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Aponogeton

January 01, 1970

The Aponogetonaceae (the Cape-pondweed family or aponogeton family) are a family of flowering plants in the order Alismatales.

Aponogeton
Temporal range: Campanian–Recent
A. distachyos, foliage and
inflorescence at water surface
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Alismatales
Family: Aponogetonaceae
Planch.[1]
Genus: Aponogeton
L.f.
Species

See text

In recent decades the family has had universal recognition by taxonomists.[2] The APG system (1998) and APG II system (2003) treat it in the order Alismatales in the clade monocots. The family consists of only one genus, Aponogeton, with 56 known species (Christenhusz & Byng 2016 [3]) of aquatic plants, most of which have been included in a molecular phylogeny by Chen et al. (2015). The name was published in Supplementum Plantarum 32: 214 (1782) and is derived from a geographic location neighboring (geton) the Apono tribal district of coastal Gabon.[4] Some species are used as ornamental plants in aquariums.

Distribution edit

They are aquatic plants, which are found in tropical to warm temperate regions of Africa, Asia and Australasia.[5]

Aponogeton distachyos is originally from South Africa but has become naturalised in South Australia, Western South America, and Western Europe.

Individual plants are not always easy to identify due to hybridization (particularly those sold as A. crispus - which are often cultivated hybrids with A. natans or A. rigidifolius).

Generally an Aponogeton from Asia will have a single bloom stalk, while those from African heritage (including Madagascar) will have multiple blooming stems on the same flower stalk.

Even though seventeen species are found in Africa, only one of them, A. distachyos, has been continuously maintained as a plant in garden ponds. Several of the eleven Madagascan species have been introduced as new aquarium plants in the early 21st century. At present, the following plants from Madagascar are in culture: Aponogeton boivinianus, A. longiplumulosus, A. madagascariensis and A. ulvaceus. Additionally, Aponogeton bernierianus, A. capuronii, A. decaryi and A. tenuispicatus have been imported on several occasions but have not achieved any wider distribution because they are difficult to maintain. From the sixteen representatives of this genus from Asia and Australia, A. crispus, A. elongatus, A. rigidifolius, A. robinsonii and A. undulatus are useful aquarium plants. Aponogeton jacobensii, A. natans and A. loriae, too, were cultivated several times but have not proven themselves under aquarium conditions.

Evolution edit

The oldest known fossils of the genus are pollen from the Late Cretaceous (Campanian) of Wyoming in North America, approximately 82-84 million years old. Other fossil Aponogeton pollen is known from Canada and Greenland, dating to the Eocene, approximately 46 and 44-40 million years old respectively, indicating that the genus likely originated in the Northern Hemisphere.[6]

Ecology edit

 
A. distachyos, habit, showing aerial and submerged parts

Many species grow in temporarily still or flowing waters and live through the dry period as a dormant tuber. They are fully aquatic herbaceous plants with milky sap, becoming dormant during drought conditions. Most species grow from tubers. Most Asian species remain submerged all year round, while the starchy tubercles of the African species are able to survive the dry season by shedding their leaves and undergoing a dormant period.

Almost all Aponogeton species go through resting and growth phases in their natural locations, triggered by the local ecological conditions. During growth periods, the plant will deposit proteins, fats, carbohydrates and mineral substances in the storage rhizome or tuber During the resting period, the tuber survives in the soil in order to again sprout during the following vegetation period. Tubers in Aponogeton species have a high resistance to drying out. This ability to store water is exploited, for instance, in the annual export of thousands of dormant A. crispus specimens, shipped in large bags in a totally dry state.

Economic uses edit

The tubers of several species are eaten by humans and their livestock. Some are grown as ornamental plants in aquariums or ponds. The 1889 book 'The Useful Native Plants of Australia' records that "The tuberous roots of these water-plants are starchy, and of excellent taste, though not large".[7]

Cultivation edit

 
An African Aponogeton with a triple flower spike.

All Aponogeton species are easy to grow when their preferences are met. The Madagascar lace plants (A. madagascarensis) require special handling as they prefer cooler water – 70 °F (21 °C) as a maximum[citation needed]. As of 2010, the Australian species exist in very small numbers in the hobby trade.

Rest periods edit

The African species in particular, (with the exception of A. rigidifolius, which has a rhizome and not a tuber, experience a natural rest period, corresponding to their habitat drying out in the wild. The Asian species may also have a rest period, but this is related only to temperature. As the plant stops growing, it can be taken out of the pond or aquarium and put in a bowl of damp sand. Keep the bowl in a dark, cool place, with the sand kept damp, for approximately 2–3 months at a temperature of about 50–64 °F (10–18 °C), until small leaves are seen to sprout from the tuber, when they can be returned to the pond or aquarium.[8]

Selected species edit

Sources:[2][9][10][11]

References edit

  1. ^ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009), "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 161 (2): 105–121, doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x, hdl:10654/18083
  2. ^ a b van Bruggen, H. W. E. (1985). "Monograph of the genus Aponogeton (Aponogetonaceae)". Bibliotheca Botanica. 33 (137). Stuttgart: E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung: i–viii, 1–76. ISBN 978-3-510-48008-1. ISSN 0067-7892. Retrieved 2010-03-13.
  3. ^ Christenhusz, M. J. M. & Byng, J. W. (2016). "The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase". Phytotaxa. 261 (3). Magnolia Press: 201–217. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1.
  4. ^ Punu (Apono)
  5. ^ Watson, L. & Dallwitz, M. J. (1992 onwards): Aponogetonaceae April 24, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  6. ^ Chen, Ling-Yun; Grimm, Guido W.; Wang, Qing-Feng; Renner, Susanne S. (January 2015). "A phylogeny and biogeographic analysis for the Cape-Pondweed family Aponogetonaceae (Alismatales)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 82: 111–117. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.007. PMID 25462997.
  7. ^ J. H. Maiden (1889). The useful native plants of Australia : Including Tasmania. Turner and Henderson, Sydney.
  8. ^ Gesting, B. Nature and Aquarium
  9. ^ African Flowering Plants Database: Aponogeton
  10. ^ Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan ISBN 0-333-47494-5.
  11. ^ Govaerts, R. et al. (2019) Plants of the world online: Aponogeton. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 20 March 2019.
  • Chen, L-Y.; Grimm, G. W.; Wang, Q-F.; Renner, S. S. (2015). "A phylogeny and biogeographic analysis for the Cape-Pondweed family Aponogetonaceae (Alismatales)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 82: 111–117. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.007. PMID 25462997.

External links edit

  • Illustrated Success with easy-growing Aponogeton plants 2014-01-16 at the Wayback Machine
  • Aponogeton Family by Karen Randall
  • in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). : descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval. Version: 9 March 2006.
  • Monocot families (USDA)
  • Aponogetonaceae in the Flora of North America
  • NCBI Taxonomy Browser
  • links at CSDL, Texas 2007-03-02 at the Wayback Machine
  • Les, Donald H.; Moody, Michael L.; Jacobs, Surrey W. L. (2005). "Phylogeny and Systematics of Aponogeton (Aponogetonaceae): The Australian Species". Systematic Botany. 30 (3): 503–519. doi:10.1600/0363644054782215. ISSN 0363-6445. S2CID 59494661.

January 01, 1970
aponogeton, aceae, cape, pondweed, family, aponogeton, family, family, flowering, plants, order, alismatales, temporal, range, campanian, recent, preꞒ, distachyos, foliage, inflorescence, water, surface, scientific, classification, kingdom, plantae, clade, tra. The Aponogetonaceae the Cape pondweed family or aponogeton family are a family of flowering plants in the order Alismatales AponogetonTemporal range Campanian Recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N A distachyos foliage and inflorescence at water surface Scientific classification Kingdom Plantae Clade Tracheophytes Clade Angiosperms Clade Monocots Order Alismatales Family AponogetonaceaePlanch 1 Genus AponogetonL f Species See text In recent decades the family has had universal recognition by taxonomists 2 The APG system 1998 and APG II system 2003 treat it in the order Alismatales in the clade monocots The family consists of only one genus Aponogeton with 56 known species Christenhusz amp Byng 2016 3 of aquatic plants most of which have been included in a molecular phylogeny by Chen et al 2015 The name was published in Supplementum Plantarum 32 214 1782 and is derived from a geographic location neighboring geton the Apono tribal district of coastal Gabon 4 Some species are used as ornamental plants in aquariums Contents 1 Distribution 2 Evolution 3 Ecology 4 Economic uses 5 Cultivation 6 Rest periods 7 Selected species 8 References 9 External linksDistribution editThey are aquatic plants which are found in tropical to warm temperate regions of Africa Asia and Australasia 5 Aponogeton distachyos is originally from South Africa but has become naturalised in South Australia Western South America and Western Europe Individual plants are not always easy to identify due to hybridization particularly those sold as A crispus which are often cultivated hybrids with A natans or A rigidifolius Generally an Aponogeton from Asia will have a single bloom stalk while those from African heritage including Madagascar will have multiple blooming stems on the same flower stalk Even though seventeen species are found in Africa only one of them A distachyos has been continuously maintained as a plant in garden ponds Several of the eleven Madagascan species have been introduced as new aquarium plants in the early 21st century At present the following plants from Madagascar are in culture Aponogeton boivinianus A longiplumulosus A madagascariensis and A ulvaceus Additionally Aponogeton bernierianus A capuronii A decaryi and A tenuispicatus have been imported on several occasions but have not achieved any wider distribution because they are difficult to maintain From the sixteen representatives of this genus from Asia and Australia A crispus A elongatus A rigidifolius A robinsonii and A undulatus are useful aquarium plants Aponogeton jacobensii A natans and A loriae too were cultivated several times but have not proven themselves under aquarium conditions Evolution editThe oldest known fossils of the genus are pollen from the Late Cretaceous Campanian of Wyoming in North America approximately 82 84 million years old Other fossil Aponogeton pollen is known from Canada and Greenland dating to the Eocene approximately 46 and 44 40 million years old respectively indicating that the genus likely originated in the Northern Hemisphere 6 Ecology edit nbsp A distachyos habit showing aerial and submerged parts Many species grow in temporarily still or flowing waters and live through the dry period as a dormant tuber They are fully aquatic herbaceous plants with milky sap becoming dormant during drought conditions Most species grow from tubers Most Asian species remain submerged all year round while the starchy tubercles of the African species are able to survive the dry season by shedding their leaves and undergoing a dormant period Almost all Aponogeton species go through resting and growth phases in their natural locations triggered by the local ecological conditions During growth periods the plant will deposit proteins fats carbohydrates and mineral substances in the storage rhizome or tuber During the resting period the tuber survives in the soil in order to again sprout during the following vegetation period Tubers in Aponogeton species have a high resistance to drying out This ability to store water is exploited for instance in the annual export of thousands of dormant A crispus specimens shipped in large bags in a totally dry state Economic uses editThe tubers of several species are eaten by humans and their livestock Some are grown as ornamental plants in aquariums or ponds The 1889 book The Useful Native Plants of Australia records that The tuberous roots of these water plants are starchy and of excellent taste though not large 7 Cultivation edit nbsp An African Aponogeton with a triple flower spike All Aponogeton species are easy to grow when their preferences are met The Madagascar lace plants A madagascarensis require special handling as they prefer cooler water 70 F 21 C as a maximum citation needed As of 2010 the Australian species exist in very small numbers in the hobby trade Rest periods editThe African species in particular with the exception of A rigidifolius which has a rhizome and not a tuber experience a natural rest period corresponding to their habitat drying out in the wild The Asian species may also have a rest period but this is related only to temperature As the plant stops growing it can be taken out of the pond or aquarium and put in a bowl of damp sand Keep the bowl in a dark cool place with the sand kept damp for approximately 2 3 months at a temperature of about 50 64 F 10 18 C until small leaves are seen to sprout from the tuber when they can be returned to the pond or aquarium 8 Selected species editAponogeton abyssinicus Hochst ex A Rich Aponogeton afroviolaceus Lye Aponogeton angustifolius Ait Aponogeton azureus H Bruggen Aponogeton bernierianus Decne Hook Aponogeton boivinianus Baill ex Jum Aponogeton bogneri H Bruggen Aponogeton bullosus H Bruggen Aponogeton capuronii H Bruggen Aponogeton crispus Thunb Aponogeton desertorum Zeyh ex A Spreng Aponogeton distachyos L f Aponogeton elongatus F Muell ex Benth Aponogeton euryspermus Hellq amp S W L Jacobs Aponogeton fotianus J Raynal Aponogeton junceus Lehm Aponogeton lakhonensis A Camus 1909 Aponogeton longiplumulosus H Bruggen 1968 Aponogeton madagascariensis Mirb H Bruggen Aponogeton natalensis Oliv Aponogeton natans L Engl amp K Krause Aponogeton nudiflorus Peter Aponogeton ranunculiflorus Jacot Guill amp Marais Aponogeton rehmannii Oliv Aponogeton rigidifolius H Bruggen Aponogeton stuhlmannii Engl Aponogeton subconjugatus Schumach amp Thonn Aponogeton troupinii J Raynal Aponogeton ulvaceus Bak Aponogeton undulatus Roxb Aponogeton vallisnerioides Baker Aponogeton satarensis Sources 2 9 10 11 References edit Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 2009 An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants APG III Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 161 2 105 121 doi 10 1111 j 1095 8339 2009 00996 x hdl 10654 18083 a b van Bruggen H W E 1985 Monograph of the genus Aponogeton Aponogetonaceae Bibliotheca Botanica 33 137 Stuttgart E Schweizerbart sche Verlagsbuchhandlung i viii 1 76 ISBN 978 3 510 48008 1 ISSN 0067 7892 Retrieved 2010 03 13 Christenhusz M J M amp Byng J W 2016 The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase Phytotaxa 261 3 Magnolia Press 201 217 doi 10 11646 phytotaxa 261 3 1 Punu Apono Watson L amp Dallwitz M J 1992 onwards Aponogetonaceae Archived April 24 2006 at the Wayback Machine Chen Ling Yun Grimm Guido W Wang Qing Feng Renner Susanne S January 2015 A phylogeny and biogeographic analysis for the Cape Pondweed family Aponogetonaceae Alismatales Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 82 111 117 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2014 10 007 PMID 25462997 J H Maiden 1889 The useful native plants of Australia Including Tasmania Turner and Henderson Sydney Gesting B Nature and Aquarium African Flowering Plants Database Aponogeton Huxley A ed 1992 New RHS Dictionary of Gardening Macmillan ISBN 0 333 47494 5 Govaerts R et al 2019 Plants of the world online Aponogeton Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Retrieved 20 March 2019 Chen L Y Grimm G W Wang Q F Renner S S 2015 A phylogeny and biogeographic analysis for the Cape Pondweed family Aponogetonaceae Alismatales Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 82 111 117 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2014 10 007 PMID 25462997 External links editIllustrated Success with easy growing Aponogeton plants Archived 2014 01 16 at the Wayback Machine Aponogeton Family by Karen Randall Aponogetons by Karen Randall Aponogetonaceae in L Watson and M J Dallwitz 1992 onwards The families of flowering plants descriptions illustrations identification information retrieval Version 9 March 2006 https web archive org web 20070103200438 http delta intkey com Monocot families USDA Aponogetonaceae in the Flora of North America NCBI Taxonomy Browser links at CSDL Texas Archived 2007 03 02 at the Wayback Machine Les Donald H Moody Michael L Jacobs Surrey W L 2005 Phylogeny and Systematics of Aponogeton Aponogetonaceae The Australian Species Systematic Botany 30 3 503 519 doi 10 1600 0363644054782215 ISSN 0363 6445 S2CID 59494661 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Aponogeton amp oldid 1217844649, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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