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Seine

The Seine (/sn, sɛn/ SAYN, SEN,[1] French: [sɛn] (listen)) is a 777-kilometre-long (483 mi) river in northern France.[2] Its drainage basin is in the Paris Basin (a geological relative lowland) covering most of northern France. It rises at Source-Seine, 30 kilometres (19 mi) northwest of Dijon in northeastern France in the Langres plateau, flowing through Paris and into the English Channel at Le Havre (and Honfleur on the left bank).[3] It is navigable by ocean-going vessels as far as Rouen, 120 kilometres (75 mi) from the sea. Over 60 percent of its length, as far as Burgundy, is negotiable by large barges and most tour boats, and nearly its whole length is available for recreational boating; excursion boats offer sightseeing tours of the river banks in the capital city, Paris.[4]

Seine
The Seine in Paris
Topographic map of the Seine basin
Native nameLa Seine (French)
Location
CountryFrance
Physical characteristics
Source 
 • locationSource-Seine
MouthEnglish Channel (French: La Manche)
 • location
Le Havre/Honfleur
 • coordinates
49°26′02″N 0°12′24″E / 49.43389°N 0.20667°E / 49.43389; 0.20667Coordinates: 49°26′02″N 0°12′24″E / 49.43389°N 0.20667°E / 49.43389; 0.20667
 • elevation
0 m (0 ft)
Length777 km (483 mi)
Basin size79,000 km2 (31,000 sq mi)
Discharge 
 • locationLe Havre
 • average560 m3/s (20,000 cu ft/s)
Basin features
River systemSeine basin
Tributaries 
 • leftYonne, Loing, Eure, Risle
 • rightOurce, Aube, Marne, Oise, Epte

There are 37 bridges in Paris across the Seine (the most famous of which are the Pont Alexandre III and the Pont Neuf) and dozens more outside the city. A notable bridge, which is also the last along the course of the river, is the Pont de Normandie, the ninth longest cable-stayed bridge in the world, which links Le Havre and Honfleur.

Sources

 
The source of the Seine

The Seine rises in the commune of Source-Seine, about 30 kilometres (19 mi) northwest of Dijon. The source has been owned by the city of Paris since 1864. A number of closely associated small ditches or depressions provide the source waters, with an artificial grotto laid out to highlight and contain a deemed main source. The grotto includes a statue of a nymph, a dog, and a dragon. On the same site are the buried remains of a Gallo-Roman temple. Small statues of the dea Sequana "Seine goddess" and other ex-votos found at the same place are now exhibited in the Dijon archaeological museum.

Course

The Seine can artificially be divided into five parts:

  • the Petite Seine, "Small Seine" from the sources to Montereau-Fault-Yonne
  • the Haute Seine, "Upper Seine" from Montereau-Fault-Yonne to Paris
  • the Traversée de Paris, "the Paris waterway"
  • the Basse Seine, "Lower Seine" from Paris to Rouen
  • the Seine maritime, "Maritime Seine" from Rouen to the English channel.

Below Rouen, the river passes through the Parc Naturel Régional des Boucles de la Seine Normande, a French regional nature park.

Navigation

The Seine is dredged and ocean-going vessels can dock at Rouen, 120 kilometres (75 mi) from the sea. Commercial craft (barges and push-tows) can use the river beginning at Marcilly-sur-Seine, 516 kilometres (321 mi) to its mouth.[5]

At Paris, there are 37 bridges. The river is only 24 metres (79 ft) above sea level 446 kilometres (277 mi) from its mouth, making it slow flowing and thus easily navigable.

The Seine Maritime, 123 kilometres (76 mi) from the English Channel at Le Havre to Rouen, is the only portion of the Seine used by ocean-going craft.[6] The tidal section of the Seine Maritime is followed by a canalized section (Basse Seine) with four large multiple locks until the mouth of the Oise at Conflans-Sainte-Honorine (170 km [110 mi]). Smaller locks at Bougival and at Suresnes lift the vessels to the level of the river in Paris, where the junction with the Canal Saint-Martin is located. The distance from the mouth of the Oise is 72 km (45 mi).[7]

The Haute Seine, from Paris to Montereau-Fault-Yonne, is 98 km (61 mi) long and has 8 locks.[8] At Charenton-le-Pont is the mouth of the Marne. Upstream from Paris seven locks ensure navigation to Saint Mammès, where the Loing mouth is situated. Through an eighth lock the river Yonne is reached at Montereau-Fault-Yonne. From the mouth of the Yonne, larger ships can continue upstream to Nogent-sur-Seine (48 km [30 mi], 7 locks).[9] From there on, the river is navigable only by small craft to Marcilly-sur-Seine (19 km [12 mi], 4 locks).[10] At Marcilly-sur-Seine the 19th century Canal de la Haute-Seine used to allow vessels to continue all the way to Troyes. This canal has been abandoned since 1957.[11]

The average depth of the Seine today at Paris is about 9.5 metres (31 ft). Until locks were installed to raise the level in the 1800s, the river was much shallower within the city, and consisted of a small channel of continuous flow bordered by sandy banks (depicted in many illustrations of the period). Today the depth is tightly controlled and the entire width of the river between the built-up banks on either side is normally filled with water. The average flow of the river is very low, only a few cubic metres per second, but much higher flows are possible during periods of heavy runoff.

Dams and flood control

Four large storage reservoirs have been built since 1950 on the Seine as well as its tributaries Yonne, Marne, and Aube. These help in maintaining a constant level for the river through the city, but cannot prevent significant increases in river level during periods of extreme runoff. The dams are Lac d’Orient, Lac des Settons, Lake Der-Chantecoq, and Auzon-Temple and Amance, respectively.[12]

Flooding

A very severe period of high water in January 1910 resulted in extensive flooding throughout the city. The Seine again rose to threatening levels in 1924, 1955, 1982, 1999–2000, June 2016, and January 2018.[13][14] After a first-level flood alert in 2003, about 100,000 works of art were moved out of Paris, the largest relocation of art since World War II. Much of the art in Paris is kept in underground storage rooms that would have been flooded.[15] A 2002 report by the French government stated the worst-case Seine flood scenario would cost 10 billion euros and cut telephone service for a million Parisians, leaving 200,000 without electricity and 100,000 without gas.[16]

2018 Paris flood

In January 2018 the Seine again flooded, reaching a flood level of 5.84 metres (19 ft 2 in) on 29 January.[17] An official warning was issued on 24 January that heavy rainfall was likely to cause the river to flood.[18] By 27 January, the river was rising.[19] The Deputy Mayor of Paris, Colombe Brossel, warned that the heavy rain was caused by climate change, and that "We have to understand that climatic change is not a word, it's a reality."[20]

Watershed

The basin area, including a part of Belgium, is 78,910 square kilometres (30,470 sq mi),[21] 2 percent of which is forest and 78 percent cultivated land. In addition to Paris, three other cities with a population over 100,000 are in the Seine watershed: Le Havre at the estuary, Rouen in the Seine valley and Reims at the northern limit—with an annual urban growth rate of 0.2 percent.[21] The population density is 201 per square kilometer.

Tributaries

Tributaries of the Seine are, from source to mouth:[2]

Water quality

Periodically the sewage systems of Paris experience a failure known as sanitary sewer overflow, often in periods of high rainfall. Under these conditions untreated sewage is discharged into the Seine.[22] The resulting oxygen deficit is principally caused by allochthonous bacteria larger than one micrometre in size. The specific activity of these sewage bacteria is typically three to four times greater than that of the autochthonous (background) bacterial population. Heavy metal concentrations in the Seine are relatively high.[23] The pH level of the Seine at Pont Neuf has been measured to be 8.46. Despite this, the water quality has improved significantly over what several historians at various times in the past called an "open sewer".[24]

In 2009, it was announced that Atlantic salmon had returned to the Seine.[25]

History

 
The Seine in Paris during the World Expo in 1937.
 
The Seine and Eiffel Tower

Name

The name Seine comes from Gaullish Sēquana, from the Celtic Gallo-Roman goddess of the river, as offerings for her were found at the source. Sometimes it is associated with Latin; the Latin word seems to derive from the same root as Latin sequor (I follow) and English sequence, namely Proto-Indo-European *seikw-, signifying 'to flow' or 'to pour forth'.[26]

Events

On 28 or 29 March 845, an army of Vikings led by a chieftain named Reginherus, which is possibly another name for Ragnar Lothbrok, sailed up the River Seine with siege towers and sacked Paris.

On 25 November 885, another Viking expedition led by Rollo was sent up the River Seine to attack Paris again.

In March, 1314, King Philip IV of France had Jacques de Molay, last Grand Master of the Knights Templar, burned on a scaffold on an island in the River Seine in front of Notre Dame de Paris.[27]

After the burning at the stake of Joan of Arc in 1431, her ashes were thrown into the Seine from the medieval stone Mathilde Bridge at Rouen, though unserious counter-claims persist.[28]

 
Plaque commemorating Robert Fulton’s first successful trial of the steamboat in the Seine.

On August 9, 1803 Robert Fulton, American painter and marine engineer, made his first successful test of his steamboat in the Seine beside the Tuileries Garden. Having a length of sixty-six feet and an eight-foot beam Fulton’s steamboat attained speeds of three to four miles per hour against the Seine’s current.[29]

According to his will, Napoleon, who died in 1821, wished to be buried on the banks of the Seine. His request was not granted.

At the 1900 Summer Olympics, the river hosted the rowing, swimming, and water polo events.[30] Twenty-four years later, it hosted the rowing events again at Bassin d'Argenteuil, along the Seine north of Paris.[31]

Until the 1930s, a towing system using a chain on the bed of the river existed to facilitate movement of barges upriver.[citation needed] Listed in World Canals by Charles Hadfield, David & Charles 1986.

The Seine was one of the original objectives of Operation Overlord in 1944. The Allies' intention was to reach the Seine by 90 days after D-Day. That objective was met. An anticipated assault crossing of the river never materialized as German resistance in France crumbled by early September 1944. However, the First Canadian Army did encounter resistance immediately west of the Seine and fighting occurred in the Forêt de la Londe as Allied troops attempted to cut off the escape across the river of parts of the German 7th Army in the closing phases of the Battle of Normandy.

Some of the Algerian victims of the Paris massacre of 1961 drowned in the Seine after being thrown by French policemen from the Pont Saint-Michel and other locations in Paris.

Dredging in the 1960s mostly eliminated tidal bores on the lower river, known in French as "le mascaret."

In 1991 UNESCO added the banks of the Seine in Paris—the Rive Gauche and Rive Droite—to its list of World Heritage Sites in Europe.[32]

Since 2002 Paris-Plages has been held every summer on the Paris banks of the Seine: a transformation of the paved banks into a beach with sand and facilities for sunbathing and entertainment.

In 2007, 55 bodies were retrieved from its waters; in February 2008, the body of supermodel-turned-activist Katoucha Niane was found there.[33]

In 2024, the River is set to a boat parade of nations during the opening ceremony of the 2024 Summer Olympics.[34]

In fiction

The Seine was the river that Javert, the primary antagonist of Victor Hugo's 1862 novel Les Misérables, drowned himself in. It was also the river that an angry mob pushed Erik, the Phantom, main antagonist of Gaston Leroux’s The Phantom of the Opera (1910) into, and he, too, drowns.

In Ludwig Bemelmans' 1953 children's book Madeline's Rescue and the 1998 live-action adaptation of Madeline, Madeline accidentally falls into the Seine after standing on the ledge of a bridge. The notable difference between the two is that in the book, Madeline fell over after playing on the ledge, whereas in the film, she fell over trying to justify her actions towards Pepito that got all the girls in trouble.

In the 2016 film La La Land, Mia, the female protagonist, sang about her aunt who jumped into the Seine without looking and how it is similar to all the dreamers in the world who keeps on dreaming, in her final audition "Audition (The Fools Who Dream)”. The song was nominated for Best Original Song in the 89th Academy Awards.

In art

During the 19th and the 20th centuries in particular the Seine inspired many artists, including:

A song 'La Seine' by Flavien Monod and Guy Lafarge was written in 1948.

Josephine Baker recorded a song 'La Seine'[35]

A song 'La seine' by Vanessa Paradis feat. Matthieu Chedid was originally written as a soundtrack for the movie 'A Monster in Paris'


See also

References

  1. ^ "Sein". Oxford Dictionaries UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press.[dead link]
  2. ^ a b Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - La Seine (----0010)".
  3. ^ A hand book up the Seine. G.F. Cruchley, 81, Fleet Street, 1840. 1840. from the original on 10 June 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2010.
  4. ^ "River in Paris". Paris Digest. 2018. Retrieved 26 September 2018.
  5. ^ Edwards-May, David (2010). Inland Waterways of France. St Ives, Cambs., UK: Imray. pp. 90–94. ISBN 978-1-846230-14-1.
  6. ^ Fluviacarte, Seine maritime
  7. ^ Fluviacarte, Basse Seine
  8. ^ Fluviacarte, Haute Seine
  9. ^ Fluviacarte, Petite Seine (aval)
  10. ^ Fluviacarte, Petite Seine (amont)
  11. ^ "La construction du canal de la Haute-Seine" (PDF).
  12. ^ . Archived from the original on 15 October 2019. Retrieved 15 October 2019.
  13. ^ Seine river Basin 8 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine, United Nations Environment Programme Department of Early Warning and Assessment (accessed 5 June 2007).
  14. ^ Willsher, Kim (24 January 2018). "Paris on flooding alert as rising Seine causes travel disruption". The Guardian. from the original on 24 January 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  15. ^ Riding, Alan (19 February 2003). "Fearing a Big Flood, Paris Moves Art". The New York Times. from the original on 2 February 2009.
  16. ^ Mulholland, Rory (25 January 2002). "Paris flood warning". BBC News. from the original on 8 March 2008.
  17. ^ Garriga, Nicolas; Schaeffer, Jeffrey (29 January 2018). "France sees worst rains in 50 years, floods peak in Paris". Deseret News. Associated Press. from the original on 30 January 2018.
  18. ^ Willsher, Kim (24 January 2018). "Paris on flooding alert as rising Seine causes travel disruption". The Guardian. from the original on 24 January 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  19. ^ Held, Amy (27 January 2018). "Déjà Vu Flooding in Paris As Officials Say Seine Will Crest Soon". The Two-Way. National Public Radio. from the original on 28 January 2018.
  20. ^ Vandoorne, Saskya; Said-Moorhouse, Lauren (26 January 2018). "Paris is still on flood alert even though the rain has stopped". CNN. from the original on 23 February 2018.
  21. ^ a b . Earthtrends.wri.org. 22 February 1999. Archived from the original on 8 February 2012. Retrieved 18 May 2011.
  22. ^ Martin Seidl, The fate of organic matter in river Seine after a combined sewer overflow, ENPC – University Paris Val de Marne Paris XII (France), 1997, 181 pp.
  23. ^ J.F.Chiffoleau. 2007. Metal contamination. the Seine-Aval scientific programme. Quae. 40 pages
  24. ^ Hogan, C. Michael (2006). Water quality of fresh water bodies in France. Aberdeen: Luminna Press.
  25. ^ "Radio France Internationale – Atlantic salmon return to river Seine". Rfi.fr. from the original on 17 February 2011. Retrieved 18 May 2011.
  26. ^ Julius Pokorny, Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (Francke, 1959), word 1664 https://www.win.tue.nl/~aeb/natlang/ie/pokorny.html
  27. ^ A History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages Vol. III by Henry Charles Lea, NY: Hamper & Bros, Franklin Sq. 1888, p. 325. Not in copyright.
  28. ^ In February 2006 a team of forensic scientists announced the beginning of a six-month study to assess relics from a museum at Chinon reputed to be the remains of Jeanne d'Arc. In 2007, the investigators reported their conclusion that the relics from Chinon came from an Egyptian mummy and a cat, see Butler, Declan (2007). "Joan of Arc's relics exposed as forgery". Nature. 446 (7136): 593. Bibcode:2007Natur.446..593B. doi:10.1038/446593a. PMID 17410145.
  29. ^ Dickinson, Henry Winram (1913). Robert Fulton, Engineer and Artist: His Life and Works. London: John Lane Company. pp. 157–158.
  30. ^ 1900 Summer Olympics official report. 28 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine pp. 17–18. (in French)
  31. ^ 1924 Olympics official report. 10 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine pp. 165–6.
  32. ^ Paris, Banks of the Seine 21 March 2018 at the Wayback Machine, the World Heritage Site entry from the UNESCO website
  33. ^ Supermodel Katoucha Niane found dead 29 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine from The Daily Telegraph
  34. ^ "Paris 2024 presents an opening ceremony like no other". Paris 2024. Retrieved 6 August 2022.
  35. ^ Avenger88 (26 January 2013). "La Seine". from the original on 6 May 2018. Retrieved 6 May 2018 – via YouTube.

External links

  • Website on the Great Flood of 1910 16 December 2020 at the Wayback Machine
  • Lower Seine (Seine aval) with maps and information on places, ports and moorings on the river from Honfleur to Paris, by the author of Inland Waterways of France, Imray
  • Upper Seine (Haute Seine and Petite Seine) with maps and information on places, ports and moorings on the river from Paris to Marcilly-sur-Seine, by the author of Inland Waterways of France, Imray
  • Navigation details for 80 French rivers and canals (French waterways website section)

seine, river, redirects, here, other, uses, disambiguation, river, disambiguation, confused, with, seyne, this, article, expanded, with, text, translated, from, corresponding, article, french, july, 2014, click, show, important, translation, instructions, view. Seine River redirects here For other uses see Seine disambiguation and Seine River disambiguation Not to be confused with Seyne This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in French July 2014 Click show for important translation instructions View a machine translated version of the French article Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at fr Seine see its history for attribution You should also add the template Translated fr Seine to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation The Seine s eɪ n s ɛ n SAYN SEN 1 French sɛn listen is a 777 kilometre long 483 mi river in northern France 2 Its drainage basin is in the Paris Basin a geological relative lowland covering most of northern France It rises at Source Seine 30 kilometres 19 mi northwest of Dijon in northeastern France in the Langres plateau flowing through Paris and into the English Channel at Le Havre and Honfleur on the left bank 3 It is navigable by ocean going vessels as far as Rouen 120 kilometres 75 mi from the sea Over 60 percent of its length as far as Burgundy is negotiable by large barges and most tour boats and nearly its whole length is available for recreational boating excursion boats offer sightseeing tours of the river banks in the capital city Paris 4 SeineThe Seine in ParisTopographic map of the Seine basinNative nameLa Seine French LocationCountryFrancePhysical characteristicsSource locationSource SeineMouthEnglish Channel French La Manche locationLe Havre Honfleur coordinates49 26 02 N 0 12 24 E 49 43389 N 0 20667 E 49 43389 0 20667 Coordinates 49 26 02 N 0 12 24 E 49 43389 N 0 20667 E 49 43389 0 20667 elevation0 m 0 ft Length777 km 483 mi Basin size79 000 km2 31 000 sq mi Discharge locationLe Havre average560 m3 s 20 000 cu ft s Basin featuresRiver systemSeine basinTributaries leftYonne Loing Eure Risle rightOurce Aube Marne Oise EpteThere are 37 bridges in Paris across the Seine the most famous of which are the Pont Alexandre III and the Pont Neuf and dozens more outside the city A notable bridge which is also the last along the course of the river is the Pont de Normandie the ninth longest cable stayed bridge in the world which links Le Havre and Honfleur Contents 1 Sources 2 Course 3 Navigation 4 Dams and flood control 5 Flooding 5 1 2018 Paris flood 6 Watershed 6 1 Tributaries 7 Water quality 8 History 8 1 Name 8 2 Events 9 In fiction 10 In art 11 See also 12 References 13 External linksSources Edit The source of the Seine The Seine rises in the commune of Source Seine about 30 kilometres 19 mi northwest of Dijon The source has been owned by the city of Paris since 1864 A number of closely associated small ditches or depressions provide the source waters with an artificial grotto laid out to highlight and contain a deemed main source The grotto includes a statue of a nymph a dog and a dragon On the same site are the buried remains of a Gallo Roman temple Small statues of the dea Sequana Seine goddess and other ex votos found at the same place are now exhibited in the Dijon archaeological museum Course EditThe Seine can artificially be divided into five parts the Petite Seine Small Seine from the sources to Montereau Fault Yonne the Haute Seine Upper Seine from Montereau Fault Yonne to Paris the Traversee de Paris the Paris waterway the Basse Seine Lower Seine from Paris to Rouen the Seine maritime Maritime Seine from Rouen to the English channel Below Rouen the river passes through the Parc Naturel Regional des Boucles de la Seine Normande a French regional nature park Navigation EditThe Seine is dredged and ocean going vessels can dock at Rouen 120 kilometres 75 mi from the sea Commercial craft barges and push tows can use the river beginning at Marcilly sur Seine 516 kilometres 321 mi to its mouth 5 At Paris there are 37 bridges The river is only 24 metres 79 ft above sea level 446 kilometres 277 mi from its mouth making it slow flowing and thus easily navigable The Seine Maritime 123 kilometres 76 mi from the English Channel at Le Havre to Rouen is the only portion of the Seine used by ocean going craft 6 The tidal section of the Seine Maritime is followed by a canalized section Basse Seine with four large multiple locks until the mouth of the Oise at Conflans Sainte Honorine 170 km 110 mi Smaller locks at Bougival and at Suresnes lift the vessels to the level of the river in Paris where the junction with the Canal Saint Martin is located The distance from the mouth of the Oise is 72 km 45 mi 7 The Haute Seine from Paris to Montereau Fault Yonne is 98 km 61 mi long and has 8 locks 8 At Charenton le Pont is the mouth of the Marne Upstream from Paris seven locks ensure navigation to Saint Mammes where the Loing mouth is situated Through an eighth lock the river Yonne is reached at Montereau Fault Yonne From the mouth of the Yonne larger ships can continue upstream to Nogent sur Seine 48 km 30 mi 7 locks 9 From there on the river is navigable only by small craft to Marcilly sur Seine 19 km 12 mi 4 locks 10 At Marcilly sur Seine the 19th century Canal de la Haute Seine used to allow vessels to continue all the way to Troyes This canal has been abandoned since 1957 11 The average depth of the Seine today at Paris is about 9 5 metres 31 ft Until locks were installed to raise the level in the 1800s the river was much shallower within the city and consisted of a small channel of continuous flow bordered by sandy banks depicted in many illustrations of the period Today the depth is tightly controlled and the entire width of the river between the built up banks on either side is normally filled with water The average flow of the river is very low only a few cubic metres per second but much higher flows are possible during periods of heavy runoff Dams and flood control EditFour large storage reservoirs have been built since 1950 on the Seine as well as its tributaries Yonne Marne and Aube These help in maintaining a constant level for the river through the city but cannot prevent significant increases in river level during periods of extreme runoff The dams are Lac d Orient Lac des Settons Lake Der Chantecoq and Auzon Temple and Amance respectively 12 Flooding EditA very severe period of high water in January 1910 resulted in extensive flooding throughout the city The Seine again rose to threatening levels in 1924 1955 1982 1999 2000 June 2016 and January 2018 13 14 After a first level flood alert in 2003 about 100 000 works of art were moved out of Paris the largest relocation of art since World War II Much of the art in Paris is kept in underground storage rooms that would have been flooded 15 A 2002 report by the French government stated the worst case Seine flood scenario would cost 10 billion euros and cut telephone service for a million Parisians leaving 200 000 without electricity and 100 000 without gas 16 2018 Paris flood Edit In January 2018 the Seine again flooded reaching a flood level of 5 84 metres 19 ft 2 in on 29 January 17 An official warning was issued on 24 January that heavy rainfall was likely to cause the river to flood 18 By 27 January the river was rising 19 The Deputy Mayor of Paris Colombe Brossel warned that the heavy rain was caused by climate change and that We have to understand that climatic change is not a word it s a reality 20 Watershed EditThe basin area including a part of Belgium is 78 910 square kilometres 30 470 sq mi 21 2 percent of which is forest and 78 percent cultivated land In addition to Paris three other cities with a population over 100 000 are in the Seine watershed Le Havre at the estuary Rouen in the Seine valley and Reims at the northern limit with an annual urban growth rate of 0 2 percent 21 The population density is 201 per square kilometer Tributaries Edit Tributaries of the Seine are from source to mouth 2 Ource right Barse right Aube right Yonne left Loing left Almont right Essonne left Orge left Yerres right Marne right Bievre left Oise right Aubette de Meulan right Mauldre left Vaucouleurs left Epte right Andelle right Eure left Oison left Aubette right Cailly right Austreberthe right Commerce right Risle left Lezarde right Water quality EditPeriodically the sewage systems of Paris experience a failure known as sanitary sewer overflow often in periods of high rainfall Under these conditions untreated sewage is discharged into the Seine 22 The resulting oxygen deficit is principally caused by allochthonous bacteria larger than one micrometre in size The specific activity of these sewage bacteria is typically three to four times greater than that of the autochthonous background bacterial population Heavy metal concentrations in the Seine are relatively high 23 The pH level of the Seine at Pont Neuf has been measured to be 8 46 Despite this the water quality has improved significantly over what several historians at various times in the past called an open sewer 24 In 2009 it was announced that Atlantic salmon had returned to the Seine 25 History Edit The Seine in Paris during the World Expo in 1937 The Seine and Eiffel Tower Name Edit The name Seine comes from Gaullish Sequana from the Celtic Gallo Roman goddess of the river as offerings for her were found at the source Sometimes it is associated with Latin the Latin word seems to derive from the same root as Latin sequor I follow and English sequence namely Proto Indo European seikw signifying to flow or to pour forth 26 Events Edit On 28 or 29 March 845 an army of Vikings led by a chieftain named Reginherus which is possibly another name for Ragnar Lothbrok sailed up the River Seine with siege towers and sacked Paris On 25 November 885 another Viking expedition led by Rollo was sent up the River Seine to attack Paris again In March 1314 King Philip IV of France had Jacques de Molay last Grand Master of the Knights Templar burned on a scaffold on an island in the River Seine in front of Notre Dame de Paris 27 After the burning at the stake of Joan of Arc in 1431 her ashes were thrown into the Seine from the medieval stone Mathilde Bridge at Rouen though unserious counter claims persist 28 Plaque commemorating Robert Fulton s first successful trial of the steamboat in the Seine On August 9 1803 Robert Fulton American painter and marine engineer made his first successful test of his steamboat in the Seine beside the Tuileries Garden Having a length of sixty six feet and an eight foot beam Fulton s steamboat attained speeds of three to four miles per hour against the Seine s current 29 According to his will Napoleon who died in 1821 wished to be buried on the banks of the Seine His request was not granted At the 1900 Summer Olympics the river hosted the rowing swimming and water polo events 30 Twenty four years later it hosted the rowing events again at Bassin d Argenteuil along the Seine north of Paris 31 Until the 1930s a towing system using a chain on the bed of the river existed to facilitate movement of barges upriver citation needed Listed in World Canals by Charles Hadfield David amp Charles 1986 The Seine was one of the original objectives of Operation Overlord in 1944 The Allies intention was to reach the Seine by 90 days after D Day That objective was met An anticipated assault crossing of the river never materialized as German resistance in France crumbled by early September 1944 However the First Canadian Army did encounter resistance immediately west of the Seine and fighting occurred in the Foret de la Londe as Allied troops attempted to cut off the escape across the river of parts of the German 7th Army in the closing phases of the Battle of Normandy Some of the Algerian victims of the Paris massacre of 1961 drowned in the Seine after being thrown by French policemen from the Pont Saint Michel and other locations in Paris Dredging in the 1960s mostly eliminated tidal bores on the lower river known in French as le mascaret In 1991 UNESCO added the banks of the Seine in Paris the Rive Gauche and Rive Droite to its list of World Heritage Sites in Europe 32 Since 2002 Paris Plages has been held every summer on the Paris banks of the Seine a transformation of the paved banks into a beach with sand and facilities for sunbathing and entertainment In 2007 55 bodies were retrieved from its waters in February 2008 the body of supermodel turned activist Katoucha Niane was found there 33 In 2024 the River is set to a boat parade of nations during the opening ceremony of the 2024 Summer Olympics 34 In fiction EditThe Seine was the river that Javert the primary antagonist of Victor Hugo s 1862 novel Les Miserables drowned himself in It was also the river that an angry mob pushed Erik the Phantom main antagonist of Gaston Leroux s The Phantom of the Opera 1910 into and he too drowns In Ludwig Bemelmans 1953 children s book Madeline s Rescue and the 1998 live action adaptation of Madeline Madeline accidentally falls into the Seine after standing on the ledge of a bridge The notable difference between the two is that in the book Madeline fell over after playing on the ledge whereas in the film she fell over trying to justify her actions towards Pepito that got all the girls in trouble In the 2016 film La La Land Mia the female protagonist sang about her aunt who jumped into the Seine without looking and how it is similar to all the dreamers in the world who keeps on dreaming in her final audition Audition The Fools Who Dream The song was nominated for Best Original Song in the 89th Academy Awards In art EditDuring the 19th and the 20th centuries in particular the Seine inspired many artists including Frederic Bazille Maurice Boitel Richard Parkes Bonington Eugene Boudin Camille Corot Charles Francois Daubigny Guy Debord Raoul Dufy Othon Friesz Carl Fredrik Hill Eugene Isabey Johan Barthold Jongkind Raimond Lecourt Albert Marquet Henri Matisse Claude Monet Luis F Pinzon Camille Pissarro Emilio Grau Sala Gaston Sebire Georges Seurat Alfred Sisley Constant Troyon J M W Turner Felix Vallotton Edouard Vuillard Pierre Auguste RenoirA song La Seine by Flavien Monod and Guy Lafarge was written in 1948 Josephine Baker recorded a song La Seine 35 A song La seine by Vanessa Paradis feat Matthieu Chedid was originally written as a soundtrack for the movie A Monster in Paris Georges Seurat s Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte 1884 1886 is set on an island in the Seine Carl Fredrik Hill French River Landscape Bois le Roi 1877 Alfred Sisley The Terrace at Saint Germain Spring 1875 in the Walters Art Museum gives a panoramic view of the Seine river valley Washhouses on Seine 1937 by Andrus JohaniSee also EditThe department of Seine abolished in 1968 Seine River Steamers List of crossings of the SeineReferences Edit Sein Oxford Dictionaries UK English Dictionary Oxford University Press dead link a b Sandre Fiche cours d eau La Seine 0010 A hand book up the Seine G F Cruchley 81 Fleet Street 1840 1840 Archived from the original on 10 June 2016 Retrieved 10 June 2010 River in Paris Paris Digest 2018 Retrieved 26 September 2018 Edwards May David 2010 Inland Waterways of France St Ives Cambs UK Imray pp 90 94 ISBN 978 1 846230 14 1 Fluviacarte Seine maritime Fluviacarte Basse Seine Fluviacarte Haute Seine Fluviacarte Petite Seine aval Fluviacarte Petite Seine amont La construction du canal de la Haute Seine PDF LC Archived from the original on 15 October 2019 Retrieved 15 October 2019 Seine river Basin Archived 8 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine United Nations Environment Programme Department of Early Warning and Assessment accessed 5 June 2007 Willsher Kim 24 January 2018 Paris on flooding alert as rising Seine causes travel disruption The Guardian Archived from the original on 24 January 2018 Retrieved 24 January 2018 Riding Alan 19 February 2003 Fearing a Big Flood Paris Moves Art The New York Times Archived from the original on 2 February 2009 Mulholland Rory 25 January 2002 Paris flood warning BBC News Archived from the original on 8 March 2008 Garriga Nicolas Schaeffer Jeffrey 29 January 2018 France sees worst rains in 50 years floods peak in Paris Deseret News Associated Press Archived from the original on 30 January 2018 Willsher Kim 24 January 2018 Paris on flooding alert as rising Seine causes travel disruption The Guardian Archived from the original on 24 January 2018 Retrieved 24 January 2018 Held Amy 27 January 2018 Deja Vu Flooding in Paris As Officials Say Seine Will Crest Soon The Two Way National Public Radio Archived from the original on 28 January 2018 Vandoorne Saskya Said Moorhouse Lauren 26 January 2018 Paris is still on flood alert even though the rain has stopped CNN Archived from the original on 23 February 2018 a b World Resources Institute Earthtrends wri org 22 February 1999 Archived from the original on 8 February 2012 Retrieved 18 May 2011 Martin Seidl The fate of organic matter in river Seine after a combined sewer overflow ENPC University Paris Val de Marne Paris XII France 1997 181 pp J F Chiffoleau 2007 Metal contamination the Seine Aval scientific programme Quae 40 pages Hogan C Michael 2006 Water quality of fresh water bodies in France Aberdeen Luminna Press Radio France Internationale Atlantic salmon return to river Seine Rfi fr Archived from the original on 17 February 2011 Retrieved 18 May 2011 Julius Pokorny Indogermanisches etymologisches Worterbuch Francke 1959 word 1664 https www win tue nl aeb natlang ie pokorny html A History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages Vol III by Henry Charles Lea NY Hamper amp Bros Franklin Sq 1888 p 325 Not in copyright In February 2006 a team of forensic scientists announced the beginning of a six month study to assess relics from a museum at Chinon reputed to be the remains of Jeanne d Arc In 2007 the investigators reported their conclusion that the relics from Chinon came from an Egyptian mummy and a cat see Butler Declan 2007 Joan of Arc s relics exposed as forgery Nature 446 7136 593 Bibcode 2007Natur 446 593B doi 10 1038 446593a PMID 17410145 Dickinson Henry Winram 1913 Robert Fulton Engineer and Artist His Life and Works London John Lane Company pp 157 158 1900 Summer Olympics official report Archived 28 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine pp 17 18 in French 1924 Olympics official report Archived 10 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine pp 165 6 Paris Banks of the Seine Archived 21 March 2018 at the Wayback Machine the World Heritage Site entry from the UNESCO website Supermodel Katoucha Niane found dead Archived 29 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine from The Daily Telegraph Paris 2024 presents an opening ceremony like no other Paris 2024 Retrieved 6 August 2022 Avenger88 26 January 2013 La Seine Archived from the original on 6 May 2018 Retrieved 6 May 2018 via YouTube External links EditWebsite on the Great Flood of 1910 Archived 16 December 2020 at the Wayback Machine Lower Seine Seine aval with maps and information on places ports and moorings on the river from Honfleur to Paris by the author of Inland Waterways of France Imray Upper Seine Haute Seine and Petite Seine with maps and information on places ports and moorings on the river from Paris to Marcilly sur Seine by the author of Inland Waterways of France Imray Navigation details for 80 French rivers and canals French waterways website section Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Seine amp oldid 1130319945, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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