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Atmanirbhar Bharat

April 23, 2023

Atmanirbhar Bharat[a], which translates to 'self-reliant India',[8] is a phrase the Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi and his government used and popularised in relation to the country's economic development plans. The phrase is an umbrella concept for the Modi government's plans for India to play a larger role in the world economy, and for it to become more efficient, competitive and resilient.

Modi has used the English phrase since 2014 in relation to national security, poverty and digital India. The first popular use of the phrase in Hindi was Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan (Self-Reliant India Mission) during the announcement of India's COVID–19-pandemic-related economic package in 2020. Since then, the phrase has been used by the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution, the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Defence in press releases, statements and policies. The government has also used the phrase in relation to India's new National Education Policy and the 2021 Union Budget of India. The concept under Modi's premiership has been adapted from earlier uses of the phrase in the Indian sub-continent.

The swadeshi movement was one of India's most successful pre-independence movements. The concept of self-reliance has been used by the country's former Planning Commission in multiple five-year plans between 1947 and 2014. Commentators have noted India has been enacting policies and building institutions that promote self-reliance since its independence. Private companies and their products have been considered as examples of self-reliance in sectors such as beverages, automotives, cooperatives, financial services and banking, pharmaceuticals and biotechnology.

History

Political self-reliance and self-rule

 
The spinning wheel or charkha was and is still one of the most famous symbols of Swadeshi in India. And part of Nai Talim.
 
M. S. Swaminathan's efforts brought "dignity and self-reliance" to the people he served; a World Food Prize commendation from President Ronald Reagan.[9] The Green Revolution in India was preceded by land reforms and irrigation work.[10]

India saw a promotion of political self-reliance for swaraj (self-governance or self-rule) during the independence movement.[11] Activists such as Mahatma Gandhi and Rabindranath Tagore explained self-reliance in terms of the nation and of the self.[12][13] This included the discipline of an individual and the values of a society.[12][13] With the foundation of educational institutes such as Visva-Bharati University, Tagore had a role in bringing India closer to self-reliance in education.[14] M. S. Swaminathan said in his youth is the 1930s, he like his peers, "young and old shared the dream of a free and self-reliant India. Purna swaraj (total freedom) and swadeshi (self-reliance) were our goals ..."[9]

In 2022, Union Home Minister Amit Shah acknowledged slogans such as "atmanirbharta", "Make in India" and "vocal for local" were adapted from Gandhi's efforts towards swadeshi.[15] Pre-independence aspirations that had been forgotten are now being revived and adapted, and are being put into practice.[16][15]

Economic self-reliance and dependence

The swadeshi movement [b] was one of the Indian sub-continents most effective pre-independence movements.[18][19] It was successfully implemented after the partition of Bengal in 1905.[20]

Indian nationalists emphasised economic self-reliance, of which planning was an important part, in the years before independence.[21] The National Planning Committee of the Indian National Congress (INC) was formed in 1938 under its president Subhash Chandra Bose.[22] The committee was multi-disciplinary and composed of well-known personalities from across the sub-continent.[23] Bose lent his full support to the planning efforts to make independent India an economic unit that was industrialised and self-sufficient.[22] There was, however, much opposition to these plans, including non-cooperation by Gandhi, who opposed the type of industrialisation being championed and he called the committee's efforts pointless.[24] Another pre-independence effort to plan the economic development of independent India was the Bombay Plan, whose authors include J. R. D. Tata, G. D. Birla and A. Dalal.[25] The Bombay Plan sought to make India self-sufficient by increasing the role of the state in all aspects of the economy, a contrast to 21st-century India.[26] In the following years, India took cues from economic models in the Soviet Union, later becoming aware of other models such as those of South Korea, Taiwan and Brazil.[27]

Independent India's first major policy document, the Industrial Policy Resolution of 1948, echoed the "national consensus" regarding how India was to proceed.[28] This national consensus called for a mixed economy and self-reliance.[29] Under Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri, India's Green Revolution and White Revolution (Operation Flood) helped India to become self-sufficient and a world leader in agricultural products such as milk and tea.[30]

In 1983. Sanjaya Baru wrote self-reliance can be understood as "the strategy and the perception of our relative merits and constraints, of our opportunities and of our tasks. Even where deviations had occurred from this strategy they were viewed as temporary departures, as products of expediency, as being forced on an unwilling government ... ".[31] He based this on a 1982 lecture at Sydenham College in which economist Ashok Mitra had said; "We opted for self-reliance because, in our view, it was the most rational economic course".[31] Foreign capital at the time was considered a form of colonial dependence, which was undesirable. India had the capability and infrastructure that were necessary for economic development.[31] Following India's decision to take International Monetary Fund (IMF) loans in the 1980s and taking into account the general economic situation in the country, Baru concluded; "it would seem altogether inappropriate to refer to 'self-reliance' any longer as constituting a national goal".[32]

In the 1990s, Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao redefined and adapted the meaning of self-reliance for the country compared with the Nehru era.[33] In October 2005, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh said self-reliance is not simply a policy of autarky or isolating the country; worldwide relationships, interdependence and negotiating power are associated features.[34]

 
In 2000, Y. V. Reddy, (representative image) then the Deputy Governor of Reserve Bank of India (RBI), spoke at some length on self-reliance during the Twenty Seventh Frank Moraes Lecture: "self reliance of a country lies in its economic strength and resilience to potential vulnerabilities".[35]

Private companies and their products such as the Maruti 800 car, Thums Up beverage, Amul, HDFC, and pharmaceutical companies Bharat Biotech and Serum Institute of India, have been considered examples of self-reliance in India.[36][37][38] In sectors such as food production, India is self-sufficient but problems such as poor nutrition and hunger remain.[39][40]

Policy and Five-Year Plans

The Planning Commission of India's lead document, its twelve Five Year Plans, were published from 1951 to 2014 and contained some form of self-reliance or self-sufficiency as a goal.[41] The first two plans formed the basis of self-sufficiency and self-reliance in government policy, which was to be implemented through concepts such as import substitution.[41] This did not achieve adequate progress so the plans shifted to having a larger emphasis on promoting self-reliance.[41] According to the plans, India should have enough money to buy what it needed; by June 1991, however, India had only sufficient foreign exchange reserves for two weeks.[41] These situations and practices such those during Licence Raj led to renewed calls for self-reliance.[41] Bimal Jalan, who became a Reserve Bank of India (RBI) governor, said the outlook towards self-reliance swung between plans, which were influenced by factors outside India.[42] He said self-reliance must be accompanied by improvements in other economic indicators.[43]

In an address to the National Development Council in 1976, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, spoke of "self-reliance in food and energy" and "economic self-reliance".[44] The fifth Five-Year Plan of India (1974–1978) has self-reliance was one of the three stated objectives, the other two being related to GDP and poverty.[45] Use also included the achievement of "self-reliance in terms of technology, production and conservation" in relation to non-renewable resources.[46] The report noted in sectors such as industrial machinery and chemicals, the ratio of imports had decreased, an indication of increased self-reliance.[46]

Increase in self-reliance in oil production, in atomic energy capabilities, space technologies, and agricultural and medical research were highlighted retrospectively in the seventh plan.[47] In prospect, self-reliance was a strategic necessity to make India capable of surviving external shocks.[47] "Excessive reliance" was used in the Tenth Five-Year Plan (2002-2007), which also stated "Science and Technology ... plays a lead role in contributing ... self-reliance."[48] The next plan mentioned a "desire for attaining and sustaining self-reliance in some sectors of the economy".[49]

Defence sector

 
Initial operating capability variants of No. 45 Squadron doing air manoeuvres
 
Integration of Helmet Mounted Display and Sight DASH-IV from Elbit Systems[51]
Indigenous HAL Tejas, a multirole light fighter, with some imported technologies. Indigenous content is 59.7% by value and 75.5% by numbers (2016). Indigenisation of a number of parts is underway.[50]

According to a statement by Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee in Parliament on 27 May 1998, following nuclear tests on 11 and 13 May:

In 1947 ... the nuclear age had already dawned. Our leaders then took the crucial decision to opt for self-reliance, and freedom of thought and action. We rejected the Cold War paradigm and chose the more difficult path of non-alignment ... These tests are a continuation of the policies set into motion that put this country on the path of self-reliance and independence of thought and action.[7][6]

India's principles governing its defence production have changed; self-sufficiency was followed by self-reliance, which in turn brought about an emphasis on public-private co-production and independent, private production.[52] In 1992, a Self Reliance Review Committee was formed under A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, the scientific advisor to the Defence Minister.[53] The committee created the self-reliance index to identify the degree of content that was made in India as a part of procurement.[54] The ten-year target to increase self-reliance in defence was never achieved.[54] This index did not take into account factors like critical components and sanctions during a conflict.[55] In 2000, K. Subrahmanyam of India's National Security Advisory Board emphasised the need to distinguish self-reliance from self-sufficiency in the defence sector.[56] He said most pragmatic way for India would be self-reliance rather than self-sufficiency. This would lead to challenges such as the reliance and integrity of the supplier.[56]

As of 2022, over half of India's military equipment is either Soviet or Russian.[57] The defence sector also required self-sufficiency in military logistics, including food during emergencies.[58]

Ministry of Defence (MoD) is going to amend Defence Acquisition Procedure (DAP) 2020. Under the new rules, private sector will be allowed to form joint venture with public sector undertakings in India by acquiring 51% stake. The private sector will also be allowed to export 25% of the production to third countries. Indian Armed Forces also given assurance that they will purchase the end product. Indian Multi Role Helicopter is the first major project to follow this process.[59]

Atmanirbhar Bharat

During the coronavirus pandemic in India, the lockdown, and an existing slowdown in the growth of the domestic economy and the economic impact of the pandemic, the government issued an adapted idea of self-reliance.[60] On 12 May 2020, Prime Minister Modi publicly used the Hindi phrase for the first time when he said;[3] (trans.) "the state of the world today teaches us that (Atma Nirbhar Bharat) 'Self-reliant India' is the only path. It is said in our scriptures—EshahPanthah. That is—self-sufficient India."[41][2] While the speech was in Hindi, the reference by Press Information Bureau to both "self-reliance" and "self-sufficiency" caused some confusion.[41][2] In the days following Modi's speech, the Indian government issued an economic package called the Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan (transl. Self-reliant India Mission).[5] It was met with a mixed response.[61]

External video
  PM Modi's address to the Nation on COVID-19 (12th May 2020), PMO India (Timestamp 4:39 to 5:14) on YouTube

According to economist Swaminathan Aiyar, "atmanirbhar" can be translated as both self-reliance and self-sufficiency. In the 1960s and 1970s, India's drive for self-sufficiency was unsuccessful,[62] and doing the same again is not advisable.[62] Sadanand Dhume was sceptical of the terminology and language related to the phrase, and whether it meant a revival of pre-liberalisation era policies.[63] Aatmanirbharta or Self-Reliance was the Oxford Hindi Word of Year in 2020.[64][8]

The adapted plan for self-reliance or aatmarnibharta that emerged included a readiness to associate with and challenge the global economy, unlike past decades where there had been a wish to disassociate, such as during the pre-independence swadeshi movement and with post-independence foreign aid.[65] Swadeshi, however, has been adapted with slogans such as "vocal for local" while at the same time, global interconnectedness is being promoted.[65] The government aims to reconcile this; according to Economist Intelligence Unit; "Modi's policy aims to reduce domestic market access to imports, but at the same time open the economy and export to the rest of the world".[66]

Along with the coronavirus pandemic, Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan could be seen in the context of India-China border relations and India's economic dependence on China in some sectors.[67] Calls for India to boycott Chinese products and promote an Atmanirbhar Bharat instead are practically difficult in the short term for India, which imports US$75 billion worth of goods every year from China, and parts of Indian industry are dependent on China.[68] Following the Galwan Valley skirmish on 15 June 2020, which resulted in a number of deaths, Swadeshi Jagaran Manch, an affiliate of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, said if the government was serious about making India self-reliant, Chinese companies should not be given contracts for projects such as the Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System.[69][70] A Chinese company was awarded a contract for 5.6 km (3.5 mi) of the project.[71]

While an Atmanirbhar Bharat has been extensively promoted during the premiership of Narendra Modi, especially in rhetoric and speeches, this is not always apparent in government policies.[72] There has been concern Atmanirbhar Bharat is political messaging that has no economic impact.[73][74] India's trade deficit restricts a reduction in dependence on imports, restricting protectionism and isolationism.[75] Protectionist tendencies such as tariff increases, however, have been seen during this phase.[76] The general trend by the Modi government has been to support domestic industries rather than global ones.[77] Subsidies are being used as incentives to get global business leaders into India.[76] The initiative has been accused of crony capitalism and of giving false hope to small businesses that align with the messaging.[73] On 7 December 2021, the Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh said for India to be self-reliant, states must be self-reliant.[78][79]

Use by the NDA government

Prime Minister Modi used the phrase "self-reliance" in June 2014 in relation to defence manufacturing for self-reliance in national security.[80] He reiterated this over the years; in 2018, he spoke of the need for India to make its own weapons.[81] In August 2014, he connected self-reliance to Digital India,[82] in September 2014 in reference to making the poor self-reliant,[83] and in March 2022 in relation to technologies.[84]

Proponents of Atmanirbhar Bharat, including Modi and his cabinet ministers for finance and law, have said this self-reliance policy does not aim to be protectionist, exclusionist or isolationist. For India, self-reliance means being a larger and more important part of the world economy.[85][86] The concept requires policies that are efficient and resilient, and encourage equity and competitiveness.[4] It means being self-sustaining and self-generating;[4] and creating "wealth and values not only for ourselves but for the larger humanity".[87] In March 2021, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman said the Atmanirbhar Bharat campaign is not about bringing back socialism or import substitution, rather the intent is to boost manufacturing.[88] The five pillars of Atmanirbhar Bharat are economy, infrastructure, technology-driven systems, vibrant demography and demand.[89]

COVID-19 pandemic initiatives

 
A 5ml vial of Covaxin[90][91] has been conveyed as a symbol of atmanirbhar Bharat.[92]

The research, development and manufacture of COVID-19 vaccinations in India was connected in separate statements to atmanirbharta by the President,[93] Vice-President,[94] Prime Minister,[92] and other Union ministers.[95] Modi stated; "Made in India vaccines are a symbol of Atmanirbhar Bharat".[92]

On 12 May, 12 October and 12 November 2020, the government announced a total of three Atmanirbhar Bharat packages worth ₹29.87 trillion (US$370 billion) in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic in India. The second and third economic stimulus packages were labelled Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan 2.0 and 3.0.[96][97][98] As part of the Atmanirbhar Bharat packages, the government decided to change the definition of Small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs),[99] boosting scope for private participation in several sectors,[100] increasing FDI[clarification needed] in the defence sector;[100] and the changes found support in many sectors such as solar energy manufacturering.[101]

The growth of India's personal protective equipment (PPE) sector from limited production before March 2020 to 4,50,000 pieces a day by the beginning of July 2020, is considered an example of a self-reliant India.[102][103] The PPE industry in India became a ₹100 billion (US$1.3 billion) industry in three months, the second largest after China.[104]

In July 2020 the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution issued a statement placing food rationing within the ambit of Atmanirbhar Bharat.[3] In August 2020, following the migrant workers crisis during the pandemic, the same ministry made a statement placing the welfare of migrants within the concept's ambit.[3]

Other initiatives

The importance of education and research for self-reliance has been recognised.[105] In an address to the students of Visva-Bharati University, the new National Education Policy of India was connected to the creation of an Atmanirbhar Bharat,[106] and Prime Minister Modi challenged the students to make the villages surrounding the university self-reliant.[14] The Indian Minister of Education has also stressed the link between education and Atmanirbhar Bharat.[107] Educationist and university administrator C. Raj Kumar said the vision of an 'Atmanirbhar University' combines the vision of John Henry Newman's work "Idea of a University" with the Humboldtian model of higher education.[107] Apex public education bodies such as AICTE have asked universities to use Indian books where possible in an effort to promote Atmanirbhar Bharat.[108] The home minister acknowledged the new policy also gives due importance to svabhasha, Indian languages.[15]

During a speech in 2017, Prime Minister Modi said his government was trying to tap human capital flight, and had the aim of engaging India's diaspora.[109] To this effect new organisations such as IN–SPACe in the space sector would aim to channel India's space talent.[110] Dependence in the pharmaceutical sector upon active pharmaceutical ingredients is being addressed; out of 53 raw materials that were imported, 35 were being produced in India by March 2022.[111]

 
The Defence Minister, Rajnath Singh, addressing an Atmanirbhar Bharat Defence Industry Outreach Webinar in August 2020. Government and private defence leaders in attendance.

In August 2020, Defence Minister Rajnath Singh announced the Defence Ministry was "now ready for a big push to Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative" by imposing import prohibitions on 101 military items in a staged manner over five years.[112][113] In the following months, more positive indigenisation lists and negative import lists were released.[114][115][116] New legislation[c] was portrayed as initiatives towards increasing India's self-reliance.[118][119] A new category of procurement, Indian Indigenously Designed, Developed and Manufactured (Indian-IDDM) was created.[120] Reform of the Ordnance Factory Board and giving the new defence PSU units large-scale orders was a move towards military self-reliance.[121] Equipment manufactured under Indian-IDDM have been handed over to the military.[122][123] In the fiscal year 2022, the Ministry of Defense decided to spend 65% of its capital budget on domestic procurement.[124] Increased self-reliance is also being seen in the construction of its warships and submarines.[125]

The phrase was also connected to the 2021,[126] and 2022 Union budgets.[127][128] Targets for self-reliance in fertiliser production by 2023 have been announced.[129] Government-backed events to provide for the implementation and promotion of self-reliance, and associated slogans such as 'vocal for local' have materialised in the form of the country's first national toy fair, which was digitally launched in February 2021,[130] and the associated brainstorming event Toycathon.[131] In July 2020, the government launched the Atmanirbhar Bharat App Innovation Challenge to encourage the building of apps.[132] 6,940 entries were received, of which 24 apps were chosen as winners, including mapping apps, fact-checking apps and cricket games. The challenge's success led to its continuation through another round of entry submission.[133] Government schemes also support the implementation of self-reliant initiatives.[134]

Slogans

Slogans initiated under Atmanirbhar Bharat include "vocal for local", '"local for global", "make for world" and "brain drain to brain gain".[135][136]

Vocal for local

Products should be "made in India" and promoted to make them competitive.[136][137] During the Independence Day speech in 2020, Prime Minister Modi said; "The mindset of free India should be 'vocal for local'. We should appreciate our local products, if we don't do this then our products will not get the opportunity to do better and will not get encouraged."[138][139] Amul managing director RS Sodhi said the phrase vocal for local "meant that products be made competitive vis-a-vis global brands" and that "it didn't mean that one must only buy products that have a logo 'made in India' on it".[136] An extension of this slogan is 'local for global', meaning locally made Indian products should have global appeal and reach.[136] The slogan has been extended to sectors such as the toy manufacturing; "time to be vocal for local toys".[140][141]

Make for the world

Prime Minister Modi, during the 2020 Independence speech, said "make for world" should go together with 'make in India' and that the slogan "make for world" should be a key slogan like 'make in India' is.[138][142] A variation of the slogan is "Make in India for the world".[143] Arvind Panagariya, the first vice-chairperson of NITI Aayog, said in an interview with Govindraj Ethiraj implementation of the slogan is a matter of optics and policy change.[144]

Indian diaspora

Non-resident Indians and Overseas Citizens of India are an important part of the global nature of India's self-reliance.[145][146][147] According to the government's messaging, Indians who live abroad are part of India's "brain gain" rather than a liability for India.[148] The global nature of India's self reliance has "concern for the whole world's happiness, cooperation and peace".[145]

Domestic commentary

In the context of India, the concept "self-reliance" was first defined during the Nehru era.[33] The concept of self-reliance has twice been re-defined; the first occurred during the prime-minister-ship of P. V. Narasimha Rao, and the second was during that of Modi.[33] Author Romesh Thapar wrote in 1968; "Self-reliance demands the courage, the guts, to sacrifice something for the future. If no one does, there will be only one new export our current efforts will yield—brain and talent."[149] In June 2020, India's Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman said; "At least don't buy Ganesha idols from China".[150]

Atmanirbhar Bharat has been called a re-packaged version or revival of the Make in India movement using new slogans such as "Vocal for Local".[151][152][153] Opposition members have spoken about India enacting policies and building companies since its creation to make the nation self-reliant—Steel Authority of India (SAIL) for steel production, IIT for domestic engineers, All India Institutes of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) for medical science, Defence Research and Development Organisation for defence research, Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) for aviation, Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) for space research, Central Coalfields (CCL), NTPC and GAIL in the area of energy; criticising the advertising tactics.[154] Some have re-phrased it as "Fend For Yourself" campaign;[155] it has also been called "economic nationalism".[156] It has been noted the phrase has been used so extensively that it has become "India's overarching national policy ... for growth and development".[3] Unfinished reforms in the atmanirbhar Bharat agenda span from government reform to urban reform to civil service reform.[157]

Arvind Panagariya has criticised policies of self-sufficiency and protectionism as opposed to free trade in the context of India's past.[158][159][160]

International reactions

By mid-2021 a number of global policy experts and those in the Indian diaspora acknowledged Atmanirbhar Bharat is a good initiative while acknowledging doubts the initiative still carries.[161] I June 2021, Vinai Thummalapally, former US ambassador to Belize, said India's global exports of manufacturing products is low and that through this program, competitive, valuable products would lead to export-led growth.[161] Nisha Desai Biswal, an American businesswoman, has said the lack of clarity on the definition of Atmanirbhar Bharat has resulted in a "pause" and that the program could be counter-productive.[161] Freddy Svane, Denmark's ambassador to India, and Himanshu Gulati, Member of Parliament Norway, have both stated Denmark and Norway can help India in its self-reliant mission in the area of energy-efficient technologies.[161]

In June 2021, the UK India Business Council conducted a survey that found a majority of companies found Atmanirbhar Bharat an opportunity to increase business in India.[162] In January 2021 Kenneth Juster, the US ambassador to India, said Atmanirbhar Bharat and the desire to play a larger economic role in the world may not be compatible.[163] In April 2022, the United States Trade Representative wrote in a report of foreign trade barriers India "continues to promote programs such as 'Make in India' (2014) and 'Self-Reliant India' (Atmanirbhar Bharat – May 2020) that seek to increase India's self-sufficiency by promoting domestic industry and reducing reliance on foreign suppliers and imported goods".[164][165]

In July 2020, the Chief Executive of Lockheed Martin India stated the company is "committed to supporting the Prime Minister Narendra Modi's vision of self-reliance".[166]

See also

References and notes

Notes
  1. ^ Alternatives and variations in spelling include Aatma Nirbhar Bharat,[1] AtmaNirbhar Bharat,[2] AatmaNirbhar Bharat,[3] Aatmanirbhar Bharat,[4] and Atman Nirbhar Bharat.[5] In 1998, PM Atal Bihari Vajpayee used the term आत्मनिर्भरता / Aatmanirbharta,[6] officially translated as self-reliance.[7]
  2. ^ Swadeshi is an adjective meaning "of one's own country"[17]
  3. ^ The Defence Production and Export Promotion Policy (DPEPP 2020) and Defence Acquisition Procedure 2020 (DAP 2020)[117]
Citations
  1. ^ "PM Modi presents 5-I formula for 'Aatma Nirbhar Bharat', says 'we will definitely get our growth back'". Jagran English. 2 June 2020. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b c "English Rendering of Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi's Address to the Nation on 12.5.2020". pib.gov.in (Press Information Bureau). Prime Minister's Office, Government of India. 12 May 2020. from the original on 23 May 2020. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
  3. ^ a b c d e Mohanty, Prasanna (14 November 2020). "Rebooting Economy 45: What is AatmaNirbhar Bharat and where will it take India?". Business Today. from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2021.
  4. ^ a b c "Aatmanirbhar Bharat not self-containment: PM assures global investors". Outlook India. 9 July 2020. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  5. ^ a b Joshi et al. 2021, p. 1.
  6. ^ a b Hosted by National Informatics Centre. (27 May 1998). "Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee : Statement on Nuclear Tests in Pokhran (Hindi)". Digital Library, Lok Sabha, Parliament of India. from the original on 14 December 2021 – via Digitisation Unit, Lok Sabha Secretariat.
  7. ^ a b Hosted by National Informatics Centre (27 May 1998). "Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee : Statement on Nuclear Tests in Pokhran". Digital Library, Lok Sabha, Parliament of India. from the original on 13 December 2021 – via Digitisation Unit, Lok Sabha Secretariat.
  8. ^ a b "Oxford Hindi Word of the Year 2020". languages.oup.com. 12 May 2020. from the original on 13 March 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2021. The Oxford Hindi Word of the Year 2020 is… Aatmanirbharta or Self-Reliance.
  9. ^ a b Gopalkrishnan, Gita (2002), (PDF), Education Development Center, Inc, pp. 122, 128, archived from the original (PDF) on 17 March 2007 Produced for the Youth Employment Summit 2002
  10. ^ Trivedi, Madhur (5 June 2020). "Self-reliance is a process, Prime Minister, which began long before you". National Herald. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
  11. ^ Sarukkai 2021, p. 357.
  12. ^ a b Sarukkai 2021, p. 364.
  13. ^ a b Shrivastava, Aseem (1 October 2019). "Gandhi at 150: He believed in natural self-rule". Down to Earth. from the original on 6 October 2019. Retrieved 22 October 2021. ...both Gandhi and Rabindranath are clear that such self-rule is not crudely reducible to the struggle for national liberation that constituted anti-colonial movements like the Indian freedom struggle.
  14. ^ a b Sarkar, Shankhyaneel, ed. (19 February 2021). "New education policy will pave path for Atmanirbhar Bharat: PM Modi". Hindustan Times. from the original on 19 February 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  15. ^ a b c "Make In India, Atmanirbhar Bharat New Definitions Of Mahatma Gandhi's Swadeshi Movement: Amit Shah". Outlook India. 30 January 2022. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  16. ^ PTI (30 January 2022). "Make in India, Atmanirbhar Bharat new definitions of Mahatma Gandhi's Swadeshi movement: Amit Shah". Udayavani. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  17. ^ "Swadeshi". Metta Center for Nonviolence. 3 May 2009. from the original on 12 October 2014. Retrieved 1 October 2020.
  18. ^ Mohan Jha, Anand; Kumar Jha, Amrit; Kumar Jha, Sanjeev (2020). "National Education Policy 2020: A Step towards Technology Driven Education and Self-reliant India". Solid State Technology. 63 (6).
  19. ^ Bansal, Akhil (4 June 2020). "Atmanirbhar Bharat: Success depends on how India negotiates terms with US, EU". The Financial Express. from the original on 4 June 2020. Retrieved 22 October 2021.
  20. ^ Biswas 1995, p. 39.
  21. ^ Baru 1983, p. 34.
  22. ^ a b Chakrabarty 1992, p. 279.
  23. ^ Nehru 1994, p. 395.
  24. ^ Chakrabarty 1992, p. 282-284.
  25. ^ Baru 1983, p. 35.
  26. ^ Mohanty, Prasanna (27 February 2021). "Rebooting Economy 70: The Bombay Plan and the concept of AatmaNirbhar Bharat". Business Today. from the original on 10 November 2021. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
  27. ^ Baru 1983, p. 40.
  28. ^ Baru 1983, p. 35-36.
  29. ^ Baru 1983, p. 34-36.
  30. ^ Tiwari, Brajesh Kumar (16 August 2020). "Changing scenario of Indian economy: 1947-2020". The Pioneer. from the original on 5 October 2020. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
  31. ^ a b c Baru 1983, p. 36.
  32. ^ Baru 1983, p. 45.
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Journals

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News

  • Sharma, Shantanu Nandan (28 February 2021). "Modi govt has been quietly following the idea of Aatmanirbharta for the past seven years". The Economic Times.
  • Weinraub, Bernard (29 June 1991). "Economic Crisis Forcing Once Self-Reliant India to Seek Aid". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.
  • Panag, Lt Gen (Retd) H. S. (3 June 2021). "'Positive indigenisation list' got lengthier but India's defence industry far from ready". ThePrint.
  • PTI (2 June 2020). PM Modi Calls On India Inc. To Build An 'Atmanirbhar Bharat'. Bloomberg Quint.
  • Jagran (2 June 2020). PM Modi presents 5-I formula for 'Aatma Nirbhar Bharat', says 'we will definitely get our growth back'. Jagran English.
  • Ajoy Kumar (31 May 2020). Atmanirbhar Bharat and A Clueless Government. Outlook India.
  • NITI Aayog (9 September 2020). "Atal Innovation Mission Launches Aatmanirbhar Bharat ARISE-ANIC Initiative". www.pib.gov.in.

Think-tanks

  • Behera, Laxman Kumar (10 August 2020), Atma Nirbhar in Defence Technology, Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses
  • Mohanty, Aayush (February 2021), Reforms for Atmanirbhar Bharat (PDF), Vivekananda International Foundation
  • Bhattacharji, Chetan (July 2020), Atmanirbhar Bharat: Missing a Focus on Air Pollution and Climate Change (PDF), ORF
  • Singh, Angad (3 June 2021). "The proof of the pudding is not in the import negative list". ORF.

External links

  • Ministry of Finance (13/05/2020 to 17/05/2020). Aatmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyaan Part 1 to Part 5 (, , , , )
  • AatmaNirbhar Bharat Abhiyan. MyGov.in

April 23, 2023
atmanirbhar, bharat, which, translates, self, reliant, india, phrase, prime, minister, india, narendra, modi, government, used, popularised, relation, country, economic, development, plans, phrase, umbrella, concept, modi, government, plans, india, play, large. Atmanirbhar Bharat a which translates to self reliant India 8 is a phrase the Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi and his government used and popularised in relation to the country s economic development plans The phrase is an umbrella concept for the Modi government s plans for India to play a larger role in the world economy and for it to become more efficient competitive and resilient Modi has used the English phrase since 2014 in relation to national security poverty and digital India The first popular use of the phrase in Hindi was Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan Self Reliant India Mission during the announcement of India s COVID 19 pandemic related economic package in 2020 Since then the phrase has been used by the Ministry of Consumer Affairs Food and Public Distribution the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Defence in press releases statements and policies The government has also used the phrase in relation to India s new National Education Policy and the 2021 Union Budget of India The concept under Modi s premiership has been adapted from earlier uses of the phrase in the Indian sub continent The swadeshi movement was one of India s most successful pre independence movements The concept of self reliance has been used by the country s former Planning Commission in multiple five year plans between 1947 and 2014 Commentators have noted India has been enacting policies and building institutions that promote self reliance since its independence Private companies and their products have been considered as examples of self reliance in sectors such as beverages automotives cooperatives financial services and banking pharmaceuticals and biotechnology Contents 1 History 1 1 Political self reliance and self rule 1 2 Economic self reliance and dependence 1 3 Policy and Five Year Plans 1 4 Defence sector 1 5 Atmanirbhar Bharat 2 Use by the NDA government 2 1 COVID 19 pandemic initiatives 2 2 Other initiatives 2 3 Slogans 2 3 1 Vocal for local 2 3 2 Make for the world 2 4 Indian diaspora 3 Domestic commentary 4 International reactions 5 See also 6 References and notes 7 Further reading 7 1 Speeches 7 2 Books 7 3 Journals 7 4 News 7 5 Think tanks 8 External linksHistory EditPolitical self reliance and self rule Edit The spinning wheel or charkha was and is still one of the most famous symbols of Swadeshi in India And part of Nai Talim M S Swaminathan s efforts brought dignity and self reliance to the people he served a World Food Prize commendation from President Ronald Reagan 9 The Green Revolution in India was preceded by land reforms and irrigation work 10 India saw a promotion of political self reliance for swaraj self governance or self rule during the independence movement 11 Activists such as Mahatma Gandhi and Rabindranath Tagore explained self reliance in terms of the nation and of the self 12 13 This included the discipline of an individual and the values of a society 12 13 With the foundation of educational institutes such as Visva Bharati University Tagore had a role in bringing India closer to self reliance in education 14 M S Swaminathan said in his youth is the 1930s he like his peers young and old shared the dream of a free and self reliant India Purna swaraj total freedom and swadeshi self reliance were our goals 9 In 2022 Union Home Minister Amit Shah acknowledged slogans such as atmanirbharta Make in India and vocal for local were adapted from Gandhi s efforts towards swadeshi 15 Pre independence aspirations that had been forgotten are now being revived and adapted and are being put into practice 16 15 Economic self reliance and dependence Edit The swadeshi movement b was one of the Indian sub continents most effective pre independence movements 18 19 It was successfully implemented after the partition of Bengal in 1905 20 Indian nationalists emphasised economic self reliance of which planning was an important part in the years before independence 21 The National Planning Committee of the Indian National Congress INC was formed in 1938 under its president Subhash Chandra Bose 22 The committee was multi disciplinary and composed of well known personalities from across the sub continent 23 Bose lent his full support to the planning efforts to make independent India an economic unit that was industrialised and self sufficient 22 There was however much opposition to these plans including non cooperation by Gandhi who opposed the type of industrialisation being championed and he called the committee s efforts pointless 24 Another pre independence effort to plan the economic development of independent India was the Bombay Plan whose authors include J R D Tata G D Birla and A Dalal 25 The Bombay Plan sought to make India self sufficient by increasing the role of the state in all aspects of the economy a contrast to 21st century India 26 In the following years India took cues from economic models in the Soviet Union later becoming aware of other models such as those of South Korea Taiwan and Brazil 27 Independent India s first major policy document the Industrial Policy Resolution of 1948 echoed the national consensus regarding how India was to proceed 28 This national consensus called for a mixed economy and self reliance 29 Under Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri India s Green Revolution and White Revolution Operation Flood helped India to become self sufficient and a world leader in agricultural products such as milk and tea 30 In 1983 Sanjaya Baru wrote self reliance can be understood as the strategy and the perception of our relative merits and constraints of our opportunities and of our tasks Even where deviations had occurred from this strategy they were viewed as temporary departures as products of expediency as being forced on an unwilling government 31 He based this on a 1982 lecture at Sydenham College in which economist Ashok Mitra had said We opted for self reliance because in our view it was the most rational economic course 31 Foreign capital at the time was considered a form of colonial dependence which was undesirable India had the capability and infrastructure that were necessary for economic development 31 Following India s decision to take International Monetary Fund IMF loans in the 1980s and taking into account the general economic situation in the country Baru concluded it would seem altogether inappropriate to refer to self reliance any longer as constituting a national goal 32 In the 1990s Prime Minister P V Narasimha Rao redefined and adapted the meaning of self reliance for the country compared with the Nehru era 33 In October 2005 Prime Minister Manmohan Singh said self reliance is not simply a policy of autarky or isolating the country worldwide relationships interdependence and negotiating power are associated features 34 In 2000 Y V Reddy representative image then the Deputy Governor of Reserve Bank of India RBI spoke at some length on self reliance during the Twenty Seventh Frank Moraes Lecture self reliance of a country lies in its economic strength and resilience to potential vulnerabilities 35 Private companies and their products such as the Maruti 800 car Thums Up beverage Amul HDFC and pharmaceutical companies Bharat Biotech and Serum Institute of India have been considered examples of self reliance in India 36 37 38 In sectors such as food production India is self sufficient but problems such as poor nutrition and hunger remain 39 40 Policy and Five Year Plans Edit The Planning Commission of India s lead document its twelve Five Year Plans were published from 1951 to 2014 and contained some form of self reliance or self sufficiency as a goal 41 The first two plans formed the basis of self sufficiency and self reliance in government policy which was to be implemented through concepts such as import substitution 41 This did not achieve adequate progress so the plans shifted to having a larger emphasis on promoting self reliance 41 According to the plans India should have enough money to buy what it needed by June 1991 however India had only sufficient foreign exchange reserves for two weeks 41 These situations and practices such those during Licence Raj led to renewed calls for self reliance 41 Bimal Jalan who became a Reserve Bank of India RBI governor said the outlook towards self reliance swung between plans which were influenced by factors outside India 42 He said self reliance must be accompanied by improvements in other economic indicators 43 In an address to the National Development Council in 1976 Prime Minister Indira Gandhi spoke of self reliance in food and energy and economic self reliance 44 The fifth Five Year Plan of India 1974 1978 has self reliance was one of the three stated objectives the other two being related to GDP and poverty 45 Use also included the achievement of self reliance in terms of technology production and conservation in relation to non renewable resources 46 The report noted in sectors such as industrial machinery and chemicals the ratio of imports had decreased an indication of increased self reliance 46 Increase in self reliance in oil production in atomic energy capabilities space technologies and agricultural and medical research were highlighted retrospectively in the seventh plan 47 In prospect self reliance was a strategic necessity to make India capable of surviving external shocks 47 Excessive reliance was used in the Tenth Five Year Plan 2002 2007 which also stated Science and Technology plays a lead role in contributing self reliance 48 The next plan mentioned a desire for attaining and sustaining self reliance in some sectors of the economy 49 Defence sector Edit Initial operating capability variants of No 45 Squadron doing air manoeuvres Integration of Helmet Mounted Display and Sight DASH IV from Elbit Systems 51 Indigenous HAL Tejas a multirole light fighter with some imported technologies Indigenous content is 59 7 by value and 75 5 by numbers 2016 Indigenisation of a number of parts is underway 50 According to a statement by Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee in Parliament on 27 May 1998 following nuclear tests on 11 and 13 May In 1947 the nuclear age had already dawned Our leaders then took the crucial decision to opt for self reliance and freedom of thought and action We rejected the Cold War paradigm and chose the more difficult path of non alignment These tests are a continuation of the policies set into motion that put this country on the path of self reliance and independence of thought and action 7 6 India s principles governing its defence production have changed self sufficiency was followed by self reliance which in turn brought about an emphasis on public private co production and independent private production 52 In 1992 a Self Reliance Review Committee was formed under A P J Abdul Kalam the scientific advisor to the Defence Minister 53 The committee created the self reliance index to identify the degree of content that was made in India as a part of procurement 54 The ten year target to increase self reliance in defence was never achieved 54 This index did not take into account factors like critical components and sanctions during a conflict 55 In 2000 K Subrahmanyam of India s National Security Advisory Board emphasised the need to distinguish self reliance from self sufficiency in the defence sector 56 He said most pragmatic way for India would be self reliance rather than self sufficiency This would lead to challenges such as the reliance and integrity of the supplier 56 As of 2022 update over half of India s military equipment is either Soviet or Russian 57 The defence sector also required self sufficiency in military logistics including food during emergencies 58 Ministry of Defence MoD is going to amend Defence Acquisition Procedure DAP 2020 Under the new rules private sector will be allowed to form joint venture with public sector undertakings in India by acquiring 51 stake The private sector will also be allowed to export 25 of the production to third countries Indian Armed Forces also given assurance that they will purchase the end product Indian Multi Role Helicopter is the first major project to follow this process 59 Atmanirbhar Bharat Edit During the coronavirus pandemic in India the lockdown and an existing slowdown in the growth of the domestic economy and the economic impact of the pandemic the government issued an adapted idea of self reliance 60 On 12 May 2020 Prime Minister Modi publicly used the Hindi phrase for the first time when he said 3 trans the state of the world today teaches us that Atma Nirbhar Bharat Self reliant India is the only path It is said in our scriptures EshahPanthah That is self sufficient India 41 2 While the speech was in Hindi the reference by Press Information Bureau to both self reliance and self sufficiency caused some confusion 41 2 In the days following Modi s speech the Indian government issued an economic package called the Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan transl Self reliant India Mission 5 It was met with a mixed response 61 External video PM Modi s address to the Nation on COVID 19 12th May 2020 PMO India Timestamp 4 39 to 5 14 on YouTubeAccording to economist Swaminathan Aiyar atmanirbhar can be translated as both self reliance and self sufficiency In the 1960s and 1970s India s drive for self sufficiency was unsuccessful 62 and doing the same again is not advisable 62 Sadanand Dhume was sceptical of the terminology and language related to the phrase and whether it meant a revival of pre liberalisation era policies 63 Aatmanirbharta or Self Reliance was the Oxford Hindi Word of Year in 2020 64 8 The adapted plan for self reliance or aatmarnibharta that emerged included a readiness to associate with and challenge the global economy unlike past decades where there had been a wish to disassociate such as during the pre independence swadeshi movement and with post independence foreign aid 65 Swadeshi however has been adapted with slogans such as vocal for local while at the same time global interconnectedness is being promoted 65 The government aims to reconcile this according to Economist Intelligence Unit Modi s policy aims to reduce domestic market access to imports but at the same time open the economy and export to the rest of the world 66 Along with the coronavirus pandemic Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan could be seen in the context of India China border relations and India s economic dependence on China in some sectors 67 Calls for India to boycott Chinese products and promote an Atmanirbhar Bharat instead are practically difficult in the short term for India which imports US 75 billion worth of goods every year from China and parts of Indian industry are dependent on China 68 Following the Galwan Valley skirmish on 15 June 2020 which resulted in a number of deaths Swadeshi Jagaran Manch an affiliate of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh said if the government was serious about making India self reliant Chinese companies should not be given contracts for projects such as the Delhi Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System 69 70 A Chinese company was awarded a contract for 5 6 km 3 5 mi of the project 71 While an Atmanirbhar Bharat has been extensively promoted during the premiership of Narendra Modi especially in rhetoric and speeches this is not always apparent in government policies 72 There has been concern Atmanirbhar Bharat is political messaging that has no economic impact 73 74 India s trade deficit restricts a reduction in dependence on imports restricting protectionism and isolationism 75 Protectionist tendencies such as tariff increases however have been seen during this phase 76 The general trend by the Modi government has been to support domestic industries rather than global ones 77 Subsidies are being used as incentives to get global business leaders into India 76 The initiative has been accused of crony capitalism and of giving false hope to small businesses that align with the messaging 73 On 7 December 2021 the Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh said for India to be self reliant states must be self reliant 78 79 Use by the NDA government EditPrime Minister Modi used the phrase self reliance in June 2014 in relation to defence manufacturing for self reliance in national security 80 He reiterated this over the years in 2018 he spoke of the need for India to make its own weapons 81 In August 2014 he connected self reliance to Digital India 82 in September 2014 in reference to making the poor self reliant 83 and in March 2022 in relation to technologies 84 Proponents of Atmanirbhar Bharat including Modi and his cabinet ministers for finance and law have said this self reliance policy does not aim to be protectionist exclusionist or isolationist For India self reliance means being a larger and more important part of the world economy 85 86 The concept requires policies that are efficient and resilient and encourage equity and competitiveness 4 It means being self sustaining and self generating 4 and creating wealth and values not only for ourselves but for the larger humanity 87 In March 2021 Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman said the Atmanirbhar Bharat campaign is not about bringing back socialism or import substitution rather the intent is to boost manufacturing 88 The five pillars of Atmanirbhar Bharat are economy infrastructure technology driven systems vibrant demography and demand 89 COVID 19 pandemic initiatives Edit A 5ml vial of Covaxin 90 91 has been conveyed as a symbol of atmanirbhar Bharat 92 The research development and manufacture of COVID 19 vaccinations in India was connected in separate statements to atmanirbharta by the President 93 Vice President 94 Prime Minister 92 and other Union ministers 95 Modi stated Made in India vaccines are a symbol of Atmanirbhar Bharat 92 On 12 May 12 October and 12 November 2020 the government announced a total of three Atmanirbhar Bharat packages worth 29 87 trillion US 370 billion in relation to the COVID 19 pandemic in India The second and third economic stimulus packages were labelled Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan 2 0 and 3 0 96 97 98 As part of the Atmanirbhar Bharat packages the government decided to change the definition of Small and medium sized enterprises MSMEs 99 boosting scope for private participation in several sectors 100 increasing FDI clarification needed in the defence sector 100 and the changes found support in many sectors such as solar energy manufacturering 101 The growth of India s personal protective equipment PPE sector from limited production before March 2020 to 4 50 000 pieces a day by the beginning of July 2020 is considered an example of a self reliant India 102 103 The PPE industry in India became a 100 billion US 1 3 billion industry in three months the second largest after China 104 In July 2020 the Ministry of Consumer Affairs Food and Public Distribution issued a statement placing food rationing within the ambit of Atmanirbhar Bharat 3 In August 2020 following the migrant workers crisis during the pandemic the same ministry made a statement placing the welfare of migrants within the concept s ambit 3 Other initiatives Edit The importance of education and research for self reliance has been recognised 105 In an address to the students of Visva Bharati University the new National Education Policy of India was connected to the creation of an Atmanirbhar Bharat 106 and Prime Minister Modi challenged the students to make the villages surrounding the university self reliant 14 The Indian Minister of Education has also stressed the link between education and Atmanirbhar Bharat 107 Educationist and university administrator C Raj Kumar said the vision of an Atmanirbhar University combines the vision of John Henry Newman s work Idea of a University with the Humboldtian model of higher education 107 Apex public education bodies such as AICTE have asked universities to use Indian books where possible in an effort to promote Atmanirbhar Bharat 108 The home minister acknowledged the new policy also gives due importance to svabhasha Indian languages 15 During a speech in 2017 Prime Minister Modi said his government was trying to tap human capital flight and had the aim of engaging India s diaspora 109 To this effect new organisations such as IN SPACe in the space sector would aim to channel India s space talent 110 Dependence in the pharmaceutical sector upon active pharmaceutical ingredients is being addressed out of 53 raw materials that were imported 35 were being produced in India by March 2022 111 The Defence Minister Rajnath Singh addressing an Atmanirbhar Bharat Defence Industry Outreach Webinar in August 2020 Government and private defence leaders in attendance In August 2020 Defence Minister Rajnath Singh announced the Defence Ministry was now ready for a big push to Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative by imposing import prohibitions on 101 military items in a staged manner over five years 112 113 In the following months more positive indigenisation lists and negative import lists were released 114 115 116 New legislation c was portrayed as initiatives towards increasing India s self reliance 118 119 A new category of procurement Indian Indigenously Designed Developed and Manufactured Indian IDDM was created 120 Reform of the Ordnance Factory Board and giving the new defence PSU units large scale orders was a move towards military self reliance 121 Equipment manufactured under Indian IDDM have been handed over to the military 122 123 In the fiscal year 2022 the Ministry of Defense decided to spend 65 of its capital budget on domestic procurement 124 Increased self reliance is also being seen in the construction of its warships and submarines 125 The phrase was also connected to the 2021 126 and 2022 Union budgets 127 128 Targets for self reliance in fertiliser production by 2023 have been announced 129 Government backed events to provide for the implementation and promotion of self reliance and associated slogans such as vocal for local have materialised in the form of the country s first national toy fair which was digitally launched in February 2021 130 and the associated brainstorming event Toycathon 131 In July 2020 the government launched the Atmanirbhar Bharat App Innovation Challenge to encourage the building of apps 132 6 940 entries were received of which 24 apps were chosen as winners including mapping apps fact checking apps and cricket games The challenge s success led to its continuation through another round of entry submission 133 Government schemes also support the implementation of self reliant initiatives 134 Slogans Edit Slogans initiated under Atmanirbhar Bharat include vocal for local local for global make for world and brain drain to brain gain 135 136 Vocal for local Edit Products should be made in India and promoted to make them competitive 136 137 During the Independence Day speech in 2020 Prime Minister Modi said The mindset of free India should be vocal for local We should appreciate our local products if we don t do this then our products will not get the opportunity to do better and will not get encouraged 138 139 Amul managing director RS Sodhi said the phrase vocal for local meant that products be made competitive vis a vis global brands and that it didn t mean that one must only buy products that have a logo made in India on it 136 An extension of this slogan is local for global meaning locally made Indian products should have global appeal and reach 136 The slogan has been extended to sectors such as the toy manufacturing time to be vocal for local toys 140 141 Make for the world Edit Prime Minister Modi during the 2020 Independence speech said make for world should go together with make in India and that the slogan make for world should be a key slogan like make in India is 138 142 A variation of the slogan is Make in India for the world 143 Arvind Panagariya the first vice chairperson of NITI Aayog said in an interview with Govindraj Ethiraj implementation of the slogan is a matter of optics and policy change 144 Indian diaspora Edit Non resident Indians and Overseas Citizens of India are an important part of the global nature of India s self reliance 145 146 147 According to the government s messaging Indians who live abroad are part of India s brain gain rather than a liability for India 148 The global nature of India s self reliance has concern for the whole world s happiness cooperation and peace 145 Domestic commentary EditIn the context of India the concept self reliance was first defined during the Nehru era 33 The concept of self reliance has twice been re defined the first occurred during the prime minister ship of P V Narasimha Rao and the second was during that of Modi 33 Author Romesh Thapar wrote in 1968 Self reliance demands the courage the guts to sacrifice something for the future If no one does there will be only one new export our current efforts will yield brain and talent 149 In June 2020 India s Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman said At least don t buy Ganesha idols from China 150 Atmanirbhar Bharat has been called a re packaged version or revival of the Make in India movement using new slogans such as Vocal for Local 151 152 153 Opposition members have spoken about India enacting policies and building companies since its creation to make the nation self reliant Steel Authority of India SAIL for steel production IIT for domestic engineers All India Institutes of Medical Sciences AIIMS for medical science Defence Research and Development Organisation for defence research Hindustan Aeronautics Limited HAL for aviation Indian Space Research Organisation ISRO for space research Central Coalfields CCL NTPC and GAIL in the area of energy criticising the advertising tactics 154 Some have re phrased it as Fend For Yourself campaign 155 it has also been called economic nationalism 156 It has been noted the phrase has been used so extensively that it has become India s overarching national policy for growth and development 3 Unfinished reforms in the atmanirbhar Bharat agenda span from government reform to urban reform to civil service reform 157 Arvind Panagariya has criticised policies of self sufficiency and protectionism as opposed to free trade in the context of India s past 158 159 160 International reactions EditBy mid 2021 a number of global policy experts and those in the Indian diaspora acknowledged Atmanirbhar Bharat is a good initiative while acknowledging doubts the initiative still carries 161 I June 2021 Vinai Thummalapally former US ambassador to Belize said India s global exports of manufacturing products is low and that through this program competitive valuable products would lead to export led growth 161 Nisha Desai Biswal an American businesswoman has said the lack of clarity on the definition of Atmanirbhar Bharat has resulted in a pause and that the program could be counter productive 161 Freddy Svane Denmark s ambassador to India and Himanshu Gulati Member of Parliament Norway have both stated Denmark and Norway can help India in its self reliant mission in the area of energy efficient technologies 161 In June 2021 the UK India Business Council conducted a survey that found a majority of companies found Atmanirbhar Bharat an opportunity to increase business in India 162 In January 2021 Kenneth Juster the US ambassador to India said Atmanirbhar Bharat and the desire to play a larger economic role in the world may not be compatible 163 In April 2022 the United States Trade Representative wrote in a report of foreign trade barriers India continues to promote programs such as Make in India 2014 and Self Reliant India Atmanirbhar Bharat May 2020 that seek to increase India s self sufficiency by promoting domestic industry and reducing reliance on foreign suppliers and imported goods 164 165 In July 2020 the Chief Executive of Lockheed Martin India stated the company is committed to supporting the Prime Minister Narendra Modi s vision of self reliance 166 See also EditSwadeshi movement Make in India Autarky Human capital flight Import substitution industrialisation Strategic autonomy Non alignment and IndiaReferences and notes EditNotes Alternatives and variations in spelling include Aatma Nirbhar Bharat 1 AtmaNirbhar Bharat 2 AatmaNirbhar Bharat 3 Aatmanirbhar Bharat 4 and Atman Nirbhar Bharat 5 In 1998 PM Atal Bihari Vajpayee used the term आत मन र भरत Aatmanirbharta 6 officially translated as self reliance 7 Swadeshi is an adjective meaning of one s own country 17 The Defence Production and Export Promotion Policy DPEPP 2020 and Defence Acquisition Procedure 2020 DAP 2020 117 Citations PM Modi presents 5 I formula for Aatma Nirbhar Bharat says we will definitely get our growth back Jagran English 2 June 2020 Retrieved 10 November 2021 a b c English Rendering of Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi s Address to the Nation on 12 5 2020 pib gov in Press Information Bureau Prime Minister s Office Government of India 12 May 2020 Archived from the original on 23 May 2020 Retrieved 10 November 2021 a b c d e Mohanty Prasanna 14 November 2020 Rebooting Economy 45 What is AatmaNirbhar Bharat and where will it take India Business Today Archived from the original on 14 November 2020 Retrieved 14 March 2021 a b c Aatmanirbhar Bharat not self containment PM assures global investors Outlook India 9 July 2020 Retrieved 12 September 2020 a b Joshi et al 2021 p 1 a b Hosted by National Informatics Centre 27 May 1998 Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee Statement on Nuclear Tests in Pokhran Hindi Digital Library Lok Sabha Parliament of India Archived from the original on 14 December 2021 via Digitisation Unit Lok Sabha Secretariat a b Hosted by National Informatics Centre 27 May 1998 Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee Statement on Nuclear Tests in Pokhran Digital Library Lok Sabha Parliament of India Archived from the original on 13 December 2021 via Digitisation Unit Lok Sabha 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President Rajiv Gandhi and The Centenary Resolve India Today Kalam A P J Abdul 21 February 2007 Evolution of Vision Speech Address at the DRDO Directors Conference DRDO Bhavan New Delhi PM Narendra Modi at IIT Global Summit Pan IIT movement can help realise dream of Aatmanirbhar Bharat India Today 4 December 2021 Verma Lalmani 29 December 2021 Be impatient for self reliant India PM Modi tells students at IIT Kanpur s 54th convocation The Indian Express Books Edit Ramanujam S Siddiq EA Chopra VL Sinha SK 1980 Science and agriculture M S Swaminathan and the movement for self reliance Published on behalf of 21 Agricultural Societies of India Mohanty Prasanna 2021 6 AatmaNirbhar Bharat Turning the Clock Back An Unkept Promise What Derailed the Indian Economy SAGE Publishing India ISBN 978 93 5479 189 5 Journals Edit Sharma Krishna Nath 1967 Self Reliance and Aid No Positive Relation Economic and Political Weekly 2 50 2209 2211 JSTOR 24478316 via JSTOR Gosalia Sushila 1979 The Gandhian model of self reliance in the Indian economy Intereconomics 14 2 80 83 doi 10 1007 BF02930202 hdl 10419 139599 ISSN 0020 5346 S2CID 56358907 Kelkar Vijay Laxman February 1980 India and World Economy Search for Self Reliance Economic and Political Weekly 15 5 7 245 247 249 251 253 255 257 258 JSTOR 4368372 via JSTOR Mehrotra N N 22 August 1987 Indian Patents Act Paris Convention and Self Reliance Economic and Political Weekly 22 34 1461 1465 JSTOR 4377407 via JSTOR Valluri S R 3 April 1993 CSIR and Technological Self Reliance Economic and Political Weekly 28 14 565 568 JSTOR 4399551 via JSTOR Dedrick Jason Kraemer Kenneth L May 1993 Information Technology in India The Quest for Self Reliance PDF Asian Survey XXXIII 5 463 492 doi 10 2307 2645313 JSTOR 2645313 S2CID 153517732 Srinivas M N Shah A M 10 September 1960 The Myth of Self Sufficiency of the Indian Village PDF The Economic Weekly 1375 1378 Aggarwal Aradhna 22 January 2022 Export Performance and India s Tryst with Self reliance in the Globalised World Economic and Political Weekly 57 4 7 8 News Edit Sharma Shantanu Nandan 28 February 2021 Modi govt has been quietly following the idea of Aatmanirbharta for the past seven years The Economic Times Weinraub Bernard 29 June 1991 Economic Crisis Forcing Once Self Reliant India to Seek Aid The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Panag Lt Gen Retd H S 3 June 2021 Positive indigenisation list got lengthier but India s defence industry far from ready ThePrint PTI 2 June 2020 PM Modi Calls On India Inc To Build An Atmanirbhar Bharat Bloomberg Quint Jagran 2 June 2020 PM Modi presents 5 I formula for Aatma Nirbhar Bharat says we will definitely get our growth back Jagran English Ajoy Kumar 31 May 2020 Atmanirbhar Bharat and A Clueless Government Outlook India NITI Aayog 9 September 2020 Atal Innovation Mission Launches Aatmanirbhar Bharat ARISE ANIC Initiative www pib gov in Think tanks Edit Behera Laxman Kumar 10 August 2020 Atma Nirbhar in Defence Technology Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses Mohanty Aayush February 2021 Reforms for Atmanirbhar Bharat PDF Vivekananda International Foundation Bhattacharji Chetan July 2020 Atmanirbhar Bharat Missing a Focus on Air Pollution and Climate Change PDF ORF Singh Angad 3 June 2021 The proof of the pudding is not in the import negative list ORF External links EditAtmanirbhar Bharat at Wikipedia s sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Ministry of Finance 13 05 2020 to 17 05 2020 Aatmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyaan Part 1 to Part 5 Part 1 Businesses including MSMEs Part 2 Poor including migrants and farmers Part 3 Agriculture Part 4 New Horizons of Growth Part 5 Government Reforms and Enablers AatmaNirbhar Bharat Abhiyan MyGov in Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Atmanirbhar Bharat amp oldid 1150944880, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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