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Bacan Malay

January 01, 1970

Bacan Malay[1] or Bacan[2] is a Malayic language spoken on the island of Bacan in North Maluku province, Indonesia, by the minor Bacan ethnic group.[3][4] It is an anomalous presence in the region, being surrounded by genetically distant Austronesian languages and languages of the unrelated North Halmahera family.[5][6] Bacan is geographically removed from the Malay heartlands in the western archipelago.[7][8]

Bacan Malay
Native toIndonesia
RegionNorth Maluku
EthnicityBacan
Native speakers
~4,500 (2018)
Language codes
ISO 639-3btj
Glottologbaca1243

It is sharply distinct from other eastern Indonesian varieties of Malay, differing both in its typology and historical origins. The Bacan people are thought to be a Malayic community that migrated from Borneo some centuries ago, preserving its native language. Nonetheless, Bacan Malay has received much influence from the local languages of Maluku, as seen in its lexicon and grammar.

Older information on Bacan Malay is scarce and largely lexical.[1] A 1958 article provides some grammatical and lexical notes, comparing Bacan to standard Malay/Indonesian.[9] No major descriptive efforts were made during the colonial period, but Bacan did receive some linguistic attention in the 1980s.[10] J.T. Collins has done much research work in the area, describing Bacan as well as demonstrating the Malayic nature. A 2022 Bacan-English dictionary is available.[11]

Language use edit

Bacan Malay is spoken by the Bacan ethnic group, which numbers perhaps 3,500 people.[12] It is used as a first language in five villages (Indomut, Awanggo, Amasing, Labuha, and Mandawong).[1] A marker of ethnic identity for the Bacan people,[13] it is not generally known by other ethnic groups.[4] The sporadic assertion about its lingua franca role has been noted to be mistaken.[13] Bacan remains an in-group and home language, with more recent migrants only having rudimentary, if any, knowledge of it.[14]

The language, confined to a small community, is definitely endangered, with a decreasing number of speakers. In the late 1950s, it was still reported to be a common means of communication in the Bacan area.[15] The 16th edition of Ethnologue reports a 1991 figure of 2,500 speakers.[16] In 1996, it was estimated to have less than 5,000 speakers, residing in a few villages.[10] The 22nd edition of Ethnologue reports that it is spoken by six people.[17] Collins (2018) estimates that it is spoken by approximately 5% of Bacan Island's largely migrant population of 90,000. The Bacan Islands are also home to speakers of North Halmahera languages (especially Tobelo, Galela, and Ternate), languages of Southeast Sulawesi, as well as the two Makian languages (Taba and Moi). The dominant lingua franca of the region is Ternate Malay.[18]

A language related to Bacan was reportedly spoken in the Obi archipelago, further south of Bacan. However, no trace remains of such a variety, and the coastal areas of Obi are inhabited by other migrant communities.[19]

History edit

Bacan belongs to the Malayic languages (and is sometimes listed as a dialect of Malay).[20][21] It is therefore very distinct from most languages in the North Maluku region,[6] and only remotely related to other eastern Indonesian varieties of Malay, such as Ambonese Malay and Ternate Malay, the two major linguae francae of the Moluccas.[7] Unlike those languages, which are often thought of as Malay-based creoles,[22][23] Bacan Malay is not known to have developed as a trade language. Instead, it appears to have been transplanted by a migrant Malayic community, arriving from Borneo several hundred years ago.[4][6] Collins (1996) considers it to be an offshoot of Brunei Malay and a relatively close relative of Banjarese, spoken in Kalimantan.[24]

In contrast to contact varieties of Malay, it has been passed as a first language from generation to generation,[4] a fact still reflected in its complex inflectional system, as well as its preservation of indigenous Malay proverbs.[6] While showing many innovations, it also retains a number of archaic features not universally found in other Malayic languages (or standard Malay).[25][26] Lexical retentions include the numerals tolu (‘three’), dulapang (‘eight’), and salapang (‘nine’).[27] The Bacan community must have maintained a high level of language loyalty, considering that for much of its history, it probably numbered no more than a few hundred people.[6] However, the impact of the surrounding Moluccan languages on Bacan Malay is considerable,[3] and its relationship to Brunei Malay has been obscured by the separate development of both languages.[10] A small number of its lexical items and grammatical traits can be associated with the Taliabu and Sula languages, but none of those are indicative of a genealogical relationship.[28]

During the colonial era, it was linked to Sula, as well as certain languages of Sulawesi, a classification reflected in older linguistic literature, drawing upon a 1914 work by N. Adriani and A.C. Kruyt.[29] It was thought to be a "mixed language" (mengtaal)[29] or a non-Malayic language with extensive Malay influence,[30] and its Malayic character remained largely unrecognized. However, as early as 1869, A.R. Wallace described it as a form of "pure Malay" with a "Papuan element",[31][32] and its relationship to Malay was also noted in a 1958 article by R.D. Udinsah.[15] In 1985, K.A. Adelaar included Bacan in his Malayic group.[7] In more recent times, J.T. Collins has further elaborated on the historical development and characteristics of Bacan, establishing its affinity to western Malay varieties.[2][33] A dictionary has also been produced (2022).[11]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c Adelaar et al. (1996), p. 682.
  2. ^ a b Collins (1996a).
  3. ^ a b Collins (1994b), p. 655.
  4. ^ a b c d Collins (2018), p. 16.
  5. ^ Collins (2018), p. 11–12.
  6. ^ a b c d e Collins (1996a), p. 151.
  7. ^ a b c Collins (1996b), p. 78.
  8. ^ Collins (2022), "The Bacan community is a diaspora community of Malay speakers who migrated the furthest from the western archipelago.".
  9. ^ Udinsah (1958).
  10. ^ a b c Collins (1996a), p. 146.
  11. ^ a b Collins (2022).
  12. ^ Hidayah (2015), p. 43.
  13. ^ a b Collins (1995), p. 229.
  14. ^ Collins (1996b), p. 74.
  15. ^ a b Udinsah (1958), p. 29.
  16. ^ Lewis (2009).
  17. ^ Eberhard, Simons & Fennig (2019).
  18. ^ Collins (2018), p. 18.
  19. ^ Collins (1982), p. 81.
  20. ^ Collins (1994a).
  21. ^ van Minde (1997), p. 14.
  22. ^ Steinhauer (1991), p. 178.
  23. ^ Kluge (2017), p. 2–10.
  24. ^ Collins (1996a), p. 146, 148.
  25. ^ Adelaar (1992), p. 5.
  26. ^ Collins (1996b), p. 83–84.
  27. ^ Collins (1994a), p. 631.
  28. ^ Collins (1982), p. 80.
  29. ^ a b Collins (1996b), p. 77.
  30. ^ Grimes & Grimes (1994), p. 45.
  31. ^ Collins (2018), p. 14–15.
  32. ^ Wallace (1869), p. 43.
  33. ^ Collins (1996b).

Works cited edit

  • Adelaar, K. Alexander; Prentice, David J.; Grijns, Cornells D.; Steinhauer, Hein; van Engelenhoven, Aone (1996). "Malay: its history, role and spread". In Wurm, Stephen A.; Mühlhäusler, Peter; Tryon, Darrell T. (eds.). Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas: Vol I: Maps. Vol II: Texts. Trends in Linguistics. Documentation 13. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 673–693. doi:10.1515/9783110819724.2.673. ISBN 9783110819724. OCLC 1013949454.
  • Adelaar, K. Alexander (1992). Proto Malayic: The reconstruction of its phonology and parts of its lexicon and morphology. Pacific Linguistics C-119. Canberra: Department of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University. doi:10.15144/PL-C119. ISBN 0858834081. OCLC 26845189.
  • Collins, James T. (1982). "Linguistic Research in Maluku: A Report of Recent Field Work". Oceanic Linguistics. 21 (1/2): 73–146. doi:10.2307/3623155. ISSN 0029-8115. JSTOR 3623155.
  • Collins, James T. (1994a). "Dialek Melayu Bacan". Ensiklopedia sejarah dan kebudayaan Melayu: A–E (in Malay). Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kementerian Pendidikan, Malaysia. pp. 630–631. ISBN 9836242465. OCLC 34186039.
  • Collins, James T. (1994b). "Dialek Melayu Maluku". Ensiklopedia sejarah dan kebudayaan Melayu: A–E (in Malay). Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kementerian Pendidikan, Malaysia. pp. 655–656. ISBN 9836242465. OCLC 34186039.
  • Collins, James T. (1995). "Dialek Melayu di Pulau Kalimantan dan Bahasa Bacan: Misanan atau Mindoan?". In Soenjono Dardjowidjojo (ed.). PELLBA 8: Pertemuan Linguistik Lembaga Bahasa Atma Jaya Kedelapan (in Indonesian). Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kanisius. pp. 225–266. ISBN 9794974900. OCLC 68842136.
  • Collins, James T. (1996a). "The Brunei Sultanate and the eastern archipelago: the nature of the linguistic evidence". In Hj Mohd. Taib Osman; Hj Abdul Latif Hj Ibrahim (eds.). Proceedings of the International Seminar On Brunei Malay Sultanate 13–17 November 1994. Vol. 1. Bandar Seri Begawan: Akademi Pengajian Brunei, Universiti Brunei Darussalam. pp. 140–160. OCLC 40953974.
  • Collins, James T. (1996b). "Borneo and Maluku: the evidence from the language of Bacan". In Martin, Peter W.; Poedjosoedarmo, Gloria; Ozóg, Conrad (eds.). Language Use and Language Change in Brunei Darussalam. Monographs in International Studies, Southeast Asia Series 100. Athens: Ohio University Centre for International Studies. pp. 73–88. ISBN 0896801934. OCLC 35033718.
  • Collins, James T. (2018). Penelitian Bahasa di Maluku (PDF) (in Indonesian). Ambon: Kantor Bahasa Provinsi Maluku, Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. ISBN 9786025260124. OCLC 1099540304. Retrieved 2023-03-22.
  • Collins, James T. (2022). Bacan–English dictionary. Sleman, Yogyakarta: Deepublish. ISBN 9786230248283. Retrieved 2023-03-22.
  • Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2019). . Ethnologue: Languages of the World (22 ed.). Dallas: SIL International. Archived from the original on 2019-04-11.
  • Grimes, Charles E.; Grimes, Barbara D. (1994). "Languages of the North Moluccas: a preliminary lexicostatistic classification". In Masinambow, E.K.M. (ed.). Maluku dan Irian Jaya. Buletin LEKNAS III (1). Jakarta: Lembaga Ekonomi dan Kemasyarakatan Nasional, Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LEKNAS-LIPI). pp. 35–63. OCLC 54222413.
  • Hidayah, Zulyani (2015). Ensiklopedi Suku Bangsa di Indonesia (in Indonesian). Vol. 2. Jakarta: Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia. ISBN 978-979-461-929-2. OCLC 913647590.
  • Kluge, Angela (2017). A grammar of Papuan Malay. Studies in Diversity Linguistics 11. Berlin: Language Science Press. doi:10.5281/zenodo.376415. ISBN 9783944675862. OCLC 1030818290.
  • Lewis, M. Paul, ed. (2009). . Ethnologue: Languages of the World (16 ed.). Dallas: SIL International. Archived from the original on 2012-12-15.
  • van Minde, Don (1997). Malayu Ambong: Phonology, Morphology, Syntax. Leiden: Research School CNWS. ISBN 9073782945. OCLC 38075818.
  • Steinhauer, Hein (1991). "Malay in east Indonesia: the case of Larantuka (Flores)". In Steinhauer, Hein (ed.). Papers in Austronesian linguistics No. 1. Pacific Linguistics A-81. Canberra: Department of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University. pp. 177–195. doi:10.15144/PL-A81.177. ISBN 0858834022. OCLC 646958819.
  • Udinsah, R.D. (1958). "Bahasa Indonesia daerah Batjan". Medan Bahasa (in Indonesian). 8: 29–31. Retrieved 2023-03-22.
  • Wallace, Alfred Russel (1869). The Malay Archipelago: The Land of the Orang-utan and the Bird of Paradise: a Narrative of Travel, with Studies of Man and Nature. Vol. 2. London: Macmillan and Co. Retrieved 2023-08-22.

January 01, 1970
bacan, malay, bacan, malayic, language, spoken, island, bacan, north, maluku, province, indonesia, minor, bacan, ethnic, group, anomalous, presence, region, being, surrounded, genetically, distant, austronesian, languages, languages, unrelated, north, halmaher. Bacan Malay 1 or Bacan 2 is a Malayic language spoken on the island of Bacan in North Maluku province Indonesia by the minor Bacan ethnic group 3 4 It is an anomalous presence in the region being surrounded by genetically distant Austronesian languages and languages of the unrelated North Halmahera family 5 6 Bacan is geographically removed from the Malay heartlands in the western archipelago 7 8 Bacan MalayNative toIndonesiaRegionNorth MalukuEthnicityBacanNative speakers 4 500 2018 Language familyAustronesian Malayo PolynesianMalayicBacan MalayLanguage codesISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code btj class extiw title iso639 3 btj btj a Glottologbaca1243 It is sharply distinct from other eastern Indonesian varieties of Malay differing both in its typology and historical origins The Bacan people are thought to be a Malayic community that migrated from Borneo some centuries ago preserving its native language Nonetheless Bacan Malay has received much influence from the local languages of Maluku as seen in its lexicon and grammar Older information on Bacan Malay is scarce and largely lexical 1 A 1958 article provides some grammatical and lexical notes comparing Bacan to standard Malay Indonesian 9 No major descriptive efforts were made during the colonial period but Bacan did receive some linguistic attention in the 1980s 10 J T Collins has done much research work in the area describing Bacan as well as demonstrating the Malayic nature A 2022 Bacan English dictionary is available 11 Contents 1 Language use 2 History 3 References 4 Works citedLanguage use editBacan Malay is spoken by the Bacan ethnic group which numbers perhaps 3 500 people 12 It is used as a first language in five villages Indomut Awanggo Amasing Labuha and Mandawong 1 A marker of ethnic identity for the Bacan people 13 it is not generally known by other ethnic groups 4 The sporadic assertion about its lingua franca role has been noted to be mistaken 13 Bacan remains an in group and home language with more recent migrants only having rudimentary if any knowledge of it 14 The language confined to a small community is definitely endangered with a decreasing number of speakers In the late 1950s it was still reported to be a common means of communication in the Bacan area 15 The 16th edition of Ethnologue reports a 1991 figure of 2 500 speakers 16 In 1996 it was estimated to have less than 5 000 speakers residing in a few villages 10 The 22nd edition of Ethnologue reports that it is spoken by six people 17 Collins 2018 estimates that it is spoken by approximately 5 of Bacan Island s largely migrant population of 90 000 The Bacan Islands are also home to speakers of North Halmahera languages especially Tobelo Galela and Ternate languages of Southeast Sulawesi as well as the two Makian languages Taba and Moi The dominant lingua franca of the region is Ternate Malay 18 A language related to Bacan was reportedly spoken in the Obi archipelago further south of Bacan However no trace remains of such a variety and the coastal areas of Obi are inhabited by other migrant communities 19 History editBacan belongs to the Malayic languages and is sometimes listed as a dialect of Malay 20 21 It is therefore very distinct from most languages in the North Maluku region 6 and only remotely related to other eastern Indonesian varieties of Malay such as Ambonese Malay and Ternate Malay the two major linguae francae of the Moluccas 7 Unlike those languages which are often thought of as Malay based creoles 22 23 Bacan Malay is not known to have developed as a trade language Instead it appears to have been transplanted by a migrant Malayic community arriving from Borneo several hundred years ago 4 6 Collins 1996 considers it to be an offshoot of Brunei Malay and a relatively close relative of Banjarese spoken in Kalimantan 24 In contrast to contact varieties of Malay it has been passed as a first language from generation to generation 4 a fact still reflected in its complex inflectional system as well as its preservation of indigenous Malay proverbs 6 While showing many innovations it also retains a number of archaic features not universally found in other Malayic languages or standard Malay 25 26 Lexical retentions include the numerals tolu three dulapang eight and salapang nine 27 The Bacan community must have maintained a high level of language loyalty considering that for much of its history it probably numbered no more than a few hundred people 6 However the impact of the surrounding Moluccan languages on Bacan Malay is considerable 3 and its relationship to Brunei Malay has been obscured by the separate development of both languages 10 A small number of its lexical items and grammatical traits can be associated with the Taliabu and Sula languages but none of those are indicative of a genealogical relationship 28 During the colonial era it was linked to Sula as well as certain languages of Sulawesi a classification reflected in older linguistic literature drawing upon a 1914 work by N Adriani and A C Kruyt 29 It was thought to be a mixed language mengtaal 29 or a non Malayic language with extensive Malay influence 30 and its Malayic character remained largely unrecognized However as early as 1869 A R Wallace described it as a form of pure Malay with a Papuan element 31 32 and its relationship to Malay was also noted in a 1958 article by R D Udinsah 15 In 1985 K A Adelaar included Bacan in his Malayic group 7 In more recent times J T Collins has further elaborated on the historical development and characteristics of Bacan establishing its affinity to western Malay varieties 2 33 A dictionary has also been produced 2022 11 References edit a b c Adelaar et al 1996 p 682 a b Collins 1996a a b Collins 1994b p 655 a b c d Collins 2018 p 16 Collins 2018 p 11 12 a b c d e Collins 1996a p 151 a b c Collins 1996b p 78 Collins 2022 The Bacan community is a diaspora community of Malay speakers who migrated the furthest from the western archipelago Udinsah 1958 a b c Collins 1996a p 146 a b Collins 2022 Hidayah 2015 p 43 a b Collins 1995 p 229 Collins 1996b p 74 a b Udinsah 1958 p 29 Lewis 2009 Eberhard Simons amp Fennig 2019 Collins 2018 p 18 Collins 1982 p 81 Collins 1994a van Minde 1997 p 14 Steinhauer 1991 p 178 Kluge 2017 p 2 10 Collins 1996a p 146 148 Adelaar 1992 p 5 Collins 1996b p 83 84 Collins 1994a p 631 Collins 1982 p 80 a b Collins 1996b p 77 Grimes amp Grimes 1994 p 45 Collins 2018 p 14 15 Wallace 1869 p 43 Collins 1996b Works cited editAdelaar K Alexander Prentice David J Grijns Cornells D Steinhauer Hein van Engelenhoven Aone 1996 Malay its history role and spread In Wurm Stephen A Muhlhausler Peter Tryon Darrell T eds Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific Asia and the Americas Vol I Maps Vol II Texts Trends in Linguistics Documentation 13 Berlin New York Mouton de Gruyter pp 673 693 doi 10 1515 9783110819724 2 673 ISBN 9783110819724 OCLC 1013949454 Adelaar K Alexander 1992 Proto Malayic The reconstruction of its phonology and parts of its lexicon and morphology Pacific Linguistics C 119 Canberra Department of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies Australian National University doi 10 15144 PL C119 ISBN 0858834081 OCLC 26845189 Collins James T 1982 Linguistic Research in Maluku A Report of Recent Field Work Oceanic Linguistics 21 1 2 73 146 doi 10 2307 3623155 ISSN 0029 8115 JSTOR 3623155 Collins James T 1994a Dialek Melayu Bacan Ensiklopedia sejarah dan kebudayaan Melayu A E in Malay Kuala Lumpur Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia pp 630 631 ISBN 9836242465 OCLC 34186039 Collins James T 1994b Dialek Melayu Maluku Ensiklopedia sejarah dan kebudayaan Melayu A E in Malay Kuala Lumpur Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia pp 655 656 ISBN 9836242465 OCLC 34186039 Collins James T 1995 Dialek Melayu di Pulau Kalimantan dan Bahasa Bacan Misanan atau Mindoan In Soenjono Dardjowidjojo ed PELLBA 8 Pertemuan Linguistik Lembaga Bahasa Atma Jaya Kedelapan in Indonesian Yogyakarta Penerbit Kanisius pp 225 266 ISBN 9794974900 OCLC 68842136 Collins James T 1996a The Brunei Sultanate and the eastern archipelago the nature of the linguistic evidence In Hj Mohd Taib Osman Hj Abdul Latif Hj Ibrahim eds Proceedings of the International Seminar On Brunei Malay Sultanate 13 17 November 1994 Vol 1 Bandar Seri Begawan Akademi Pengajian Brunei Universiti Brunei Darussalam pp 140 160 OCLC 40953974 Collins James T 1996b Borneo and Maluku the evidence from the language of Bacan In Martin Peter W Poedjosoedarmo Gloria Ozog Conrad eds Language Use and Language Change in Brunei Darussalam Monographs in International Studies Southeast Asia Series 100 Athens Ohio University Centre for International Studies pp 73 88 ISBN 0896801934 OCLC 35033718 Collins James T 2018 Penelitian Bahasa di Maluku PDF in Indonesian Ambon Kantor Bahasa Provinsi Maluku Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan ISBN 9786025260124 OCLC 1099540304 Retrieved 2023 03 22 Collins James T 2022 Bacan English dictionary Sleman Yogyakarta Deepublish ISBN 9786230248283 Retrieved 2023 03 22 Eberhard David M Simons Gary F Fennig Charles D eds 2019 Malay Bacanese Ethnologue Languages of the World 22 ed Dallas SIL International Archived from the original on 2019 04 11 Grimes Charles E Grimes Barbara D 1994 Languages of the North Moluccas a preliminary lexicostatistic classification In Masinambow E K M ed Maluku dan Irian Jaya Buletin LEKNAS III 1 Jakarta Lembaga Ekonomi dan Kemasyarakatan Nasional Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia LEKNAS LIPI pp 35 63 OCLC 54222413 Hidayah Zulyani 2015 Ensiklopedi Suku Bangsa di Indonesia in Indonesian Vol 2 Jakarta Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia ISBN 978 979 461 929 2 OCLC 913647590 Kluge Angela 2017 A grammar of Papuan Malay Studies in Diversity Linguistics 11 Berlin Language Science Press doi 10 5281 zenodo 376415 ISBN 9783944675862 OCLC 1030818290 Lewis M Paul ed 2009 Malay Bacanese Ethnologue Languages of the World 16 ed Dallas SIL International Archived from the original on 2012 12 15 van Minde Don 1997 Malayu Ambong Phonology Morphology Syntax Leiden Research School CNWS ISBN 9073782945 OCLC 38075818 Steinhauer Hein 1991 Malay in east Indonesia the case of Larantuka Flores In Steinhauer Hein ed Papers in Austronesian linguistics No 1 Pacific Linguistics A 81 Canberra Department of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies Australian National University pp 177 195 doi 10 15144 PL A81 177 ISBN 0858834022 OCLC 646958819 Udinsah R D 1958 Bahasa Indonesia daerah Batjan Medan Bahasa in Indonesian 8 29 31 Retrieved 2023 03 22 Wallace Alfred Russel 1869 The Malay Archipelago The Land of the Orang utan and the Bird of Paradise a Narrative of Travel with Studies of Man and Nature Vol 2 London Macmillan and Co Retrieved 2023 08 22 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Bacan Malay amp oldid 1214905668, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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