe also owns and operates a fish hatchery which stocks local rivers and lakes with 15 million walleye annually The Bad River Band Of Lapoint Ojibwe own and operate a casino on the reservation as well as the Moccasin Trail gas station and grocery store complex The Tribe also runs a clinic local transit tribal school daycare and Head Start as well as a police and volunteer fire department for its people It has several community facilities a tribal fire hall and youth center in the Birch Hill community and a utility garage in the Franks Field community In 2014 the Tribe announced it will not renew the lease of 18 non native people s land lease on Madeline Island known as the Amnicon Bay Association The 50 year lease which began in 1967 ended in August 2017 6 The Mashkiiziibii Natural Resources Department s task is to facilitate the development of institutions of tribal self governance to ensure the continued sovereignty of the Bad River Tribe in the regulation and management of its natural resources 7 and has responded to numerous threats posed by Enbridge Line 5 pipeline 8 Reservation EditThe Bad River Reservation is primarily located on the south shore of Lake Superior and is nearly entirely covered by a forest and swamps The reservation also includes a small area on the eastern tip of Madeline Island Bad River is the largest Ojibwe reservation in Wisconsin and the second largest Indian reservation in the state after the Menominee Indian Reservation 1 In Anishinaabemowin they called the Anishinaabe people who lived around swamps Omashkiigowag Swampy people from mashkiig meaning swamp The people also go by Mashkigonaabeg which means Swampy men where the suffix naabe is male or man in the Anishinaabe language Geography Edit According to the U S Census Bureau the reservation has a total area of 197 09 square miles 510 46km2 of which 193 11 square miles 500 16km2 is land and 3 98 square miles 10 3km2 is water 9 Less than 50 of the reservation land was tribally owned as of 2010 1 with the remainder owned by individually by tribal members and outside purchasers due to historic allotment under the Dawes Act 10 Sixteen thousand acres 25 sq mi 65 km2 of the reservation are high quality wetlands due to the Kakagon Sloughs and Bad River sloughs they are registered by the United States government as wetlands of international importance under the Ramsar Convention 11 The wetlands are ideal for the cultivation of wild rice the historical crop of the Ojibwe The sloughs constitute the only remaining extensive coastal wild rice marsh in the Great Lakes region 12 Due to its habitat and proximity to Madeline Island Bad River is of major importance to the Ojibwe Nation People from all over Ojibwe Country come for the annual August Celebration of the manoomin or wild rice harvest On the northern border of the Reservation the elevation tends to be between 600 and 700 feet 180 and 210 m above sea level To the south the elevation increases to between 700 and 1 100 feet 210 and 340 m above sea level Scattered across the reservation are many small lakes Reservation demographics Edit As of the census of 2020 13 the population of the Bad River Reservation was 1 545 The population density was 8 0 inhabitants per square mile 3 1 km2 There were 625 housing units at an average density of 3 2 per square mile 1 2 km2 The racial makeup of the reservation was 76 1 Native American 19 4 White 0 3 Black or African American 0 1 Pacific Islander 0 1 from other races and 4 0 from two or more races Ethnically the population was 4 3 Hispanic or Latino of any race Most people on the reservation live in one of four communities Odanah including New Odanah Diaperville also called Old Odanah 10 Birch Hill or Frank s Field Aspen Estates 14 According to the American Community Survey estimates for 2016 2020 the median income for a household in the reservation was 51 458 and the median income for a family was 62 083 Male full time workers had a median income of 36 389 versus 36 346 for female workers The per capita income for the reservation was 22 694 About 13 0 of families and 21 1 of the population were below the poverty line including 29 1 of those under age 18 and 15 0 of those age 65 or over 15 Of the population age 25 and over 84 5 were high school graduates or higher and 11 7 had a bachelor s degree or higher 16 Climate Edit Wooded entrance to the reservation Bad River Reservation has extreme climate conditions Winters are long and cold while summers are short and warm The climate is largely affected by Lake Superior Low temperatures during the cold winter months tend to average slightly above 0 F 18 C High temperatures during the cold winter months average above 20 F 7 C Average low temperatures during the summer months are near 50 and 55 F 10 and 13 C Average high temperatures during the summer months are between 74 and 80 F 23 and 27 C Precipitation is significant as a result of the extensive forest and Lake Superior Average yearly precipitation is around 30 inches 760 mm Notable members EditLyle Mitchell Corbine Jr filmmaker 17 See also EditGreat Lakes Indian Fish amp Wildlife CommissionFurther reading EditLoew Patty 2001 Indian Nations of Wisconsin Histories of Endurance and Renewal Madison Wisconsin Historical Society Press Tigerman Kathleen 2006 Wisconsin Indian Literature Anthology of Native Voices Madison University of Wisconsin Press ISBN 978 0 299 22064 8 References Edit a b c d e Tribes of Wisconsin PDF Madison Wisconsin Department of Administration Division of Intergovernmental Relations July 2022 p 35 Retrieved July 14 2022 National Park Service Apostle Islands Ojibwemowin Audio Place Names Tigerman 2006 p 95 Loew 2001 pp 67 125 Grossman Zoltan October 1996 Chippewa Block Acid Shipments The Anishinaabe Ogitchida Group Protectors of the People Fight Against Transport of 550 Mil Gal of Sulphuric Acid for a Copper Mining Recovery Project The Progressive Retrieved July 31 2010 via CBS Interactive Business Network Bad River Ojibwe Tribe Reclaims Amnicon Bay Indian Country Media Network indiancountrymedianetwork com Archived from the original on October 18 2017 Retrieved October 17 2017 Natural Resources Bad River Tribe n d Retrieved August 3 2022 Enbridge Line 5 Issues Within the Bad River Reservation PDF Mashkiiziibii Natural Resources Department February 2020 p 6 2020 Gazetteer Files census gov U S Census Bureau Retrieved July 14 2022 a b Watindato Elizabeth Arbuckle March 12 2007 Tribal Members A Surprising Diverse Group PDF Robert M La Follette School of Public Affairs University of Wisconsin Madison p 6 Archived from the original PDF on December 9 2011 Environmental Awards and Recognition www badriver nsn gov Bad River Tribe Retrieved July 14 2022 Kakagon and Bad River Sloughs Ramsar Sites Information Service Retrieved July 14 2022 2020 Decennial Census Bad River Reservation WI data census gov U S Census Bureau Retrieved July 12 2022 History of Bad River Band of the Lake Superior of Chippewa Indians Selected Economic Characteristics 2020 American Community Survey Bad River Reservation WI data census gov U S Census Bureau Retrieved October 10 2022 Selected Social Characteristics 2020 American Community Survey Bad River Reservation WI data census gov U S Census Bureau Retrieved October 10 2022 Chris Hewitt January 15 2021 A young Minnesota Native filmmaker s Wild ride to Sundance Star Tribune External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bad River Indian Reservation Bad River Band of the Lake Superior Tribe of Chippewa Indians official website Great Lakes Intertribal Council description A Brief Bad River History Description at the Wayback Machine archived 2005 02 04 Current news in Bad River at archive today archived 2013 09 11 Oklevueha SeminoleCoordinates 46 31 52 N 90 40 31 W 46 53111 N 90 67528 W 46 53111 90 67528 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Bad River Band of the Lake Superior Tribe of Chippewa Indians amp oldid 1121262733, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.