fbpx
Wikipedia

Candidate of Sciences

March 07, 2023

See also: Doctor of Sciences

A Candidate of Sciences (Russian: кандидат наук, romanized: kandidat nauk) is the first of two doctoral level scientific degrees in Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States. It is formally classified as UNESCO's ISCED level 8, "doctoral or equivalent." It may be recognized as a Doctor of Philosophy, usually in natural sciences, by scientific institutions in other countries.[1][2] Former Soviet countries also have a more advanced degree, Doctor of Sciences.

Cover of a Soviet Candidate of Sciences diploma

Overview

The degree was introduced in the USSR on 13 January 1934 by a decision of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR,[3][4] all previous degrees, ranks and titles having been abolished immediately after the October Revolution in 1917.[5] Academic distinctions and ranks were viewed as survivals of capitalist inequality and hence were to be permanently eliminated. The original decree also recognized some degrees earned prior to 1917 in Tsarist Russia and elsewhere.[3]

To attain the Candidate of Sciences degree, an individual must hold a Master's (Magistr) or a Specialist diploma, both one or (more typically) two year degrees in this system.[6] Both of these prerequisites are post-bachelors (Bakalavr) degrees, bachelor's being four years of full-time study. The Candidate of Sciences degree requires a minimum of three years of full-time study during which the individual must conduct and publish advanced original research into a topic that is deemed significant or has practical economic or military potential.[7]

In order to attain the rank of full Professor in these countries, a Doctor of Sciences degree is required in the same way that habilitation is required in Germany. This is also sometimes the case in the United States and the United Kingdom, where in addition to the possession of a doctoral degree, some volume of further research must be demonstrated.

Procedure for attaining the degree

The work on a dissertation is commonly carried out during a postgraduate study period called aspirantura. It is performed either within an educational institution (such as a university) or a scientific research institution (such as an institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences network). It can also be carried out without a direct connection to the academy. In exceptional cases, the Candidate of Sciences degree may be awarded on the basis of published scholarly works without writing a thesis. In experimental sciences the dissertation is based on an independent research project conducted under the supervision of a professor, the results of which must be published in at least three papers in peer-review scientific journals.

A necessary prerequisite is taking courses in philosophy and foreign language, and passing a qualifying examination called "candidate minimum". In the Soviet Union, the candidate minimum included exams in the specialty field of the "dissertant", in a foreign language of his/her choice and in scientific communism. In post-Soviet Russia and other post-Soviet states, the latter examination was replaced by the one in philosophy, and in Russia recently in the history and philosophy of science; in Ukraine it is still philosophy.

The dissertation is presented ("defended") before a committee called the Dissertation Council which is accredited at the educational or scientific institution. The Council consists of about 20 members, who are the leading specialists (including the academicians) in the field of the dissertation and who have been selected and empowered to serve for the council. The summary of the dissertation must be published before public defense in the form of "autoreferat" in about 150–200 copies, and distributed to major research organizations and libraries. The seeker of the degree must have an official "research supervisor". The dissertation must be delivered together with official references of several reviewers, called "opponents". In a procedure called the "defense of the dissertation" the dissertation is summarized before the commission, followed by speeches by the opponents or the reading of their references, and replies to the comments of the opponents and question of the Commission members by the aspirant.

If the defense is successful (66.6% majority of votes by the secret ballot voting by the members of the council), it is recommended and later must be approved by the central statewide board called Higher Attestation Commission or "Vysshaya attestacionnaya komissiya" or VAK (or by similar authority in other applicable countries).[8] However, since end-2010s the dissertation councils accredited at some world-known educational units like Moscow and St.Petersburg State universities or top-level research centers are exempt from requirement to send the defended dissertations to the VAK for control. As of 2021 there were 29 such organizations (s. full list).

Local characteristics

Former Czechoslovakia

In Czechoslovakia, the Candidate and Doctor of Sciences (Czech: Kandidát věd, Slovak: Kandidát vied) degrees were modeled precisely after the Soviet one by Law 60/1953 in 1953. Requirements to attain the degree were thus literally the same as in the USSR. Since all Czechoslovak top academic research institutions were dissolved after the Communist Putsch in 1948, the supreme academic authority was represented by the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, newly established in 1953. The degree could also be awarded by the Slovak Academy of Sciences and universities.

The abbreviation of the degree is CSc. (Latin: candidatus scientiarum), added behind the bearer's name and a comma.

There also have been other academic degrees in Czechoslovakia and its successional states, that incorporate the "Dr." abbreviation, e.g.

  • JUDr. (Latin: juris utriusque doctor, English: Doctor of Law, Czech: doktor práv, Slovak: doktor práv)
  • PhDr. (Latin: philosophiae doctor, English: Doctor of Philosophy, Czech: doktor filosofie, Slovak: doktor filozofie)
  • RNDr. (Latin: rerum naturalium doctor, English: Doctor of Natural Sciences, Czech: doktor přírodních věd, Slovak: doktor prírodných vied)

and others. These doctor degrees are not to be confused with a Ph.D., although its holders are addressed "doctor". Applicants need a master's degree (5 years +) or a comparable degree with excellent grades. This degree is stated before names and awarded after writing a rigorous thesis of 50.000 to 80.000 words and defending it at a viva voce and (rigorous) exam in at least 2-3 related fields of doctoral studies.

  • MUDr. (Latin: medicinae universae doctor) is a "Doctor of Medicine" degree equivalent to the North-American MD, attained after 6-year university studies.
  • MVDr. (Latin: medicinae veterinariae doctor) is a "Doctor of Veterinary" akin to DVM.
  • RSDr. (Latin: rerum socialium doctor) was a quasi-degree, awarded exclusively to functionaries of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSČ) during the Communist era, who either or not "graduated" from the Political College of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia. The leading subject taught was Marxism-Leninism and there was no need to have completed even a secondary school to attain the degree. RSDr. was also possible to attain at some military universities, however, contrary to the previous case, the applicant had to pass further exams.

Czech Republic

Granting CSc. was abolished in 1998 and replaced with Ph.D. or Th.D. (Czech: doktor) An applicant is required to have master's degree (or its equivalent, e.g. Engineer (Ing.) in technical and economic university programs or Doctor of Medicine (MUDr.), Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (MVDr.) in medical university programs), enroll in an approximately three-year post-graduate program and defend their dissertation before a panel of expert examiners appointed by the university.

Slovakia

Candidate was abolished in 1996 and replaced with PhD. (Slovak: doktor, in 1996-2002 officially in Latin: philosophiae doctor). Requirements are similar to the Czech system.

Poland

Since the medieval period, Polish tradition was to call Ph.D. equivalent as "doktor". Only for a short period of time between 1951 and 1958 the communist government tried to replace the title of "doktor" with "kandydat nauk" to follow the Soviet model.

Former Soviet Union, Russia, Ukraine, Belarus

 
Sample contents of modern Candidate of Sciences diploma (here, Candidate of Engineering Sciences), 1999

In the USSR, there was required at least three original scientific papers published and/or submitted. At least one paper should be in one of the journals listed by the Higher Assessment Commission (VAK) of the Russian Ministry of Science.[8] In Belarus and Ukraine now, all the three publications have to be published in the journals listed by the VAK.[9]

In 1971, there were 249,200 scientists holding the Candidate degree.[5]

According to "Guidelines for the recognition of Russian qualifications in the other countries" 2019-12-20 at the Wayback Machine, in countries with a two-tier system of doctoral degrees, the degree of Candidate of Sciences should be considered for recognition at the level of the first doctoral degree. In countries with only one doctoral degree, the degree of Candidate of Sciences should be considered for recognition as equivalent to this degree.

Ukraine

In 2014, with the adoption of the new Law of Ukraine "On Higher Education",[10] the degree of Candidate of Sciences was abolished and equated to the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.

Branches of science

Depending on the specialty of research in the dissertation, a candidate is awarded one of the following degrees:[11]

  • agricultural sciences (abbr.: к. с.-х. н.);
  • architecture (abbr.: к. арх.);
  • art criticism (abbr.: к. иск.);
  • biological sciences (abbr.: к. б. н.);
  • chemical sciences (abbr.: к. х. н.);
  • culturology (abbr.: к. культ.);
  • economic sciences (abbr.: к. э. н.);
  • engineering sciences (abbr.: к. т. н.);
  • geographic sciences (abbr.: к. геогр. н.);
  • geologo-mineralogical sciences (abbr.: к. г.-м. н.);
  • historical sciences (abbr.: к. ист. н.);
  • juridical sciences (abbr.: к. ю. н.);
  • medical sciences (abbr.: к. м. н.);
  • military sciences (abbr.: к. воен. н.);
  • pedagogic sciences (abbr.: к. пед. н.);
  • pharmaceutical sciences (abbr.: к. фарм. н.);
  • philological sciences (abbr.: к. филол. н.);
  • philosophical sciences (abbr.: к. филос. н.);
  • physico-mathematical sciences (abbr.: к. ф.-м. н.);
  • political sciences (abbr.: к. полит. н.);
  • psychological sciences (abbr.: к. пс. н.);
  • sociological sciences (abbr.: к. соц. н.);
  • theology (abbr.: к. богосл.);
  • veterinary sciences (abbr.: к. ветеринар. н.).

Previously, there was also the degree of "naval sciences" (abbr.: к. воен.-мор. н.).[12] For some time (in the 1940s) there was also the degree of "candidate of art criticism sciences" (abbr.: к. иск. н.).[citation needed]

Some specialties permit the award of the candidate degree for several variants of branches of science, depending on the dominant subject area of the dissertation; e. g., specialty 02.00.04 (physical chemistry)[11] can be awarded the degree of candidate of physico-mathematical, technical, or chemical sciences. However, for each dissertation only one branch of science can be chosen.

See also

References

  1. ^ UNESCO. Revision of the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 2017-02-11. Retrieved 2017-11-28.
  2. ^ Kouptsov, Oleg. Mutual Recognition of Qualification: The Russian Federation and The Other European Countries (PDF). UNESCO. p. 97. (PDF) from the original on 2016-08-01. Retrieved 2018-03-30.
  3. ^ a b De Witt, Nicholas (1961). Education and Professional Employment in the U.S.S.R. U.S.: National Science Foundation. p. 377. from the original on 2018-04-27. Retrieved 2018-04-27.
  4. ^ Kuybyshev, Valerian Vladimirovich (13 January 1934). On Scientific Degrees and Challenges. Moscow, Russia: THE COUNCIL OF THE PEOPLE'S COMMISSARS OF THE USSR. from the original on 2018-04-18. Retrieved 2018-04-27.
  5. ^ a b Volkov, M. N. "Кандидат наук". Great Soviet Encyclopedia (in Russian) (3rd ed.). Moscow: Sovetskaya Enciklopediya. Vol. 11. from the original on 16 May 2019. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  6. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2010-06-26.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  7. ^ Jandreska. "World Education Services: Credential Evaluations for Russian Students". from the original on 2018-03-30. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
  8. ^ a b (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2018-12-01. Retrieved 2009-06-02.
  9. ^ (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2013-11-21. Retrieved 2013-11-07.
  10. ^ "Про вищу освіту". Офіційний вебпортал парламенту України (in Ukrainian). from the original on 2023-02-06. Retrieved 2021-09-18.
  11. ^ a b . Archived from the original on 2009-03-05. Retrieved 2009-03-04. 2009-03-05 at the Wayback Machine
  12. ^ Volkov, M. N. "Доктор наук". Great Soviet Encyclopedia (in Russian) (3rd ed.). Moscow: Sovetskaya Enciklopediya. Vol. 11. from the original on 2020-06-21. Retrieved 2020-06-19.

March 07, 2023
candidate, sciences, also, doctor, sciences, russian, кандидат, наук, romanized, kandidat, nauk, first, doctoral, level, scientific, degrees, russia, commonwealth, independent, states, formally, classified, unesco, isced, level, doctoral, equivalent, recognize. See also Doctor of Sciences A Candidate of Sciences Russian kandidat nauk romanized kandidat nauk is the first of two doctoral level scientific degrees in Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States It is formally classified as UNESCO s ISCED level 8 doctoral or equivalent It may be recognized as a Doctor of Philosophy usually in natural sciences by scientific institutions in other countries 1 2 Former Soviet countries also have a more advanced degree Doctor of Sciences Cover of a Soviet Candidate of Sciences diploma Contents 1 Overview 2 Procedure for attaining the degree 3 Local characteristics 3 1 Former Czechoslovakia 3 1 1 Czech Republic 3 1 2 Slovakia 3 2 Poland 3 3 Former Soviet Union Russia Ukraine Belarus 3 3 1 Ukraine 3 3 2 Branches of science 4 See also 5 ReferencesOverview EditThe degree was introduced in the USSR on 13 January 1934 by a decision of the Council of People s Commissars of the USSR 3 4 all previous degrees ranks and titles having been abolished immediately after the October Revolution in 1917 5 Academic distinctions and ranks were viewed as survivals of capitalist inequality and hence were to be permanently eliminated The original decree also recognized some degrees earned prior to 1917 in Tsarist Russia and elsewhere 3 To attain the Candidate of Sciences degree an individual must hold a Master s Magistr or a Specialist diploma both one or more typically two year degrees in this system 6 Both of these prerequisites are post bachelors Bakalavr degrees bachelor s being four years of full time study The Candidate of Sciences degree requires a minimum of three years of full time study during which the individual must conduct and publish advanced original research into a topic that is deemed significant or has practical economic or military potential 7 In order to attain the rank of full Professor in these countries a Doctor of Sciences degree is required in the same way that habilitation is required in Germany This is also sometimes the case in the United States and the United Kingdom where in addition to the possession of a doctoral degree some volume of further research must be demonstrated Procedure for attaining the degree EditThe work on a dissertation is commonly carried out during a postgraduate study period called aspirantura It is performed either within an educational institution such as a university or a scientific research institution such as an institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences network It can also be carried out without a direct connection to the academy In exceptional cases the Candidate of Sciences degree may be awarded on the basis of published scholarly works without writing a thesis In experimental sciences the dissertation is based on an independent research project conducted under the supervision of a professor the results of which must be published in at least three papers in peer review scientific journals A necessary prerequisite is taking courses in philosophy and foreign language and passing a qualifying examination called candidate minimum In the Soviet Union the candidate minimum included exams in the specialty field of the dissertant in a foreign language of his her choice and in scientific communism In post Soviet Russia and other post Soviet states the latter examination was replaced by the one in philosophy and in Russia recently in the history and philosophy of science in Ukraine it is still philosophy The dissertation is presented defended before a committee called the Dissertation Council which is accredited at the educational or scientific institution The Council consists of about 20 members who are the leading specialists including the academicians in the field of the dissertation and who have been selected and empowered to serve for the council The summary of the dissertation must be published before public defense in the form of autoreferat in about 150 200 copies and distributed to major research organizations and libraries The seeker of the degree must have an official research supervisor The dissertation must be delivered together with official references of several reviewers called opponents In a procedure called the defense of the dissertation the dissertation is summarized before the commission followed by speeches by the opponents or the reading of their references and replies to the comments of the opponents and question of the Commission members by the aspirant If the defense is successful 66 6 majority of votes by the secret ballot voting by the members of the council it is recommended and later must be approved by the central statewide board called Higher Attestation Commission or Vysshaya attestacionnaya komissiya or VAK or by similar authority in other applicable countries 8 However since end 2010s the dissertation councils accredited at some world known educational units like Moscow and St Petersburg State universities or top level research centers are exempt from requirement to send the defended dissertations to the VAK for control As of 2021 there were 29 such organizations s full list Local characteristics EditFormer Czechoslovakia Edit In Czechoslovakia the Candidate and Doctor of Sciences Czech Kandidat ved Slovak Kandidat vied degrees were modeled precisely after the Soviet one by Law 60 1953 in 1953 Requirements to attain the degree were thus literally the same as in the USSR Since all Czechoslovak top academic research institutions were dissolved after the Communist Putsch in 1948 the supreme academic authority was represented by the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences newly established in 1953 The degree could also be awarded by the Slovak Academy of Sciences and universities The abbreviation of the degree is CSc Latin candidatus scientiarum added behind the bearer s name and a comma There also have been other academic degrees in Czechoslovakia and its successional states that incorporate the Dr abbreviation e g JUDr Latin juris utriusque doctor English Doctor of Law Czech doktor prav Slovak doktor prav PhDr Latin philosophiae doctor English Doctor of Philosophy Czech doktor filosofie Slovak doktor filozofie RNDr Latin rerum naturalium doctor English Doctor of Natural Sciences Czech doktor prirodnich ved Slovak doktor prirodnych vied and others These doctor degrees are not to be confused with a Ph D although its holders are addressed doctor Applicants need a master s degree 5 years or a comparable degree with excellent grades This degree is stated before names and awarded after writing a rigorous thesis of 50 000 to 80 000 words and defending it at a viva voce and rigorous exam in at least 2 3 related fields of doctoral studies MUDr Latin medicinae universae doctor is a Doctor of Medicine degree equivalent to the North American MD attained after 6 year university studies MVDr Latin medicinae veterinariae doctor is a Doctor of Veterinary akin to DVM RSDr Latin rerum socialium doctor was a quasi degree awarded exclusively to functionaries of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia KSC during the Communist era who either or not graduated from the Political College of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia The leading subject taught was Marxism Leninism and there was no need to have completed even a secondary school to attain the degree RSDr was also possible to attain at some military universities however contrary to the previous case the applicant had to pass further exams Czech Republic Edit Granting CSc was abolished in 1998 and replaced with Ph D or Th D Czech doktor An applicant is required to have master s degree or its equivalent e g Engineer Ing in technical and economic university programs or Doctor of Medicine MUDr Doctor of Veterinary Medicine MVDr in medical university programs enroll in an approximately three year post graduate program and defend their dissertation before a panel of expert examiners appointed by the university Slovakia Edit Candidate was abolished in 1996 and replaced with PhD Slovak doktor in 1996 2002 officially in Latin philosophiae doctor Requirements are similar to the Czech system Poland Edit Since the medieval period Polish tradition was to call Ph D equivalent as doktor Only for a short period of time between 1951 and 1958 the communist government tried to replace the title of doktor with kandydat nauk to follow the Soviet model Former Soviet Union Russia Ukraine Belarus Edit Sample contents of modern Candidate of Sciences diploma here Candidate of Engineering Sciences 1999 In the USSR there was required at least three original scientific papers published and or submitted At least one paper should be in one of the journals listed by the Higher Assessment Commission VAK of the Russian Ministry of Science 8 In Belarus and Ukraine now all the three publications have to be published in the journals listed by the VAK 9 In 1971 there were 249 200 scientists holding the Candidate degree 5 According to Guidelines for the recognition of Russian qualifications in the other countries Archived 2019 12 20 at the Wayback Machine in countries with a two tier system of doctoral degrees the degree of Candidate of Sciences should be considered for recognition at the level of the first doctoral degree In countries with only one doctoral degree the degree of Candidate of Sciences should be considered for recognition as equivalent to this degree Ukraine Edit In 2014 with the adoption of the new Law of Ukraine On Higher Education 10 the degree of Candidate of Sciences was abolished and equated to the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Branches of science Edit Depending on the specialty of research in the dissertation a candidate is awarded one of the following degrees 11 agricultural sciences abbr k s h n architecture abbr k arh art criticism abbr k isk biological sciences abbr k b n chemical sciences abbr k h n culturology abbr k kult economic sciences abbr k e n engineering sciences abbr k t n geographic sciences abbr k geogr n geologo mineralogical sciences abbr k g m n historical sciences abbr k ist n juridical sciences abbr k yu n medical sciences abbr k m n military sciences abbr k voen n pedagogic sciences abbr k ped n pharmaceutical sciences abbr k farm n philological sciences abbr k filol n philosophical sciences abbr k filos n physico mathematical sciences abbr k f m n political sciences abbr k polit n psychological sciences abbr k ps n sociological sciences abbr k soc n theology abbr k bogosl veterinary sciences abbr k veterinar n Previously there was also the degree of naval sciences abbr k voen mor n 12 For some time in the 1940s there was also the degree of candidate of art criticism sciences abbr k isk n citation needed Some specialties permit the award of the candidate degree for several variants of branches of science depending on the dominant subject area of the dissertation e g specialty 02 00 04 physical chemistry 11 can be awarded the degree of candidate of physico mathematical technical or chemical sciences However for each dissertation only one branch of science can be chosen See also EditDoctor of Philosophy Doktor nauk Education in Belarus Education in Russia Education in UkraineReferences Edit UNESCO Revision of the International Standard Classification of Education ISCED PDF Archived PDF from the original on 2017 02 11 Retrieved 2017 11 28 Kouptsov Oleg Mutual Recognition of Qualification The Russian Federation and The Other European Countries PDF UNESCO p 97 Archived PDF from the original on 2016 08 01 Retrieved 2018 03 30 a b De Witt Nicholas 1961 Education and Professional Employment in the U S S R U S National Science Foundation p 377 Archived from the original on 2018 04 27 Retrieved 2018 04 27 Kuybyshev Valerian Vladimirovich 13 January 1934 On Scientific Degrees and Challenges Moscow Russia THE COUNCIL OF THE PEOPLE S COMMISSARS OF THE USSR Archived from the original on 2018 04 18 Retrieved 2018 04 27 a b Volkov M N Kandidat nauk Great Soviet Encyclopedia in Russian 3rd ed Moscow Sovetskaya Enciklopediya Vol 11 Archived from the original on 16 May 2019 Retrieved 19 June 2020 Archived copy PDF Archived PDF from the original on 2011 07 17 Retrieved 2010 06 26 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Jandreska World Education Services Credential Evaluations for Russian Students Archived from the original on 2018 03 30 Retrieved 30 March 2018 a b Vysshaya attestacionnaya komissiya Ministerstva obrazovaniya i nauki Rossijskoj Federacii in Russian Archived from the original on 2018 12 01 Retrieved 2009 06 02 Instrukciya po oformleniyu dissertacii avtoreferata i publikacij po teme dissertacii VAK Belarusi in Russian Archived from the original on 2013 11 21 Retrieved 2013 11 07 Pro vishu osvitu Oficijnij vebportal parlamentu Ukrayini in Ukrainian Archived from the original on 2023 02 06 Retrieved 2021 09 18 a b Nomenklatura specialnostej nauchnyh rabotnikov Archived from the original on 2009 03 05 Retrieved 2009 03 04 Archived 2009 03 05 at the Wayback Machine Volkov M N Doktor nauk Great Soviet Encyclopedia in Russian 3rd ed Moscow Sovetskaya Enciklopediya Vol 11 Archived from the original on 2020 06 21 Retrieved 2020 06 19 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Candidate of Sciences amp oldid 1137879582, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.